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copyright 2002 by Amelia Potter
Hydrocarbons
Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes
CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n-2
All C bonds are single (fully saturated)
C=C (double bond)
unsaturated
Triple C bond
unsaturated
CH3CH3
ethane
CH2CH2
ethene
CHCH
ethyne
copyright 2002 by Amelia Potter
How can we represent Alkanes?C – C – C – C – C Demonstration (No H)
H H H H H
| | | | |
H - C – C - C – C - C – H Fully Expanded
| | | | |
H H H H H
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 Condensed
CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH3 Fully Condensed
C5H12 Molecular Formula
copyright 2002 by Amelia Potter
Naming Alkanes (all single bonds)Chain Length
In Carbons
Name Alkane name
Alkane Formula CnH(2n+2)
1 meth methane CH4
2 eth ethane C2H6
3 prop propane C3H8
4 but butane C4H10
5 pent pentane C5H12
6 hex hexane C6H14
copyright 2002 by Amelia Potter
Rules for Naming of Alkanes
Determine the longest continuous carbon chain: also known as the PARENT CHAIN!!!!
copyright 2002 by Amelia Potter
Example
Count from one end to another, and determine the longest carbon chain (parent chain)
C –C-C-C– C | hexane C – C Use longest chain in any direction
copyright 2002 by Amelia Potter
Naming the Chain
C –C –C -C –C –C -C – C
| decane
C – C – C – C – C –C -C – C
copyright 2002 by Amelia Potter
Naming Alkanes
Determine Chain LengthUse longest Chain (parent chain)
Name the longest chainUse ending for alkane (“ane”)
copyright 2002 by Amelia Potter
Naming Branches (Side Chains)
After naming the longest chain, draw a line through all the carbons you use.
Everything that is left are the side chains. Name the side chain (branch) using the
“yl” ending (methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc)
copyright 2002 by Amelia Potter
Naming Side Chains
* isopropyl, n-butyl, s-butyl,t-butyl
Side Chain Length
In Carbons
Name Side chain name
Alkyl Formula
1 meth methyl - CH3
2 eth ethyl - C2H5
3 prop Propyl* - C3H7
4 but Butyl* - C4H9
5 pent pentyl - C5H11
6 hex hexyl - C6H13
copyright 2002 by Amelia Potter
Naming the Side Chain
Determine the longest chain (parent chain) – name it! Number the carbon atoms in the parent chain starting from the end
that is CLOSEST to a branch/side chain Name the side chain and indicate on which carbon it’s located
C –C-C-C– C | C – C
Parent Chain: hexane
copyright 2002 by Amelia Potter
Numbering right to left : 6 5 4 3 ←
C –C-C-C- C
|
C – C
2 1 ←
the side chain is on the #3 carbon of hexane
Naming - Side Chain Locator Number
C –C-C-C- C
|
C – C
copyright 2002 by Amelia Potter
Numbering left to right: → 1 2 3 4
C –C-C-C- C
|
C – C
→ 5 6 the side chain is on the #4 carbon of hexane
C – C-C-C- C
|
C – C
copyright 2002 by Amelia Potter
3 is lower than 4, so use 3
3 C –C-C-C- C
|
C – C
3 – methylhexane
Naming – Side Chain Locator Number
copyright 2002 by Amelia Potter
Naming the Side Chain
C –C-C-C – C -C-C | C –C-C-C-C -C-C
5- ethyl-6- ethyl decaneOR: 5,6-diethyl decane
copyright 2002 by Amelia Potter
Multiple Side Chains
C –C –C -C –C -C-C-C
|
C – C – C – C – C-C-C
Parent: decane
6-ethyl-5- propyldecane
ALWAYSALWAYS list side chains alphabetically – E for Ethyl before P for Propyl
copyright 2002 by Amelia Potter
C – C – C
|
C – C – C – C – C - C – C – C
Parent Chain: octane
Side Chain: isopropyl (not just propyl)
Name: 4-isopropyloctane
copyright 2002 by Amelia Potter
Halogen Substituted Carbon Hydrogen(one hydrogen substituted by a halogen (X))
Name by the Halogen used in the compound
Chloroalkanes (C-C-Cl)
Bromoalkanes (C-C-Br)
Flouroalkanes (C-C-F)
Halogen Substituted Carbon Hydrogen
copyright 2002 by Amelia Potter
Naming the Chain
C –C-C-C– Cl | C – C
Parent Chain: hexane Side chain: 3-chloro
Name: 3 - chlorohexane
copyright 2002 by Amelia Potter
C –C -C –C -Cl | C – C – C – C – C –C-C-C – C
Naming the Chain
C –C -C –C -Cl | C – C – C – C – C –C-C-C – C
decane chloro propyl decane
4 - chloro 5-propyl decane
copyright 2002 by Amelia Potter
C –C -C - Cl | C – C – C – C – C – C - C –C -C – C
Naming the Chain
Let’s name this:
copyright 2002 by Amelia Potter
Naming the Chain
C –C –C -C - Br | C – C – C – C – C - C –C -C – C
Example 13
C –C –C -C - Br | C – C – C – C – C - C –C -C – C
nonane bromo butyl nonane
4 - bromo 5 - butyl nonane
copyright 2002 by Amelia Potter
Naming Alkenes
Determine the longest continuous chain of carbons that have the double bond between two of its carbons. The parent chain must contain the double bond.
C – C – C = C – C – C –C
copyright 2002 by Amelia Potter
Naming Alkenes
Number the carbons in the chain so that the double bond would be between the carbons with the lowest designated number.
C1 – C2 – C3 = C4 – C5 – C6 –C7
3-heptene
copyright 2002 by Amelia Potter
Naming Alkenes
The location of the double bond, not the location of the branches are used for numbering the alkene.
NOTE THE –ENE ending as well!
copyright 2002 by Amelia Potter
Naming Alkenes
Identify the side chains/branch and the position of the branch.
The format is as follows:
(location of branch)-(branch name)(parent chain)