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COSPAR 2008, Montreal, 13 JulyPatrick Slane (CfA)
What Do SNR Shocks Tells Us?
SNR Shocks:
ā¢ Trace SNR dynamical evolution through heated CSM/ISM and ejecta, and reveal nature and environment of their progenitorsā¢ Compress and amplify ambient magnetic fields, leading to particle accelerationā¢ Mitigate electron heating through plasma or collisional processes
Major Uncertainties Include:
ā¢ Electron-ion temperature equilibration processes and timescalesā¢ Approach to ionization equilibrium, and the effects of heating and particle accelerationā¢ The strength of magnetic fields at the forward and reverse shockā¢ Particle injection in the acceleration processā¢ The roll of turbulence in ejecta mixing, field amplification, and other dynamical processesI.e., just about everythingā¦
Here we touch on what X-ray observations of SNR shocks bring to some of these issues
COSPAR 2008, Montreal, 13 JulyPatrick Slane (CfA)
SNRs: The (very) Basic Structure
ISM
Sh
ock
ed ISM
Sh
ock
ed E
ject
a
Unsh
ock
ed
Eje
cta
PW
N
Puls
ar
Win
d
Forward Shock
Reverse ShockPWN Shock
PulsarTerminationShock
ā¢ Pulsar Wind - sweeps up ejecta; shock decelerates flow, accelerates particles; PWN forms
ā¢ Supernova Remnant - sweeps up ISM; reverse shock heats ejecta; ultimately compresses PWN; particles accelerated at forward shock generate magnetic turbulence; other particles scatter off this and receive additional acceleration
COSPAR 2008, Montreal, 13 JulyPatrick Slane (CfA)
ā¢ Expanding blast wave moves supersonically through CSM/ISM; creates shock - mass, momentum, and energy conservation across shock give (with =5/3)
X-ray emitting temperatures
shock
ā¬
P0,Ļ 0,v0
ā¬
P1,Ļ1,v1
v
Shocks in SNRs: Thermal Spectra
ā¬
1 =Ī³ +1
Ī³ ā1Ļ 0 = 4Ļ 0
ā¬
v1 =Ī³ ā1
Ī³ +1v0 =
v0
4
ā¬
T1 =2(Ī³ ā1)
(Ī³ +1)2
Ī¼
km H v0
2 =1.3Ć107 v10002 K
ā¬
vps =3vs
4
COSPAR 2008, Montreal, 13 JulyPatrick Slane (CfA)
Tracking the EjectaType Ia:
ā¢ Complete burning of 1.4 Mo C-O white dwarf
ā¢ Produces mostly Fe-peak nuclei (Ni, Fe, Co) - very low O/Fe ratio
ā¢ Si-C/Fe sensitive to transition from deflagration to detonation; probes density structure - X-ray spectra constrain burning models
ā¢ Products stratified; preserve burning structure
COSPAR 2008, Montreal, 13 JulyPatrick Slane (CfA)
Tracking the EjectaType Ia:
ā¢ Complete burning of 1.4 Mo C-O white dwarf
ā¢ Produces mostly Fe-peak nuclei (Ni, Fe, Co) - very low O/Fe ratio
ā¢ Si-C/Fe sensitive to transition from deflagration to detonation; probes density structure - X-ray spectra constrain burning models
ā¢ Products stratified; preserve burning structure
Core Collapse:
ā¢ Explosive nucleosynthesis builds up light elements - very high O/Fe ratio
ā¢ Fe mass probes mass cut
ā¢ O, Ne, Mg, Fe very sensitive to progenitor mass
ā¢ Ejecta distribution probes mixing by instabilities
COSPAR 2008, Montreal, 13 JulyPatrick Slane (CfA)
DEM L71: a Type Ia
ā¢ ~5000 yr old LMC SNR
ā¢ Outer shell consistent with swept-up ISM - LMC-like abundances
ā¢ Central emission evident at E > 0.7 keV - primarily Fe-L - Fe/O > 5 times solar; typical of Type Ia
Hughes et al. 2003
ā¢ Total ejecta mass is ~1.5 solar masses - reverse shock has heated all ejecta
ā¢ Spectral fits give MFe ~ 0.8-1.5 Mo and MSi ~ 0.12-0.24 Mo - consistent w/ Type Ia progenitor
COSPAR 2008, Montreal, 13 JulyPatrick Slane (CfA)
SNR 0509-67.5ā¢ SNR 0509-67.5 is a young SNR in the LMC - identified as Type Ia based on ASCA spectrum (Hughes et al. 1995)
ā¢ Observations of optical light echoes establish age as ~400 yr - spectra of light echoes indicate that SNR is result of an SN 1991T- like (bright, highly energetic, Type Ia) SN (Rest et al. 2008)
ā¢ Comparison of hydrodynamic and non-equilibrium ionization models for emission from Type Ia events with X-ray image and spectrum indicates E = 1.4 x 1051 erg s-1 and M(56Ni)=0.97 Mo (i.e. energetic, high-luminosity, 1991T-like event) - X-ray analysis can be used to infer type and details of SNe!
Rest et al. 2005
Badenes et al. 2008
COSPAR 2008, Montreal, 13 JulyPatrick Slane (CfA)
ā¢ Expanding blast wave moves supersonically through CSM/ISM; creates shock - mass, momentum, and energy conservation across shock give (with =5/3)
ā¢ Shock velocity gives temperature of gas - can get from X-rays (modulo NEI effects)
ā¢ If cosmic-ray pressure is present the temperature will be lower than this - radius of forward shock affected as well
X-ray emitting temperatures
shock
ā¬
P0,Ļ 0,v0
ā¬
P1,Ļ1,v1
v
Shocks in SNRs: Dynamics
Ellison et al. 2007
=0=.63
ā¬
1 =Ī³ +1
Ī³ ā1Ļ 0 = 4Ļ 0
ā¬
v1 =Ī³ ā1
Ī³ +1v0 =
v0
4
ā¬
T1 =2(Ī³ ā1)
(Ī³ +1)2
Ī¼
km H v0
2 =1.3Ć107 v10002 K
ā¬
vps =3vs
4
COSPAR 2008, Montreal, 13 JulyPatrick Slane (CfA)
Aside: Evidence for CR Ion Acceleration
Tycho Ellison et al. 2007
Warren et al. 2005
ā¢ Efficient particle acceleration in SNRs affects dynamics of shock - for given age, FS is closer to CD and RS with efficient CR production
ā¢ This is observed in Tychoās SNR - ādirectā evidence of CR ion acceleration
Forward Shock(nonthermal electrons)
COSPAR 2008, Montreal, 13 JulyPatrick Slane (CfA)
Aside: Evidence for CR Ion Acceleration Ellison et al. 2007Tycho
Warren et al. 2005
ā¢ Efficient particle acceleration in SNRs affects dynamics of shock - for given age, FS is closer to CD and RS with efficient CR production
ā¢ This is observed in Tychoās SNR - ādirectā evidence of CR ion acceleration
Reverse Shock(ejecta - here Fe-K)
COSPAR 2008, Montreal, 13 JulyPatrick Slane (CfA)
Aside: Evidence for CR Ion Acceleration Ellison et al. 2007Tycho
Warren et al. 2005
Warren et al. 2005
ā¢ Efficient particle acceleration in SNRs affects dynamics of shock - for given age, FS is closer to CD and RS with efficient CR production
ā¢ This is observed in Tychoās SNR - ādirectā evidence of CR ion acceleration
ContactDiscontinuity
COSPAR 2008, Montreal, 13 JulyPatrick Slane (CfA)
ā¢ Expanding blast wave moves supersonically through CSM/ISM; creates shock - mass, momentum, and energy conservation across shock give (with =5/3)
ā¢ Shock velocity gives temperature of gas - can get from X-rays (modulo NEI effects)
ā¢ If cosmic-ray pressure is present the temperature will be lower than this - radius of forward shock affected as well
shock
ā¬
P0,Ļ 0,v0
ā¬
P1,Ļ1,v1
v
Shocks in SNRs: Nonthermal Spectra
Ellison et al. 2007
ā¬
1 =Ī³ +1
Ī³ ā1Ļ 0 = 4Ļ 0
ā¬
v1 =Ī³ ā1
Ī³ +1v0 =
v0
4
ā¬
vps =3vs
4
COSPAR 2008, Montreal, 13 JulyPatrick Slane (CfA)
Broadband Emission from SNRs
Ellison, Slane, &Gaensler (2001)
ā¢ synchrotron emission dominates spectrum from radio to x-rays - shock acceleration of electrons (and protons) to > 1013 eV - Emax set by age or energy losses - observed as spectral turnover
ā¢ inverse-Compton scattering probes same electron population; need self- consistent model w/ synchrotron
ā¢ pion production depends on density - thermal X-ray emission provides constraints
COSPAR 2008, Montreal, 13 JulyPatrick Slane (CfA)
-rays from G347.3-0.5 (RX J1713.7-3946)
ā¢ X-ray observations reveal a nonthermal spectrum everywhere in G347.3-0.5 - evidence for cosmic-ray acceleration - based on X-ray synchrotron emission, infer electron energies of ~50 TeV
ā¢ This SNR is detected directly in TeV gamma-rays, by HESS - -ray morphology very similar to x-rays; suggests I-C emission - spectrum seems to suggest -decay WHAT IS EMISSION MECHANISM?
ROSAT PSPC HESS
Slane et al. 1999 Aharonian et al. 2006
COSPAR 2008, Montreal, 13 JulyPatrick Slane (CfA)
Modeling the EmissionMoraitis & Mastichiadis 2007
ā¢ Joint analysis of radio, X-ray, and -ray data allow us to investigate the broad band spectrum - data can be accommodated by synch. emission in radio/X-ray and pion decay (with some IC) in -ray - however, two-zone model for electrons fits -rays as well, without pion-decay component
ā¢ Pion model requires dense ambient material - but, implied densities appear in conflict with thermal X-ray upper limits
ā¢ Origin of emission NOT YET CLEAR
COSPAR 2008, Montreal, 13 JulyPatrick Slane (CfA)
Modeling the Emission
1d
1m
1y
ā¢ Joint analysis of radio, X-ray, and -ray data allow us to investigate the broad band spectrum - data can be accommodated by synch. emission in radio/X-ray and pion decay (with some IC) in -ray - however, two-zone model for electrons fits -rays as well, without pion-decay component
ā¢ Pion model requires dense ambient material - but, implied densities appear in conflict with thermal X-ray upper limits
ā¢ Origin of emission NOT YET CLEAR - GLAST MAY SETTLE ISSUE
Moraitis & Mastichiadis 2007
For kT > 0.25 keV,
while hadronic modelsrequire n0 > 0.8 cm-3ā¬
n0 ā¤ 0.2d1ā1/2 cmā3
Slane et al. 1999
COSPAR 2008, Montreal, 13 JulyPatrick Slane (CfA)
ā¢ Particles scatter from MHD waves in background plasma - pre-existing, or generated by streaming ions themselves - scattering mean-free-path
(i.e., most energetic particles have very large and escape)
ā¢ Maximum energies determined by either: age ā finite age of SNR (and thus of acceleration)
radiative losses (synchrotron)
escape ā scattering efficiency decreases w/ energy
ā¬
=Ī·rg =Ī·E /eB
ā¬
Ī· =Ī“BB
ā
ā ā
ā
ā āā2
ā„1
Diffusive Shock Acceleration
ā¬
Emax (age) ~ 0.5v82t3BĪ¼G (Ī·RJ )
ā1TeV
ā¬
Emax (loss) ~ 100v8(BĪ¼GĪ·RJ )ā1/ 2 TeV
ā¬
Emax (escape) ~ 20BĪ¼GĪ»17TeV
see Reynolds 2008
High B => High Emax
High B => Low Emax for e+-
High B => High Emax
magnetic field
amplification
important!
COSPAR 2008, Montreal, 13 JulyPatrick Slane (CfA)
ā¢ Particles scatter from MHD waves in background plasma - pre-existing, or generated by streaming ions themselves - scattering mean-free-path
(i.e., most energetic particles have very large and escape)
ā¢ Maximum energies determined by either: age ā finite age of SNR (and thus of acceleration)
radiative losses (synchrotron)
escape ā scattering efficiency decreases w/ energy
ā¬
=Ī·rg =Ī·E /eB
Diffusive Shock Acceleration
ā¬
Emax (age) ~ 0.5v82t3BĪ¼G (Ī·RJ )
ā1TeV
ā¬
Emax (loss) ~ 100v8(BĪ¼GĪ·RJ )ā1/ 2 TeV
ā¬
Emax (escape) ~ 20BĪ¼GĪ»17TeV
see Reynolds 2008 Electrons: - large B lowers max energy due to synch. losses
Ions: - small B lowers max energy due to inability to confine energetic particles
Current observations suggest high B fields
COSPAR 2008, Montreal, 13 JulyPatrick Slane (CfA)
Thin Filaments: B Amplification?ā¢ Thin nonthermal X-ray filaments are now observed in many SNRs, including SN 1006, Cas A, Kepler, Tycho, RX J1713, and others - observed drop in synchrotron emissivity is too rapid to be the result of adiabatic expansion
ā¢ Vink & Laming (2003) and others argue that this suggests large radiative losses in a strong magnetic field:
ā¢ Diffusion length upstream appears to be very small as well (Bamba et al. 2003) - we donāt see a āhaloā of synchrotron emission in the upstream region
ā¢ Alternatively, Pohl et al (2005) argue that field itself is confined to small filaments due to small damping scale
ā¬
B ~ 200v82 / 3 l
0.01pc
ā
ā ā
ā
ā ā
ā2 / 3
Ī¼G
ā¬
lD ~Īŗ
v, but Īŗ ā Bā1
COSPAR 2008, Montreal, 13 JulyPatrick Slane (CfA)
Rapid Time Variability: B Amplification?
ā¢ Along NW rim of G347.3-0.5, brightness variations observed on timescales of ~1 yr - if interpreted as synchrotron-loss or acceleration timescales, B is huge: B ~ 1 mG
ā¢ This, along with earlier measurements of the nonthermal spectrum in Cas A, may support the notion of magnetic field amplification => potential high energies for ions
ā¢ Notion still in question; there are other ways of getting such variations (e.g. motion across compact magnetic filaments); more investigation needed
Lazendic et al. 2004
Uchiyama et al. 2008
ā¬
tsyn ~ 1.5BmGā3 / 2ĪµkeV
ā1/ 2yr
ā¬
tacc ~ 9BmGā3 / 2ĪµkeV
1/ 2 v1000-2 yr
COSPAR 2008, Montreal, 13 JulyPatrick Slane (CfA)
Time Variations in Cas Aā¢ Cas A is expanding rapidly
ā¢ Significant brightness variations are seen on timescales of years - ejecta knots seen lighting up as reverse shock crosses
ā¢ Variability seen in high energy continuum as well - similar to results from RX J1713.7-3946
ā¢ Uchiyma & Aharonian (2008) identify variations along region of inner shell, suggesting particle accelerations at reverse shock - many more observations needed to understand this!
COSPAR 2008, Montreal, 13 JulyPatrick Slane (CfA)
Summaryā¢ X-ray observations of SNRs provide spectra that probe the composition and thermodynamic state of ejecta - provides constraints on progenitor types and explosion physics
ā¢ X-ray imaging and spectroscopy trace position of FS/CD/RS - provides dynamical information about evolutionary state as well as evidence for particle acceleration X-ray dynamics indicated strong hadronic component - X-ray spectra (thermal and nonthermal) place constraints on nature of VHE -ray emission
ā¢ Several lines of argument lead to conclusion that the magnetic field is amplified to large values in shock - thin filaments; rapid variability this could allow acceleration of hadrons to ~knee - other explanations for above exist, without large B; further study needed