Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Chapter 3 Safety and Infection Control Practices

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Chapter 3 Safety and Infection Control Practices


Essential Question

What can you do to What can you do to promote the safety of the promote the safety of the healthcare workplace? healthcare workplace?


Demonstrate how safety practices relate to patients.

Explain the importance of body mechanics to workers.

Indicate the five factors that affect microbial growth.

Examine methods used to destroy microorganisms.

Distinguish the parts of a microscope.

Discuss biological agents used for bioterrorism.

3 Safety and Infection Control Practices


Analyze the chain of infection.

Compare common signs and symptoms of infection.

Compare standard and transmission-based precaution guidelines.

Carry out four safety procedures.

Explain the cough etiquette standard.

3 Safety and Infection Control Practices


3.1 Accidents and Injuries

Accidents and Injuries

Governing AgenciesWhat government agencies oversee safety in the workplace?

Which government agency is concerned with disease prevention?

Preventing AccidentsWhat are the three general types of accidents?

List what you should wear to protect yourself form hazardous or unknown chemicals.



Accidents and Injuries

Safety means freedom from danger, risks, and injury.

Injuries are prevented by preventing accidents.

Report unsafe practices to a charge nurse or supervisor.



Governing Agencies

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is required to oversee safety in the workplace.

OSHA requires that material safety data sheets (MSDS) be kept on all chemicals handled at a facility.



Governing Agencies (cont.)

Manufacturers are required to provide a copy of the MSDS for all products they sell.


MDSD GRAPHIC ORGANIZER




The MSDS should contain:Manufacturer’s name and address.

Safety exposure limits.

Chemical name.

Health hazards.

Flammability level.

Reactivity level.

Personal protective equipment (PPE) required when handling the chemical.

Hazard rating for the chemical.




Failure to maintain properly labeled hazardous materials can result in large fines.

A safety officer may be appointed to oversee continuing education regarding hazardous materials.




The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has developed standard safety precautions.

Other governing agencies include:Individual states

U.S. Department of Public Health

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)



Preventing Accidents

The best way to deal with workplace injuries is to prevent them.

Education is the key to an accident-free facility.

The two main categories of accidents are:Accidents related to the physical environment and equipment.

Accidents related to patient care.



Preventing Accidents (cont.)

Guidelines for preventing and reacting to accidents and emergencies:

Know the environment, including the location of exits, stairs, fire alarms and extinguishers, call signals, paging systems, and emergency lights.




Know the safety policies and procedures for your facility.

Operate only the equipment you are trained to use.

Report accidents, spills, and damaged or malfunctioning equipment immediately.

Do not use frayed or damaged electrical cords or ungrounded equipment.




Never use any product that does not have a readable label.

Read all labels at least 3 times before using the product.

Read the MSDS for any product you will be using.

Wear personal protective equipment when handling hazardous or unknown chemicals.

Never mix solutions or chemicals.

Know how to report an accident or obtain emergency assistance.

Use the right side of the hallway and stop at intersections.

Allow others to exit before you enter stairways, doorways, or elevators.




Guidelines for patient safety:Ensure that the patient knows how to operate call signals, emergency call lights, handrails, safety rails, and how to locate the bathroom.

Identify patient and explain a procedure before beginning.

Perform only those procedures for which you have been trained.

Report safety hazards, such as spills, loose carpet, or extremely hot food or drinks.

Be aware of any changes in the patient and report them to your supervisor immediately.

Ensure the privacy, safety, and comfort of your patient.



What agency enforces the guidelines established by the CDC?



Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

What agency enforces the guidelines established by the CDC?


3.2 Body Mechanics

Body Mechanics

Principles of Body Mechanics

Body Mechanics Failure

Key Components of Body Mechanics


3.2 Essential Question

How can proper mechanics in standing,

sitting, walking, and lifting decrease the strain on the human

body?


Principles of Body Mechanics

Body alignment depends on the correct positioning of the head, back, and limbs.

3.2 Body Mechanics


WEAR A BACK SUPPORT!

3.2 Body Mechanics

Body Mechanics Failure

Causes back problems including acute strains, sprains, disc strain and bulge, disc herniation, and fatigue.

Prevention is the best cure for back pain.


3.2 Body Mechanics

Key Components of Body Mechanics

Keep feet about shoulder-width apart.

Use both hands to move someone or something.

Face the direction in which you intend to move. Never twist.

Avoid unnecessary reaching.

Keep your chin up and look straight ahead.

Keep your shoulders back.


3.2 Body Mechanics

Key Components of Body Mechanics (cont.)

Bend at the hips and knees.

Keep your back straight.

Keep the object you are lifting close to your body.

Exhale when you are lifting or exerting force.

Tighten your abdominal muscles.

Lift with your legs, not your back.


3.2 Body Mechanics

Key Components of Body Mechanics (cont.)

Push, pull, or slide instead of lifting.

Pushing is the best technique for moving something large.

Use the weight of your body to help you push or pull.

Always ask for help whenever needed.

Tell the patient what you are going to do and ask for the patient’s help.


3.2 Body Mechanics

What is the most common cause of back pain?


3.2 Body Mechanics

Failure to use proper body mechanics which causes:

• Acute strains and sprains• Disc strains and bulge• Disc herniation• Fatigue

What is the most common cause of back pain?


A B C

Which is good posture?Explain why the othersare not.


3.3 Basic Microbiology LEQ

What are the pros and cons tomicroorganisms and how has the healthcare system adapted to fight them?


3.3 Basic Microbiology

Basic Microbiology : Concepts

Microorganisms

Factors That Influence Microbial Growth

Methods That Destroy Microorganisms

Types of Microorganisms

Microscopes



Microbiology: the science that studies the living organisms that cannot be seen to the naked eye

Microscopes are the only way to view the millions of tiny creatures (microorganisms)

Microorganisms are found all most everywhere in the planet

They are also on our skin, in the air we breathe, on every surface we touch, and inside our bodies



Microorganisms: a microscopic organism; especially a bacterium, virus, or fungus.

Can be referred to as “microbes” or “germs”

Small number are called pathogens and other are harmless (non-pathogens).

The microbes that are harmless benefit humans and the environment.



WARM UP OUR BRAIN

Which is the process called in which microbes are help food preparation?

Just For a GIGGLE


3.3 Factors That Influence Microbial Growth

Following factors influence microbial growth:Temperature.

pH, or the values used in chemistry to express the degrees of acidity of a substance.

Food.

Moisture.

Oxygen.


Factors That Influence Microbial Growth (cont.)

Aerobic microbes – live only in the presence of oxygen.

Anaerobic microbes – grow best in the absence of oxygen.



What are some of the items that microbes enjoy other than the ones listed above?

1&2

3&4

6&5

7&8

9&10

HINT: Read Page 61 for help


3.3 Methods That Destroy Microorganisms

Antiseptics – solutions applied directly to the skin that prevent or inhibit the growth of pathogens.

Alcohol, Betadine, and Chlorhexidine Glucontate

Disinfection – using strong chemicals, such as bleach to destroy pathogens, usually on objects

Bleach Solution and Zephirin

Irritation or trauma to skin.

Sterilization – the most effective way to destroy all microorganisms.

Autoclave : high pressure steam

Chemicals , Radiation, and Gas


Answer the Following: pg. 62


3.3 Types of Microorganisms

Look for the GO in your notes packet


3.3 Types of Microorganisms

BacteriaOne-celled microorganisms that are classified according to their shape and arrangement.

Some may produce spores

Spores will go dormant until conditions are favorable for growth

Some spores may be environmentally resistant.





Types of Microorganisms (cont.)

FungiA plantlike organism that lives on dead matter.

Cause conditions such as ringworm, athlete’s foot, yeast infections, and thrush (pictured).

ProtozoaTiny animals found in contaminated water.

Cause diseases such as malaria, trichomoniasis, and amebic dysentery.




VirusesSmallest of all microorganisms.

Live inside cells.

Spread by contact with blood and other body fluids.

Difficult to destroy.

Associated with diseases such as the common cold, chicken pox, herpes, hepatitis B, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).




RickettsiaeParasites that live inside the cells of other living organisms.

Transmitted to humans by fleas, lice, and ticks.

Cause diseases such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever.



Microscopes

Parts of a MicroscopeLens. Magnifies objects and is located in the eyepiece.

Objective. Attached to the revolving nosepiece and yields a different magnifying capability.

Base. Contains the light source.

Mechanical stage. Holds slides.

Iris diaphragm. Controls the light.

Coarse adjustment knob. Brings specimens into view.

Fine adjustment knob. Provides clearer focus.






Microscopes (cont.)

Care of the MicroscopeUse lens paper to clean the objectives and eyepieces.

Clean oil immersion objective immediately after use to prevent oil buildup.

Store covered in a safe place, with the shortest objective in the lowest position.



What is the most effective method for destroying all microorganisms?



Sterilization.

What is the most effective method for destroying all microorganisms?


3.4 Principles of Infection

Principles of Infection

Chain of Infection

Signs and Symptoms of Infection

Asepsis


Infectious Agent

Portal of Exit

Reservoir

Mode of Transmission

Portal of Entry

Susceptible Host


Chain of Infection

Chain of infection contains 6 elements. If broken, infection will not occur.



Chain of Infection (cont.)

Infectious Agent. Microorganisms that normally reside on the skin.

Reservoir. Residence of microorganisms.Fomites are nonliving materials that house microorganisms.




Portal of ExitRespiratory tract

Skin

Blood or other body fluids

Gastrointestinal tract

Mucous membrane

Mode of TransmissionHow a pathogen is transmitted

Can be through direct contact or airborne droplet

Hand washing is one of the most effective means of preventing the spread of pathogens.




Portal of EntryRespiratory tract, mucous membranes, and gastrointestinal tract are common.

Damaged skin.

Susceptible HostOne that is capable of being infected.

Microorganisms must be present in large enough quantity to be virulent.

The host must be susceptible.

Individuals with an immunity to certain pathogens will not be susceptible.



Signs and Symptoms of Infection

Redness

Swelling

Tenderness

Warmth

Drainage



Asepsis

Nosocomial infections are infections acquired at the healthcare facility.



Asepsis

Medical asepsisCalled “clean technique.”

Includes hand washing, personal protective barriers, and routine cleaning of the environment.

Surgical asepsisCalled “sterile technique.”

Only sterile objects can come in contact with sterile objects. Otherwise, they must be considered contaminated.



List 5 signs of an infection.



• Redness• Swelling• Tenderness• Warmth • Drainage

List 5 signs of an infection.


3.5 Standard and Transmission-Based Precautions

Standard and Transmission-Based Precautions

Standard Precautions

Transmission-Based Precautions



Standard Precautions

All blood and body fluids are considered contaminated.

Guidelines established by OSHA.Hand washing is vital.

Personal protective equipment is necessary.

Equipment and procedures depend upon the disease and how it is spread.



Transmission-Based Precautions

Prevent spread of highly infectious diseases.

Three types of precautions:Airborne. Used for diseases such as tuberculosis, which is spread by airborne droplets.

Droplet. Used for diseases such as whooping cough, which is spread by a cough or sneeze.

Contact. Used for skin and wound infections, which are transmitted by direct or indirect contact.



Name 3 types of transmission-based precautions.



• Airborne• Droplet• Contact

Name 3 types of transmission-based precautions.


End of

Documents

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Chapter 3 Safety and Infection Control Practices