Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc Chapter 14 Managing the Changing Needs of IT Development and Use HCI: Developing Effective Organizational Information

Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc

Chapter 14Managing the Changing Needs of IT Development and Use

HCI: Developing Effective Organizational Information Systems

Dov Te’eni

Jane Carey

Ping Zhang


Roadmap

6Affective

Engineering

9Organizational

Tasks

4Physical

Engineering7

Evaluation8

Principles & Guidelines

11Methodology

12Relationship, Collaboration

& Organization

10Componential

Design

3Interactive

Technologies

5Cognitive

Engineering

Context Foundation Application

Additional Context

1Introduction

2Org &

BusinessContext

13Social &

Global Issues

14Changing Needs of ITDevelopment & Use


Learning Objectives

Understand recent changes in IT use and their impact

Understand recent trends in IT development Understand the potential challenges these

changes and trends may present for HCI development


Introduction

From a historical perspective, computing devices have evolved from vacuum tubes and later transistors to silicon chips.

Consequently, the uses of these devices have challenged and changed many aspects of our work, our lives, and even our values.


Emerging IT Use Changes and the Impacts We briefly examine three categories of

recent development and trends in IT use and impacts: ubiquitous computing, social computing, and value sensitive design


Ubiquitous Computing

Broadly speaking, there are two views of ubiquitous computing (also know as Ubicomp). The convergent device (one-does-all) view

posits the computer as a tool through which anything, and indeed everything, can be done

The divergent device (many-do-all) view, by contrast, offers a world where microprocessors are embedded in everything and communicating with one another


Ubicomp

Ubiquitous computing: integrating computation into the environment instead of having computers as distinct objects.


Ubicomp

Integrating computation into the environment instead of having computers as distinct objects has the advantage of enabling people to move around and interact with computers more naturally than they normally do.

Ubicomp slowly moves into our lives and becomes reality.

Ubicomp, also called “Pervasive Computing”, represents a major evolutionary step in line of computing work.


Ubicomp

Ubiquitous computing is roughly the opposite of virtual reality. Where virtual reality puts people inside a computer-generated world, ubiquitous computing forces the computer to live in the world with people.


Challenges for HCI Design and Evaluation Design Space.

Instead of a single screen-based user interface (UI), humans will interact with a number of devices

These computers range from highly personal and mobile appliances to systems that are integrated in everyday environments and are more or less invisible.

The design space for the UI becomes much larger than with conventional personal computers


User Experience. Many of us now routinely carry several

"intelligent" devices. Our daily environments are often inhabited by

digital devices These devices are interconnected

Challenges for HCI Design and Evaluation


Task-Centric Evaluation Techniques may be Inappropriate. The majority of usability techniques are task-centric. If the user’s tasks are known, then an evaluation is performed to determine the fitness of the system and its interface for completing that task.



Social Implications. Ubicomp can sense, understand, and react

to phenomenon in the physical world and to record those phenomena.

Security, privacy, control, and visibility are among the important social issues.



Social computing Community computing Online community



Communityware: software that allows large decentralized groups of people to form communities, share preferences and knowledge, and perform social activities.



Communityware

Figure 14.1 Overview of Communityware for Conference Participants


Communityware

The second example of communityware is “Babble,” a system that can support communication and collaboration among large groups of people over computing networks.

Specifically, Babble is for knowledge communities to support the creation, management, and reuse of knowledge in a social context.


Value Sensitive Design (VSD) Value sensitive design: a theoretically

grounded approach to the design of technology that accounts for human values in a principled and comprehensive manner throughout the design process.


Value: an object’s property that has economic worth or is regarded as being important in life of someone or a group.

Value Sensitive Design (VSD)

Human Value Definition

Human Welfare

Refers to people’s physical, material, and psychological well-being

Ownership and Property

Refers to a right to possess an object (or information), use it, manage it, derive income from it, and bequeath it

PrivacyRefers to a claim, an entitlement, or a right of an individual to determine what information about himself or herself can be communicated to others

Freedom From Bias

Refers to systematic unfairness perpetrated on individuals or groups, including pre-existing social bias, technical bias, and emergent social bias

Universal Usability

Refers to making all people successful users of information technology

TrustRefers to expectations that exist between people who can experience good will, extend good will toward others, feel vulnerable, and experience betrayal

Autonomy Refers to people’s ability to decide, plan, and act in ways that they believe will help them to achieve their goals

Table 14.1 Frequently Studied Human Values with Ethical Import

Human Value Definition

Informed Consent

Refers to garnering people’s agreement, encompassing criteria of disclosure and comprehension (for “informed”) and voluntariness, competence, and agreement (for “consent”)

Accountability Refers to the properties that ensures that the actions of a person, people, or institution may be traced uniquely to the person, people, or institution

CourtesyRefers to treating people with politeness and consideration

Identity Refers to people’s understanding of who they are over time, embracing both continuity and discontinuity over time

Calmness Refers to a peaceful and composed psychological state

Environmental Sustainability

Refers to sustaining ecosystems such that they meet the needs of the present without compromising future generations

Table 14.1 Frequently Studied Human Values with Ethical Import

Cases illustrating concepts

Case 1: Room with a View: Using Plasma displays in Interior Offices

Janice is in her office, writing a report. She’s trying to conceptualize the report’s higher-level structure, but her ideas won’t quite take form. Then she looks up from her desk and rests her eyes on the fountain and plaza area outside her building.

The view is a plasma screen not from a window.


Case 1: Room with a view

(a) “The Watcher” (b) The HDTV Camera (c) “The Watched”

Figure 14.2 Plasma Displays in Interior Offices


Five aspects of this particular VSD that deserve discussion.

1. Multiple Empirical Methods. 2. Direct and Indirect Stakeholders. 3. Coordinated Empirical Investigations 4. Multiplicity of and Potential Conflicts among

Human Values 5. Technical Investigations


Case 2: UrbanSim: Integrated Land Use, Transportation, and Environmental Simulation

In many regions in the United States (and globally), there is increasing concern about the environment

UrbanSim predicts patterns of urban development

Case 2: UrbanSim

UrbanSim illustrates important aspects of Value Sensitive Design

1. Distinguishing Explicitly Supported Values from Stakeholder Values.

2. Handling Widely Divergent and Potentially Conflicting Stakeholder Values

3. Designing for Credibility, Openness, and Accountability


VSD and HCI development

1. VSD is a great effort to reflect what we as humans consider important in our lives.

2. VSD seeks to be proactive 3. VSD enlarges the values context 4. VSD contributes a unique methodology 5. VSD distinguishes between usability and

human values with ethical import 6. VSD identifies and takes seriously two

classes of stakeholders: direct and indirect 7. VSD is an interactional theory 8. VSD builds from the psychological proposition

that certain values are universally held


Emerging IT Development Changes Open source: the same appearance,

meaning and operation holds true for all the user’s interactions within the same application.

Open Source Definition: determines whether a piece of software can be regarded as open-source software by listing 10 conditions.

Open Source Rules

F Free Redistribution2 Source Code Derived Works Integrity of The Author's Source Code No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor Distribution of License License Must Not Restrict Other Software License Must Be Technology-Neutral



The decentralized and engineering-driven approach of open source projects can be at odds with corporate processes and usability engineering methodologies. There is a common notion that open source systems have poor user interfaces.


Component Based Software Development (CBSD) Component based software development:

using or reusing existing software components to build new software applications.


Challenges on HCI Design and Evaluation Developing software components with

user interfaces that can be adapted to diverse reuse situations is challenging, so are the planning and conducting of usability and user experience evaluations, when the potential users, user tasks and use context are unknown ahead of time when the components are built.


Outsourcing, Offshore Outsourcing, and Freelancing Outsourcing: turning over a segment of

business to another business. Offshoring: relocation of business processes

(including production/manufacturing) to a lower cost location.


Offshore outsourcing: the practice of hiring an external business to perform some or all business functions in a country other than the one where the product will be sold or consumed.

Global sourcing: outsourcing to firms in other countries.

Outsourcing, Offshore Outsourcing, and Freelancing


Freelancer: a self-employed person working in a profession or trade in which full-time employment by a single employer is also common.

Freelancing: using freelancers to obtain outsourcing result.

Outsourcing, Offshore Outsourcing, and Freelancing


Challenges on HCI Design and Evaluation It has been believed that design (including

analysis) and interface must be done together with the customer, while coding, IT documentation, IT maintenance, and other “back-end” tasks do not require close proximity with customers and can be done by less costly programmers abroad [Mann, 2004]. Thus the higher-wage jobs, involving design and interface, must still be performed in the U.S.


Summary

In this chapter, we take a forward looking perspective and examine a number of most recent radical changes in technology development

Specifically, we review technology development in ubiquitous computing, mobile computing, social computing, and value sensitive design and the use of these technologies in our daily lives for work or leisure.

We also examine several new ways of developing applications such as open source, component based systems development, and outsourcing.

Documents

Copyright 2006 - John Wiley & Sons, Inc Chapter 14 Managing the Changing Needs of IT Development and Use HCI: Developing Effective Organizational Information