computer fundamentals

Presentation By Nitika Gupta

V-C21

Wednesday, May 3, 2023Computer Fundamentals

A Computer is a device that allows you to input data, process data quickly and efficiently, receive outputs and store data.

Thus a computer consists of one or more input devices, output devices, store devices and processing unit.


Speed Accuracy Storage Capacity Consistency/Diligence


Can not think it self Task to be describe in detail Can not learn form experience Wrong information provided result also

wrong


First Generation (1940-1956)◦ Use of vacuum tubes◦ Big & Clumsy◦ High Electricity

Consumption◦ Programming in

Mechanical Language◦ Larger AC were needed◦ Lot of electricity failure

occurred


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Second Generation (1956-1963)◦ Transistors were used◦ Core Memory was

developed◦ Faster than First

Generation computers◦ First Operating System

was developed◦ Programming was in

Machine Language & Aseembly Language


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Second Generation (1956-1963)◦Magnetic tapes & discs

were used◦Computers became

smaller in size than the First Generation computers

◦Computers consumed less heat & consumed less electricity


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Third Generation (1964-1971)◦ Integrated circuits

developed◦ Power consumption was

low◦ SSI & MSI Technology was

used◦ High level languages were

used


Fourth Generation (1971 onwards)◦ LSI & VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)

Technology used◦ Development of Portable Computers◦ RAID Technology of data storage◦ Used in virtual reality, multimedia, simulation◦ Computers started in use for Data

Communication◦ Different types of memories with very high

accessing speed & storage capacity


Fifth Generation (Present & Beyond)◦ Used in parallel processing◦ Used superconductors◦ Used in speech recognition◦ Used in intelligent robots◦ Used in artificial intelligence


Microcomputer:◦ It is small in size but capable of handling large

tasks. Minicomputer:

◦ It can very in size from a small desktop model to the size of a small filling cabinet.

Mainframe Computer:◦ It is more powerful & large in size.

Super Computer◦ It is largest, fastest and most expensive

computer.


Hardware◦ The hardware consist of all devices of the computer

that you can see and touch. These include input, processing and output devices.

Software◦ The software is sets of instruction that control the

working of the computer’s operations Super Computer Data (text, Audio, Video, Graphics)

◦ Data consists or raw facts and figures which manipulates and processes into meaningful information.

Users◦ A User is a person who uses the computer externally

with a specific objective.Wednesday, May 3, 2023Computer Fundamentals

Hardware

Input Device Output Device CPU (Central Processing Unit)


Collect Date, Information Convert Into machine language Send to CPUE.g.

1. Keyboard2. Mouse3. Scanner4. Mic


Receive from CPU Convert into Human Language Send to UserE.g..

1. Monitor2. Printer3. Speaker


Traditional Keyboard Argonic Keyboard

Wireless Keyboard Flexible Keyboard


1. Alphabetic keys a-z2. Numeric keys 0-93. Alpha Numeric Keys !-)4. Navigation Keys Arrows, End, Home

Page Up, Page Dn5. Functional Keys F1-F126. Combination Keys Shift, Alt, Ctrl7. Toggle Keys Num Lock, Scroll Lock,

Caps Lock8. Special Keys


Mechanical Mouse Optical Mouse

Wireless Mouse


CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Monitor

LCD (Liquid crystal Display) Monitor


SVGA (Super Video Graphic Array)◦ 800 X 600 Pixels

15” Monitor XGA (Extended Graphic Array)

◦ 1,024 X 768 Pixels 17” To 19”

SXGA (Super Extended Graphics Array)◦ 1,280 X 1,034 Pixels

19” To 21” UXGA (Ultra Extended Graphics Array)

◦ 1,600 X 1,200 Pixels Above 21”


Impact Printer (printing with hammering)◦ Daze wheel printer◦ Dot Matrix Printer

Non Impact Printer (printing without hammering)◦ Ink-Jet Printer◦ Laser Printer


CPU

CU (Control Unit) ALU (Arithmetic & Logical Unit) MU (Memory Unit)



Memory Type as perFlexibility Period Preference

ROM (Read Only Memory)

Non-Removable

Permanent -

RAM (Random Access Memory

Non-Removable

Temporary Primary

Hard Disk Non-Removable

Permanent Secondary

Floppy Disk Removable Permanent SecondaryCompact Disk (CD)

Removable Permanent Secondary

Pen Drive Removable Permanent Secondary

ROM Floppy Disk

RAMCD

Hard DiskPen Drive



0/1 1 Bit 4 Bit 1 Nibble 8 Bit 1 Byte 1 Character 1 Byte 1 Space 1 Byte 1 Enter/Paragraph 2 Byte

Computer Fundamentals

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1024 Byte 1 Kilo Byte (KB) 1024 KB 1 Mega Byte (MB) 1024 MB 1 Giga Byte (GB) 1024 GB 1 Terabyte (TB)


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RAM 64 MB, 128 MB, 256 MB, 512 MB, 1 GB, 2 GB, 4 GB

Hard Disk 2 GB, 10 GB, 20 GB, 40 GB, 80 GB, 160 GB, 320 GB,

Floppy 1.44 MBCD 700 MBDVD 4.7 GBPen Drive 1 GB, 2 GB, 4 GB



System Software◦ Operating System◦ Utility

Disk Cleanup Disk Defragmenter Uninstaller Antivirus

◦ Device Driver Application Software


DOS WindowsB/W Screen Color Screen

CUI (Character User Interface)

GUI (Graphical User Interface)

Single Tasking Multiple Tasking

Single User Multiple User

Documents

computer fundamentals