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CONSUMPTION OF UNSAFE FOODS: EVIDENCE FROM HEAVY METAL, MINERAL AND TRACE ELEMENT CONTAMINATION (ToR # 16) Team Members Dr. M. Rafiqul Islam Dr. M. Jahiruddin Dr. Md. Rafiqul Islam Dr. Md. A. Alim Dr. Md. Akteruzzaman. Food security and Food contamination - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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CONSUMPTION OF UNSAFE FOODS: EVIDENCE FROM HEAVY METAL, MINERAL
AND TRACE ELEMENT CONTAMINATION
(ToR # 16) Team Members
Dr. M. Rafiqul Islam Dr. M. Jahiruddin Dr. Md. Rafiqul Islam Dr. Md. A. Alim Dr. Md. Akteruzzaman
Food security and Food contaminationFood security exists when all people, at all times, havephysical and economic access to enough safe andnutritious food to meet their dietary needs and foodpreferences for an active and healthy lifestyle(World Food Summit, 1996)
Sources of Heavy Metal Contamination in Foods Industrial wastes & effluents Fertilizers Fossil fuels Sewage sludge Contaminated underground water
Heavy Metal Contamination in Bangladesh:Glimpses
Industrial dischargeIndustrial discharge Industrial dischargeIndustrial discharge
Roadside contaminationRoadside contamination Veg. washed with contaminated waterVeg. washed with contaminated water
Drinking water
Grain
Background of the research:Background of the research:Arsenic may gain access to human body through Arsenic may gain access to human body through --
Chicken eggsCow’s milk MeatBroiler meat
Liv
esto
ck
Liv
esto
ck
prod
ucts
prod
ucts
Vegetables
Major Routes of Heavy Metal Contamination: Example arsenic
Fish
OBJECTIVES
i) Assess the concentration of major foods and beverages consumed by poor and non-poor households for heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Co, Hg, Sb, Li and As), minerals (Ca, Mg, Na, K) and trace elements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo Se, Al, Ni and Cr)
ii) Assess the extent of exposure to heavy metals, minerals and trace elements through food intake by poor and non-poor households and the potential health implications
iii) Draw implications and provide suggestions for actions to reduce contamination
METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY
Market Category by income Category by Kcal intake
1. Gulshan Upper income group
Non-poor (>2122
Kcal/day/person)
2. Kawranbazar
Middle income group
3. Hazaribagh Low income group Poor (<2122 Kcal/day/person)
SAMPLE COLLECTIONSAMPLE COLLECTION
Food samples were collected from 10 different shops of Kawranbazar and Hazaribagh and 3 supermarkets & 7 shops of Gulshan market
Eighty composite food samples were collected from each of the three markets
Standard operating procedures were followed for processing of food samples (NIN, 2009)
Food samples were collected from 10 different shops of Kawranbazar and Hazaribagh and 3 supermarkets & 7 shops of Gulshan market
Eighty composite food samples were collected from each of the three markets
Standard operating procedures were followed for processing of food samples (NIN, 2009)
PROCESSING AND COOKING OF FOODS: RICE
Weight of the parboiled rice (coarse and fine grain) recorded
Washed with tap water
Cooked by both absorption (rice:water=1:3) and draining method (rice:water=1:5)
Excess water discarded in case of draining out method
Weight of raw and cooked rice recorded and calculate YIELD FACTOR
A sub-sample was kept in oven to obtain dry weight
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Digestion
Food samples were digested with Ultrapure grade
HNO3 and H2O2 using the digestion block at 115 °C.
Determination of elements
Digested samples were analyzed for elements using ICP-MS in SGS laboratory, Bangladesh Ltd
Reliability
The reliability of the procedure was assessed by comparison with the Certified Reference Material GBW(E)080684.
RESULTSRESULTS
Comparative Mineral Content in Rice using Two Cooking Methods
0
200
400
600
Ca Mg
Con
c. (m
g/kg
fw)
Absorption Drained
0
200
400
600
800
Na K
Con
c. (m
g/kg
fw)
0
5
10
15
Fe Cu
Con
c. (m
g/kg
fw)
Absorption Drained
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
AS Cd
Con
c. (m
g/kg
fw)
Decrease in mineral content through draining method Loss of water causes leaching of nutrients
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Rice Puffed riceC
on
c. (
mg
/kg
)
Fe
Mn
Al
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Rice Puffed rice
Co
nc.
(m
g/k
g)
Na
K
Mineral content of Puffed Rice
Loss of moisture increased mineral contentsUse of salt water to prepare puffed riceFe and Al intake from utensil and sand
Cd and As conc. in rice
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4m
g/kg
f.w
t.
Gulshan market
Kawranbazar
Hazaribagh
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
mg/
kg f.
wt.
Gulshan market
Kawranbazar
Hazaribagh
CdCdAsAs
High As in Gulshan market
High As in Gulshan market
High Cd in Gulshan market
High Cd in Gulshan marketPreliminary results showed higher values
Need further validationSafe limit for Cd: 50 microgram/60 kg bw/day
LEAD CONC.IN RICE AND PULSES
0
0.5
1
mg
/kg
f.w
t.
Ric
e
Che
era
Ata
Moi
da
Lent
il
Lath
yrus
Chi
ckpe
a
Mun
gbea
n
Gulshan market
Kawranbazar
Hazaribagh
Wide variation of Pb in foods from different markets
Any conc. of Pb is harmful
Wide variation of Pb in foods from different markets
Any conc. of Pb is harmful
ZINC CONC. IN VEGETABLES
0
3
6
9
12
mg
/kg
f.w
t.
Pota
to
Brin
jal
Bea
n
Ban
ana
Pata
l
Pum
pkin
Aro
i d
Dhe
rosh
Tom
ato
Spin
ach
Am
aran
th
Cau
li flo
wer
Car
rot
Cab
bage
Gulshan market
Hazaribagh
ARSENIC CONC. IN VEGETABLES
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
mg
/kg
f.w
t.
Pota
to
Brin
jal
Bea
n
Ban
ana
Pata
l
Pum
pkin
Aro
i d
Dhe
rosh
Tom
ato
Spin
ach
Am
aran
th
Cau
li flo
wer
Car
rot
Cab
bage
Gulshan market
Hazaribagh
As level: Very lowAs level: Very low
Any conc of Arsenic is harmful
LEAD CONC. IN VEGETABLES
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
mg
/kg
f.w
t.
Pota
to
Brin
jal
Bea
n
Ban
ana
Pata
l
Pum
pkin
Aro
id
Dhe
rosh
Tom
ato
Spin
ach
Am
aran
th
Cau
liflo
wer
Car
rot
Cab
bage
Gulshan market
Hazaribagh Hazaribagh: High Pb content
Hazaribagh: High Pb content
Any concentration of lead is harmful
CADMIUM CONC. IN VEGETABLES
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
mg
/kg
f.w
t.
Pota
to
Br in
jal
Bea
n
Ban
ana
Pata
l
Pum
pkin
Aro
id
Dhe
rosh
Tom
ato
Spin
ach
Am
aran
th
Cau
liflo
wer
Car
rot
Cab
bage
Gulshan market
Hazaribagh
Spinach and Amaranth: High Cd content
Spinach and Amaranth: High Cd content
SELENIUM CONC. IN FISHES
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
mg
/kg
f.w
t.
Hi ls
ha
Praw
n
Roh
u
Kat
la
Mri g
el
Gra
ss c
arp
Pang
as
Gulshan market
Kawranbazar
Hazaribagh market
High variability among marketsRelatively higher in Gulshan market
High variability among marketsRelatively higher in Gulshan market
ELEMENTAL CONCENTRATION IN FOODS
Variation in mineral, trace elements and heavy metals in foods was noted which is attributed to source and location
Cooking rice by draining method decreased the concentration of elements compared to cooking rice by absorption method
Rice grains had higher conc. of As, Pb and Cd
Puffed rice had very high conc. Of Na, K, Fe, Mn, and Al contents than the rice
DIETARY RISK EXPOSUREDIETARY RISK EXPOSURE
CALCULATION OF DIETARY EXPOSURE
Concentration of elements in fresh weight of food items calculated
Individual food item intake by poor and non-poor households in Dhaka city obtained from HIES, 2010
Dietary Exposure = Concentration of elements x amount of food consumed
Compared with the MPL for heavy metals and RDI for minerals and trace elements
CALCIUM INTAKE
0
25
50
75
100
>100 75-99 50-74 25-49 <25
% RDI
% P
op
ula
tio
n
PoorNon-poor
Source PoorNon-poor
Cereals 27.3 27.3
Pulses 5.2 5.2
Fish 21.8 21.7
Meat 4.8 4.7
Vegetables 14.0 14.9
Milk, dairy 10.6 10.6
Sweetmeat 2.3 2.3
Fruits 1.9 1.7
Sug. molas 1.5 1.5
100% poor below RDI94% non-poor below RDI
100% poor below RDI94% non-poor below RDI
Poor: 297-583 mg d-1;
Non-poor: 196-888 mg d-1
Poor: 297-583 mg d-1;
Non-poor: 196-888 mg d-1
SODIUM INTAKE
100% poor & non-poor below RDI for both Na100% poor & non-poor below RDI for both Na
0
25
50
75
100
>100 75-99 50-74 25-49 <25
% RDI
% P
op
ula
tio
n
PoorNon-poor
Food group PoorNon-poor
Cereals 34.2 32.9
Pulses 1.9 1.8
Fish 6.4 6.2
Eggs 0.1 0.1
Meat 2.9 2.8
Vegetables 17.9 16.5
Milk & dairy 15.2 14.6
Fruits 0.6 0.6
Poor: 172-471 mg d-1;
Non-poor: 131-542 mg d-1
Poor: 172-471 mg d-1;
Non-poor: 131-542 mg d-1
POTASSIUM INTAKE
0
25
50
75
100
>100 75-99 50-74 25-49 <25
% RDI
% P
op
ula
tio
n
Poor
Non-poor Food group Poor
Non-poor
Cereals 57.9 37.0
Pulses 8.6 11.76
Fish 3.9 6.8
Meat 1.3 2.73
Vegetables 15.2 29.9
Milk & dairy 7.4 6.43
Fruits 4.4 4.48
Poor: 582-1657 mg d-1;
Non-poor: 899-3299 mg d-1
Poor: 582-1657 mg d-1;
Non-poor: 899-3299 mg d-1
COPPER INTAKE
Poor HHs suffer more Cu deficiency than non-poor HHs
Poor HHs suffer more Cu deficiency than non-poor HHs
0
25
50
75
100
>100 75-99 50-74 25-49 <25
% RDI
% P
op
ula
tio
n
PoorNon-poor
Poor: 0.6-2.5 mg d-1;
Non-poor: 0.8-4.0 mg d-1
Poor: 0.6-2.5 mg d-1;
Non-poor: 0.8-4.0 mg d-1
Food group PoorNon-poor
Cereals 60.0 59.4
Pulses 9.94 9.83
Fish 6.98 6.91
Eggs 0.07 0.07
Meat 6.51 6.44
Vegetables 8.67 9.66
Milk & dairy 4.09 4.05
Fruits 1.26 1.25
ZINC INTAKE
0
25
50
75
100
>100 75-99 50-74 25-49 <25
% RDI
% P
op
ula
tio
n
PoorNon-poor
Poor: 3.1-14.3 mg d-1
Non-poor: 4.4-16.7 mg d-1
Poor: 3.1-14.3 mg d-1
Non-poor: 4.4-16.7 mg d-1
Food group Poor Non-poor
Cereals 74.96 68.26
Pulses 8.52 11.02
Fish 1.71 5.24
Eggs 0.01 0.02
Meat 1.00 0.75
Vegetables 9.97 8.32
Sweetmeat 0.77 1.51
Fruits 1.98 2.19
COBALT INTAKE
0
25
50
75
100
>100 75-99 50-74 25-49 <25
% RDI
% P
op
ula
tio
n
Poor Non-poor
32% poor above RDI99% non-poor above RDI
32% poor above RDI99% non-poor above RDI
Food group Poor Non-poor
Cereals 82.62 88.67
Pulses 3.68 1.38
Fish 2.20 2.74
Meat 1.57 0.32
Vegetables 3.00 3.71
Sweetmeat 1.82 2.00
Fruits 0.11 1.06
Poor: 3.3-85.1 mg d-1
Non-poor: 15.0-345.9 mg d-1
Poor: 3.3-85.1 mg d-1
Non-poor: 15.0-345.9 mg d-1
NICKEL & SELENIUM INTAKE
0
400
800
1200
1600
0 25 50 75 100
HH No.
mic
ro g
/da
y/a
du
lt
0
400
800
1200
1600
0 25 50 75 100
HH No.
mic
ro g
/da
y/a
du
lt
NiNi
0
25
50
75
100
>100 75-99 50-74 25-49 <25
% RDI%
Po
pu
lati
on
Poor
Non-poor SeSePoorPoor
Poor: 100% below RDINon-poor: 27% Above RDI
Poor: 100% below RDINon-poor: 27% Above RDINo RDINo RDI
ALUMINIUM INTAKE
0
25
50
75
100
<100 >100
% MPL
% P
op
ula
tio
n
PoorNon-poor
92% poor and 83% non-poor are at risk of Al contamination
92% poor and 83% non-poor are at risk of Al contamination
Food groups Poor Non-poor
Cereals 76.42 76.3
Pulses 0.04 0.0
Fish 1.41 1.40
Vegetables 16.38 16.40
Sweetmeat 0.34 0.30
Oil & fats 3.72 3.70
Fruits 1.29 1.30
Sugar,molasses 0.26 0.30
Poor: 0.37-12.44 mg d-1
Non-poor: 3.0-34.2 mg d-1
Poor: 0.37-12.44 mg d-1
Non-poor: 3.0-34.2 mg d-1
PTDI of Al: 8.6 mg/60 body wt/day
CADMIUM INTAKE
0
25
50
75
100
<100 >100
% MPL
% P
op
ula
tio
n
PoorNon-poor
94% poor and 78% non-poor are at risk of Cd contamination
94% poor and 78% non-poor are at risk of Cd contamination
Poor: 17.5-204.3 µg d-1;
Non-poor: 5.6-113.4 µg d-1
Poor: 17.5-204.3 µg d-1;
Non-poor: 5.6-113.4 µg d-1
Food group Poor
Non-poor
Cereals87.0
6 86.14
Pulses 0.00 0.00
Fish 5.62 6.62
Eggs 0.00 0.00
Meat 0.16 0.16
Vegetables 7.01 6.93
Fruits 0.08 0.08MPL: 50 micro g/60 kg bw/day
MPL: 50 micro g/60 kg bw/day
ARSENIC AND LEAD INTAKE
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 25 50 75 100
HH No.
mic
ro g
/da
y/a
du
lt
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 25 50 75 100
HH No.
mic
ro g
/da
y/a
du
lt
ARSENICARSENIC
0
100
200
300
400
0 25 50 75 100
HH No.
mic
ro g
/da
y/a
du
lt0
100
200
300
400
0 25 50 75 100
HH No.
mic
ro g
/da
y/a
du
lt
LEADLEAD
ANY CONCENTRATION IS HARMFULANY CONCENTRATION IS HARMFUL
INTAKE OF ANTIMONY, LITHIUM AND MERCURY
Element Poor Non-poor
Antimony(µg d-1)
0-0.02 0.0-0.8
Lithium (µg d-1)
22.1-32.17 1.8-46.5
Mercury(µg d-1)
0.45-3.28 1.0-8.4
ALL ARE SAFEALL ARE SAFE
CONCLUSIONS Poor household males are noted to have
more mineral (Ca, Mg and K) and trace element (Fe, Cu, Zn, Co and Se) deficiency compared to non-poor household males
Intake of Mn and Mo is noted to be higher than the Recommended Daily Intake for both poor and non-poor households.
About 94% males from poor households and 78% males from non-poor households have higher dietary risk exposure to Cd above PTMI, and are exposed to Cd contamination.
Antimony, mercury and lithium intake through foods by males from both poor and non-poor households are below PMTI.
Both poor and non-poor households have high intake of arsenic and lead from different foods. FAO (2010) has withdrawn the PTWA of As and Pb. Therefore, all the males of poor and non-poor households have high dietary risk exposure to As and Pb contamination.
POLICY IMPLICATION
An in-depth study is further needed to identify the hot spots of heavy metals contaminated areas near to and away from Dhaka city
Cultivation of rice with arsenic free water (DTW or surface water) to reduce the arsenic in food chain.
Need to screen and develop rice varieties for lower uptake of arsenic and cadmium by grains in order to decrease the dietary risk exposure to arsenic and cadmium intake by the population
Strong monitoring is needed to ensure the treatment of industrial effluents before its disposal and use of phosphatic fertilizers with very less amount of Cd and use the Pb free fossil fuels.
Decreased consumption of rice and increased consumption of vegetables might keep balance/reduce the dietary risk exposure to arsenic, lead and cadmium
Increased consumption of livestock and fish foods will help decrease the selenium deficiency in the population
Need to build baseline data on the content and extent of contamination of heavy metals following up from this investigation.
POLICY IMPLICATION
High variation in minerals, trace elements and heavy metals in foods among three markets depends on the places of production
Arsenic gets entered into human body through As-contaminated STW irrigation water via plant uptake
Entry of other heavy metals into food chain comes from industrial discharge, combustion of fossil fuels, roadside dust, fertilizers and sewage sludge. The industrial effluents should be treated before draining into the water course.
Exposure to heavy metals by Bangladeshi diet