Control of Tropical - Communicable Disease

7/26/2019 Control of Tropical - Communicable Disease

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PREVENTION ANDPREVENTION ANDCONTROL OF TROPICAL-CONTROL OF TROPICAL-

COMMUNICABLECOMMUNICABLEDISEASESDISEASES


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THE BASICSTHE BASICS

The goals of medicine:The goals of medicine:

1. To promote health1. To promote health

2. To preserve health2. To preserve health3. To restore health hen it is impaired3. To restore health hen it is impaired

!. To minimi"e s#ffering and distress!. To minimi"e s#ffering and distress

$HICH %EA&S$HICH %EA&S

'(E)E&TI*&'(E)E&TI*&


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THE BASICSTHE BASICS

From the epidemiologi!l o"ept o# di$e!$eFrom the epidemiologi!l o"ept o# di$e!$e

%epidemiologi!l tri!"gle&%epidemiologi!l tri!"gle&Di$e!$e o'r$ !$ ! o"$e('e"e o# !"Di$e!$e o'r$ !$ ! o"$e('e"e o# !"im)!l!"e o# the A*ENT+ HOST+ !"dim)!l!"e o# the A*ENT+ HOST+ !"dENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT


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H*ST+A,E&T - E&)I(*&%E&TH*ST+A,E&T - E&)I(*&%E&T

I&TE(ACTI*& T(*'ICA/ 0ISEASEI&TE(ACTI*& T(*'ICA/ 0ISEASE

A,E&T

+%*ST/+BI*/*,ICA/

+A,E&T

H*ST

geneticAge se4 famil5 si"e

marital stat#s

religion occ#pation

interc#rrent disease

Ethnic or racial factors

ha6its - c#stoms

resistance7imm#nit5 etc

E&)I(*&%E&T

T(*'ICA/ E&)I(*&%E&T

At e8#ili6ri#m


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T(*'ICA/ 0ISEASET(*'ICA/ 0ISEASE

BI*/*,ICA/ A,E&TSBI*/*,ICA/ A,E&TS

1. Bacteria1. Bacteria

2. )ir#ses2. )ir#ses

3. (ic9ettsia3. (ic9ettsia!. Spirochaeta!. Spirochaeta

3. 'roto"oa3. 'roto"oa

!. #ngi!. #ngi

;. Arthropoda;. Arthropoda


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T(*'ICA/ 0ISEASET(*'ICA/ 0ISEASE

BACTE(IA : T#6erc#losis /epros5 0iphtheriaBACTE(IA : T#6erc#losis /epros5 0iphtheria

Anthra4 Tetan#s T5phoid.Anthra4 Tetan#s T5phoid.

)I(=S : Bird l#e 0eng#e 'oliom5elitis HI)+)I(=S : Bird l#e 0eng#e 'oliom5elitis HI)+

AI0S (a6ies Chic9en+po4 %#mps Herpes+AI0S (a6ies Chic9en+po4 %#mps Herpes+"oster Herpes+simple4 (S) E6ola Hantavir#s"oster Herpes+simple4 (S) E6ola Hantavir#s

&ipah )ir#s&ipah )ir#s

'(*T*>*A : %alaria'(*T*>*A : %alaria

S'I(*CHAETA : /eptospirosisS'I(*CHAETA : /eptospirosis

HE/%I&THS : STH ilariasisHE/%I&THS : STH ilariasis


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A,E&TSA,E&TS

1.1. &at#ral characteristics of A,E&TS&at#ral characteristics of A,E&TS

a. Biological and chemical characteristicsa. Biological and chemical characteristics::

6.6. (esistance ph5sical chemical via6ilit5 (esistance ph5sical chemical via6ilit5

2.2. Characteristics of A,E&TS associated ith H*ST :Characteristics of A,E&TS associated ith H*ST : Infectivity, pathogenecity,Infectivity, pathogenecity,virulence, antigenecityvirulence, antigenecity

3.3. Characteristics of A,E&TS associated ith E&)I(*&%E&T :Characteristics of A,E&TS associated ith E&)I(*&%E&T : Source of infectionSource of infection(reservoir) could be human or animal(reservoir) could be human or animal

4.4. Modes of transmissionsModes of transmissions

a.a...


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H*STH*ST

Characteristics :Characteristics :

Age, sex, ethnic, hereditary genetics,Age, sex, ethnic, hereditary genetics,behavior, immunity, nutritional status, etcbehavior, immunity, nutritional status, etc


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E&)I(*&%E&TE&)I(*&%E&T

'h5sical chemical 6iological social'h5sical chemical 6iological social

+environment+environment


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'(E)E&TI*&'(E)E&TI*&

Eradicating eliminating minimi"ing theEradicating eliminating minimi"ing the

impact of disease and disa6ilit5 retardingimpact of disease and disa6ilit5 retarding

the progress - disa6ilit5the progress - disa6ilit5

Traditional concept /eavell?s : primar5Traditional concept /eavell?s : primar5

secondar5 tertiar5 secondar5 tertiar5

%odern concept ith primordial prevention%odern concept ith primordial prevention


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0ETE(%I&A&TS *0ETE(%I&A&TS *

'(E)E&TI*&'(E)E&TI*&A 9noledge of ca#sationA 9noledge of ca#sation

05namics of transmission05namics of transmission

Identification of ris9 factors and and ris9 gro#psIdentification of ris9 factors and and ris9 gro#ps

Availa6ilit5 of proph5lactic or earl5 detectionAvaila6ilit5 of proph5lactic or earl5 detection

and treatment meas#resand treatment meas#res

An organi"ation to appl5 these meas#resAn organi"ation to appl5 these meas#res

appropriatel5appropriatel5

Contin#o#s eval#ationContin#o#s eval#ation


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'(E)E&TAB/E CA=SES'(E)E&TAB/E CA=SES

BBiological factors andiological factors and BBehavioral factorsehavioral factors

EEnvironmental factorsnvironmental factors

IImm#nological factorsmm#nological factors&tritional factors#tritional factors

,,enetic factorsenetic factors

SServiceservices SSocial factorsocial factors SSpirit#al factorspirit#al factors


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/E)E/S * '(E)E&TI*&/E)E/S * '(E)E&TI*&

'rimordial prevention'rimordial prevention

'rimar5 prevention'rimar5 prevention

+Health promotion+Health promotion

+Specific protection+Specific protection

Secondar5 preventionSecondar5 prevention

+ Earl5 diagnosis - prompt treatment+ Earl5 diagnosis - prompt treatmentTertiar5 preventionTertiar5 prevention

+ 0isa6ilit5 limitation+ 0isa6ilit5 limitation

+ (eha6ilitation+ (eha6ilitation


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'(I%*(0IA/ '(E)E&TI*&'(I%*(0IA/ '(E)E&TI*&

'revention in the form of action to inhi6it'revention in the form of action to inhi6it

the emergence of ris9 factors in the formthe emergence of ris9 factors in the form

of environmental economic social andof environmental economic social and

6ehavioral conditions and c#lt#ral pattern6ehavioral conditions and c#lt#ral pattern

of living etcof living etc

'revention of the emergence of ris9'revention of the emergence of ris9

factors co#ntries and pop#lations gro#psfactors co#ntries and pop#lations gro#psin hich the5 have not 5et appearedin hich the5 have not 5et appeared


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'(I%A( '(E)E&TI*&'(I%A( '(E)E&TI*&

Action ta9en prior to the onset of diseasesAction ta9en prior to the onset of diseases

hich removes the possi6ilit5 that thehich removes the possi6ilit5 that the

disease ill ever occ#rsdisease ill ever occ#rs

+ Health promotion+ Health promotion

+ Specific protections+ Specific protections


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Health promotionHealth promotion

The process of ena6ling people toThe process of ena6ling people to

increase control over the determinants ofincrease control over the determinants of

health and there65 improve their healthhealth and there65 improve their health


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THETHE&AT=(A/ HIST*( * A& 0ISEASE * %A&&AT=(A/ HIST*( * A& 0ISEASE * %A&

Before man involved

Interrelations of the vario#s

A,E&T

H*ST

and

E&)I(*&%E&TA/

factors

@non or #n9non

Bring A,E&T and

H*ST together

STI%=/=S or

A,E&T 6ecomes

*r 'rod#ce a

disease+provo9ing

STI%=/=S

'(E'ATH*,E&ESIS'E(I*0

The co#rse of the disease in man

C/I&ICA/ H*(I>*&

' E ( I * 0 * ' A T H * , E & E S I S

Earl5

pathogenesis

0iscerni6le

earl5 lesions

Advanced

diseaseConvalescence

STI%=/=S and A,E&T

BEC*%ES esta6lished and

increases 65 m#ltiplication or

increment

Signs and

s5mptom

illness

0isa6ilit5

0efect

Chronic

state

death

Interactions of H*ST

and SI%=/=S

Tiss#e and

ph5siologic

changesImm#nit5 and

resistance

H*ST (EACTI*&

(EC*)E(

in

h#ma

n

H*ST


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THE &AT=(A/ HIST*( * A& 0ISEASE * %A&THE &AT=(A/ HIST*( * A& 0ISEASE * %A&Interrelation of Agent Host and Environmental

factors

'rod#ction of STI%=/=S

(eaction of the H*ST to the STI%=/=S

Earl5

pathogenesis

0iscerni6le

earl5lesions

Advanced

disease Convalescence

/E)E/S * A''/ICATI*& of '(E)E&TI)E %EAS=(ES

HEA/TH '(*%*TI*&

Health ed#cation

,ood standard

of n#trition

'rovision of ade8#ate

Ho#sing recreation

and agreea6le

or9 conditions

%arriage co#nseling

and se4 ed#cation

,enetics

S'ECIIC '(*TECTI*&

=se of specific

Imm#ni"ations

Attention to

personal h5giene

=se of environmental

sanitation

'rotection against

occ#pational ha"ards

'rotection from accidents

=se of specific n#trients

'rotection from carsinogens

Avoidance of allergens

EA(/ 0IA,&*SIS and

'(*%'T T(EAT%E&T

Case+finding meas#res

individ#al and mass

Screening s#rve5

Selective e4aminations

*6ectives :

To c#re and prevent

disease processes

To prevent the spread of

comm#nica6le diseases

To prevent complications

and se8#ele

To shorten period of disa6ilit5

0ISABI/IT /I%ITATI*&

Ade8#ate treatment

to arrest

the disease process

and to prevent

f#rther complication

and se8#elae

'rovision of

facilities to limit

disa6ilit5

and to prevent death

(EHABI/ITATI*&

'rovision of hospital

and comm#nit5 facilities

for retraining and

ed#cation for

ma4im#m #se

of remaining capacities

Ed#cation of the p#6lic

and ind#str5 to #tili"ed

the reha6ilitated

as f#ll emplo5ment

Selective placement

$or9 therap5 in hospitals

=se of sheltered colon5

'(I%A( '(E)E&TI*&SEC*&0A( '(E)E&TI*&

TE(TIA( '(E)E&TI*&

'(E'ATH*,E&ESIS 'E(I*0 'E(I*0 * 'ATH*,E&ESIS


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C*&T(*/ * 0ISEASEC*&T(*/ * 0ISEASE

*ngoing actions aim at red#cing *ngoing actions aim at red#cing

+ The incidence of disease+ The incidence of disease

+ The d#ration of disease+ The d#ration of disease

the ris9 ofthe ris9 oftransmissiontransmission

+ The effect of infection+ The effect of infection

+ The financial 6#rden to the comm#nit5+ The financial 6#rden to the comm#nit5


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C*&T(*/C*&T(*/ E/I%I&ATI*&E/I%I&ATI*& E(A0ICATI*&E(A0ICATI*&


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TAS@TAS@


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%A/A(IA%A/A(IA


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0H0H


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Control of Tropical - Communicable Disease