Contrast Radiography Techniques of Urinary

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CONTRAST RADIOGRAPHYTECHNIQUES OF

URINARY SYSTEM

BY

M.SIVA

BVN 07055


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INTRODUCTION

Contrast radiography of upper and lowerurinary system are excellent for evaluationof the kidneys,ureters,bladder and urethra.

Three techniques

Excretary urography

CystographyUrethrography


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Excretary urography

Study for evaluation of kidney structureand collection system after intravenousintroduction of a positive contrast medium.


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Technique

Keep the animal off feed for 36h and offwater for 12h.

Select either a bolus(low volume rapidinfusion ) or drip technique(high volumedrip infusion) to administer water solubleiodine based contrast agents,sodium tri-iodinated organic compounds, sodiumiothalates are used.


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Dose

Small ruminants-2 to 3ml/kg bwt

Large ruminants-0.5ml/kg bwt

Dog should not contain more than 35 gmof iodine


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Bolus technique

Inject i/v total calculated dose as a bolus

Drip technique

Dissolve the agent in normal saline to make a conc.

of 23%. Inject entire volume i/v over a period ofabout 10 min

Obtain standing right lateral radiographs

Dog, sheep and calves

ventrodorsal radiography


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Intravenous pyelogram


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Injected contrast drainingfrom kidney to bladder


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Adverse reactions

Dogs and cats are vomiting, defecation,urination and hypotension with or withoutcollapse


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Cystography

Introduction of contrast media into thebladder via a urinary catheter to diagnosestructural abnormalities and diseases of

the bladder.

Positive, negative and double contrast canbe used .


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Indication;

Animal exhibiting clinical signs such ashematuria, crystaluria, bacturia, dysuria,anuria.

CONTRAST MEDIUM

Tri-iodinated contrast agentsBarium sulfate and sodium iodides arecontraindication


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Technique

keep the animal off feed for 36h and off water for 12h

Sedate the animal and restrain in lateral recumbency

Insert lubricated radiopaque catheter into the urethra

Advance the catheter into the bladder in the female

In male catheter positioned at the neck of bladder, empty

the bladder by abdominal compressionInfuse 2% lignocaine solution into the bladder


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Double contrasted bladdershowing uric acid stone


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Contrast radiography showing amass in a dog's bladder


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Introduce water soluble iodine (sodium iothalamate) ornegative contrast (room air, oxygen, carbon dioxide )

Dose;Small ruminants 80 to 120 ml

Dogs- 6 to 12 ml / kg bwt

double contrast study;

Introduce 15 to 20 ml of positive contrast, roll the animaland introduce negative contrast to fill the bladder.

Obtain recumbent right lateral and ventrodorsalprojections


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URETHROGRAPHY

Consists of filling the urethra with contrastmedium to detect urethral trauma, stricture,obstruction and pathological disturbances .

Contrast media;

Water soluble iodinated contrast agent or air,

carbon dioxide or nitrous oxide

Retrograde urethrogram, anti gradeurethrogram contrast medium can be used


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Techniquekeep the animal off feed for 36h and off water for 12h

Sedate the animal

Lubricate a catheter of appropriate diameter withlignocaine gel

Insert into urethra for a short distance through urethralopening

Infuse 5 to 10 ml of 2% lignocaine into urethra todesensitise urethral mucosa

Introduce Diluted water soluble iodine based contrastagent

obtain a lateral radiograph during the last phase ofinfusion of the contrast agent


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Ascending urethrography


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Contrast Radiography Techniques of Urinary