Control of Rabies in Turkey - FVE · Etlik Central Veterinary Control and Research Institute ... • Istanbul Pendik, Izmir Bornova • Samsun, ... “Control of rabies disease in

Control of Rabies inControl of Rabies in TurkeyTurkey

The feasibility of oral vaccination The feasibility of oral vaccination ofof dogsdogs

Dr. Orhan Aylan<[email protected]>

Etlik Central Veterinary Control and Research InstituteAnkara / Turkiye

Dr. Orhan AylanEtlik CVCRI

Antalya, TRDecember 2008

Rabies Situation in TurkeyRabies Situation in Turkey

• Dog-mediated rabies– 70 % of all cases reported in dogs

• Primary source of infection for humans is dogs

IncidenIncidencece between 1991 between 1991 –– 20020077(According to Animal Species)(According to Animal Species)

%4.12150Wild Life Total

%95.873488Domestic Total

0.5219Other Wild Life

0.104Bear

0.135Badger

3.07112Fox

0.2710Wolf

0.218Other Domestic

0.9033Horse

0.4115Donkey & Mule

4.01146Sheep & Goat

3.29120Cat

19.81721Cattle

67.202445Dog

%nSpecies



IncidenIncidencece between 199between 19966 –– 20020077(According to Animal Species)(According to Animal Species)

20

102

190

06

11

100

182

05

17

59

139

03

8

51

103

04

20321591-4-Wild Life

16575127208181104117103Dogs

287217173245208128138125Domestic Animals

0702010099989796



Incidence 2000 Incidence 2000 -- 20072007



Fox Fox -- 19991999



Fox Fox –– 20002000--20012001



Fox Fox -- 20022002



Fox Fox –– 20032003--20072007



IncidenIncidencece between 1991 between 1991 –– 20032003(According to Regions)(According to Regions)

189

34

22

4

0

1

61

67

2001

246

22

12

6

4

3

178

21

2002

160

25

7

4

4

1

85

34

2003

254209128142125168170287320428TOTAL

601323202014416045South EastAnatolia

113200046418East Anatolia

10108112021672134Black sea

5444106212046CentralAnatolia

6

41

121

2000

0291313304459Mediterranean

4937432628437170Aegean

13052551171598479100156Marmara

199919981997199619951994199319921991



Rabies Control and Eradication Rabies Control and Eradication ProgramsPrograms

• GDPC– The General Directorate of Protection and

Control

• The Provincial and Local Veterinary Authorities

• Veterinary Control and Research Institutes



Control MethodsControl Methods

• Control of stray dogs• Vaccination• Quarantine measures• Public information and training programs



Employed VaccinesEmployed Vaccines

279.000310.6222000

159.000247.5322001

391.000227.6772002

211.000219.9502003

588.750172.2382007

668.227167.3432006

440.850215.4902005

547.300182.5602004

114.000176.0101999

317.000168.0051998

412.000158.4301997

128.000171.3991996

94.000166.5291995

Inactivated Rabies Vaccines (Dose)Kelev Kuduz Aşısı (Dose)

ImportDomestic



DiagnosisDiagnosis

• In nation-wide, diagnosis are performed in eight (8) Veterinary Control and Research Institutes (VCRI)– Etlik Central VCRI (National Reference Lab)– Others

• Istanbul Pendik, Izmir Bornova• Samsun, Konya, Elazig, Erzurum, Adana



DiagnosisDiagnosis

• Fluorescent Antibody Test• Mouse Inoculation Test• RT-PCR• RFFIT (FAVN)





PhylogeneticPhylogenetic RRelationshipelationship BBetweenetween198 European RABV 198 European RABV IIsolatessolates



Distribution of Genetic Variants of Distribution of Genetic Variants of RABV in EuropeRABV in Europe



The ProjectThe Project

• Project Basic Information– Title: “Control of rabies disease in Turkey”– Sector: Agriculture– Location: Turkey– Duration: 3 years

• Objectives– Eradicate rabies disease in Turkey– Ensure human and animal health status– Conform to EU standards



PurposePurpose

• Control of rabies among animals– Wild life– Domestic

• Reduce the risk factors for humans to get infected– with rabies– other zoonoses caused by domestic animals

• Adopt EU control measures



AimsAims

• Eradication of rabies while complying with EU Legislation 90/638/EEC– Parenteral vaccination of domestic animals– Oral vaccination of wild animals

• Secondary objectives– Identify the number of domestic cats and

dogs– Control stray animals (esp. dogs)



ActivitiesActivities

• Animal Rabies Disease Control Strategy– Legislation– Epidemiological Analysis– 3 Pilot Schemes (OV of Foxes, Dogs, Wildlife

Surveillance)

• Human Risk Reduction– Improve PET usage– Improve info and know-how exchange



ActivitiesActivities

• Training– Diagnosis Tech, OV in Wildlife, Epidemiology,

Mass Dog Vaccination, Dog Census, Surveillance in Bats

• Communication & Public Awareness– OV in Foxes– Mass Dog Vaccination



Expected ResultsExpected Results

• Control and monitoring system for rabies• Raising the immunity level against rabies• Control of stray cats and dogs



Care UnitsCare Units

• 3 care units will be constructed in major cities; Ankara, Istanbul, Izmir.

• The motivation of constructing care units is to provide example institutions for stray animal care

• We expect municipalities and NGOs to form and construct similar institutions whose operations will be controlled by GDPC but operational costs born by establishing bodies



New Lab. FacilitiesNew Lab. Facilities



New Lab FacilitiesNew Lab Facilities



Dog Dog RabiesRabies: A : A WorldwideWorldwide PProblemroblem

55,000+ human rabies cases

annually

98% of all human cases are caused

by bites fromrabies infected

dogs

Removal

Control Methods

Mass Parenteral Vaccination Campaigns

Control Methods

Neuter-and-release campaigns

Control Methods

2007

Oral vaccination of foxes against rabies

Oral Vaccination

• Safe, Efficacious

• Attractive bait

• Targeted bait delivery



Immunogenicity

Study Animal route dose seroconversion rate . (FFU/ml) (%)

1 foxes bait 2.0E+06 25/27 93%

2 lab dogs p.o. 1.4E+06 0/5 -

3 lab dogs p.o. 7.5E+07 4/5 80%

4 stray dogs p.o. 3.2E+07 5/34 14%

5 stray dogs p.o. 2.0E+08 14/14 100%

Vaccine virus used: SAD B19Source: Müller W et. al (1998) J Etlik Vet Microbiol, 9:61-71

Neubert A et. al (2001) J Vet Med B, 48:179-183



Fox Baits ≠ Dog Baits

• Dogs have different food preferences and aversions than foxes

• Dogs handle food different than foxes (swallowing)

• Dogs often search for food together, in contrast to the solitaryhunter; the red fox

Boiled intestine bait

Fox Bait

Bait Types

Köfte Bait

Bait Delivery System

a) At selected sites

b) At central vaccination points

c) House-to-house

A

C



Bait Delivery Systems: At Selected Sites

Disadvantages:- Already vaccinated dogs can also locate and consume baits distributed.

- Bait depletion by non-target species.

- Increased risk of unintentional human contact with vaccine virus.

Köfte bait uptake (%) n=400

53%13%

26%8%

dogscatsbirdsunknown

Bait Delivery Systems: At Selected SitesCapture - Mark - Recapture



Sarıgazi Ferhatpaşa

Number of dogs tagged 22 31

Bait density (baits/km²) 43 150

Baits disappearance (%) 64,7 92,7

Seroconversion (%) 4,3 23,3

Bait Delivery Systems: At Selected Sites



Bait Delivery Systems: Vaccination At Central Point

Sarigazi, IstanbulOnly 21.8% of owned dogs

were vaccinated free of chargeat central veterinary clinic

Aydin Province>70% of owned dogs in villages

were vaccinated at mobile vaccination points



Bait Delivery Systems: House-to-house Campaign



Bait Delivery Systems:

Summary

Vaccination coverage (%) owned dog population

AREA Sarıgazi Ferhatpaşaprior to campaign 18.0 15.5campaign at vaccination centre 21.8 ---house-to-house campaign

parenteral 22.8 40.5oral 21.2 18.1

Total 83.8 74.1



Conclusions:

- Oral vaccination of dogs against rabies is a feasible option, especially in urban areas

- House-to-house campaigns are the most effective; combining parenteral and oral vaccination

- The baiting strategy developed by recollection of (discarded) vaccine containers eliminates almost completely the risk of unintentional human contacts with the vaccine viruses

However …



Conclusions:

-There are still some doubts concerning safety-related issues with present available oral rabies vaccines

-Proven high efficiency of mass dog vaccination campaigns by the parenteral route, also in urban areas

- Oral vaccination reduces responsibility of dog owners even further, and could therefore interfere with attempts to increase responsible dog ownership

Thank you!

Photographs: Perihan Agnelli, Sarah Cleaveland, Ad Vos, BFAV-Tübingen, IDT-Biologika GmbH

Documents

Control of Rabies in Turkey - FVE · Etlik Central Veterinary Control and Research Institute ... • Istanbul Pendik, Izmir Bornova • Samsun, ... “Control of rabies disease in