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Conformity and resistance
Week 14
Folk community
“I have been expelled from the folk community”
The Nazi folk community
• More a notion than a reality• Idea of an equal community of racial comrades• Everyone’s participation• Participatory violence• Equality defined racially and socially• Strong gender components; state interfering with family and
private sphere• Based on exclusion of those who did not fit in racially and
biologically (“non-Aryans,” “asocials,” homosexuals, those sexually “deviant,” criminals, hereditary ill)
• Eugenics and later annihilation
Youth for the Führer
‘Co-ordination’ of education system‘Politically unreliable’ teachers sacked.Curriculum brought into line with Nazi ideology.
Youth Organizations:Deutsches Jungvolk (German Young People, DJ) – Boys aged 10-14.Hitler Jugend (Hitler Youth) – Boys aged 14-18.Jungmädelbund (League of Young Girls) – Girls aged 10-14.Bund Deutscher Mädel (League of German Girls, BDM) – Girls aged 14-18.
Highways and people’s car
Ernst Röhm, 1887-1934
With Himmler and Daluege, 1933
Heinrich HimmlerReichsführer SS and
Chief of Police
SS
Leibstandarte Waffen SS Totenkopfverbände
Ordnungspolizei (order police)
Municipal police
SipoSecurity Police
(Heydrich)
KripoCriminal Police
GestapoSecret state police
SDSecurity Service
(Heydrich)
Foreign intelligence
Domestic intelligence
Organization of the Nazi Police Apparatus(simplified)
Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler(1900-1945)
SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich (1904-1942)
Organization of the Reich Security Main Office
Headquarters of the RSHA and the Gestapo
Today the site of the Topography of Terror
Concentration camps in Nazi Germany
Conformity
August Landmesser, 1910-1944
Resistance
“I want you to know: there were no nameless heroes; it was people, who had names, faces, longing, and hopes, and therefore the pain of even the smallest among them was no lesser than of the first among those whose name we know. I want that they always stay close to you, as friends, as relatives, as yourselves.”
Julius Fučík from prison, 1943
Else and Otto Hampel, executed April 1943
Landmesser and his family
Liselotte Herrmann, 1909-1938
Foreign relations• At first calming other countries, pact with Poland• Failed coup in Austria in 1934, turning the country into autocracy• Saarland (1935), Rhineland (1936)• Rapprochement with Italy: conflict in Ethiopia and Spain• Berlin-Rome Axis, 1936: closing ranks with Mussolini• Hossbach memorandum, Nov 1937• Japan becomes ally in 1937• Austria annexed in March 1938• Appeasement: Czechoslovakia broken up Sep 38, occupied March 39• Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, August 39• Attack on Poland and beginning of WWII, Sep 1, 1939• Operation Barbarossa: attack on the Soviet Union, June 1941