Coral Triangle Futures Think Tank - Expediting outcomes ... Futures Think Tank... · APPENDIX C BACKGROUND PAPER – CORAL TRIANGLE OUTLOOK SNAPSHOT 39. ... Practice should work at

CoralTriangleFuturesThinkTank-Expeditingoutcomes

andimpactatscaleToaccelerate/identifycollaborativeapproachesthatachievegreaterimpacttoimprove

sustainabilityoutcomesforsmallscalefisheriesandmarinemanagedareas,focusingontheCoralTriangleasacasestudy

WorkshopReport

Bali,15-16August2017

HostedbyWWF

CoralTriangleFuturesThinkTank-Expeditingoutcomesandimpactatscale-WorkshopReport

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Disclaimer

ThisreporthasbeencommissionedbyWWFInternational,WWFCoralTriangleProgramandtheMPAActionAgendatoprovideasummaryoftheoutcomesfromtheworkshopCoralTriangleFuturesThinkTank-Expeditingoutcomesandimpactatscale.ItissolelyfortheuseofWWF.TierraMardoesnotacceptanyresponsibilitytoanyotherpartytowhomthisreportmaybeshownorintowhosehandsitmaycome.Norepresentationorwarranty(expressorimplied)isgivenastotheaccuracyorcompletenessoftheinformationcontainedinthisreport,and,totheextentpermittedbylaw,TierraMar,itsmembers,employeesandagentsacceptnoliability,anddisclaimallresponsibility,fortheconsequencesofyouoranyoneelseacting,orrefrainingtoact,inrelianceontheinformationcontainedinthisreportorforanydecisionbasedonit.Theinformationprovidedinthisreportisbasedonthebestinformationanddocumentationavailableatthetimeofpreparation.TheviewsandopinionsexpressedinthispublicationandappendicesarethoseoftheauthororwereraisedattheworkshopbyparticipantsanddonotnecessarilyreflectthoseofWWForitspartners.

Acknowledgments

WewouldliketoexpressoursincerethanksandappreciationtoCarolPhua,WWFNetherlandsMPAActionAgenda,JackieThomas,WWFCoralTriangleProgramandJohnTanzer,WWFInternational-OceansPracticefortheopportunitytoonceagainsupporttheworkofWWFandotherNGOsandorganisationsintheCoralTriangle(CT)regionthroughplanningandfacilitatingthisworkshop.SpecialthanksareofferedtotheTierraMarteam,IvonneRawisandArlyanaMeilizafortheirprofessionalismandcommitmenttomakingtheworkshopthesuccessthatitwas.Gratefulthanksarealsoextendedtoalltheworkshopparticipantsfortheirwillingcontributions,especiallythosewhocollaboratedonthedevelopmentoftheagendaandpreparedtheinformativepresentationswhichhelpedmaketheworkshopsuchasuccess.Wewouldalsoliketothankandacknowledgethesupportofourdonors,FoundationSegre,MPAActionAgendaandWWFInternational.

CoverPhotos:CoralTriangleCenterandAnissaLawrence

Workshopfacilitatorandreportpreparedby:

AnissaLawrence,TierraMarABN:88143271756|www.tierramar.com.auPOBox1260Sutherland,NSW1499AUSTRALIAP:+61419903800|E:[email protected]


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Acronyms

CT–CoralTriangle MMA-MarineManagedArea

CBRM–Communitybasedresourcemanagement

MPA-MarineProtectedArea

CoP-CommunitiesofPractice NCC–NationalcoordinatingCommittee

CSO-CommunityServiceOrganisation NPOA–NationalPlanofAction

CTI-CFF–CoralTriangleInitiative–CoralReefs,FisheriesandFoodSecurity

RPOA–RegionalPlanofAction

EAFM-EcosystemApproachtoFisheriesManagement

RBFM–RightsBasedFisheriesManagement

HCV-HighConservationValue SBM–Seabedmining

IUU–Illegal,unreportedandunregulatedfishing

SDG–SustainableDevelopmentGoal

IKI–GermanInternationalClimateInitiative TURF-TerritorialUseRightsforFishing

LMMA–LocalMarineManagedArea


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Content

1 EXECUTIVESUMMARY 5

2 ABOUTTHEWORKSHOP 102.1 WORKSHOPOBJECTIVES 102.2 AGENDA 112.3 PARTICIPANTS 11

3 FUTUREOUTLOOKFORTHECORALTRIANGLE 123.1 THEFUTUREWEWANTFORCTANDITSCOMMUNITIES 12

4 LEARNINGFROMEACHOTHER 164.1 COMMUNITYOFPRACTICE 164.2 LEARNINGFROMTHEDEVELOPMENTSECTOR 18

5 BECOMINGCATALYTICTOACHIEVETHEFUTUREWEWANT 215.1 WHATDOESCATALYTICLOOKLIKE? 215.2 WHATDOESSCALINGLOOKLIKE? 215.3 UNDERSTANDINGANDOVERCOMINGBARRIERS 225.4 WHATTIMEFRAMEAREWETALKINGABOUT? 235.5 WHATDOBESTPRACTICEANDINNOVATIVESOLUTIONSLOOKLIKE? 245.6 HOWDOWEADDRESSTHEURGENCYANDWHATISTHEENDRESULTWEWANT? 26

6 WORKSHOPOUTCOMESANDNEXTSTEPS 286.1 WHATCOMMITMENTSWILLEACHORGANISATIONMAKE? 286.2 WHATWILLWEDOTOWORKMOREEFFECTIVELYTOGETHER? 306.3 NEXTSTEPS 31

APPENDIXAWORKSHOPAGENDA 33

APPENDIXB–PARTICIPANTS 37

APPENDIXCBACKGROUNDPAPER–CORALTRIANGLEOUTLOOKSNAPSHOT 39


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1 ExecutivesummaryThisworkshopwasthefirstFuturesThinkTankfortheCoralTriangle(CT)region.TheobjectiveoftheworkshopwastoacceleratecollaborativeapproachesthatachievegreaterimpacttoimprovesustainabilityoutcomesinHighConservationValue(HCV)areaswithrespecttosmallscalefisheriesandmarinemanagedareas,focusingontheCTasacasestudy.Therewere29peoplewhoparticipatedintheworkshop.Representativeswerefrom14NGOS,regionalanddevelopmentorganisationsworkingacrosstheCT,aswellasconservationorganisationsworkinginothercountriesincludingMadagascar.

ParticipantsexploredthebarriersandthecontextwithinwhichconservationorganisationsintheCTwillbeoperatingintothefuture,whichprovidedasomewhatbleakpicture.Whilechallenging,thecollectiveminds,energyandresourcesofthoseworkinginthisareawerebroughttogethertofindworkable,costeffectivewaystoachievethefuturewantedforCTcommunitiesandbiodiversity(Chapter3).Therewereclearsynergieswithrespecttothefuture,including:

§ Theneedforhealthyandresilientcommunitiesatallscales;

§ Healthyenvironmentsandfunctioningecosystemservicesatallscales;

§ Sustainablenaturalresourceuse;

§ Goodgovernance,leadershipandinclusivepolicy;

§ OngoingregionalCTapproachesexpeditingandaddressingregionalandnationalpriorities;and

§ Strongcommunitiesofpracticeproviding,throughcollaboration,effectivesolutionsatscale.

Anumberofkeydiscussionpointsfromthisvisioningexerciseframedtheworkshop,including:

§ Raisingtheprofileofsustainablefisheriesinthefoodsecurityarena–SouthEastAsiaandthePacificisnotseenasapriorityregionforfoodsecuritycomparedtoAfrica.Accessingfundingrelatedtofoodsecurityisnotoftenassociatedwith/availableforsustainablefisheries(ratherwithagriculture).Howdowebringthisupontheagendaofdonors?DonorsneedtoseethescaleandurgencyoftheissuesinSouthEastAsiaandthePacific.

§ Internalisingtheexternalities-Povertyisboththedriverandthenail.CommunitiesofPracticeshouldworkatinternalizingtheseexternalities.Weusetermslike“foodsecurity”and“livelihoods”onanopportunisticbasiswithoutactuallyaddressingtheunderlyingproblemsstemmingfrompoverty.ThereisaclearroleforenvironmentalNGOstoplaytohighlighttheimpactandurgencyarounddecreasing/collapsedfisheries(todonorsandtodevelopmentorganisations).

§ Listeningmoretocommunities-NGOshavetheirownindicatorsand“mirrors”tomeasurelivelihoods/foodsecurity–butisthismatchingtherealityontheground?Wetendtoimposeourviewsorstandards.Weneedtodropouridealism/standardsandbereadytolistenmoretocommunitiesandwhattheywant.Theprioritiesofcommunitiesdonotalwaysalignwithourpriorities,forexamplecrime,corruptionweretopprioritiesinaCTsurveyofcommunities.Weneedtotestourassumptionsandrevisitthemregularly.


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§ BridgingthedividebetweenConservationandDevelopment-iskeyandourdilemmatosolve!Weneedtomaketheenvironment“relevant”tothedevelopmentagenda.ThereareopportunitiesforopeningupcollaborationwithmoretraditionaldevelopmentactorstoimplementintegratedsolutionsintheCT.

§ CommunitiesofPractice-ThereareCommunitiesofPractice(CoP)workingatalllevelse.g.whetheritisonseaweedcultureorMarineManagedAreas(MMAs)/MarineProtectedArea(MPA)networks.WeneedintegratedCoPsratherthanhaveissue-specificCoPs,ifwearetoachieveanythingclosetothefuturewewant.

§ Sustainabilityofourinterventions(social,environmental,economic)–weoftenhavetime-boundinterventionsandgovernmentsdonothavethecapacitytotakeoverwhenNGOsleave.Governmentshavetheirownprogramstoaddressfoodsecuritybutoftenwedonottrytoinfluencetheseprograms.

§ Demonstratingimpact-Big“potsofmoney”arenotalwaysneededtodothings.Itdoesnotcostmuchtogetapilot/demonstrationsiterunningwithcapacityinplacetodemonstrateimpact.Thereisanimportantroleinthisfortheengagementoftheprivatesectoraswell.

TimewasspentunderstandingthelessonslearnedbyeachorganisationfromitsworkongroundwithcommunitiesrelatingtosmallscalefisheriesandMMA/MPAsaswellasfromthedevelopmentsector.Thereweremanykeylearningsidentified(referchapter4),including

§ Theneedtoputcoastalcommunitiesneedsandprioritiesfirsttocreateheadspaceforconservation–potentiallyaddressinghumanhealthanddevelopmentissueslikefamilyplanningbeforeconservationactions;

§ Theimportanceofappliedsocialandpoliticalanalysispriortoprojectdesigntounderstandthecontext,driversandprioritiesofthecommunity;

§ Communityempowermentandinclusioniscriticalforscalingupandsustaininginitiatives;

§ Theimportanceofmanagingexpectations,whilebeingabletoprovidemeaningfulbenefitsinrealistictimescalestocommunities;

§ Demonstrationsitesareanimportanttooltodrivebehaviourchangethroughpeertopeerlearningtoshowbenefits;

§ Toscalethework,thesolutionmustbereplicable,simpleandcosteffective;

§ Mainstreamingactionsintopolicyremainsakeypriorityandisneededatalllevelstoscaleup;

§ Communitiestelltheirstoriesbettertoothercommunitiesforscaling;and

§ AregionalpolicyframeworkliketheCoralTriangleInitiative–CoralReefs,FisheriesandFoodSecurity(CTI-CFF)isinvaluableasamechanismtoexpediteandscaleup.

Participantsdiscussedthekeybarriersorchallengestobeingcatalyticandscalingup,andthenidentifiedpotentialbestpracticesolutionsforhowtoovercomethesechallenges(chapter5),including:


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§ CatalysingcollectiveactiontoabatemajorthreatsrelevanttoallCTcountries,sectorsandcitizens,e.g.relatingtomarinedebris;

§ Buildingrealpartnershipstobringothercomplementaryskills(e.g.development/health/security);

§ Investinginbuildingcapacity(andlisteningto)localCommunityServiceOrganisations(CSOs);

§ Focusingoneconomicallyimportantandfast-growingspeciestodemonstratebenefitsoffisheriesclosures;

§ Findingtherighteconomicmodelstosuitthecontexttoleadtoconservationoutcomes,e.g.microfinancedoesnotworkinallcontexts;

§ Buildingontraditionallawsand“bringingthembackin”;and

§ Tellingthefailingsofprojectssowecanlearnfromthem.

Therewasconsensuswithinparticipantsthattoaddresstheurgency,thereneedstobeashiftinthewayprojectsaredevelopedandimplemented.IntegratedapproachesthatconsiderallthreeaspectsfromFigure1needtobecomethenorminthedesignofprogramsandprojects.Itwasclearthattoscale,makingachangeatthecommunitylevelcannotbeundertakeninisolation-thechangeneedstobecommunicatedandalsomadeattheregionalandnationallevelwhichmeansnationalgovernmentsareveryimportantinthisregard.

Figure1Criticalelementstointegratedapproachesforcommunityengagement.

Eachorganisationidentifiedanumberofactionstheywouldcommittowithrespecttopursuingtheneedtoaddresstheurgency,scaleupandexpediteoutcomesintheCT,comingoutoftheworkshop(referChapter6).

Collectively,thefollowingoutcomesandnextstepswereagreed:

Action Responsibility Timeframe

Developmentofa2pageconceptpaperfortheCTthatexplorespovertyalleviationthroughimprovingmarineresourcemanagementwith2streams:

- SustainabletourisminSEAsia

- LocalManagedMarineArea(LMMA),micro-

CoreGroup-WWF–JackieThomas,WCS–KenKassem,TNC–LauraWhitford,BlueVentures–FranHumber,SEA–StaceyTigheand

ReadybyendofNovember2017

Livelihoodsandincome

diversification

Locallyappropriatemanagementandgovernance

Climatechangeadaptation


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financingandwomen’sfinancialinclusioninMelanesia.

Rare–ArwanRukma

AnissaLawrence,TierraMartocoordinate.

Explorehowtobetterengagewiththedevelopmentsectorandonwhichissueswewanttoengage–perhapsaworkshoptobringtheenvironmentandhumandevelopmentsectortogetherandidentifyfundingopportunities.

CoreGroup AsapartofConceptDevelopment

Guidanceonsystematicapproachesandtheenablingconditions/contextneededforintegratingFamilyPlanningintoconservationprojectsprovidedtoThinkTankparticipants.

LMMA-JovelynCleofeandBlueVentures-FranHumber

ByNovember2017

Modulesdevelopmentthatfocusesondocumentingthelessonslearned,successesandfailuresfromcommunityofpracticeprojectsintheCT.

AnissaLawrencewithsupportfromcoreteam.

Sept–Dec2017

Considerhowtooperationalisealearningnetworksothatthesharingcancontinueandmovetoothergeographies.

CarolPhua/JackieThomas/JohnTanzer

Sept–Dec2017

SDG14actionsmapping-reviewandidentifythevoluntarycommitmentsthathavebeenmadefortheCT.

JackieThomas ASAP

CTI-CFF:

• expandtheroleofCTIregardingcommunicationstogobeyondpartners;

• clarifyitsroleincommunicatingwiththepartnerstoprovideupdates;and

• formalizehowpractitionerswhoarenotpartoftheCTIgetinformationtobringthemintodiscussions.

CTI-CFF AsapartofthereviewoftheCTI-CFFRegionalPlanofAction(RPOA)process

ExplorewaystomakeCTIpartnercallsmoreproductive.

JackieThomasandotherCTIpartners

Agendaitemfornextcall.

FeedtheoutcomesfromtheThinkTankintotheRegionalPlanOfAction(RPOA)reviewand

JackieThomas Asperreviewtimeline


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makerecommendationsforthenextiterationoftheRPOA.

Aichitargetsby2020–asaCTcommunityofpracticeconsiderwhatnewtargetsarewantedandatthenextCOPhaveasideeventtocommunicatethem.

JackieThomasandotherCTIPartners

PertimelinefornextCOP


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2 AbouttheworkshopAstheglobalpopulationcontinuestoincreasethereisanongoingandincreasingpressureonHighConservationValue(HCV)areastoutilisetheirresourcesforensuringfoodsecurityandtoimprovelivelihoods,aswellasfortourismandextractionactivitiesforeconomicgain.ForplacesliketheCoralTriangle(CT),findingsustainablesolutionstoensuringfoodsecurityandlivelihoodsaswellasmaintainingbiodiversityinthecontextofarapidlychangingclimateisanongoingchallengeandonethatNGOs,governmentsandotherorganisationshavebeenfocusedonformanyyears.Itisclearthatintegratedandtailoredapproachesthatcanbescaledforsmallscalefisheriesandlocallymarinemanagedareasinthecontextofthegeographiclocationandthechallengesbeingfacedarefundamental.Thisrequiresinnovativeandnewwaysofworkingtogether,whilelearningfromthepasttoexpediteandachievegreateroutcomesatscaleandimprovethereturnsfrominvestmentmadeontheground.

Over130millionpeopleliveinthecoastalareasoftheCTandrelyonitscoralreefsforfood,incomeandprotectionfromstorms.Currentlevelsandmethodsofharvestingfishandotherresourcesaregenerallyunsustainableandplacethisgloballyimportantmarineareaanditspeopleinjeopardy.Thechangingclimate,alongwithmanyotheranthropogenicpressuresthreatenscoastalcommunitiesandimperilsfragilereefsacrossthesixCTcountries.Tothatend,theCTprovidedagoodcasestudytoexplorehowthrougheffectivecollaboration,wecanbetteraddressthesethreatstoHCVareasandexpediteoutcomesforsmallscalefisheriesandcoastalcommunitiesusingcatalyticscaledupaction,inamoreeffectiveandefficientway,givingconsiderationtothealternatefuturesthatmaypresent.ItalsoprovidedausefulplatformfordetermininghowtocollectivelyachievetheSustainableDevelopmentGoals,namelySDG14(14.2&14.B,14.7)intheCTandtheConventiononBiologicalDiversityAichiTarget11.

AsthiswasthefirstFuturesThinkTankmeeting,itishopedthatlessonslearnedfromtheexperiencecanbesharedtoreplicatethismodelofbringingtogetheranOceanCommunityofPracticetootherregions.

2.1 WorkshopObjectives

TheobjectiveofthemeetingwastoidentifyandacceleratecollaborativeapproachesthatachievegreaterimpacttoimprovesustainabilityoutcomesinHCVareasforsmallscalefisheriesandmarinemanagedareas,focusingontheCoralTriangleasacasestudy.Itconsidered:

• HowdowecreatethefuturewewantinHCVareas,addressingbiodiversityconservation,sustainablemarineresourceuse(sustainablelivelihoods,foodsecurity,aquaculture,tourism,smallscalefisheries,etc.),whileempoweringcommunitiesinthefaceofachangingclimateusingintegratedapproaches?

• HowdoweensurehighimpactsustainableoutcomesgoingforwardandbecatalytictodriveactionatafasterratetoaddressthebigchallengesintheCTregion?

• Howdowescaleupeffectiveapproachesandbuildavibrantcommunityofpractice?

• Howdowebetterunderstandwhatisbestpracticeandapplylessonslearned(including,whatnottodo)?

• Howdowecreateacollaborativeculturethatbuildslocalownershipinthefaceofdonordrivenagendas,arapidlychangingdonorlandscape,andshiftinggeopolitics?


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• Howdowebetterinteractwithhumandevelopmentissuesinthecontextofconservationtoachievegreateroutcomesonground?

• Wheredoesconservationsitwithinbroaderchangesininternationaldevelopmentdiscourses?

2.2 Agenda

TheagendafortheworkshopcanbefoundinAppendixA.

2.3 Participants

Therewere29peoplewhoparticipatedintheworkshop.Representativeswerefrom14NGOS,andregionalanddevelopmentorganisationsworkingacrosstheCoralTriangleandrepresentativesfromotheroutsidetheCTsuchasMadagascar.AlistofparticipantsisfoundinAppendixB.


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3 FutureoutlookfortheCoralTriangleThepurposeoftheworkshopwastoidentifysolutionsforhowtoscaleupandexpediteoutcomesacrosstheCT.Todothis,itwasimportanttounderstandthebarriersandthecontextwithinwhichconservationorganisationswillbeoperatingintothefuture.Thepresentationsandthebackgroundpaperprepared(providedindropbox)providedasomewhatbleaksnapshotoftheoutlookfortheCoralTriangletoframethediscussionandtheidentificationofsolutions,stressingtheurgencyforscalingandexpeditingoutcomes.Anoutlookwasprovidedfor:

• Biodiversityandclimatechange

• Geo-politics

• Donorsandforeignaidintotheregion

• Poverty,humandevelopmentandfoodsecurity

Whilechallenging,thecollectiveminds,energyandresourcesofthoseworkingintheCTwerebroughttogethertofindworkable,costeffectivewaystodothis.

3.1 ThefuturewewantforCTanditscommunities

ParticipantsworkedtogethertodescribethefuturewantedfortheCTHCVsandcommunities.Therewereclearsynergiesacrossgroups,withanumberofkeythemesarising:

§ Theneedforhealthyandresilientcommunitiesatallscales;

§ Healthyenvironmentsandfunctioningecosystemservicesatallscales;

§ Sustainablenaturalresourceuse;

§ Goodgovernance,leadershipandinclusivepolicy;

§ OngoingregionalCTapproachesexpeditingandaddressingregionalandnationalpriorities;and

§ Strongcommunitiesofpracticeproviding,throughcollaboration,effectivesolutionsatscale.

Participantsexpressedtheirvisionsthroughdrawings,asfollows:


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Keydiscussionpointscentredaround:

§ Feelingtheurgency-Theurgencyisdefinitelytherebuthowdowealignacrosssectors?Weneedtolookathowwepickourprioritiesandensurethatsustainabledevelopmentisincludedinourconservationobjectivesfromthestart.

§ Raisingtheprofileofsustainablefisheriesinthefoodsecurityarena–SEAsiaandthePacificisnotseenasapriorityregionforfoodsecuritycomparedtoAfrica.Accessingfundingrelatedtofoodsecurityisnotoftenassociatedwith/availableforsustainablefisheries(ratherwithagriculture).Howdowebringthisupontheagendaofdonors?DonorsneedtoseethescaleandurgencyoftheissuesinSEAsiaandthePacific

§ Internalisingtheexternalities-Povertyisboththedriverandthenail.CommunitiesofPracticeshouldworkatinternalizingtheseexternalities.Weusetermslike“foodsecurity”and“livelihoods”onanopportunisticbasiswithoutactuallyaddressingtheunderlyingproblemsstemmingfrompoverty.ThereisaclearroleforenvironmentalNGOstoplayto


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highlighttheimpactandurgencyarounddecreasing/collapsedfisheries(todonorsandtodevelopmentorganisations).

§ Listeningmoretocommunities-NGOshavetheirownindicatorsand“mirrors”tomeasurelivelihoods/foodsecurity–butisthismatchingtherealityontheground?Wetendtoimposeourviewsorstandards.Weneedtodropouridealism/standardsandbereadytolistenmoretocommunitiesandwhattheywant.Theprioritiesofcommunitiesdonotalwaysalignwithourpriorities,forexamplecrime,corruptionweretopprioritiesinaCTsurveyofcommunities.Weneedtotestourassumptionsandrevisitthemregularly.Aninvitationhastocomefromthecommunity–theyneedtoaskfirstbeforewecanworkwiththem.Inthedevelopmentarena,therehasbeenabigshiftwithindicatorsbeingdevelopedwithcommunitiesnowi.e.identifyingneedsandprioritiesofcommunities–thisisanapproachweshouldfollow.

§ BridgingthedividebetweenConservationandDevelopment-iskeyandourdilemmatosolve!Weneedtomakeenvironment“relevant”tothedevelopmentagenda.ThereareopportunitiesforopeningupcollaborationwithmoretraditionaldevelopmentactorstoimplementintegratedsolutionsintheCT.Forexample,inAceh,followingthe2004Asiantsunamitherewasgood“organic”collaborationviaMercyCor:allNGOs(developmentandconservation)hadapresenceonthegroundandcollaborationdevelopedorganicallywithafocusonimprovingcoastalcommunityresilience.Thiswasessentiallyachievedthroughtrainingcommunityleaderswhothentrainedothers(allowingfortransition/exitbyNGOs).Ratherthaninvitingdevelopmentorganisationstocometoourworkshops,weshouldratherdesignjointworkshopstoidentifytheintersectionofourwork–itisunclearifthisbeentriedbefore.Themostimportantthinghoweveristofirstidentifycommonground.

§ Foodsecurityandlivelihoods–weneedtosetourselvesexplicitobjectivesonpovertyalleviationandbuilddemonstrationcases.That’swhatdonorsareinterestedin(environment-developmentcollaboration).Donorsarenotinterestedinabstract/philosophicalconceptssoweneedtoshowthatthiscollaborationispossibleinafewdemonstrationsitesandleadingtoimprovedlivelihoodsandbiodiversityoutcomes.Alsoimportantthatclimatechangeadaptationisacoreconsiderationindesign.

§ Urbanmigration–howdoesthatplayoutinfutureprojections?Wherewillthehotspotsbe?CTwillbehitwithhugenutritioncrisis.Thinkingofallthemoneythathasbeenspenthere–arewewhereweshouldbeandwillthebrightspots1besufficienttoaddressthecrisis?Howcanweimproveouraction?

§ CommunitiesofPractice-ThereareCoPworkingatalllevelse.g.whetheritisonseaweedcultureorMPAnetworks.CoPsseektobreakdownwallsbetweeninstitutionsandbringinthedifferentstrengthsfromarangeofNGOs/institutions.TheCTI-CFFprovidesforaplatformforexchangingexpertiseandlessonsthroughtheseCoPsandtheyhaveapowerfulroletoplay.Lessonsfromthepast:weneedintegratedCoPsratherthanhavedistinct/focusedCOPSasexistedpreviously,ifwearetoachieveanythingclosetothefuturewewant.

1Referhttp://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/06/coral-reef-bright-spots-marine-conservation/


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§ Sustainabilityofourinterventions(social,environmental,economic)–weoftenhavetime-boundinterventionsandgovernmentsdonothavethecapacitytotakeoverwhenNGOsleave.Governmentshavetheirownprogramstoaddressfoodsecuritybutoftenwedonottrytoinfluencetheseprograms.Governmentsneedtobeengagedinthedesignofprojects,aswellasprojectsbeingdesignedtoinfluencegovernmentprograms.

§ Demonstratingimpact-Big“potsofmoney”arenotalwaysneededtodothings.Itdoesnotcostmuchtogetapilot/demonstrationsiterunningwithcapacityinplacetodemonstrateimpact.Thereisanimportantroleinthisfortheengagementoftheprivatesectoraswell.

§ Obstaclestocollaboration-someDevelopmentorganisationsareworkingonenvironmentalissuesandviceversa–anobstacletocollaborationisoftennotideologicalbutratherpracticali.e.who’smanagingbudgets/administrationfees.

§ Weneedtoco-locate–includeconsiderationsinourownsiteselectionsfromthestart.Aidandotherdonorsdoappreciateleverage(e.g.sharingoffices).


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4 Learningfromeachother

4.1 CommunityofPractice

EachorganisationprovidedashortoverviewoftheirprogramsintheCT,focusingonhowtheyhaveapproachedMMA/MPA,coastalresourcemanagementandsmallscalefisheriesongoundactivities,whathasandhasnotworkedandthelessonslearnedinthecontextofscalingupandexpeditingoutcomes.

Copiesofthesepresentationsareprovidedindropbox.

Keylessonssharedincluded:

§ Participatoryprocessesarekeytoelicitinputsfromlocalstakeholders,enableintegrationoflocaltraditionalknowledgeandbestavailablescience,buildownershipandensurerelevanceandsustainabilityofMMA/MPAplans.EffectivecommunityengagementisimportantatallstagesofMMA/MPAprocess:design,implementationandmanagement,monitoring.

§ Communityempowermentiscriticalforscalingupandsustaininginitiatives-Buildingcommunitycapabilityandownershipforpersistentmanagementandsustainabilityiscrucial.Responsibilityrequirescapacity.Thesecommunitiesneedpracticalsupportandinformationinbuildingtheskillsandorganisationalcapacitiestomanagetheirresources.Whileittakeslonger,communitybuyinandownershiparestillthemostimportantelementsofthework.Stronglocalleadershiphelpsdriveandchampioninitiatives.

§ Inclusion-Itisimportanttoengagestakeholderswhoareoftenexcludedfromtheseprocessesbutwhohavemuchtooffer,andwhohaveanimportantabilitytocontributetothesustainabilityandimpactoftheseactions.Women’sparticipationindecisionmakingandmanagementiscritical.

§ Buildingtrustandheadspaceforconservation-Meetingbasichealthneedsforexample,ofthecommunitycreatesanenvironmentinwhichtrustisbuilt,andprovidestheheadspacetodiscussconservation.Itcanactasanincentive,whilstalsoensuringbasichumanrightsaremet.

§ Findingtherightincentives–AlackofclearandmeaningfulincentivesforfisherstosupportconservationhasledtotheerosionandbreakdownofcountlessMPAs.

§ Localcontrol-TheremayattimesbesomegovernmentorNGOsupport,butcriticallyit'sthefishersthemselveswhoneedtomakethemanagementdecisions,basedontheirneeds,theirpriorities,andtheirtraditionalecologicalknowledge.Keepitsimpleandcommunitybased,ifitisn’tandoutsidersareusedthenthecommunitylosescontrol.

§ We’realwayslearning-Ateverystage,fromincubationtoreplication,wemonitorandevaluatetheimpactandsustainabilityofourworkinordertorefineourmodels,andensurecosteffectivenessandscalability.Weshouldnotforgetthis.

§ Villagepeopledon’tcareforconservationforthefuture–“it’saboutfoodtodayoreducatingourchildrentoday.What’sinthecoralreeformangrovesystem–whatdowedotolookafterthehomeofourfishsowetakecareoffishforourfood.”


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§ Meaningfulbenefitsinrealistictimescales-Modelsworkbydemonstratingthatsustainablefisheriesmanagementcanyieldmeaningfuleconomicbenefitsforcommunitiesandseafoodbuyers,inrealistictimescales.Onlybymakingthisconnectioncanmarineconservationbesustainedandscaledbeyonditscurrentlimitedscope.

§ Toscalethework,thesolutionmustbereplicable,simpleandcosteffective-Itisimportanttofindsolutionsthatcanscale,andallowbenefitstogrowquickerthantherateatwhichthingsaredeclining.Geographicalclusterscanbeamoreeffectiveandefficientpathtoscale.

§ Mainstreamingactionsintopolicyremainsakeypriorityandisneededatalllevelstoscale–whetherlocal,provincialornational.Bothnationalandlocalgovernmentsarecrucialforimplementation,financingandrollout.Buildingmonitoringintodecisionmakingandadaptivemanagementisimportant.Supportingandreinforcingthelegalmechanismsthatcommunitiesareusingtomanagetheircoastandoceansiskey–theseinevitablyvarywidelyfromcountrytocountry,butlegalstructuresandenforcementmechanismsareonthewholeunderdevelopedandinadequatetoprotectlocalinitiativesfromthescaleofoutsidethreatsposedbyoutsideinterestslikeindustrialfishingandmining.

§ Communitiestelltheirstoriesbettertoothercommunitiesforscaling-Onceamodelworks,itisimportanttohelpcommunitiessharetheirexperiencesandsupportadoptionbyothers.There’sanurgentneedtobringcommunitiestogethertosharetheirstories,experiences,andbestpractices,tohelpstrengthenthemovement.Toolkitscanbeeffectivetoenablepartnerstoreplicateprovenmodels,anddisseminatewhathasbeenlearnedthroughtheirnetworks.

§ Reducingdependenceongrantstominimisevulnerabilitiestocommunities-Oncetherightincentivesareidentified,mechanismstofundtheseconservationeffortssustainablyinthelongterm,(forexamplebycoveringmanagementcostsfromsomeoftheprofitsseenfromenhancedfisheries)willreducedependenceoftheseconservationeffortsongrantfunds,andminimisetheirvulnerabilitytothevagariesandshiftingprioritiesofdonors.

§ Puttingcoastalcommunitiesneedsfirst-Ifwesucceedinfindingthesewin-wins,inwhichconservationandlivelihoodsgohandinhand,puttingtheneedsofcoastalcommunitiestothefore,thenitcreateshopeformobilisingthehundredsofmillionpeoplethatworkinandaroundsmallscalefishingworldwidetoengageinconservation,ratherthantoseeconservationasathreat.

§ Itisn’taboutconservation,it'saboutcommunity-basedfisheriesmanagement-nottoprotectbiodiversity,buttorebuildastock.Thisperspectivecanassistindemonstratingtothesecommunitiesthattheythemselvescouldturnaroundadeclineinastock,andtheycanbethechangeinhelpingtheirfisheryrecover.Oncethisiswitnessedandcommunitiesseethetangiblebenefitsoftheirefforts,somethingreallyquiteremarkablehappens–othercommunitieswantandadoptittoo,forexamplewiththeOctopusfisheryinMadagascarfromBlueVentures.

§ Networking–Wecollectivelyaregreaterthanthesumofourindividualefforts.Partnershipsandcollaborationaretheonlywayforscaling.

§ ManagingExpectations:Itisaconstantbutcrucialchallenge.


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§ Multipleobjectives-MPAs(particularlyno-takemarinereserves)areapowerfultoolthatcancontributetoachievingmultipleecologicalobjectivesincluding:Protectingbiodiversity;Climatechangeadaptation;Fisheriesproductionandmanagement;Marineresourcemanagement.

§ CommunityBasedResourceManagement(CBRM)isnotforallcommunities-Itrequiresgoodcommunitygovernancestructures;reasonablyhealthymanagementareas;andbeapriorityofthecommunity.

§ Planforexitstrategies–Thisrequiresengagementofcommunities/governmentsinthedesignofprojects/programs/interventionsandstrongownershipbythesestakeholdergroupsaswellassustainablefinancingoptionsidentifiedandfunctioningeffectively.

§ Aregionalpolicyframeworkisinvaluable-HavingtheregionalpolicyframeworkoftheCTI-CFFisreallycriticaltoenablesharingbetweencountriesandalsoatdifferentscaleswithincountries(eventhoughweacknowledgethattheinstitutionitselfstillneedsfurtherdevelopment).

4.2 LearningfromtheDevelopmentSector

Participantsexploredthelearningsfromthedevelopmentsectorwithrespecttoscalingupandexpeditingoutcomeslookingatanumberofexamples,includingtheebolacrisisinSierraLeone.ThefollowinglessonswereextractedandtheirimplicationsforconservationworkintheCTexplored:

§ Breakingthepoverty–environmenttrap-Ourworkonalternativecommunitylivelihoodsisnotjustaboutsecuringcommunitybuy-in(althoughthat'simportant)butit'sarecognitionthatit'sonlybyfacilitatingsustainablealternativelivelihoodopportunitiescanwehopetobreakthepoverty-environmenttrap.

§ Communityisnotmonolithic-Itiscriticalwhenwetalkaboutcommunitiesorgovernmentauthoritiesbeing“onboard”,weknowwhowereallytalkingabout.Weneedtoinvestingainingthesupportandtrustofabroadcross-sectionofthecommunity,ratherthanrelyontheperceivedauthorityorinfluenceofcommunityleaders.Itisalsoimportanttounderstandwhethercommunitiesorthegovernmenthavebeen“burned”byconservationeffortsinthepast.

§ Understandinghowtraditions,spiritualandotherculturalinstitutions,andlocalperspectivesinfluencetherelationshipsbetweenlocalpeopleandthemarineenvironmentisimportant-Theserelationshipsshouldinformconservationapproachesandcommunityexpectations.

§ Context,context,context!-Justbecauseanapproachissuccessfulinonelocation,doesnotmeanitwillbesuccessfulinanother.Understandingtherelationshipsbetweengovernmentsandcommunitiesareparticularlyimportantinfragileandconflict-affectedcontextsorinothersituationswherethestate-societycompactisfractured.

§ Genderneedstobewellunderstoodandconsidered-Forexample,acrossMelanesia,womendoapproximately40%ofthefishingbutarealmostinvisibleinfisheriesmanagementandgovernance.Inculturesthattendtohaveclearlydefinedrolesforwomenandmen,andclearnotionsof“men’sbusiness”and“women’sbusiness”,whatdoesitmean


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ifweonlyworkwithmeninfisheriesmanagementandgovernance?Notonlyarethemanagementandgovernancestructurespoorerfortheabsenceofwomen’sperspectives,butinsomecaseswecouldbeestablishingthemas“men’sbusiness”,notseenasrelevanttoasmanyas40%offishers.

§ Theimportanceofappliedsocialandpoliticalanalysispriortodesign-Itisnotaboutbringinginexpensiveconsultantstoproducesocialanalysisthatnobodywillread.Norisitaboutgettingaretrospectivesocialandeconomic“baseline”completedbyananthropologygraduatestudenttomeetdonorrequirements18monthsafteraprojecthasstarted–practical,appliedsocialandpoliticalanalysisshouldbeconductedpriortodesignandimplementationandconductedinaculturallyappropriateway.

Participantsidentifiedthefollowingenablingconditions/successfactorsfromthediscussiontoconsiderforscalingupeffectivecommunityprojects:

§ Understandingthecontext-Itisimportanttoacknowledgethatdifferenttypesofcommunitieshavedifferentenablingconditions.

§ ChampionsorNetworks-canhelptocreatetheenablingconditions;actasonewithotherlike-mindedorganisationsandthecommitmenttoseethatthrough.

§ Communityengagement-Buildingandmaintainingtrustisthebasicplatformwiththerightactors.Identifythehierarchyofinfluence,notauthorityandrespectstructures.Understandingcultureandfaithandreligiousinfluence.Itisimportanttobepartofthesystem,notanalien,andfacilitatewiththecommunityonhowtheycanregainorrecallthelocalwisdomtheyhave-notknowledgefromoutside.Investinlocalknowledge–wecanfacilitatethemtoemploythatknowledge.

§ Communitiesdonotonlyfocusonfoodandsecurity–Somecommunitieswantseehealthyecosystems–sowhileprioritisinghumandevelopmentisimportant,itisnottheonlythingcommunitiescareabout.Itisimportantforstrongsocioeconomicanalysispriortointerventionstounderstandtheprioritiesofcommunities.

• Community-leaddesignandimplementationofprograms,drivenbytheirpriorities-Goodcoordination,management,co-managementisimportant.However,whathappenswhenacommunityidentifiesthatitstopissueissomethingNGOscannotprovidethroughconservation,e.g.populationissues,securityconflictsetc.?Offerwhatwecan,beopenandtransparentandmakethecaseforthebenefitstheprogramcandeliver.Leavetocommunitytodetermineiftheywanttoaccesstheprogram.Beflexible.Iftheydoaccepttheinterventions–successcanspreadbywordofmouthifsomethingisworking.Lookforotherdevelopmentpartnerswhocanprovidetheservicestheyneed.

• Communitybasedreportingandmonitoring–Wheninteractingwithacommunityusevisualse.g.maps,videos,etc,notreports.Behaviourchange,socialandpoliticalanalysisneedsacleartheoryofchangeandtobedonewiththecommunity.Engagelocalpeopleandtrytoavoidusingforeignerstodoanalysis.Havequantitativeandqualitativemethodsfordoingsurveys.

• Governmentsupportandpartnerships,particularlyinAsianpartoftheCTiscritical.Effectivelegislationisneededtoenhancescalingup.Bestpracticeforengaginggovernments–ensurestrongmonitoringandevaluation,learningelementsandgobeyond


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environmentalministriestoengageotherministries.Nationalleadersmaynotalignfisherieswithinternationaldevelopmentandconservation–leadershavedifferentpriorities.Thatisthereality.Thesocioeconomiccaseforgivinghigherprioritiesforenvironmentalissuesneedstobeprovidedtogovernments.Integratedpartnershipapproacheswithgovernmentareneeded.

§ Besensitivetoculturalnormsandconsciousofimpactsandthesustainabilityofdifferentinterventions-Weneedtoacknowledgeweplayaroleasexternalorganisationsgoingintocommunities–associalengineers–e.g.promotingwomen’sinvolvementwhichmaybeculturallyinappropriate.Workthroughlocalculturalinstitutionstoworkwithwomeninaculturallyappropriateway.

§ Synergiesfromthedevelopmentsector–e.g.microfinanceandsavingsclubs(SolomonIslandsmicrofinanceexamplehasbeenverysuccessfulandisapotentialmodelforexpansion);Technologieswhichhavenotbeentraditionallylinkedwithconservationcanbeeffective(BlueVentures)e.g.cleanenergycookstoves,solarlightingcanprovidevalue.

§ Freeandpriorinformedconsentusedinthehumandevelopmentsectorisnotwidelyusedinconservation–soweneedtobemoresensitiveanddeliberateinhowthatisapplied

§ CollaborativeApproaches-engagementofprivatesectorandspecificallyfinancialinstitutions–e.g.inRajaAmpatfinancialinstitutionsareprovidingloanswithoutrequiringaguaranteeonassetsasthecommunitiesdonothaveassets,butcandemonstratesustainabilityoftheirproductionastheguaranteeforaloan.Thisgivesthefinancerconfidencethatoutcomesleadtomoresustainablebusiness,therebyallowingaccesstofundsforcommunities.WeneedtobeworkingwiththeprivatesectortofundamentallychangetheirpracticesratherthanjustapplyingCorporateSocialResponsibility.Partneringwiththemonlargegrantse.g.theInternationalClimateInitiative(IKI)fundforaregionalprojectand/ortousetheSEAprojectinIndonesiaasademonstrationprojectonPublic,PrivatePartnerships(PPP)forscalingup.

§ Roleofreligiousinstitutions–InsomeplaceslikeSolomonIslandsandPNG,religiousleadersholdimportantandsignificantrolesininstitutionalisinglocalMPAs(sasi)forexample.Awordofcautioningettingeffectiveoutcomesworkingthroughreligiousorganisations–e.g.projectinMelanesiatoworkwithpastorsandprieststospeakoutagainstdomesticviolence.Unfortunatelyonlywomenwenttothechurch–notmen–andthemessageswerenotforthewomen.Postscript–theythentargetedrugbyplayerstotalkaboutdomesticviolenceanditwasmuchmoreeffective.PNGpartners’workshopwheretheBishopistakingtheleadtohaveexecutivemeetingsandgetpastorstoshareideas.SDGsideeventorganizedbyPNGpeople,relatingtoseabedmining(SBM)wherereligiousleaderspokeoutagainstSBM.


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5 Becomingcatalytictoachievethefuturewewant5.1 Whatdoescatalyticlooklike?

Participantsdiscussedwhatbeingcatalyticmeans,withthefollowingkeypointsraised:

§ Catalyticcancomefromachampion,leadership,technology,rule,anidea,situation(e.g.adisaster)orfunding.Itcanbesomethingthathasneverbeendonebeforethatcaninduceoracceleratechangeinanewdirectionorisareactiontoanidea,situation,productthatbecomesselfpropagatingtodriveachainreactionandjumpstartsomethingbigger,drivebehaviourchange.Oftenwomencanbecatalytic.

§ CatalyzingcollectiveactiontoabatemajorthreatsrelevanttoallCTcountries,sectorsandcitizens-BeingcatalyticintheCTisaboutbringingallstakeholdersfromcountriesandsectorstogetheraroundacoreissue,forexamplemarinedebrisanddesigningeffectivemechanismsfordelivery.

§ Demonstrationsitesareanimportanttooltodrivebehaviourchangethroughpeertopeerlearningtoshowthebenefits.

§ LearninglessonsfromtheGladwelltippingpoint-Thetippingpointisthatmomentwhenanidea,trend,orsocialbehaviourcrossesathreshold,tips,andspreadslikewildfire.2Gladwellstatesthatthesuccessofanykindofsocialepidemicisheavilydependentontheinvolvementofpeoplewithaparticularandraresetofsocialgifts–thosewhocanconnectandlinkpeopletogether,thosewhocanconnectpeoplewithinformationandthosewhocanpersuade.Inaddition,havingspecificcontentofamessagethatrendersitsimpactmemorableiskey,asisthecontextwithinwhichitisgiven.Thishasapplicationatdifferentscalesforconservationoutcomes.TheAdvertisingindustryisveryeffectiveatdrivingcatalyticchange–perhapstheconservationsectorneedstopartnerwithittocreatetippingpointsandassistinhowthebenefitsarecommunicatedandsharedatdifferentscales.Wealsoneedtoexploreworkingwithpsychologiststodrivebehaviouralchange.

5.2 Whatdoesscalinglooklike?

§ Expansion:Horizontal(scaleout/replicate)orVertical(scaleup=maybeanewparadigm/levelofgovernancemechanisms,environment,etc)

§ Anincreasedimpactfromthesumoftheparts(e.g.,effectiveMPAnetworks)

§ Anincreasedordifferentinfluenceorresultduetoanewhierarchyorparadigm,forexample,fromvillageleaderstolocalgovernmentleaderstonationalleaders.

§ Collectiveeffortstoachieveabiggerimpact–e.g.aplasticfreeCoralTriangle.Itcanonlyusuallybeachievedandbesustainablebyreflectinganeededandprovenchangeinthelegislations(e.g.,RightsBasedFisheriesManagement(RBFM)–inIndonesianlegislation)andtointegrateitintopoliciesandothermarketapproaches.

§ Scalingupalsoneedstoaddressecologicalviability.

2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tipping_Point


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5.3 Understandingandovercomingbarriers

Participantsdiscussedthekeybarriersorchallengestobeingcatalyticandscalingup,summarisedasfollows:

• Lackofresources(needtimetore-allocatetimeandstafftoanewissue);

• Lackofcapacity(notenoughpeople/stafftoobusytofocusonscalingupstrategies);

• Lackofaccesstoinformation–timesarechangingandwhilepreviouslyNGOsworkedinparalleltogovernmentstheynowneedtobeworkingwiththem;

• Ourmodelsaretooexpensiveandrequiretoomuchexpertise;

• Itisverydifficulttobeapoliticalaspoliticsalwaysisinvolved;

• Conservationisoftenshorttermthinkingdrivenbydonortimeframes,whichcanoftencausea“profitdriven”andcompetitivementalitybetweenNGOsratherthanencouragecollaborativeapproaches;

• Badprocessesthatcreaterules/normsthatencourageunsustainableuseofnaturalresources.Incompatiblesystems,perspectives=lowestcommondenominatorsuntilabettersolutionisfound;

• Resistancetochange:fear,ignorance,arrogance,stubbornness;

• Systemicboundariesthatlimitprogress(e.g.,Governmentstaffarelimitedwiththeirtimetoparticipateintraining);and

• Alackofpoliticalwill.

Toovercomebarriersparticipantssuggestedpracticalactionsthatcanbetakenasanexamplerelatingtoreducingplasticuseatscale:

• Designandimplementapilotprojectthathasahighchanceofsuccess(e.g.plasticfreecommunity;plasticfreeisland;contestforalternativestosingleusepackagingofproducts);

• Designandimplementclearandwellresourcedcommunicationsstrategies(e.g.engagemarketingcompaniesprobono,developWhatsAppgamesthatcangoviral,journalistswhocanwritearticles,teamwhocanwritepositionpapersforpoliticians);and

• Engagechampions(e.g.“Byebyeplasticgirls”inBali,sportsteamsthatcantriggera‘groundswell’ofinterest,engagementandcommitment).

Otheractionsidentifiedwere:

• Bringpeopletogethertodevelopasharedagenda-Create/connecttoagrouporanetworkthathasthewillingnesstoact,isopentosharinginformation,learninganddrivingeconomiesofscalethroughcollaboration.TheCTI-CFFRegionalPlanOfAction(RPOA)isagoodplacetostartandNGOsneedtoensuretheyarecommittedtothesharedagenda.CollectivelytheRPOAneedstoberevisitedasacommongoalthatwealignto,toensureitadequatelyaddressestheurgencyandenablesscalingupofsolutions.

• Mapthelandscape-CTmappingofallthecollaborations,stakeholders,resources,programs,activities–sothespreadintermsofactivitiesandgeographycanbeseenandfromthere,gapscanthenbeidentified–TheCTI-CFFRegionalSecretariatshouldleadthis.


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• Deeperpartnershipsarepartofthesolution-encouragemoreprojectsacrosscountriesintheCT6countries–e.g.transboundaryandinnovativeprojects,andbringtheseideastocommunitiestoscaleup.e.g.LMMAwomenattendingsolarpowermaintenancetraininginBarefootCollegeofIndia.Partnershipsneedtobemorefocused,goaloriented,ofhigherqualityandengagenewsectorsliketheprivatesector,aswellasutilisemarketforces,andbringstrongerleadership.

• Provideincentives-wherecommunitiescangainknowledgeandincentiveswilldrivecompetition;youthgroupsmakegoodchampions.Theyareprogressive,havehighenergylevels,aresocialmediasavvy,spreadmessagesfastandhavethetrustofgovernment.

• Acknowledgethatpartofmanagingfisheriesisplayingabroker/linkingrole-Ifacommunityhasahealthorsanitationissueforexample,playingabrokerroletolinkcommunitieswithserviceprovidersiskeytobuildingtrusttocreateheadspaceforconservationorimprovedmarineresourcemanagement.

• Sharingthesuccessesandchallengesandcommunicationacrossalllevelstocreateanenablingenvironment–communitylearningopportunitiesacrosscommunitiesintheCT6countries.

• Investalotupfronttogetthingsgoing-asthingsstarttomovetheinterventionshouldgetcheaper–thescalingupwillcostlessasyouworkoutstreamlinedapproaches,networksandcanutiliseexistingtoolsandlessonslearned.

• Prepareforchange-buildingcapacityoflocalCSOsandcommunitieswithskills,knowledgeandtoolstoaccessfunds,implementprojectsetciscritical.NGOSareresponsibleforbuildingthiscapacityastheyarebest-placedtocarryonthemission.Planforanexitstrategyfromthebeginning.

• Environmentaleducationincurriculumsatalllevelsandinvestforlongtermperiods.

• Usedemonstrationprojects–forexampleSEAisdevelopingNationalGuidelinesforgovernmentsonhowtoestablishMPAsandMPAsNetworks.Workingwithpartnerscouldallowformoredetailedguidelinesthataremoreeffectiveandincludesocio-economicconsiderations.Involvingdevelopmentpartnersindesigningandimplementingtheguidelinesandapplyingtheguidelinesatmultiplescalescouldbeexplored.

5.4 Whattimeframearewetalkingabout?

Participantswereaskedwhattimeframetheywerereferringtowhendiscussingscalingupandexpediting.Thefollowingprovidesasummaryoftheirresponses:

• Weneedtodosomethingrightaway–stressingtheurgency;

• Itdependsonthecommunity;

• Ittakestoolongsometimes(e.g.10years)togetfromnomanagementtosomemanagementtothebestmanagement.Therightenablingconditionsneedtobeinplacetomakesomethinghappenquickly;

• Thetimeframeneedstomakesenseforstakeholders;


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• Asawayforwardweneedtothinkabouthowwecanengagewiththedevelopmentsector.Thereareexamplesofthishappeningalready-weneedtoidentifytheseandlearnhowtoapplyinotherplaces;and

• Regardlessofthetimeframeweneedtohaveanexitstrategyfromthebeginning.

5.5 Whatdobestpracticeandinnovativesolutionslooklike?

Participantsidentifiedanumberofpotentialbestpracticesolutionsorfactorsforconsiderationinsolutionsforfurtherexplorationasmechanismstoscaleupandexpediteoutcomes:

• CatalysingcollectiveactiontoabatemajorthreatsrelevanttoallCTcountries,sectorsandcitizens!Bringingallthestakeholdersacrossthecountriesandsectorsaroundasinglecoreissueanddesigningeffectivemechanismsfordelivery.Scalingupcollectiveeffortstoachievethebiggestimpact(e.g.CTPlasticFree);plasticpollutioncanbeacatalyticissuebringingalongotherpartnersandsectorsandisrelevanttoMPAs,Seascapes,SustainableFisheries,ClimateChangeandEndangeredspecies(ref5goalsofCTI-CFFRPOA).

• SupporteducationprogramsthroughlocalCSOs–e.g.partneringwithlocalNGOsdoingawarenesscampaignsinschoolsandfollowupatsecondaryanduniversitylevels–universitygraduateswithhands-onexpertise(asishappeninginPNGforterrestrialresourcemanagement),needstobeappliedformarine.Thiscaneasilybepromoted/replicated/adapted.

• Nature-basedtourism-RajaAmpatMisolIslandeco-resortisapplyingbestpracticesi.e.buildingcapacitywithincommunity,education,(similartotheCholemjinieco-resortinTanzania).InTimor-Leste:BlueVenturesisdevelopingaHomestayAssociation–itisastartingpointtoestablishrelationshipswithcommunities–identifyimmediateeconomicbenefits.InMadagascar,BlueVentures’facilitatedeco-tourismisactingasanenablingconditioni.e.supportingconservationactivities–itgeneratesitsownfunding(notdependentondonorfunding)andopensdoorsforconversationswithcommunities.(Warning:canalsobeabarrierifownedbyNGOornotcommunity-members,orisdependentonspecificindividualsandbenefitsarenotrealisedforcommunities).Best-practiceapproachesfornature-basedtourismneedtobesharedanddocumentedandmethodstodriveadoptionidentified.

• Focusonaneconomicallyimportantandfast-growingspeciestodemonstratebenefitsoffisheriesclosures-“demonstrationspecies”cancatalysebroaderconservationimpactswhilegeneratingfastbenefits–relevanttoMadagascar,IndonesiaandapplicabletomanyareasinAsia/Pacific-Crabandseagrapes,bechedemer,trochus(bivalve),conch.Thisapproachtriggersgreaterconservationbenefitsmeetingcommunityneeds(e.g.gettingmanagementrightsinthecaseofMadagascarorexertingtheserightsinthePacific).

• Savingsassociations/micro-financingprovideentrypoints,shorteningthetime-scaletoengage.Adownsideisthatoftentheconservationbenefitsarenotclearsotheyneedtobedefinedclearlyatthedesignphase.Theyalsodonotsuitallcommunitiesandcontexts.

• Innovationisnotnecessarilydevelopingsomethingnew-itcanbeaboutcuttingoutsomeactivitiesanNGOhasbeentraditionallydoing!Orsaying“no”toadonor….Innovationislisteningtotraditionalviewsandassistingwithpathways.


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• Changethewaytheword/concept“conservation”isused-Changeorrepackagethestory(includingthechallengesandlessons)wherecommunitiesandgovernmentsdonotliketheterm“conservation”..

• Findingtherighteconomicmodels-e.g.market-basedincentives:howtoscaleupviaprovidinggreateraccesstomarkets,supportingcommunityassociations.Economicmodelshoweverneedtoensureconservationbenefitsandfair/equitabledistributionofbenefitsisincludedinthedesign.

• Usingextensionmodels:e.g.,SeaNetisademonstrationmodelthatcanbereplicated.Knowledgeandinformationisprovidedthroughextensionofficers/agentswhocanbefromwithincommunitiestoformanetworkacrossaregionwhoworktogether.

• Learnaboutwhatpeoplehavedoneforcenturies-Buildontraditionallawsand“bringthembackin”.

• Enhancingaccesstoinformationandbuildingconstituencies:NGOsneedtofacilitatethetransferofknowledgebetweencommunitiesandinstitutions/governments–mainstreamedcommunicationthatincludesbestpracticesforplanning–supportingcommunitiesinplanning,andaccessingfundingfornaturalresourcemanagement.

• Buildinggoodgrassrootsnetworks-bringingwomen’sleadershipin-managementcommitteesandfisherassociationsneedtohavewomen,particularlyiftheyaredoingthefishing;women’sparticipationinmanagementetc.

• Tryingdifferentandinnovativeapproaches–e.g.BarefootscientificapproachinMelanesia–spawningpotentialsurveyworkinSolomonIslandsofkeyfishspeciesprovidesamechanismtosupportmanagementdecisionsandgetlocalsinvolvedinmanagementdesign.

• Partnerships

§ Publicand/orprivatepartnershipsareimportantforsettinguptourismorfisheriesventuresandfordesigning,managingandinsomeinstances,financingMPAs;

§ Partnershipsthatbringothercomplementaryskills(e.g.development/health/security)andcanshareinfrastructureandcosts;

§ Investinbuildingcapacity(andlistento)localCSOs;

§ Wearegoodatpackagingourstoriestodonors–butnottootherconstituenciesandsupportingotherstotellthestories!Thisneedstobecomeastandardpractice;and

§ Partnershipsneedtobestraightforward–keepitsimple.

• Tellingthefailingsofprojects-Asafespacetocapturefailingsforlearnings(thatdoesn’tlinktoourbrands)isveryimportant.Forexample,“FailedFests”occurinthedevelopmentsector(Governments,bilateralpartnersandNGOsandmanagingcontractors–discussbiggestfailures–learnfromfailures).Itisalsoimportanttodistinguishbetweenprojectfailureandtrajectoryontheground.Projectadministrationcanfailbuttheprojectcansucceedontheground.

• Paradigmshiftswithinourcultures–ExpectationsexistwithinNGOsandwithindonorsforalwayswantinggoodstories,andthingsthathappenquickly.Thereneedstobea


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culturalchangeinourorganisationsthatthereiscorebusinessweneedtodoandstandardinvestmentsthattakealongtimetoshowwins.

• Acknowledgeonesizedoesnotfitall–culturalandpoliticaldifferencesexistbetweenandwithintheCT6countries.Landtenurevariesacrosscountries.Approachesneedtobeadaptabletolocalcontexts.However,inallcases,governmentsarefundamentalandimportantstakeholders,andthereforeNGOSneedtofindabalanceworkingwithgovernments.Communitiesandgovernmentsarethereforever–NGOscomeandgo.

5.6 Howdoweaddresstheurgencyandwhatistheendresultwewant?

Therewasconsensuswithparticipantsthatthereneedstobeashiftinthewayprojectsaredevelopedandimplemented.Integratedapproachesthatconsiderallthreeaspectsfromthediagrambelowneedtobecomethenorminthedesignofprogramsandprojects.Makingachangeatthecommunitylevelcannotbeundertakeninisolation.Thechangeneedstobecommunicatedandmadeattheregionalandnationallevel–nationalgovernmentsareveryimportant.

Figure1Criticalelementstointegratedapproachesforcommunityengagement

Participantsspenttimeconsideringwhattheendgoalistheyareseekingwithrespecttoaddressingtheurgency,i.e.whatwillsuccesslooklike?;andhowwilltheyknowwhentheyhaveachievedit?Allconsidereditimportantthatbroadsuccesswouldbewhentherewerewell-managedfisheriesandtourismandclimatechangeadaptationhadbeenaddressedintheCT.

Anattemptwasmadetodevelopanendgoal,howeverconsensuswasnotreached.ThefollowingsuggestionswereproposedinthecontextoftheCTI-CFF:

§ ImprovedmanagementofmarineresourcesbyintegratedapproachestoensuretheyaresustainablebyusingappropriatetoolslikeMMAs,MPAs,EcosystemApproachtoFisheriesManagement(EAFM),microfinance;

§ Stewardecosystemsandcommunitiesthroughthechangingclimatetogetthebestoutcomesforpeopleandnature/theenvironment;

§ Ensurethebestfutureforpeopleandcoastalandmarinenatureinachangingclimate;and

Livelihoodsandincome

diversification

Locallyappropriatemanagementandgovernance

Climatechangeadaptation


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§ Helpcommunitiesatalllevelsandcreatenetworksforcommunitiestobecomestronger/moreresilienttomanagetheirresourcesforhealthandwealth.Todothis,itrequiresaclearlinkbetweensustainablefisheriesandecosystemprotection-theplanetandpeoplegohandinhand–therehastobestronglinks.

CTI-CFFwasseenasan“operatingmanual”forregionalcollaborationtodrivescaledoutcomesasitalreadyhasseverallevelsofoutcomesbasedonthe5regionalgoals–thehigherleveloutcomeiscoralreefintegrityandecosystemsmaintained;fishstockssustained;improvementoffoodsecurity;resiliencyetc.TheCTIobjectiveistostrengthentheNationalCoordinatingCommittees(NCCs)–toberesponsive–andthismeansworkingbetterwithgovernments.Attheendofthedaytheyareattheforefrontoftheprogramimplementationthatresultsfromregionalexchangesandtechnicalworkinggroups.

Keyquestionswereraisedabout:

§ WhetherNGOsareusingpeopleincommunitiesasatooltoachievewhatwewantorwhetherhelpingcommunitiesshouldbetheendgoal–i.e.weshouldbedoingitforthepeopleandthebiodiversityoutcomeswillcomenaturallyasaresult?

§ Howotherpeople,i.e.thosenotlivingalongthecoastsuchaslargescalefishing,markets,andothersarefactoredintotheendgoal?

§ Whileitwasclearcommunitieswereseenasthecornerstonetoachievingthissuccess,howwerethebigthreatssuchasillegal,unreportedandunregulated(IUU)fishingandclimatechangemitigationorotherissuessuchaswildernessareasnotcloselylinkedwithcommunitiestobetackled-thefocushereneededtobeoninterventionsandinstitutions?


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6 Workshopoutcomesandnextsteps6.1 Whatcommitmentswilleachorganisationmake?

Eachorganisationwasaskedtoidentifywhatactionstheywouldcommittowithrespecttopursuingtheneedtoaddresstheurgency,scaleupandexpediteoutcomes,comingoutoftheworkshop,asfollows:

Organisation Commitment

BlueVentures • Sharelearningson2newmodelsformangrovecrabfisheriesmanagementandseacucumberfarming.

• Internally,encouragetheorganisationtostopdoingsomethingthatisnothavingmuchofanimpact(e.g.lowincomemodelsbasedecotourismoralternativelivelihoodactivities)andprovidecasestudies.

• Beopenandtransparentandavailabletoothersinthecommunityofpracticeanytimetosharelearningsonwhathasandhasn’tworked

ConservationInternational

• IdentifyhotspotsforIUUfishingfromforeignvessels.

• Explorehowtogetinformationtomorecommunitiesthroughtheworkshopcomingup.

• UndertakeastudytounderstandthelinkbetweenCTIfoodsecurityandfisheries.Theyaredesigningthemethodologyandwillidentifyfunding.Amissingpieceofthisstudycouldbetodemonstratetheimportanceoffisheriesinhumanwellbeingtothedevelopmentsector.(AllCommunityofPracticepartnerscanbeinvolved).

CTC • FortheWomenLeadersForumestablishapilottocombineseniorwomenwithjuniorwomentostrengtheninter-generationallearning.

• InvestininteractivegamesandexhibitsandoutreachtoolsforuseinIndonesiaandmorebroadly

• Establishapilotprojectonmarinedebris.

CTI-CFF • Mandatefrom6membercountries,coordinatingprojectsbetween6countriesanddevelopmentpartners

• ShareknowledgeamongpartnerstoCT6membercountries–eithercooperationorprojectssoRegionalSecretariatcanbehubpointforNCCstoreachouttocountries–needtoimprovemethodofcommunication;

• NowtakingsteptofulfilroleofDeputyDirectorforProgrammes;

• Marinedebriscrosscutting;

• HaveestablishedatechnicaladvisorygroupfromUniversitypartnerships;


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• RPOAReview;

• WorkingwithAsianDevelopmentBanktoupdate/costNPOAs;

• PPP–USAID

GIZ • StrongpushforanIKIprojecttocometoCTregion

• AtamacrolevelpushthemarineoceansagendawithinGIZandGermangovernment

LMMA • Implementthe100%expansionplanandfacilitateneededpolicy

• ExploreresiliencyinFijiandsharelessonsonclimateadaptivefisheries.

PNGCLMA • Expandandsharelessonsfromsuccessfulmodels–e.g.womentrainingwomenontraditionalgovernancestructuresandtakeittoothercommunities

• Communitymanagementforbechedemer.

Rare • Continuedoingwhatwearegoodat-TerritorialUseRightsforFishing(TURFs)thatprovidedirectbenefitstopeople;Policy(enactingfocus);Behaviourchangeandsharelessons.

SEA • StrengthenandsupporttheNCCinIndonesia

• SupportnextMPARegionalExchangeonFisheriesobjectives,traditionalfisheriesblueprintsinsideMPAsandnetworks

• WorkwithIndonesia’sMinistryofMarineAffairsandFisheriestoharmonisebestpractices

• InconjunctionwithTNCwhowillprovidethescience,workonestablishingMPAnetworksacross3largeprovincesanddrawoutcasestudieswherethingsdon’twork.

TNC • PutforwardcollectiveproposalforIKI.

• InvestigateopportunitiesforapplyinggoodexamplesforhowtobetterintegratehumandevelopmentandconservationforMPAs/MMAsatdifferentscalesthroughtheSEAproject,providecasestudiesanddevelopnationalguidelines.Explorehowtogetdevelopmentorganisationsengaged.

WCS • Buildandexpandtheuseofsocio-economicdatatounderstandimpactontheground.

• MeetwithOxfam,Indonesia.


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WWF • Siteselectiontoapplybestpractice-Choosethemostresilientlocations/communitieswherewecanwork.

• OpenupMPAActionAgendagrantstodevelopmentorganisationstobuildcapacityfordevelopmentorganisationstostrengthprojects.Thiscouldbeanearlystageofdevelopingaproposaltogether.

• DeveloptheCapacityBuildingmodulestoshowcaselessonslearnedandbestpracticeapproachescomingoutoftheThinkTank–linkwithotherpartnerworks(CheckSEAmodulesandbestpractices)

• WWFPHispursuingMSCfortunahandlineandbluecrabfishery.

WorldFish • ProvidesupporttoSolomonIslandsgovernmentforfisheriesstrategiesandresourcesmanagement

• ExpandprovincialworkonlivelihoodswithwomeninGhizo

• SupporttheworkHughGovandidon“Lite”engagement-sharelessonslearnedwiththeCTI(SymposiumfirstweekofNovemberinHoniara)

6.2 Whatwillwedotoworkmoreeffectivelytogether?

• Havemoreface-to-faceThinkTankswherewecanshareexperiences,lessonslearned,failuresandexpandthisbeyondtheCT.

• CTI-CFF:

o expandtheroleofCTIregardingcommunicationstogobeyondpartners;

o clarifyitsroleincommunicatingwiththepartnerstoprovideupdates;and

o formalisehowpractitionerswhoarenotpartoftheCTIgetinformationtobringthemintodiscussionstogetmoreinformation.

• LeverageexistingplatformsmoreeffectivelyforcommunicationbetweenCTIpartners–explorewaystomakepartnercallsmoreproductive.

• FeedtheoutcomesfromtheThinkTankintothereviewoftheRPOAandmakerecommendationsforthenextiterationoftheRPOA.

• Aichitargetsby2020–asaCTcommunityofpracticeconsiderwhatnewtargetswewantandatthenextCOPhaveasideeventtocommunicatethem.

• Exploresystematicapproachesandtheenablingconditions/contextneededforintegratingFamilyPlanningintoconservationprojects–LMMAandBlueVenturescanprovideguidance(TNCalsodidsomeworkinTanzania).

• Explorehowtobetterengagewithdevelopmentsectorandonwhichissueswewanttoengage–perhapsaworkshoptobringenvironmentandhumandevelopmenttogetherandidentifyfundingopportunitiesthroughtheGreenClimateFundorGlobalInnovationFund?Timor-Lestecouldbeagoodpilotsitewherepovertyishigh.


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• Explorewiththeadvertisingindustryhowtosell“notake”zonesforexample.

• Establishapilotproject“PovertyalleviationforbettermarineresourcemanagementintheCT”thatconsistsoftwosubprojects-oneinSEAsiaandoneinMelanesia(understandingthekeyobstaclesincontext).

• Potentialfocusareasfortransboundaryprojectstoassistinscalingupandexpeditingoutcomesinclude:

o Marinedebris

o IKIproposal

o Foodsecurity/fisherieslinkstudy-CI

o Empoweringcommunitiesandliftinguptheirvoices–OceansWitness

o Tourism,fisheriesandcommunities

o Communitybasedresourcemanagement

6.3 NextSteps

Thefollowingactions,linkedtothecommitmentsandoutcomesabovewereagreedasthenextstepsfollowingtheworkshop:


Developmentofa2pageconceptpaperfortheCTthatexplorespovertyalleviationthroughimprovingmarineresourcemanagementwith2streams:

- SustainabletourisminSEAsia

- LocalManagedMarineArea(LMMA),micro-financingandwomen’sfinancialinclusioninMelanesia.

CoreGroup-WWF–JackieThomas,WCS–KenKassem,TNC–LauraWhitford,BlueVentures–FranHumber,SEA–StaceyTigheandRare–ArwanRukma

AnissaLawrence,TierraMartocoordinate.

ReadybyendofNovember2017

Explorehowtobetterengagewiththedevelopmentsectorandonwhichissueswewanttoengage–perhapsaworkshoptobringtheenvironmentandhumandevelopmentsectortogetherandidentifyfundingopportunities.

CoreGroup AsapartofConceptDevelopment

Guidanceonsystematicapproachesandtheenablingconditions/contextneededforintegratingFamilyPlanningintoconservationprojectsprovidedtoThinkTankparticipants.

LMMA-JovelynCleofeandBlueVentures-FranHumber

ByNovember2017


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Modulesdevelopmentthatfocusesondocumentingthelessonslearned,successesandfailuresfromcommunityofpracticeprojectsintheCT.

AnissaLawrencewithsupportfromcoreteam.

Sept–Dec2017

Considerhowtooperationalisealearningnetworksothatthesharingcancontinueandmovetoothergeographies.

CarolPhua/JackieThomas/JohnTanzer

Sept–Dec2017

Researchprojecttodemonstratethepowerofsmallscalefisheriesmanagementandcommunitybasedresourcemanagementtoaddresskeyissuessuchasclimatechangeadaptation,povertyalleviation,foodsecurityetc.

ScottAtkinson Dec2017

SDG14actionsmapping-reviewandidentifythevoluntarycommitmentsthathavebeenmadefortheCT.

JackieThomas ASAP

CTI-CFF:

• expandtheroleofCTIregardingcommunicationstogobeyondpartners;

• clarifyitsroleincommunicatingwiththepartnerstoprovideupdates;and

• formalizehowpractitionerswhoarenotpartoftheCTIgetinformationtobringthemintodiscussions.

CTI-CFF AsapartofthereviewoftheCTI-CFFRegionalPlanofAction(RPOA)process

ExplorewaystomakeCTIpartnercallsmoreproductive.

JackieThomasandotherCTIpartners

Agendaitemfornextcall.

FeedtheoutcomesfromtheThinkTankintotheRegionalPlanOfAction(RPOA)reviewandmakerecommendationsforthenextiterationoftheRPOA.

JackieThomas Asperreviewtimeline

Aichitargetsby2020–asaCTcommunityofpracticeconsiderwhatnewtargetsarewantedandatthenextCOPhaveasideeventtocommunicatethem.

JackieThomasandotherCTIPartners

PertimelinefornextCOP


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AppendixAWorkshopAgenda

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CoralTriangleFuturesThinkTank-Expeditingoutcomesandimpactatscale15-16August2017,Swiss-belHotelSanur,Bali,IndonesiaDraftAgendaBackground

AstheglobalpopulationcontinuestoincreasethereisanongoingandincreasingpressureonHighConservationValue(HCV)areastoutilisetheirresourcesforensuringfoodsecurityandtoimprovelivelihoodsaswellasfortourismandextractionactivitiesforeconomicgain.ForplacesliketheCoralTriangle,findingsustainablesolutionstoensuringfoodsecurityandlivelihoodsaswellasmaintainingbiodiversityinthecontextofarapidlychangingclimateisanongoingchallengeandonethatNGOs,governmentsandotherorganisationshavebeenfocusedonformanyyears.Itisclearthatintegratedandtailoredapproachesforsmallscalefisheriesandlocallymarinemanagedareasinthecontextofthegeographiclocationandthechallengesbeingfacedarefundamental.Thisrequiresinnovativeandnewwaysofworkingtogether,whilelearningfromthepasttoexpediteandachievegreateroutcomesatscaleandimprovethereturnsfrominvestmentmadeontheground.

Over130millionpeopleliveintheCoralTriangleandrelyonitscoralreefsforfood,incomeandprotectionfromstorms.Currentlevelsandmethodsofharvestingfishandotherresourcesareunsustainableandplacethisgloballyimportantmarineareaanditspeopleinjeopardy.Achangingclimatethreatenscoastalcommunitiesandimperilsfragilereefs.Tothatend,theCoralTriangleisagoodcasestudytoexplorehowthrougheffectivecollaboration,wecanbetteraddressthesethreatstoHCVareasandexpediteoutcomesforsmallscalefisheriesusingcatalyticscaledupaction,inamoreeffectiveandefficientway,givingconsiderationtothealternatefuturesthatmaypresent.ItalsoprovidesausefulplatformfordetermininghowtocollectivelyachievetheSustainableDevelopmentGoals,namelySDG14(14.2&14.B,14.7)intheCoralTriangleandConventionalonBiologicalDiversity’sAichiTarget11.

Purpose

This2daymeetingseekstodrivecollectiveactiontoexpediteoutcomesandimprovethereturnoninvestmentneededtoaddressthebiodiversityandsocioeconomicchallengesfacingHCVareas.

TheobjectiveofthemeetingistoacceleratecollaborativeapproachesthatachievegreaterimpacttoimprovesustainabilityoutcomesinHCVareasforsmallscalefisheriesandmarinemanagedareas,focusingontheCoralTriangleasacasestudyandconsidering:

● HowdowecreatethefuturewewantinHCVareas,addressingbiodiversityconservation,sustainablemarineresourceuse(sustainablelivelihoods,foodsecurity,aquaculture,tourism,smallscalefisheries,etc.),whileempoweringcommunitiesinthefaceofachangingclimateusingintegratedapproaches?

● HowdoweensurehighimpactsustainableoutcomesgoingforwardandbecatalytictodriveactionatafasterratetoaddressthebigchallengesintheCTregion?

● Howdowescaleupeffectiveapproachesandbuildavibrantcommunityof

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practice?● Howdowebetterunderstandwhatisbestpracticeandapplylessonslearnt

(whatnottodo)?

● Howdowecreateacollaborativeculturethatbuildslocalownershipinthefaceofdonordrivenagendas,arapidlychangingdonorlandscape,andshiftinggeopolitics?

● Howdowebetterinteractwithcommunitydevelopmentinthecontextofconservationtoachievegreateroutcomesonground?

● Wheredoesconservationsitwithinbroaderchangesininternationaldevelopmentdiscourses?

ThisCoralTriangleFuturesThinkTankisbeingorganisedbyWWFtohelpbringtogetheraCommunityofPracticeintheCoralTriangletoaddressthegrowingchallengeofimprovingfoodsecurityforcoastalcommunitiesinHighConservationValueareas.Theworkshopwasdevelopedthroughaworkinggroup(comprisedofbothWWFandnon-WWFtechnicalandregionalstakeholders)andhasnowevolvedtotheCoralTriangleFuturesThinkTank.AsthiswillbefirstFuturesThinkTankmeeting,wehopetolearnfromthisexperienceandifsuccessful,replicatethismodelofbringinganOceanCommunityofPracticetootherregions.

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Agenda

Day1Tuesday15August2017

Item Description Responsibility Purpose

9.00-9.15 Welcome JohnTanzer Welcome

9.15–9.30 Introductionandlogistics

AnissaLawrence Objectivesandoutlineofthe2days.IntroductionsofparticipantsOutoftheboxcrazyideasboardIcebreaker

9.30–10.30

Scenesetting-Understandingtheissuesandapproachtodate?-Whatarethebarrierstoexpeditedandimpactfulprogressatscale?-Whatdoesthefuturehold?

JackieThomas(10min)AlisonGreen(TNC)(10min)ScottAtkinson(CI)(10min)NatBurke(10min)Plenarydiscussion(20min)

Outlineissuesandchallenges.Provideanintroductiontothepotentialscenariosforthefuture.Participantdiscussionfocusedonthebarriersandchallenges.

10.30–11.00

Morningtea

11.00–12.30

ThefuturewewantforHCVareasandtheircommunities:- Whatfuturedowewant?

- Areweheadedinthesamedirection?

- Wherearetheredifferingpriorities?

AnissaLawrencePlenarydiscussion

Activity–visioningEnsuringeveryoneisonthesamepageorotherwiseidentifyingwheretherearedifferingpriorities?Scenariodiscussion

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basedonscenariospresentedinprevioussessiontogeteveryoneonthesamepagerefocusandpurpose.Importanttodothistoensurethesuccessoftherestoftheworkshop.

12.30–13.30

Lunch

13.30–15.15

WhathasbeenlearnedfromHCVareasandsmallscalefisheriesandcommunityongroundworkunderway?

- HowhaveyouapproachedHCVareaandsmallscalefisheriesandcommunityongroundactivities?

- Whathasworkedandwhathasn'tandwhy?

- Whatarethelessonslearnedandwhatwouldyoudifferentlyifyouhadyourtimeagain?

Participantpresentations7mineach(80minplusquestiontime20min)

BlueVentures

CI

CTC

CTI-CFF

FLMMA

Rare

SEA

SeaNet

TNC

WCS

WorldFish

WWF

PlenaryDiscussion/breakoutgroups

Eachorganisationprovidesa7minoverviewoftheirprojects,approach,whathasworkedandwhathasn'tandlessonslearned.

15.15–15.45

Afternoontea

15.45–17.00

WhatarethekeyfactorsneededforahighimpactsustainableapproachforHCVareasandcommunityprojects?Possiblelessonsfromdevelopmentand

NatBurke-presentation(10min)

PlenaryDiscussion/

NatBurkewillprovideanalternateandchallengingviewtostimulateinnovativethinking.

Plenarydiscussionon

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humanitariansectors.

- Whathasbeenlearnedfromthesuccessesandthefailures?

- Whataretheenablingconditions/successfactorsneededtoimplementeffectiveHCVandcommunityprojects?

- Howdoesitdifferbycountry?

- Whatdoeshighimpactsustainablebestpracticelooklike?

breakoutgroups whathasworkedandnot,lessonslearnedandwhatitsaysaboutexpeditingoutcomesiewhatarethekeyfactorsneededforasuccessfulapproach.

18.00–9.00

CocktailshostedbyCoralTriangleCentreattheirnewtrainingfacility

Day2Wednesday16August2017

Item Description Responsibility Purpose

9.00–10.30

Howdowebecomecatalytictoachievethefuturewewant?

- Whatdoescatalyticlooklike?

- Whathavebeenthebarrierstobeingcatalytictodate?

- Whataretheunderlyingchallengesweasacommunityofpracticeneedtoovercome?

Plenarydiscussion

Begintodiveintothechallengesworkingintheregion–competition,donordrivenagendas,etc.

10.30–11.00

MorningTea

11.00-12.30

Howdoweovercomethebarriersandchallengestobecatalyticorscaleupbestpracticesolutions?

- Whatwouldbestpracticelooklike?

- Arepartnershipsthe

Breakoutgroups(1hour)andthenplenary(30min)

Findingsolutionstowardsbeingcatalyticandscalingupbestpracticesolutions

Bringinoutoftheboxcrazyideas

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answeroristheresomethingelse?

- Whatdoesinnovationlooklike?

- Whataretheenablingconditionsneededtobecatalyticorscaleupbestpracticesolutions–exploreorganisational,nationalandregionallevelsetc?

thinkinghere.

12.30–13.15

Lunch

13.15–14.15

Howdoweexpediteandensurehighimpactoutcomesthatprovideagoodreturnoinvestmentonground?- Whatdoesexpeditemean?

- Whatarethreethingseachorganisationcandobetter?

- Howdoweworkmoreeffectivelytogether?

- Whatcommitmentcaneachorganisationmake?

Plenarydiscussion

Findingsolutionstowardsbeingcatalyticandscalingupbestpracticesolutions–understandingeachorganisation’scommitment

14.15–15.30

WhatdoesabestpracticecollaborativeapproachtoexpediteoutcomesintheCTlooklike?- Howwoulditbeundertaken?

- Whatarethesuccessfactors?

- Whowouldbeinvolved?- Whatwouldaprojectlooklike?

Breakoutgroups(1hour)followedbyplenaryfeedback(15min)

Identifypotentialprojectsandcollaborativeopportunitiestoworktogether/expediteoutcomesand/scaleupactivitiesintheCTasanexampleforotherregions.

15.30–16.00

Afternoontea

16.00–17.30

Nextstepsandactions AnissaLawrence/CarolPhuaPlenary

Identifyactionsandpriorities,aswellascommitmentstotakeforwardforeachorgandforachieving

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discussion SDG14.Determineanagreedapproachtodriveimplementationofactionsandnextsteps.

17.30 Close JohnTanzer JohnTanzer


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AppendixB–Participants

No. Name Organization Position/Title1. CarolPhua WWFNetherlands ManagerMPAAction

Agenda2. ShannonSeeto WWFPacific-SolomonIsland CountryDirector

3. NatBurke WWFAustralia PolicyManager,Asia-PacificSustainableDevelopment

4. JackieThomas WWFCoralTriangleProgramme

Leader

5. ValerieBourquin WWFSwitzerland SeniorManager6. MoniqueSumampouw WWFMalaysia People&Marine

BiodiversityManager7. DelveneBoso WorldFish CountryDirector8. LauraWhitford TheNatureConservancy DirectorofDevelopment

PolicyandPartnerships

9. AlisonGreen TheNatureConservancy SeniorMarineAdvisor

10. ImanSyuhada CoralTriangleCenter-SeaNet SeaNetProjectCoordinator

11. FranHumber BlueVentures ConservationDirector

12. GarthCripps BlueVentures SeniorConservationScientist

13. ScottAtkinson ConservationInternational SeniorTechnicalAdvisor

14. AndieWibianto RegionalSecretariatCTI-CFF InformationandCommunicationManager

15. KiranaAgustina RegionalSecretariatCTI-CFF CommunicationandInformationAssistantandNCCPointofContact

16. StaceyTighe USAIDSEAProject/Indonesia MarineBiodiversityConservationAdvisor

17. KenKassem WCS SeniorMarineAdvisor18. M.ImranAmin TheNatureConservancy

IndonesiaProgramDeputyDirectorforCoastalandOceanProgram


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19. PaoloDomondon RAREPhilippines Director,Strategy,PartnershipsandDevelopment

20. LuzBaskinas WWFPhilippines VPforProjectDevelopment

21. AntonWijonarno WWFIndonesia MPAforFisheriesManager

22. AbdullahHabibi WWFIndonesia FisheriesandAquacultureImprovementManager

23. ArwandrijaRukma RAREIndonesia Director,ProgrammaticPolicy

24. RiliDjohani CoralTriangleCenter ExecutiveDirector25. JovelynT.Cleofe LMMANetworkInternational

AssistantManager

26. MaxineAnjiga PNGCLMA ExecutiveDirector

27. LenaKern GIZ/Sulu-SulawesiSeascapeProject

ChiefAdvisor

28. NoorafebrianieMinarputri

GIZ/Sulu-SulawesiSeascapeProject

ProjectOfficer


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AppendixCBackgroundpaper–CoralTriangleOutlookSnapshot

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Coral Triangle Think Tank – background paper Prepared by Anissa Lawrence, TierraMar

Coral Triangle Outlook Snapshot

“Biodiversity loss and food insecurity are two of the greatest challenges of the 21st century. Sustainably managed coastal and marine environments are critical to addressing both, but the links between biodiversity conservation and improved food security are contingent on various

assumptions, many of which may not be met in practice. Marine conservationists have recently begun to reorientate their analyses towards an emphasis on food security, but are doing so

without adequate attention to what food security is, or how fish contribute to it. Conservation and development objectives can involve trade-offs and conflicts yet integrated conservation and

development policy continues to suggest that potentially disparate objectives can be reconciled.” (Foale et al 2013)

There are most likely two future scenarios for the Coral Triangle according to Hoegh-Guldberg (2009):

1) Based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) A1B1 scenario, our attempts to stabilize the Earth’s climate fail, as does efforts to deal with the many local threats facing coastal ecosystems. In this world, the temperatures increase dramatically and existing coral reef and mangrove ecosystems disappear. This impacts greatly on food security, human survival and regional security. We need to avoid this world – whatever it takes.

2) Based on a modified version of the B1 scenario of the IPCC, green house gas emissions are rapidly reduced through decisive, effective action by the international community. It agrees to assist the CT6 to develop effective solutions to the growing problems they face. These actions, while not without challenges, limit the impacts of climate change and help to build resilience in biological, ecological and socioeconomic systems to those climate change impacts that are unavoidable. The impacts to food security, human survival and regional security are manageable. Realistically, this is the scenario we need.

The B1 scenario clearly makes the case for deep and effective action on greenhouse emissions internationally while at the same time aggressively addressing local threats to coral reefs. Only if these two things are done together will the Coral Triangle have a sustainable future.

The purpose of the workshop is to identify solutions for how we scale up and expedite outcomes across the Coral Triangle. To do this, it is not only important to understand the barriers preventing this at the moment, but also to consider the context within which we will be operating into the future. This background paper provides a somewhat bleak snapshot of the outlook for the Coral Triangle to frame our discussion and the identification of solutions, stressing the urgency for scaling and expediting outcomes. While challenging, the collective minds, energy

1The intermediate case, A1B scenario, was used as the worst case scenario describes a world in which fossil and renewable fuels are used in what the IPCC called a ‘balanced mix’. The best case scenario is based on an updated interpretation of the IPCC’s B1 scenario, with its global cooperation and environmentally friendly policy framework.

2

and resources of those working in this area can be brought together to find workable, cost effective ways to do this. Together possible!!

An outlook is provided for:

• Biodiversity and climate change

• Geo-politics

• Donors and foreign aid into the region

• Poverty, human development and food security

It is important to note that of the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals, two could provide a strong framework for the CTI-CFF on Poverty, Nutrition and Food Security. SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere and SDG2: End hunger and achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. Whilst the main focus is on SDG 14 the conservation of coral reefs will also help to achieve SDG1 and SDG2.

1. Biodiversity and Climate Change

The Coral Triangle reaches across six countries in Southeast Asia and Melanesia (Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Timor Leste and Solomon Islands). It contains the richest marine ecosystems on earth and is the epicentre of marine biodiversity - 76% of reef-building coral species, and 37% of coral reef fish species.

Coastal ecosystems in the CT are critically important for people, providing food and resources to over 350 million people. – 130 million of whom are directly dependent on coastal and marine resources for their livelihoods. These ecosystems provide many services, including fisheries productivity2 (collectively, the CT6 earn over $3 billion per year just from commercial fisheries), building materials, maintenance of coastal water quality, coastal protection against storm surge, cultural and spiritual benefits and tourism opportunities (nature-based tourism in Coral Triangle countries is worth US$12 billion annually) (Hoegh-Guldberg et al 2009). These functions cannot be replaced if these ecosystems are removed.

In the last 40 years 40% of coral reefs and mangroves have been lost across Southeast Asia, and currently 45% are under threat, and 15% at low threat (Burke et al., 2011). Cumulative impacts to these ecosystems have been severe caused by coastal deforestation, reclamation for urban development, aquaculture and agriculture, pollution, sewage, declining water quality, destructive fishing and over-exploitation of marine life. The Reefs at Risk Report noted an increasing threat trend - with data between 1998 and 2007, threat levels from local activities increased for about 40% of reefs during that period and 15% of reefs in the CT that were not considered threatened in 1998 were in 2007. 25% of reefs that were already threatened shifted to a higher threat category. The increase in threat was particularly extensive around Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands (more than 60% of reefs). The greatest driver of increased pressure on reefs has been increases in overfishing and destructive fishing, due largely to

2Reliance on fish products - consumption per capita from highest to lowest is: Malaysia, Solomon Islands, Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Timor Leste. This per capita number must be reconciled with the fact that total consumption in countries like Indonesia is much higher than those of countries such as the Solomon Islands.

3

coastal population growth near reefs. In addition, threats to reefs from coastal development and watershed-based pollution have increased since 1998. This trend is likely to continue.

Rapid changes in the global climate are now also starting to affect the marine (and terrestrial) ecosystems in the CT – rising greenhouse gas emissions contributing to both warming and acidification are the single biggest threats going forward. Weather patterns are changing, increasing flood risks, landslides and severe storms in some parts, while causing drought in others. Coastal communities are being impacted by sea level rise from storm surge and inundation of fresh water supplies. Damage to coastal vegetation from storms and wildfires are breaking down barriers to erosion.

Coral reefs have experienced severe mass bleaching events across the region. These events are likely to increase in intensity and frequency, threatening to seriously degrade these ecosystems. Mangroves face similar problems with rising sea levels coupled with drought threatening their future. The increase in coastal infrastructure means there is no place for mangroves to retreat. The downstream effects on human beings of losing these critical coastal ecosystems are enormous.

Figure 1 shows the vulnerability and adaptive capacity of the region to climate change. Yusuf and Francisco (2009) suggest that the Philippines, Indonesia (particularly Sumatra, Java and West Papua) and Malaysia (Sabah) are among the most vulnerable countries to climate change within the SE Asian region. Vulnerability is a consequence of a high exposure to increasing frequencies of droughts (Sabah, Malaysia and parts of the Philippines), as well as cyclones, landslides and floods in other parts of the Philippines and Indonesia. The ability of these countries to respond to the challenges of climate change was calculated as a function of parameters including education, poverty, income inequality, infrastructure and longevity. While Timor Leste, Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea were not analysed by Yusuf and Francisco (2009), applying the methodology would almost certainly place these countries in a lower category of vulnerability (Hoegh-Guldberg et al 2009). Papua New Guinea is expected to have a moderate exposure to floods, droughts and landslides, but greater adaptability given lower population densities and relatively more natural resources. Coastal flooding from rising sea levels and change precipitation patterns is also be a problem in Papua New Guinea and some regions of the Solomon Islands.

By the 2030s the Reefs at Risk report (Burke et al 2012) estimates predict:

• Virtually all coral reefs in the Coral Triangle Region will be threatened by a combination of local human activities, ocean warming, and acidification, with more than 80% facing high, very high, or critical threat levels.

• More than 40% of reefs will be at very high or critical threat levels.

• The increased threat will be particularly significant in Papua New Guinea, where the area of reef threatened will rise from 55% today to 100% by 2030.

• In the Philippines and Timor-Leste, more than two thirds of reefs will shift to the high or critical categories.

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Further reading

Burke, L, Reytar, K., Spading, M., Perry, A.(2012) Reefs at Risk Revisited in the Coral Triangle, World Resources Institute, available form https://www.wri.org/sites/default/files/pdf/reefs_at_risk_revisited_coral_triangle.pdf

Foale, S., D. Adhuri, P. Alino, E. H. Allison, N. Andrew, P. Cohen, L. Evans, et al. 2013. Food security and the Coral Triangle Initiative. Marine Policy 38:174–183

Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Hoegh-Guldberg, H., Veron, J.E.N., Green, A., Gomez, E. D., Lough, J., King, M., Ambariyanto, Hansen, L., Cinner, J., Dews, G., Russ, G., Schuttenberg, H. Z., Peñaflor, E.L., Eakin, C. M., Christensen, T. R. L., Abbey, M., Areki, F., Kosaka, R. A., Tewfik, A., Oliver, J. (2009). The Coral Triangle and Climate Change: Ecosystems, People and Societies at Risk. WWF Australia, Brisbane, 276 pp available from http://mobil.wwf.de/fileadmin/fm-wwf/Publikationen-PDF/climate_change___coral_triangle___full_report.pdf

IPCC (2007) Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In: Team CW, Pachauri RK, Reisinger A (eds). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2008, Geneva, Switzerland 104

2. Geo-politics and the CTI-CFF members

In geo-political terms the CTI-CFF is an anomaly with its six country membership representing on the one hand a group of influential SE Asian countries with strong national maritime interests (Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines ) and on the other a group of small island developing states (Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Timor Leste) with little influence on the geopolitical issues of the CT region. This disparity is reflected in the relative GDP's and economic development trends of the member countries, with Indonesia being the dominant economy in terms of GDP, followed by Malaysia, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Timor Leste and the Solomon islands. Malaysia, with its higher Human Development Index (HDI) than China, is considered by many to be a developed country. Indeed, both Malaysia and Indonesia are considered to be emerging economies whereas Timor-Leste and Solomon Islands are considered to be least developed countries.

Within the CTI-CFF it is therefore reasonable to suggest the three economically demographically dominant member countries will have greater interest in the geo-political issues

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of the region as they are i) more likely to be directly engaged in as these unfold and ii) more likely to be affected by the impact (both positive or negative) on their development aspirations. That is not to say PNG, Timor Leste and the Solomon Islands are immune from the issues, but to simply note that they are very much peripheral "players " in the geo-political sense.

So what are the geo-political issues with potential to impact on the CTI-CFF?

China and the USA

The two major powers seem to be on a path towards strategic rivalry, competing for influence. The US, for example, has begun to undertake several initiatives to deepen its alliance system and military presence in the region. China’s recent policy towards the region has also created the impression that it, too, is seeking to expand its power projection and influence. As signs of strategic rivalry between these two global powers became increasingly evident, SE Asian countries are beginning to ponder the future directions of regional politics. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), which had tried to provide a web of multilateral platforms for major powers’ engagement and interaction in the region, now has to face the possibility that a Sino-US rivalry might polarize ASEAN, turning the region once again into a theatre for great power competition.

One possible implication of this rivalry scenario for the CTI-CFF could be the continuation of US development aid to its traditional "friends" in the region which include all six CTI-CFF countries and Brunei. Unlike China, the US has in the past, exhibited a willingness to and indeed a bias towards, supporting environmental management in the interests of ensuring economic and food security in the broader region. However as noted below this is a very uncertain outcome.

Presidential Election and The Trans-Pacific Partnership

From a geo-political perspective, the election of President Trump and his antagonism towards US international development aid and assistance and geo-political partnerships such as the TPP may kill opportunities for US direct support for environmental initiatives and influence on CT6 policies which could support CTI-CFF goals. Although the TPP is still on life support (Australia, Japan, NZ still keen) the cancelling of U.S. support for the controversial 12-country trade deal only served to put U.S. credibility on the line with Asian partners and allies, reaffirming fears that Washington’s commitment to normative leadership in the region is either waning or gone altogether. In the TPP’s absence, competing proposals like the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation-led Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific may see more enthusiasm. Though these agreements will not contain TPP’s heavy focus on high standards for intellectual property, labor, and the environment, they will nonetheless enable regional integration and prosperity and this might indeed be a plus for the CTI-CFF, especially if a way can be found to integrate marine considerations into trade negotiations.

China's Big Initiative - One Belt, One Road (OBOR)

China's One Belt, One Road (OBOR) initiative involves ASEAN countries and is big component of the region’s economic architecture. It has the potential to exert significant influence on the maritime interests of the CTI-CFF members now that it includes a maritime focus. The maritime initiative (the maritime "silk road") is focused on connecting countries and trade throughout regional waterways. It has the potential to transform infrastructure and trade in the ASEAN

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region and SE Asia CTI-CFF member states through investment in port development, shipping and fishing infrastructure and energy exploration and development, leading to increased shipping traffic on already crowded shipping lanes, heavier fishing pressure and attendant environmental issues. Whilst the technical details of this unprecedented initiative are still uncertain, it presents both enormous development opportunities but it also comes with some challenges, and will have substantial impacts on biodiversity and natural resources (WWF 2017). The potential to influence OBOR investment strategies and policy as it affects the marine environments of the CTI-CFF region is perhaps an opportunity waiting to be explored.

South China, East China Seas

Both the South China Sea and the East China Sea have evolved into major geopolitical issues in the ASEAN region and have particular relevance to the foreign policies of the SE Asia members of the CTI-CFF, especially that of the Philippines. China, in particular, has been energetic in testing disputed waters in both areas with its coast guard and navy. In the South China Sea, the ruling of the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague in the case brought by the Philippines, was overwhelmingly in favor of that country on nearly all counts, marking the first major defeat before international law for China in the realm of maritime affairs. Most significantly, the tribunal found that China’s nine-dash line claim in the South China Sea had no basis in international law. The ruling will stand tall as a landmark decision in international law — the first of its kind amid the labyrinthine disputes over islands, rocks, and reefs in the South China Sea. Despite this, there are continued tensions between China and SE Asian claimant states in the Spratly Islands, the Paracel Islands, and around Scarborough Shoal, which have been exacerbated by China placing point defense systems on its seven infamous artificial islands in the Spratly Islands. Indonesia has also upped the ante against the China over disputed waters in the Natuna Sea, kicking off a more energetic approach toward maritime security in the South China Sea from that country. (see graphic below).

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Philippines

Long a staunch regional partner and ally of the US, the new government of President Duterte has questioned the benefits of the partnership and is seen by many pundits as pivoting away from the US in favor of a stronger, independent leadership role in the region. This hasn't helped the US in its efforts to strengthen its bilateral and multi-lateral partnerships and agreements in the region and has probably served to further encourage China's ambitious plans for economic influence in the region. The Philippines pivot has been helped by the President's chairmanship of ASEAN in 2017 which ensures a strong voice in regional geo-politics. It also provides the Philippines with an opportunity to influence regional marine policy, especially with support from other CTI-CFF partners like Indonesia and Malaysia (and potentially Brunei).

Geo-political influences in the Pacific

In recent years the Pacific has seen the resurgence of interest in the region by the USA which has gradually re-engaged as a development aid partner following the closure of its USAID programmes in the mid 1990's. However, while the US, the European Union and New Zealand are strong donor partners to the region, Australia remains the dominant aid donor. To their credit these countries balance their development assistance and seek to ensure both economically and environmentally sustainable outcomes from their investments. From, a geo-political perspective, the extent of Chinese aid to the region has escalated dramatically over the past 10 years totalling US$10.8 billion(see graphic below). This is focused on investments in infrastructure development and helping secure access to trade and commercial opportunities, including fishing, and has attendant environmental consequences. What is less clear is the degree to which the on-going regional commitments of countries like the EU, the US, and its ANZ (Australia and New Zealand) partners are aimed at helping counter the rising Chinese influence in the poor and economically vulnerable Pacific region. However, what is certain is that ensuring the continuation of the "western bloc assistance" is vital to the protection of the region's marine environment and the on-going economic and social viability of the small island states of the region including Timor Leste.

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Further reading

Asian Development Bank. Regional state of the Coral Triangle—Coral Triangle marine resources: Their status, economies, and management. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2014.

Overseas Development Initiative. Moving away from aid, the case of Indonesia: Annalisa Prizzon and Andrew Rogerson with Maria Ana Jalles De'Oray. Overseas Development Initiative, London, 2017.

Voice of Asia second edition, May 2017, Deloitte University Press. 2017

12 Asian Geopolitical Trends and Events From 2016 That'll Matter in 2017, Ankit Panda. thediplomat.com/.../12-asian-geopolitical-trends-and-events-from-2016-thatll-matter-i..

One Year After the South China Sea Arbitration Award, Has China 'Won'?, Ankit Panda and Prashanth Parameswaran July 2017 http://thediplomat.com/2017/07/one-year-after-the-south-china-sea-arbitration-award-has-china-won/

London School of Economics New Ideas: The New Geopolitics of Southeast Asia: Southeast Asian states risk becoming pawns in a geopolitical clash between two extra-regional superpowers. http://www.lse.ac.uk/ideas/research/reports/southeast-asia-geopolitics

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3. Donors and foreign aid to the CT region

The donor landscape for foreign aid is changing, particularly in the Pacific and South East Asia. The emergence of non Development Assistance Committee (DAC)3 countries is playing an important and growing role in south-south cooperation and bilateral aid in South East Asia and the Pacific. The polices of private donors is also changing, becoming more focused and looking for a return on investment and innovation, with the impact investment sector growing in terms of size and maturation.

Aid received in Asia from traditional donors (DAC) has been decreasing while aid from Non-DAC particularly southern providers has been increasing. The Asia Foundation predicts non DAC support could be US$50 billion by 2025 in aid and aid like programmes. China and India are playing a key role. It is important to note, these donors prioritize spending on infrastructure, not good governance. Their focus is on linking aid more closely to economic outcomes, eg, securing energy resources or opening new markets. This aid is also being offered through a range of financial instruments. For example, China has been combining concessional loans, export credits, and debt write-offs with special trade arrangements and commercial investments, often in support of infrastructure development. This “ready money” allows recipient governments to reject aid that comes with demands for improved governance, creating a dilemma for established donors like the US, UK, Japan and European nations. One way to blend the two focuses of late for traditional donors has been on aid for disaster risk reduction, where experience sharing on effective governance approaches for promoting disaster preparedness is starting to become more prominent (Stromseth 2012).

In the Pacific CT, foreign aid, dominated by Australia has increased for the Solomon Islands, as it has for most Pacific island nations. It has reduced significantly however for the resource-rich economies of PNG and Timor-Leste. Foreign aid is distributed very unequally in the Pacific, with per capita aid to the poorest countries often quite limited. This is troubling from a poverty alleviation perspective. While China has become an important donor, it is far from the dominant player in the region – despite alarmist reporting to that effect (Dornan and Pryke (2017)).

Fragmentation of foreign aid remains an ongoing challenge in the CT whereby aid progressively comes in too many small slices from too many donors creating high transaction costs and making it difficult for partner countries to effectively manage their own development because “more time is taken meeting donor requirements; too many small projects, with consequent limited opportunities to reap scale economies; and smaller or narrower donor stakes in overall country outcomes. A large number of donors also compounds the challenge of donor coordination” (IMF and World Bank 2006).

Indonesia – an interesting case

Indonesia is both a recipient of aid and increasingly becoming a donor as it transitions from a developing to developed nation. A recent report from ODI (2017)4 highlights the following:

3Formoreinformationseehttp://www.oecd.org/development/developmentassistancecommitteedac.htm4https://www.odi.org/publications/10737-indonesia-debt-management-mic-middle-income-countries-aid

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• Indonesia’s development effectiveness and debt management strategies have recognised the implications of changing status from a lower income country to a middle income country. It has resulted in greater focus on capacity-building and technical assistance and more effective use of a smaller amount of grant financing. Respect for national ownership of development programmes and alignment with national priorities remain priorities for the government for official development assistance.

• No major changes in Indonesia’s core group of development partners have occurred during the transition from concessional finance – the nature of those partners’ engagement has evolved.

• As a group, Multilateral Development Banks are now the largest source of external official finance to Indonesia. Bilateral donors now only contribute around 25% (previously around 40% of official finance to Indonesia until 2003). Finance from China, the Export-Import Bank of Korea and the Islamic Development Bank, has been expanding in Indonesia.

• Traditional project finance from the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) has been largely replaced by general budget support instruments – Development Policy Loans from the World Bank and Performance-based Loans and Results-based Loans from the ADB – and by sector-based development loans.

• “Indonesia has become a typical example of the ‘missing middle’ conundrum: public revenues have fallen in tandem with declining external assistance as a proportion of the overall economy.”

Indonesia contributed nearly US$50m through South-South Cooperation and Triangular cooperation between 2000 and 2013.

Private Development Assistance

Private global foundations like David and Lucile Packard Foundation have been providing funding for CT and Pacific projects for many years. There has been a shift in thinking with these donors as they look to increase their return on investment and impact. For example under the Western Pacific subprogram Packard are no longer funding work in Solomon Islands and are exiting from Papua New Guinea. Whilst the work they have been funding has been critical, in building capacity, expanding engagement with communities and increasing stocks of key species, it has not been enough to protect the integrity of sites. They note 2 main challenges to working in the Western Pacific:

• Challenging transitions. Very few of the marine reserves designed and established with donor funding and inputs from implementing partners have effectively transitioned from outside (usually international) support to competent, self-sustaining local co- management driven efforts with explicit national government support. This is, unfortunately, very common to many conservation initiatives in developing countries.

• Overfishing. Despite the increasing use and coverage of marine reserves, the overall health of nearshore fish stocks and marine ecosystems continues to decline. While threats to the marine environment are persistent and diverse (e.g., ocean acidification, sea temperature rise, coastal pollution, coastal development, extractive industries), none is arguably more broadly pressing and clear, especially in the near term, than overfishing.

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Therefore their latest strategy 2014-20205, focuses on fewer countries and concentrates on appropriate nearshore fisheries management, in order to tie in the fish population gains and ecosystem health that can be made from establishment of marine reserves and move towards co-management. For the future of nearshore marine resources in Western Pacific, Packard identified 2 critical needs:

• For society (communities and governments) to effectively protect key coastal sites

• To establish and enforce nearshore fisheries management systems.

And 3 critical insights:

• Sound fishery governance systems

• Durable marine reserves.

• Skilled managers, effective policies, and capable institutions.

There are also new and local donors or providers in the aid landscape of the Coral Triangle, again shifting the focus in priorities. For example in Indonesia, the Sampoerna Foundation changed strategy in 2015 to focus only on Education. The previous 14 years, between 2001 and 2015 they were guided by 4 pillars: Education, Women Empowerment, Entrepreneurship and Compassionate Relief.

Social Enterprise and Impact Investing

Social enterprise and impact investing are growing globally and in the CT region. For example,

• Blue Ventures, a social enterprise utilizes the profits from eco tourism to invest back into social and environmental community based marine projects. Set up in 2003, with a focus in Madagascar, they now have programmes in Indonesia and Timor Leste.

• Private equity impact investor LGT Impact Ventures (LGT IV), based in Zurich Switzerland, targets market-rate returns alongside measurable, positive social and environmental impact. In 2016, LGT IV mapped its portfolio companies to the SDGs according to company-level impact objectives. This exercise demonstrated that its portfolio directly addressed 16 of the 17 SDGs

• Fish 2.06 is a global competition that builds the knowledge and connections needed to increase investment in the sustainable seafood sector. Through the competition, participants improve their business models and learn how to approach investors. In turn, participating investors gain early access to new deals and learn how sustainable seafood can help build their portfolios. The 2017 competition saw a focus in South East Asia and Pacific Islands.

• Traditional DEC donors such as Australia are moving towards innovation and running competitions with private donors. The Australian Government’s InnovationXchange, partnered with Google.org as part of a global impact challenge prize “Technology Against Poverty”. Of the 4 winners, 2 are in Coral Triangle countries:

5The David and Lucile Packard Foundation, October 2013, ‘Western Pacific Subprogram strategy 2014-2020’

6 http://www.fish20.org/tracks/2017tracks

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o Oxfam, to provide access to micro-financial services in the Philippines using a digital finance platform; and

o Engineers Without Borders, to create a social enterprise using innovative water treatment technology to provide drinking water in Timor-Leste.

Corporate Giving and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

The role of corporates should not be left out of the donor landscape. Often local corporates sponsor events or respond to disasters, but may not have a CSR strategy. As the business matures, supporting a move to CSR could provide opportunities for longer term funding. Many businesses particularly multinationals are investing and or supporting Fisheries Improvement Projects throughout the region. This is an emerging area and a space to watch for the CT.

Further reading

Australia - http://foreignminister.gov.au/releases/Pages/2017/jb_mr_170216.aspx

Dornan, M., and Pryke, J. (2017) Foreign Aid to the Pacific: Trends and Developments in the Twenty-First Century. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, doi: 10.1002/app5.185.

Fish 2.0 - http://www.fish20.org/tracks/2017tracks

The Global Impact Investing Network (GIIN) “Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals: The role of impact investing” https://thegiin.org/assets/GIIN_Impact%20InvestingSDGs_Finalprofiles_webfile.pdf

Prizzon, A and Rogerson, A with Ana, M and d’Orey, J (2017) “Moving away from aid? The case of Indonesia” Overseas Development Institute 2017. https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/11345.pdf

Stromseth, J (2012) The New Face of Foreign Aid in Asia http://asiafoundation.org/2012/10/24/the-new-face-of-foreign-aid-in-asia/

4. Poverty, human development and food security

Poverty-environment trap

Climate change impacts could easily push many more rural Low Elevation Coastal Zone (LECZ) communities within the Coral Triangle (CT) into a poverty-environment trap (Barbier 2015). There are unique vulnerabilities to which rural poor in coastal areas are subject. Many rural coastal households in the CT depend on agriculture and fishing, both being highly susceptible to disruptions and losses from sea-level rise, storm surges, coastal erosion and saltwater intrusion. These disruptions and losses impact directly on the fishing and agricultural based livelihoods of many of these communities. Indirect impacts are also possible given that rural coastal communities are supported and protected by coastal and near-shore ecosystems, such as mangroves, coral reefs, seagrass and barrier islands, which are disappearing rapidly across the CT and are also threatened by climate change.

To cope financially, many poor households in rural coastal communities undertake a range of activities in order to reduce the risks associated with high economic dependency on a single activity. The poorest rural households in CT economies have very few productive assets, namely small holdings of land and some form of agriculture (Barbier 2015). Poor rural

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households tend to rely on selling their only other asset, which is generally unskilled labour. They generally obtain most of their income as agricultural (including fishing) labourers or in unskilled paid work or other occupations close to home. Their livelihoods therefore are often dependent on the natural environment. This usually means exploitation of marine and coastal resources through collection of products from local forests, such as mangroves, and small-scale fishing, hence creating a poverty-environment trap as shown in Figure 3 (Barbier 2015). The rural coastal communities susceptible to this poverty-environment trap are therefore highly vulnerable to an increase in climate change induced coastal hazards, which either threaten directly their livelihoods or indirectly through impacting the key coastal and near-shore ecosystems on which their livelihoods depend (Barbier 2015). Thus, climate change impacts can reinforce the poverty-environment trap faced poor coastal households, and for many others, tip them into the trap. Where there is an increase in coastal Gross Domestic Product (GDP) however, poverty among LECZ rural communities will reduce and they will be better able to cope with and adapt to the hazards associated with climate change (Barbier 2015).

To protect coastal communities, especially the vulnerable rural poor in LECZ, Barbier (2015) suggests two priorities: (i) protecting coastlines and populations from risks posed by damaging storms and (ii) restoring valuable coastal systems - such as salt marshes, oyster and coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass beds, and beaches- that act as natural barriers.

(Source Barbier 2015)

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The following bullets under each subheading provide snapshots of the situation in the CT where available or provide a general overview of the outlook for the region or for issues of relevance to the CT. Note most of the paragraphs are straight extracts as indicated, from the Human Development Report for 2016 (UNDP 2016), the ADB Regional State of the Coral Triangle Report (ADB 2014) and the United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division 2015 World Population Prospects (UNESA 2015).

Population growth and food security

• The current world population of 7.3 billion is expected to reach 8.5 billion by 2030, 9.7 billion in 2050 and 11.2 billion in 2100 (UNDESA 2015). All 6 coral triangle countries had steady positive population growth rate between 2007–2011. Indonesia is in the top 10 countries whose populations are growing fast.

• Of the CT6 population, 90% are in Indonesia and the Philippines—the two countries that have the largest coral reef areas in the region. The Philippines has the highest population density of 307 people per square kilometer (km2), almost three times the population density of Indonesia (122 people per km2 ). Papua New Guinea (PNG) and the Solomon Islands have the lowest population densities at less than 20 people per km2. The Coral Triangle Pacific countries have relatively smaller populations, with Solomon Islands having 0.5 million and Timor-Leste with 1.0 million (ADB 2014).

• In terms of economies there is so much heterogeneity between the coral triangle countries, for example Malaysia is considered almost as a developed country or emerging country. It has a higher Human Development Index (HDI) then China. Both Indonesia and Malaysia are considered to be emerging economies whereas Timore-Leste and Solomon Islands are considered to be least developed countries. Refer table below.

• Within ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) countries, Indonesia has largest

economy, supported by a population of 257 million people. Economic development has led to rising income inequality with 20% of the population holding 80% of the wealth and nearly half of the country’s citizens living on less than US$2/day. Indonesia has the world’s second greatest environmental biodiversity and third highest greenhouse gas emissions.

• Overall, the CT6 are unlikely to meet the demand for resources. Even at current population levels, food insecurity is already being experienced in the region and will be a greater challenge in the future. Signs of deficit in fish supply in the CT6 countries are apparent. Protein consumption contribution to the dietary energy requirements of Indonesia and the

Country Philippines Indonesia Malaysia Timor Leste Papua New Guinea

Solomon Islands

Population 100.9 million 257 million 30.6 million (2014) 1,066,582 7,059,653 553,254 (2011)Area (in sq. km) 298,171 1,904,589 329,750 15,007 462,840 28,896Poverty rate

26.30% 11.03% 0.6% (2014)

49.9 per cent Population below the national poverty line 37.50%

22.7 (2006) basic needs poverty

Per Capita IncomeUS$7,915.2 (2011) US$ 3,440 USD 10,796 (2014) $5,446 $1,790

US$1193.5 (2010) GDP per capita

Human Development Index 0.682 (Rank: 116) 0.689 (Rank 113) 0.79 (Rank 59) 0.605 (Rank: 133) 0.516 (rank 154) 0.515 (Rank: 156)

Sources: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2015;Human Development Report, 2016

UN Data,, Human Development Report, 2016

Sources:UNData,DepartmentofStatisticsMalaysia,HumanDevelopmentReport,2016

Sources:www.timor-leste.gov.tlHumanDevelopmentReport2016,2013,2011

Sources:UNDP,AusAIDandTheWorldBank,HumanDevelopmentReport,2016

Sources:ADBBasicStatistics,2013,SecretariatofthePacificCommunity,2013HumanDevelopmentReport2016,UNStatistics

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Philippines is below the recommended level (Cabral et al. 2013). The per capita fish consumption in PNG and in Solomon Islands is currently below the standard requirement to satisfy their present and future dietary protein need (Bell et al. 2009). It is predicted in the Solomon Islands that by 2030 fisheries production will not be able to supply the demand (Burke et al 2012).

• Globally the population of those aged 60+ is rising 3.26% per year. This is expected to more than double by 2050 and more than triple by 2100. Between 2015 and 2050, 66% of the increase will occur in Asia. By 2050, all major areas of the world except Africa will have nearly a quarter or more of their populations aged 60+ (UNESA 2015).

Human Development, poverty and CT6 countries

• Human development is all about people — expanding their freedoms, enlarging their choices, enhancing their capabilities and improving their opportunities. It is a process as well as an outcome. Human development implies that people must influence the processes that shape their lives. In all this, economic growth is an important means to human development, but not the end. Human development is the development of the people through building human capabilities, by the people through active participation in the processes that shape their lives and for the people by improving their lives (UNDP 2016).

• The global extreme poverty rate (US$1.90 a day) has dropped more than 35% since 1990 - it was estimated at less than 11% in 2013. In East Asia and the Pacific the decrease has been particularly remarkable, falling from 60.2% in 1990 to 3.5% in 2013, and in South Asia, from 44.6% to 15%. However globally, 766 million people, 385 million of them children, lived on less than US$1.90 a day in 2013 (UNDP 2016).

• The poverty index considers probability of not surviving 40 years of age, adult illiteracy, lack of access to improved water sources, and the proportion of undernourished children. On each criterion Malaysia scores best, while the picture is more scattered for the other five countries: the Solomon Islands, for instance, has a better rating on undernourished children than either Indonesia or the Philippines. Estimates of undernourishment in the CT6 vary across the 6 countries and are further impacted by anthropogenic pressures and climate change, as follows (ADB 2014):

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Country

Population, 2009a

% of Population below National Poverty Lineb

Undernourished in the Population

(2005–2007)

No. %

Indonesia 231,370,000 13.3 (2010) 30,078,100 13.0

Malaysia 27,900,000 3.8 (2009) 558,000 2.0

Papua New Guinea 6,348,000 37.0 (2002) 1,650,480 26.0

(1995–1997)

Philippines 92,226,600 26.5 (2009) 13,833,990 15.0

Solomon Islands 515,870 22.7 (2006)c 56,746 11.0

Timor-Leste 1,039,936 49.9 (2007) 322,380 29.5

Total 359,400,406 46,499,696 12.9

• One-third of the world’s food is wasted every year. If one-fourth of the food wasted across the globe could be recovered, it could feed 870 million people. Unless the world tackles deprivation today, 167 million children will live in extreme poverty by 2030, and 69 million children under age 5 will die of preventable causes. These outcomes will definitely shrink the capabilities of future generations (UNDP 2016).

• Some challenges are lingering (deprivations), some are deepening (inequalities) and some are emerging (violent extremism). Some are global (gender inequality), some are regional (water stress) and some are within national boundaries (natural disasters). Most are mutually reinforcing: Climate change reduces food security, and rapid urbanization marginalizes poor people in urban areas. Whatever their nature or reach, these challenges have an impact on people’s well-being as follows (Source UNDP 2016):

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• A survey by the Pew Research Centre reinforces the context specificity of people’s priorities and concerns. Some 83% of respondents in 34 developing countries considered crime to be the biggest problem in their country Corruption, lack of health care, poor schools and water pollution were also viewed as major problems (UNDP 2016).

• Millions of people are on the move because of conflicts, disasters or a search for better economic opportunities. Conflicts, violence and human rights violations have prompted massive displacements of people within or outside their countries (UNDP 2016).

• In 2015 fossil fuels accounted for 55% of global energy investment, and today fossil fuel companies benefit from global subsidies of $10 million a minute. 1 billion people worldwide lack access to electricity. By 2040 the planet’s energy system will need to serve 9 billion people, and much of the energy will have to be renewables (UNDP 2016).

• By 2030 climate change is expected to cause an additional 250,000 deaths a year from malaria, diarrhoea, heat stress and malnutrition. If climate-smart action is not taken now, more than 100 million additional people could be living in poverty by 2030 (UNDP 2016).

• Gender equality and women’s empowerment are fundamental dimensions of human development. On current trends East Asia and the Pacific will take 111 years to close just the economic gender gap. Increasing the number of women in the workforce is an important

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objective, but if they enter it under poor conditions, their empowerment may not be improved (UNDP 2016).

• New technologies are one of the most apparent changes in our current lives. They have lifted economies up, facilitated transportation and communication, led to major advances in health and education, expanded information and participation and created new security tools. Green technologies may be the key to a more sustainable future, where resources are available to all without harming the environment. Information and communication technology has spread exponentially. In 2016, 94.1% of the population in developing countries own a mobile phone, and 40.1% have access to the Internet, up from 7.8% in 2005 (UNESA 2015).

• Broadband coverage and variations in access to computers and smartphones could generate new forms of exclusion. Inexpensive and reliable access to the Internet is becoming essential to the development of capabilities in other areas, such as education, work and political participation. Access to information is crucial for high-quality education and thus for expanding opportunities among children and youth. The biggest challenge is to make these benefits available to all people everywhere. However, the digital divide continues to impede universal benefits and could push people who are already deprived in other areas further behind. Less than half the world’s population (47%) uses the Internet. Only 42% of people in Asia and the Pacific are users (UNDP 2016).

• Three of the world’s ten largest employers are replacing workers with robots, and an estimated 57% of jobs in OECD countries are at risk because of automation. The world is moving towards a knowledge economy, so that low-skilled or marginal workers are losing their livelihoods (UNDP 2016).

• Ongoing differences in culture, customs, traditions, development trajectories, and management systems, among others, in subregions of countries in the Coral Triangle make it difficult to formulate regional policies (ADB 2014)

• Global population growth has implications for fish stocks in the CT that are sold on the global market such as tuna and reef fish. There are implications for domestic markets that depend on reef fish in particular for food security and the need for well managed fisheries in both the offshore and inshore supply chains (Cruz-Trinidad et al 2014).

• Education in various forms, including traditional and/or local knowledge, is the link to the stakeholders’ propensity to protecting their environment. Awareness of the importance of resources, the link between human action and the state of the environment and/or ecosystem, and the integration of traditional ecological knowledge to management can lead to improvements in the state of natural resources. Women, particularly mothers, play an important role in the food security of households. Women’s educational attainment was found to be the single significant factor associated with eradicating children’s malnutrition (ADB 2014).

• General governance and socio economic indicators as follows (Source UNDP 2016):

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Further reading

Asian Development Bank. (2016) Regional state of the Coral Triangle—Coral Triangle marine resources: Their status, economies and management. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2014.

Barbier, E (2015) Climate Change Impacts on Rural Poverty in Low-Elevation Coastal Zones: Shock Waves: Managing the Impacts of Climate Change on Poverty Background Paper, Policy Research Working Paper 7475 World Bank Group

Annabelle Cruz-Trinidad, Porfirio M. Aliño, Rollan C. Geronimo & Reniel B. Cabral (2014) Linking Food Security with Coral Reefs and Fisheries in the Coral Triangle, Coastal Management, 42:2, 160-182, DOI: 10.1080/08920753.2014.877761,

United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2015). World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Tables. Working Paper No. ESA/P/WP.241.

United Nations Development Programme (2016) Human Development Report 2016 Human Development for Everyone

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