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Copper for Beyond 10GBASE-T
David Zambrano
Agenda
• Market Drivers
• Standards – Cabling and Ethernet
• Field Test Considerations
Agenda
• Market Drivers
• Standards – Cabling and Ethernet
• Field Test Considerations
Market Drivers
• Cloud computing
– Resource scalability and flexibility from the internet
• Virtualization
– Storage, Applications, Operating systems
– Driven by optimization of processing resources, power, square footage and administrative staff
• Convergence and Consolidation
– More bandwidth everywhere
File
Applications Single Server
Network Virtualization Examples
Application Virtualization
PresentationVirtualization
Server Virtualization
Profile Virtualization
Desktop Virtualization
Virtualization requires a HUGE amount of data being transmitted thoughout the network!!
40/100G Growth in the Datacenter
• 40GbE/100GbE mainly for aggregation
1G/10G -> 10G/40G
Link aggregation (40GbE)
WAN
SAN
FC
10GbEFCoE
1GbE LAN 1GbE
LAN
40GbEFCoE
100GbE Gateway
1G, 10G -> more 10G, 40G
Nx10G -> 40G/100G
The Need for 40G
Source: Robert Hays, IntelHoward Frasier, Broadcom“40G Ethernet Market Potential”
IEE 802.3 HSSG
40G Over Copper in the Datacenter
Client-Access channel length distribution
Alan Flatman – Principal Consultant, LAN Technologies, UK
“Long Data Center Links vs. Length”
� 80% of Client channels are less
than 30m
� 93% of Client channels are less
than 50m
� Cat-7A/Class FA
� Shielded cable has bandwidth
to support 40GBASE-T
� Existing Cabling
� Some studies show Cat-6A
may support 40G if tested for
beyond 1000Mhz BW.
Agenda
• Market Drivers
• Standards – Cabling and Ethernet
• Field Test Considerations
Evolution of Cabling and Ethernet
100Mhz 250Mhz 500Mhz 600Mhz 1000Mhz
Cat-6/Class E
Cat-5e
Cat-6A/Class EA
(Cat-7)/Class F
(Cat-7A)/Class FA
Level IIe
Level III
Level IIIe
Level IV
Tester Accuracy
1995
1999
1999
2002
2002
2006
2007
2009
Soon
Ethernet Speeds 40GBASE-T
10BASE-T 100BASE-TX 1000BASE-T 10GBASE-TPOTENTIAL
40GBASE-T
Rate 10 Mb/s 100 Mb/s 1 Gb/s 10 Gb/s 40 Gb/s
Bandwidth 20 MHz 31.25 MHz 62.5 MHz 413 MHz 1000(+) MHz
Efficiency 1 b/s/Hz 3.2 b/s/Hz 16 b/s/Hz 24.2 b/s/Hz TBD
ModulationBinary
ManchesterMLT3 PAM-5 DSQ-128 TBD
BER <10-10 <10-10 <10-10 <10-12 <10-12
Pairs 2 2 4 4 4
Reach 100m 100m 100m 100m 100m
Class Class D Class D Class EA Class FA (?)
Current Cabling Standards
TIA 568-C.2
(Components)
TIA 568-C.2
(Cabling)
ISO/IEC 11801
(Components)
ISO/IEC 11801
(Cabling)
Frequency
Bandwidth
Minimum
Accuracy
Level
Cat-5e Cat-5e Cat-5e Class D 1-100Mhz Level IIe
Cat-6 Cat-6 Cat-6 Class E 1-250Mhz Level III
Cat-6A Cat-6A Cat-6A Class EA 1-500Mhz Level IIIe
Cat-7 Class F 1-600Mhz Level IV
Cat-7A Class FA 1-1000Mhz Level IV-E*
Where is 40 Gigabit on RJ-45 Copper
Cabling?
Data CategoryNo. of
pairsper pair encoding
Symbol
Rate
Rate
BandwidthSNR
10 Mb/s 3 2 10 Mb/s Manchester 20 Mbaud 16 MHz 15 dB
100 Mb/s 5 2 100 Mb/s MLT3 125 Mbaud 100 MHz 18 dB
1000 Mb/s 5e 4 250 Mb/s 4D-PAM 5 125 Mbaud 100 MHz 21dB
10 Gb/s 6A 4 2500 Mb/sPAM 16/DSQ
128800 Mbaud 600 MHz 26 dB
40 Gb/s ? 4 10 Gb/sPAM 16/DSQ
128
3200
Mbaud1600 MHz 26 dB
40 Gb/s ? 4 10 Gb/sPAM 32/DSQ
512
2400
Mbaud1200 MHz 32 dB
* Source Belden
� Improved encoding schemes, usage of all 4 pairs could allow 40G data transmission on RJ-45 Systems up to a length of 100m
� Leading cabling system manufacturers support 40 Gigabit
� Bandwidth requirement for cable certifiers will increase to 1600MHz
40G Copper – Is it possible?
• Multiband FDM Encoding
• Screened Shielded Twisted Pair (S/STP
or S/FTP)
• Penn State University “Greater than 10G per second
Copper Ethernet” project with chip vendors and
physical media players showed that 40GbE is
possible.
– 50 gigabit per second over 100m
– Using screened STP cable
– Required Class FA cabling with at least 1000MHz
Why Copper vs. Fiber?
• Auto negotiation
• Allows devices of different rates to communicate
• Upgrading fiber requires HW change
• Cost of electronics and other components
– Copper electronics are much cheaper than fiber
• Power
– Power consumption has been a historical problem for copper but
electronics have always evolved to lower power (in 1G and 10G), as
will 40G in the future
• Copper supports Energy Efficient Ethernet
– Auto negotiation to lower rates to consume less power
• Allows other technologies
– Power Over Ethernet (PoE)
Are cable vendors prepared for it?
• Multiple cable vendors with CAT7-A / Class FA
solutions and cables tested beyond 1000MHz
• Advanced shielding systems to avoid
interference � do not require AXT testing
• Advanced components � Connectors
TERA/GG45
• Some suggest to start with short distances
(i.e. 40m.) and then upgrade to 100m.
40G cables lifecycle
• Overall cable lifecycle must be considered
before any installation
– At least to support 2 generations of standards /
around 10 years lifespan
• CAT7-A / Class FA cabling installed today must
“survive” next 10-15 years
– A “40G capable cable” installed today has the
longest life
Future of Copper Ethernet Cabling
• Resolve the CAT7A Cabling standards
– Harmonize TIA 568C.2
– Update test procedures to support current and
future standards
• HSoTP Interest Group developing objectives
– Finalize Rate Selection - 40G?
– Finalize Reach - 100m is possible?
• IEEE Call-for-interest
Agenda
• Market Drivers
• Standards – Cabling and Ethernet
• Field Test Considerations
Field Tester Accuracy
• Defined in ISO/IEC 61935-1/Ed. 2 Level IV and TIA 1152
Accuracy
• Defines baseline, link and channel accuracy of a field tester in
comparison with a network analyzer for various parameters
– Residual Near End Crosstalk (RNEXT)
– Directivity (a measure for dynamic range of return loss)
– Common mode rejection (This is a differential measurement)
– Output Signal Balance ( a significant metric for alien x-talk)
• Ensures field testers are precise with minimal internal noise
• Level IV defines a measurement frequency to 600Mhz
• A new level of accuracy, with a higher frequency must be
defined to support Class FA/Cat 7A channels and links that will
be used for 40GBASE-T
Field Testing Beyond 600MHz
• Class FA cabling standards have moved already beyond 600MHz
• High speed (40G) Ethernet standards will require cabling beyond 600MHz
• High frequency applications such as broadband video and other applications over twisted pair is now possible
• Overall braid and foil have eliminated AXT
• Field testing beyond Level IV will be needed
• Is it possible??
Field Tester Limitations
• Electronic components have been
prohibitively expensive, large, and complex
– Used limited number of channels
• Complicated magnetics have had RF paths
– raised the noise floor
– limited frequency of measurements (RNEXT)
– Had poor temperature performance
– Required regular referencing
Components of a Next Generation
Measurement System
RF Signal Source
DSP
Measurement engine
Rx1 Rx2 Rx5
Test Interface
Multi Channel Transceivers
Fully Differential Design
Tester Baseline RNEXT vs Level IV limitLimit extrapolated beyond standard
Tester Baseline Directivity against
Level IV limitLimit extrapolated beyond standard
Conclusions
• Future applications will require Datacenters /
Server Clusters to upgrade to 40G
• Despite fiber growth, copper is very likely to
be still predominant
• Class FA cable is the most firm candidate to
support the 40G infrastructure. Is it different?
• Challenges: Standardization, accurate
measurement methods
• 40G: The future is right here!
Any questions?
Thank you!
