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Corso di Laurea in Scienze MotorieCorso di Laurea in Scienze MotorieCorso di Laurea in Scienze MotorieCorso di Laurea in Scienze Motorie
Biologia applicataBiologia applicataBiologia applicataBiologia applicata
Prof.Prof.Prof.Prof. Cinzia Di PietroCinzia Di PietroCinzia Di PietroCinzia Di Pietro
Cinzia Di Pietro
095 – 3782077
Via S. Sofia 87
Pal. C - piano 2 - stanza 010
RECAPITI
La cellula è l’unità fondamentale di tutti gli organismi viventi
Tutti gli organismi viventi sono formati da cellule
Non esiste alcuna forma di vita se non a livello cellulare
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006
Andrew Z. Fire Craig C. Mello
Stanford University
School of Medicine
University of Massachusetts
Medical School
RNA INTERFERENCE
This year's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine isshared by Professor Andrew Z. Fire at Stanford University,
California, USA, and Professor Craig C. Mello at the University of Massachusetts Medical School in Worcester,
USA. They receive the prize for their discovery thatdouble-stranded RNA triggers suppression of gene activityin a homology-dependent manner, a process named RNA
interference (RNAi). Their discovery revealed a new mechanism for gene regulation, and the biochemical
machinery involved plays a key role in many essentialcellular processes. Double-stranded RNA synthesized
within the cell can reduce or abolish gene activity by RNAi-like mechanisms. This control system for gene expressionhas proven to be important for both the development of an
organism and the physiological functions of cells and tissues. Furthermore, RNAi protects against RNA virus infections, especially in plants and invertebrate animals,
and secures genome stability by keeping mobile elementssilent. Today, double-stranded RNA is used as a powerfultool to experimentally elucidate the function of essentiallyany gene in a cell. The discovery of RNAi has alreadyhad an immense impact on biomedical research and will most likely lead to novel medical applications in
the future.
• GCGGCGGCGGGCGGGTACTGGCTTCTGGGGCCAGGGGCCAGGGGCGGTGGGCGCCGGGACCGCGGAGCTGAGGAGCGGGGCCCGGCCAGGGCTGGAGACTTTGCGCCCGGGGGCACCGGGGCTGCGCGCGGTCGCACACATCCACCGGCGCGGCTTCCCTCGGCGGCCCGGGCTCCGCTCATCCTGCGGCGGGCGGCGCCGCTCAGGGGCGGGAAGAGGAGGCGGTAGACGCGACCACAGAAGATGATGATGATGTCGGGCCAAACGCTCACGGATCGGATCGCCGCCGCTCAGTACAGCGTTACAGGCTCTGCTGTAGCAAGAGCGGTCTGCAAAGCCACTACTCATGAAGTAATGGGCCCCAAGAAAAAGCACCTGGACTATTTGATCCAGGCTACCAACGAGACCAATGTTAATATTCCTCAGATGGCCGACACTCTCTTTGAGCGGGCAACAAACAGTAGCTGGGTGGTTGTGTTTAAGGCTTTAGTGACAACACATCATCTCATGGTGCATGGAAATGAGAGATTTATTCAATATTTGGCTTCTAGAAATACACTATTCAATCTCAGCAATTTTTTGGACAAAAGTGGATCCCATGGTTATGATATGTCTACCTTCATAAGGCGCTATAGTAGATATTTGAATGAAAAGGCTTTTTCTTACAGACAGATGGCCTTTGATTTTGCCAGGGTGAAGAAAGGGGCCGATGGTGTAATGAGGACAATGGCTCCCGAAAAGCTGCTAAAGAGTATGCCAATACTACAGGGACAAATTGATGCACTGCTTGAATTTGATGTGCATCCAAATGAACTAACAAATGGTGTCATAAATGCAGCATTTATGCTTCTTTTCAAAGATCTTATCAAACTTTTTGCTTGCTACAATGATGGTGTTATTAACTTACTCGAAAAGTTTTTTGAAATGAAGAAAGGACAATGTAAAGATGCTCTAGAAATTTACAAACGATTTCTAACTAGAATGACACGAGTGTCTGAATTTCTCAAGGTTGCAGAGCAAGTTGGTATTGATAAAGGTGACATTCCTGACCTCACACAGGCTCCCAGCAGTCTTATGGAGACGCTTGAACAGCATCTAAATACATTAGAAGGAAAGAAACCTGGAAACAATGAAGGATCTGGTGCTCCCTCTCCATTAAGTAAGTCTTCTCCAGCCACAACTGTTACGTCTCCTAATTCTACACCAGCTAAAACTATTGACACATCCCCACCGGTTGATTTATTTGCAACTGCATCTGCGGCTGTCCCAGTCAGCACTTCTAAACCATCTAGTGATCTCCTGGACCTCCAGCCAGACTTTTCCTCTGGAGGGGCAGCAGCAGCCGCAGCACCAGCACCACCACCACCTGCTGGAGGAGCCACTGCATGGGGAGACCTTTTGGGAGAGGATTCTTTGGCTGCACTTTCCTCTGTTCCCTCTGAAGCACAGATTTCAGATCCATTTGCACCAGAACCTACCCCTCCTACTACAACTGCTGAAATTGCAACCACTACTGCTGCCACCGCCGCTGCCACCACCACTACCATTCATCTCTTGCCAGCTTAGTAGGCAATCTTGGAATTTCTGGTACCACAACAAAAAAGGGAGATCTTCAGTGGAATGCTGGAGAGAAAAAGTTGACTGGTGGAGCCAACTGGCAGCCTAAAGTAGCTCCAGCAACCTGGTCAGCAGGCGTTCCACCAAGTGCACCTTTGCAAGGAGCTGTACCTCCAACCAGTTCAGTTCCTCCTGTTGCCGGGGCCCCATCGGTTGGACAACCTGGAGCAGGATTTGGAATGCCTCCTGCTGGGACAGGCATGCCCATGATGCCTCAGCAGCCGGTCATGTTTGCACAGCCCATGATGAGGCCCCCCTTTGGAGCTGCCGCTGTACCTGGCACGCAGCTTTCTCCAAGCCCTACACCTGCCAGTCAGAGTCCCAAGAAACCTCCAGCAAAGGACCCATTAGCGGATCTTAACATCAAGGATTTCTTGTAAACAATTTAAGCTGCAATATTTGTGACTGAATAGGAAAATAAATGAGTTTGGAGACTTCAAATAATAATAATAAGATTGATGCTGAGTTTCAAAGGGAGCCACCAGTACCAAACCCAATACTTACTCATAACTTCTCTTCCAAAATGTGTAACACAGCCGTGAAAGTGAACATTAGGAATATGTACTACCTTAGCTGTTATCCCTACTCTTGAAATTGTAGTGTATTTGGATTATTTGTGTATTGTACGATGTAAACAATGAATGGATGTTACTGATGCCGTTAGTGCTTTTTTGGACTTCACCTGAGGACAGATGATGCAGCTGTTGTGTGGCGAGCTATTTGGAAAGACGTCTGTGTTTTTGAAGGTTTCAATGTACATATAACTTTTGAACAAACCCCAAACTCTTCCCATAAATTATCTTTTCTTCTGTATCTCTGTTACAAGCGTAGTGTGATAATACCAGATAATAAGGAAAACACTCATAAATATACAAAACTTTTTCAGTGTGGAGTACATTTTTCCAATCACAGGAACTTCAACTGTTGTGAGAAATGTTTATTTTTGTGGCACTGTATATGTTAAGAAATTTTATTTTAAAAAATATAAAGGTTAACGTCCATAATAAATACTTCTCTTTGAAGCTACCTTATCAAGAACGAAAAATCGTATGGGAAGAATCCCCTATTTATCACTGCTATATTAAAATATATATATTTTAATTATATTTGACAGGTTTTGCATCTAAATTGACCTATTTATTCATTCTTGATTAAATGCACTGAAAAGTAAAATTTAAAAGTGGTTGTATCTGAATTTACTGTGGGGATAACATACACTGTAATGGGGAAAAATTACCTAAAACCAATTTCAAAATGGCTTTCTTTGTATTTCAGTTTAAAAACCCAGTGCATGTACGCCCTCTGAGATGCAATAAACACCTTGAACAAAG
3*109 bp 150*106 bp 1-5*106 bp
Human Genome Project
Human Genome Project
1990 – 2001 – ………….
Studio delle malattie genetiche
15 15 15 15 FebruaryFebruaryFebruaryFebruary 2001200120012001
Tutte le malattie hanno una componente genetica
Malattie genetiche
Ad eredità mendelianaTalassemia, falcemia, fibrosi cistica
Fenotipi complessiNeoplasie, malattie degenerative
Oltre alle classiche malattie genetiche,
la risposta a stress ambientali, a virus, a tossine
dipendono dal genoma individuale.
Variazioni della sequenza del genoma quindi
causano o contribuiscono
all’insorgenza di malattie.
Struttura e funzione della cellula
• la cellula come base dell’organizzazione elementare della vita
• composizione e struttura dei carboidrati, lipidi, acidi nucleici e proteine
• principi di classificazione degli organismi viventi
• virus (modalità di infezione, ciclo litico e ciclo lisogenico)
• la cellula procariotica. Classificazione dei procarioti
Organizzazione della cellula eucariotica
• Le Membrane Cellulari
• I Meccanismi di trasporto attraverso le membrane
• Il Citoscheletro
• Reticolo endoplasmatico liscio e rugoso, l’Apparato del Golgi, Lisosomi e Perossisomi
• I Mitocondri
• Il Nucleo
• La Trasduzione del segnale
Il gene eucariotico
• La Trascrizione
• La Sintesi proteica
• La Regolazione dell’espressione genica
• Le Mutazioni geniche
Il ciclo cellulare
• La duplicazione del DNA
• La Mitosi e la Meiosi
• Lo Studio del Cariotipo
• I Meccanismi di Regolazione del Ciclo Cellulare
• Il Fenotipo Neoplastico
Ereditarietà
• Eredità Mendeliana
• Eredità associata al cromosoma X ed al cromosoma Y
• Eredità Multifattoriale
• Malattie genetiche
Il Progetto Genoma Umano