Connected Automated Driving Systems & Smart Mobility

Apr. 2021, EUCAD 2021

Young-Jun MOON, Ph.D.

The Korea Transport Institute (KOTI)

ISO/TC204 WG17 Convenor

2

Transport Issues

☞ Sustainable Transport

To be Safe, Accessible, Affordable, & Environment Friendly

Paradigm Shifts for Reducing

Congestion, Road Accidents, Emissions & Air Pollutions,

Health Problems

by

Avoiding the Needs to Travel by Driving Alone

Shifting to Sustainable Transport Modes

Improving Efficiency of All Transport Modes

Vehicle to Infrastructure Connectivity

Vehicle & ICT Convergence for V2X (V2I, V2V, V2N, V2P) Connectivity

Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS)

Vehicle

G/W

Wheel

Sens.

Multi

media

Distance

Sens.

Rear

Camera

In-Vehicle

Network

V2I

V2V

V2N

IVN

IVN-Sensor

Gyro

Sens.

RSU

Vehicle

Nomadic Device

IT WorldAutomotive World

CDMA, DSRC, WLAN, ..

VMC, WAVE, …

Bluetooth, USB, …

CAN, LIN, Flexray,…

X-by-Wire, MOST, …

3

Networking & Transport

Access Technologies

...

Mana

g em

ent

Ethernet

Se c

u ri ty

IPv6

Border

Router

Facilities

Networking & Transport

Access Technologies

...

Man

age m

ent

Ethernet

S ecu

r i ty

CAN bus

Facilities

Networking & Transport

Access Technologies

...

Man

age m

ent

S ecu

r i ty

Applications

Ethernet

Central

HostCentral

Gateway

Central System

Central ITS Station

Roadside ITS Station

VMS5.9

SENSCtrl

VMS

SENSCtrl SENSCtrl

Networking & Transport

Access Technologies

...

Ma n

a ge m

e nt

Ethernet

Sec

uri

ty

IPv6

Border

Router

Facilities

Networking & Transport

Access Technologies

...

Ma n

a gem

e nt

Ethernet

Sec

ur i

ty

CAN bus

Facilities

Networking & Transport

Access Technologies

...

Ma n

a gem

e nt

Sec

ur i

ty

Applications

Ethernet

Roadside

Host

Networking & Transport

Access Technologies

...

Ma na g

e me n

t

5.9GHz

Sec u

r ity

Ethernet

Access

RouterRoadside

Gateway

Vehicle ITS Station

Mobile

Router

Networking & Transport

Access Technologies

...

Man

agem

ent

Secu

rity

Vehicle

Host

Facilities

Networking & Transport

Access Technologies

...

Man

agem

ent

Secu

rity

Applications

Vehicle

Gateway

Facilities

Networking & Transport

Access Technologies

...

Manag

ement

Sec

uri

ty

ECU ECU

Personal ITS Station

Facilities

Networking & Transport

Access Technologies

...

Man

agem

ent

3

Secu

rity

Applications

Communication

Network

C-ITS Architecture : ISO/TC204

Cooperative ITS (C-ITS)

4

Cooperative ITS (C-ITS) Pilot Project in Korea for V2X Connectivity

Focusing Safety, Promoting Mobility & Sustainability (Green Transport)

Next Generation ITS to provide a service on the open platform utilizing Big Data

Sejong-Yusung (Pilot until 2017), Seoul & Jeju (2018-2019), Ulsan & Gwangju (2020), etc.

Cooperative ITS (C-ITS)

5

Digitalization Infrastructure

Challenges of a resilient investment environment for transport systems

Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS)(1990s-2010s)

Information Collection & Provision

- Vehicle Detection System (VDS)

- Road Surveillance & Monitoring

- Variable Message Signs (VMS)

Cooperative ITS (C-ITS)(2020s-2040s)

Information Collection & Provision

- Digital Infrastructure by ICT (V2X)

- Mobile & Nomadic Devices

- Big Data & AI for Connected & Automated Driving

6

• Two Tracks for CADS• Passenger Car : High Speed & Designated Motorways

• Level 3 being in the Market around mid-2020 by OEM

• Public & Shared : Low Speed & Urban Mobility• Level 4 (Driverless) being in the Market before 2020 by SME

self-drive green ride self-drive safe ride self-drive easy ride

Ohmio LIFT – XT1

Connected Automated Driving Systems (CADS)

7

• CADS and Infrastructure• Level 2

• Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) by Physical & Logical Infrastructure

• Level 3 & 4

• Level 3: Cooperative ITS (C-ITS) by Digital Infrastructure

• Level 4: Automated ITS (A-ITS) by Logical Infrastructure

Level 0 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5

SAE No Automation Driver

Assistance

Partial

Automation

Conditional

Automation

High

Automation

Full

Automation

NHTSA No Automation Function

Specific

Automation

Combined

Function

Automation

Limited Self-

Driving

Automation

Full Self-Driving Automation

Vehicle

& Road

Vehicle Vehicle Vehicle &

Road

Assisted

(ITS)

Vehicle &

Road

Cooperated

(C-ITS)

Vehicle &

Road

Automated

(A-ITS)

?

Connected Automated Driving Systems (CADS)

8

Infrastructure Requirements for CADS

Physical Infrastructure

Vertical & Horizontal Alignment, Lanes, Pavements, etc.

Digital Infrastructure

Digital Signages, Traffic Information, etc.

V2X Communication Systems, IoT, Road Sensors, etc.

HD Local Dynamic Map & Positioning, etc.

Logical Infrastructure

Highway Traffic Management Systems based on Big Data & AI Double Capacity : 3,600vphpl (or 7,200vphpl ?)

Accident and Fatality Zero, Carbon Free, etc.

Traffic Control and Management Systems in Urban Networks Traffic Signal Control Systems

Mobility All Transit (e.g. Mobility as a Service, Mobility on Demand)

Connected Automated Driving Systems (CADS)

9

Sources : AUVSI 2014, San Francisco

• L3 : C-ITS Infrastructure

• Connected Vehicle & Infrastructure: V2I & V2V

Connected Automated Driving Systems (CADS)

10

• L4 : Automated ITS (A-ITS) Infrastructure

• AI based Traffic Management & Control

Sources : AUVSI 2014, San Francisco

Connected Automated Driving Systems (CADS)

11

V2X Issues for Connected & Automated Driving (CAD)

Sources : Qualcomm, 2016

Connected Automated Driving Systems (CADS)

12

V2X Issues for Connected & Automated Driving

Sources : Qualcomm, 2016

Connected Automated Driving Systems (CADS)

13

V2X Issues for Connected & Automated Driving

Sources : Qualcomm, 20169

Wi-Fi based technology – 802.11p standardAdapted for latency-critical V2X communications in the 5.9 GHz band

Established security and upper layer specificationsWith service layer / performance requirements defined by SDOs, e.g. SAE, ETSI-ITS1

Path to DSRC2 rulemaking in USA by NHSTA3 expected to start in 20164

Based on 802.11p standard

Large scale field trials completed over the last decadeCommercially available technology here today

802.11p has established the foundation for V2X

1 Standard Development Organizations, e.g. Society for Automotive Engineers, European Telecommunications Standards Institute – Intelligent Transport Systems; 2 Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC);

3 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 4 To improve road safety for future ‘light vehicles’ – Qualcomm has conducted extensive research into various use cases for DSRC, including V2P applications that

could extend the safety benefits to vulnerable road users such as pedestrians and cyclists

QCA6584

*2nd generation Qualcomm

Technologies 802.11p

offering with integrated

Wi-Fi LAN and Bluetooth

11

Introducing Cellular V2X (C-V2X)A unified connectivity platform for the connected vehicle of the future

Part of Release 14 of the global 3GPP standardTarget C-V2X specification completion end of 20161

Builds upon existing LTE connectivity platform for automotiveLTE already delivering key services today, e.g. telematics, eCall, connected infotainment

Enhances LTE Direct for V2X direct communicationsImprovements over 802.11p – up to a few additional seconds of alert latency and 2x range2

Leverages existing LTE networks for V2X network communicationsUsing LTE Broadcast optimized for V2X to offer additional applications/services

Rich roadmap towards 5G with strong ecosystem supportTechnology evolution to address expanding capabilities/use cases

1 For Direct communications component (enhancements to LTE Direct) – overall spec completion expected mid-2017; 2 Based on Qualcomm Research simulations (see future slides for further information)

Connected Automated Driving Systems (CADS)

14

Smart Mobility in Smart City

Integrated Smart Mobility Services based on CADS & Digital Infrastructure

• A User-Centric Approach to Mobility-as-a-Service

• Enabling real-time (on-demand), door-to-door, multi-modal transport services

• Bringing convenience, time & cost savings to mobility users

e.g., wireless Comm.,

smart devices, (Big) data mining

e.g., e-Mobility, AV

+

+

15

• Sejong City Plan for Smart Mobility based on CADS & Digital Infrastructure

Smart Mobility in Smart City

Major Arterials for Public Shuttle

Outer Rings for Passenger Vehicles

Intelligent Transport Systems

Robot delivery

sharing

On-demand Taxi

On-demand Automated Shuttle

Park & Ride Center

Automated Shuttle Bus

EV Charging & Maintenance

16Source: The Korea Transport Institute (KOTI, 2016)

Human-centered Spaces

Carbon-free City Digital Infrastructure (V2X)

Electric & Automated Vehicles

Urban Smart Mobility Services with 200+ UCASS Shuttles

16

What to be Issued?

Infrastructure for Connected Automated Driving Systems (CADS)

Physical, Digital, & Logical Infrastructure towards C-ITS & A-ITS

Big Data & AI for L3 & L4

AI based Traffic Management & Control System

Digital Infrastructure for V2X by DSRC (WAVE) vs. V2X by Cellular

Dominated or Shared?

Who pays the V2X infrastructure?

Who pays communication charges & How much it will be?

17

Thank you very much!

Young-Jun MOON, Ph.D.

The Korea Transport Institute (KOTI)

ISO/TC204 WG17 Convenor

yjmoon@koti.re.kr