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Contents

1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 László Haszpra

Part I Atmospheric Trends and Fluctuations

2 History and Sites of Atmospheric Greenhouse Gas Monitoring in Hungary ................................................................... 9

László Haszpra, Zoltán Barcza, and István Szilágyi

3 Trends and Temporal Variations of Major Greenhouse Gases at a Rural Site in Central Europe ............................................... 29

László Haszpra, Zoltán Barcza, István Szilágyi, Ed Dlugokencky, and Pieter Tans

4 Regional Climate Change and Fluctuations as Reflected in the Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration ............................ 49

László Haszpra and Zoltán Barcza

Part II Measurements and Estimations of Biosphere–Atmosphere Exchange of Greenhouse Gases

5 Methodologies .......................................................................................... 65 Csilla Farkas, Giorgio Alberti, János Balogh, Zoltán Barcza,

Márta Birkás, Szilárd Czóbel, Kenneth J. Davis, Ernő Führer, Györgyi Gelybó, Balázs Grosz, Natascha Kljun, Sándor Koós, Attila Machon, Hrvoje Marjanović, Zoltán Nagy, Alessandro Peressotti, Krisztina Pintér, Eszter Tóth, and László Horváth

6 Grasslands ............................................................................................... 91 Zoltán Nagy, Zoltán Barcza, László Horváth, János Balogh,

Andrea Hagyó, Noémi Káposztás, Balázs Grosz, Attila Machon, and Krisztina Pintér

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7 Forests ...................................................................................................... 121 Hrvoje Marjanović, Giorgio Alberti, János Balogh, Szilárd Czóbel,

László Horváth, Anikó Jagodics, Zoltán Nagy, Maša Zorana Ostrogović, Alessandro Peressotti, and Ernő Führer

8 Arable Lands ........................................................................................... 157 Eszter Tóth, Zoltán Barcza, Márta Birkás, Györgyi Gelybó,

József Zsembeli, László Bottlik, Kenneth J. Davis, László Haszpra, Anikó Kern, Natascha Kljun, Sándor Koós, Györgyi Kovács, Attila Stingli, and Csilla Farkas

Part III Modeling of Biosphere–Atmosphere Exchange of Greenhouse Gases

9 Models and Their Adaptation ................................................................ 201 Zoltán Somogyi, Dóra Hidy, Györgyi Gelybó, Zoltán Barcza,

Galina Churkina, László Haszpra, László Horváth, Attila Machon, and Balázs Grosz

10 Grasslands ............................................................................................... 229 Dóra Hidy, Attila Machon, László Haszpra, Zoltán Nagy,

Krisztina Pintér, Galina Churkina, Balázs Grosz, László Horváth, and Zoltán Barcza

11 Forests ...................................................................................................... 253 Zoltán Somogyi

12 Arable Lands ........................................................................................... 263 Balázs Grosz, Györgyi Gelybó, Galina Churkina, László Haszpra,

Dóra Hidy, László Horváth, Anikó Kern, Natascha Kljun, Attila Machon, László Pásztor, and Zoltán Barcza

13 Model-Based Biospheric Greenhouse Gas Balance of Hungary ......... 295 Zoltán Barcza, Alberte Bondeau, Galina Churkina, Philippe Ciais,

Szilárd Czóbel, Györgyi Gelybó, Balázs Grosz, László Haszpra, Dóra Hidy, László Horváth, Attila Machon, László Pásztor, Zoltán Somogyi, and Kristof Van Oost

Part IV Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removals in Hungary Based on IPCC Methodology

14 Methodological Introduction and Overall Trends in Anthropogenic Emissions in Hungary .............................................. 333

Gábor Kis-Kovács, Katalin Lovas, Edit Nagy, and Klára Tarczay

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15 Terrestrial Biosphere .............................................................................. 345 Zoltán Somogyi, György Borka, Katalin Lovas, and József Zsembeli

16 Energy Production, Industrial Processes, and Waste Management ......................................................................... 367

Klára Tarczay, Edit Nagy, and Gábor Kis-Kovács

Index ................................................................................................................. 387