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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Goblet Cells Respiratory mucosa-contains goblet cells that secrete mucus Mucus Stickiness traps inhaled particles Lysozymes kills bacteria
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The primary function of the respiratory system is to allow oxygen from the air to enter the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood to exit into the air.
• Inspiration –inhalation (breathing in)• Expiration- exhalation ( breathing out)
The Respiratory System
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Nose
Functions • Provides an airway for
respiration • Moistens and warms entering
air • Filters and cleans inspired air • Resonating chamber for
speech • Detects odors in the airstream
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Goblet Cells
Respiratory mucosa-contains goblet cells that secrete mucus •Mucus •Stickiness traps inhaled particles •Lysozymes kills bacteria
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Nasal Cavity
•Vibrissae (guard hairs) stiff hairs that filter large particles from the air
•Nasal cilia hair-like projections that propel trapped particles towards the throat for digestion by digestive enzymes
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•Rich supply of capillaries warm the inspired air
•Nasal conchae – folds in the mucous membrane that increase air turbulence and ensures that most air contacts the mucous membranes
•Olfactory mucosa – mucous membranes that contain smell receptors
Nasal Cavity cont.
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Pharynx (throat)• Funnel shaped
passageway that connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx
• Three regions of the pharynx
• Nasopharynx - air passage
• Oropharynx & Laryngopharynx- passageway for air, food, and drink
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Larynx (voice box)
Functions :• Keeps food and drink out of the airway • Sound production
Anatomical Features:•9 c-rings of hyaline cartilage form the framework of the larynx (the apex is called the Adam’s apple•Muscular walls aid in voice production and the swallowing reflex •Glottis – the superior opening of the larynx •Epiglottis – prevents food and drink from entering airway when swallowing •False vocal cords – aid in closing the glottis when swallowing •True vocal cords – produce sound when air passes between them
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Anatomy of the Larynx
Figure 23.4
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Glottis
Figure 23.5a, b
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Trachea (windpipe)
Functions :• Air passageway • Cleans, warms, and moistens
incoming air
Anatomical Features :• Rings of hyaline cartilage –
reinforce the trachea and keep it from collapsing when you inhale
• Traps inhaled debris and propels mucus to the pharynx where it is swallowed
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Anatomy of the Trachea
Figure 23.6a, b
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bronchi
Function :• Solely an air passageway
Anatomical features :• Left and right primary bronchi
branch off from trachea • Once the primary bronchi
enter the lungs they are subdivided into smaller tubes:
• Secondary bronchi → tertiary bronchi → bronchioles → terminal bronchioles → respiratory bronchioles → alveolar ducts → alveolar sacs
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Lungs•Left
Divided into 2 lobes Smaller than the right lung Cardiac notch accommodates the heart
•Right Divided into 3 lobes•Each lobe is separated by connective tissue and has its own arteries and veins.
•Serous membranes-cover the entire surface of the lungs and produce pleural fluid -enables the lungs to expand and contract with minimal friction •Visceral –adheres to the surface of the lung•Parietal- lines the thoracic cavity
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
Figure 23.7
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.10b
The Bronchi and Lobules of the Lung
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Alveoli
Alveoli- tiny sacs that are the final branching of the respiratory tree and act as the gas exchange units of the lung.
Alveolar sacs- clusters of alveoli
Alveolar cells – allow for diffusion of gases & secretion of surfactant -
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Alveoli cont.
• Surfactants are substances that reduce surface tension of fluid in the lungs and helps make (alveoli) more stable. keeps them from collapsing when an individual exhales
• Surface tension-the tendency of molecules in a fluid to be pulled toward the center of the fluid
• High surface tension would tend to decrease the surface area of the lungs, thus making it harder to absorb air.
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 23.12a-c
Alveolar Organization