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1 CospasSarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs Danis Unverdi CospasSarsat Expert

Cospas Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs · 1 Cospas‐Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs Danis Unverdi Cospas‐Sarsat Expert

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Page 1: Cospas Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs · 1 Cospas‐Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs Danis Unverdi Cospas‐Sarsat Expert

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Cospas‐Sarsat Ground StationsLEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs

Danis Unverdi

Cospas‐Sarsat Expert

Page 2: Cospas Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs · 1 Cospas‐Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs Danis Unverdi Cospas‐Sarsat Expert

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Page 3: Cospas Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs · 1 Cospas‐Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs Danis Unverdi Cospas‐Sarsat Expert

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LUT TYPES

Local User Terminals:

• LEOLUT– Low Earth Orbit (LEO)

– Satellites: Cospas and Sarsat

• GEOLUT– Geostationary Orbit (GEO)

– Satellites: GOES, MSG, INSAT (and ELEKTRO‐L)

• MEOLUT– Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)

– Satellites: DASS (and GALILEO, GLONASS)

Page 4: Cospas Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs · 1 Cospas‐Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs Danis Unverdi Cospas‐Sarsat Expert

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LEOLUTs

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Page 6: Cospas Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs · 1 Cospas‐Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs Danis Unverdi Cospas‐Sarsat Expert

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Page 7: Cospas Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs · 1 Cospas‐Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs Danis Unverdi Cospas‐Sarsat Expert

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Page 8: Cospas Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs · 1 Cospas‐Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs Danis Unverdi Cospas‐Sarsat Expert

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LEOLUT COMPONENTS

A LEOLUT consists of:

• Antenna (typical diametre: 1.5 metres)

• Rack

– Server(s)

– A/D card

– GPS card

– System test source

– Comms equipment

– UPS

• GPS antenna

Page 9: Cospas Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs · 1 Cospas‐Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs Danis Unverdi Cospas‐Sarsat Expert

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LEOSAR PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

• Beacon transmits omni‐directional signal from ground (406 MHz)

• LEO satellite receives signal

• Satellite motion creates Doppler shift in beacon carrier frequency

• Signals are partially processed onboard the LEO satellite

• LEOLUT receives signal (L‐band 1,544.5 MHz carrier)

• LEOLUT decodes signal and extracts beacon message (including GPSlocation information, if available)

• Doppler shift used by LEOLUT for position calculation

• LEOLUT transmits beacon identification and location data to national MCC

Page 10: Cospas Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs · 1 Cospas‐Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs Danis Unverdi Cospas‐Sarsat Expert

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LEOLUT FUNCTIONS

• Maintain and follow a Pass Schedule to track LEO satellites (LEOLUTs most often follow an MCC‐optimized tracking schedule)

• Receive and demodulate downlink signal (L‐band 1,544.5 MHz)• Decode SARP Processed Data Stream• Detect and process beacon signals from SARR stream• Perform error correction on decoded beacon message (BCH)• Determine beacon location (Doppler)• Combined LEO/GEO processing (optional, and if a GEOLUT is available)• Forward beacon identification and location data to national MCC• Maintain satellite orbit data information• Maintain accurate time using GPS• Interference monitoring in the 406 MHz band• Check and report on Status• Generate alarms and warnings

Page 11: Cospas Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs · 1 Cospas‐Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs Danis Unverdi Cospas‐Sarsat Expert

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DOPPLER EFFECT

Page 12: Cospas Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs · 1 Cospas‐Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs Danis Unverdi Cospas‐Sarsat Expert

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DOPPLER EFFECT

• Swift satellite motion (≈7 km/sec) creates Doppler shift on 406 MHz beacon signal

• LEOLUT determines Time of Closest Approach of the satellite to the beacon (TCA) and Cross‐Track Angle (CTA)

• LEOLUT calculates beacon location (latitude, longitude) using TCA, CTA and precise knowledge of satellite orbit

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DOPPLER AMBIGUITY

• Location calculation using the received Doppler curve results in two positions (ambiguity)

• Taking the rotation of the Earth into account, LEOLUT determines the more probable position (A‐side)

• The less probable position is labelled B‐side

• Ambiguity is later resolved by MCC using independent location data (either from two satellite passes or the GPS location received in beacon signal)

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LEOLUT COVERAGE

• LEO satellite altitude: 850 – 1,000 km

• At a given time, a LEO satellite covers a circle of a radius of ≈2,500 km (size of a small continent)

• A LEOLUT can “see” any LEO satellite within a circle of a radius of ≈2,500 km (size of a small continent)

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LEOLUT COVERAGE

Therefore, depending on satellite pass geometry, a LEOLUT can locate, in real‐time, a beacon located at thousands of km from the LEOLUT location (up to ≈5,000 km in East – West direction)

Page 16: Cospas Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs · 1 Cospas‐Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs Danis Unverdi Cospas‐Sarsat Expert

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LEOLUT COVERAGE

• The local coverage region for a LEOLUT is an oval shape, around 4,000 km in East –West direction and 2,500 km in North –South direction

• However, in global mode, a LEOLUT can locate a beacon anywhere in the world (store and forward capability of LEO satellites)

Page 17: Cospas Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs · 1 Cospas‐Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs Danis Unverdi Cospas‐Sarsat Expert

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LEOSAR LOCAL COVERAGE

Page 18: Cospas Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs · 1 Cospas‐Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs Danis Unverdi Cospas‐Sarsat Expert

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57 LEOLUTs WORLDWIDE

1 Ouargla, Algeria 17 Toulouse, France 33 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia*2 El Palomar, Argentina 18 Penteli, Greece 34 Singapore3 Rio Grande, Argentina 19 Bangalore, India 35 Cape Town, South Africa4 Albany, Australia 20 Luchnow, India 36 Maspalomas, Spain5 Bundaberg, Australia 21 Jakarta, Indonesia 37 Bangkok, Tailand*6 Brasilia, Brazil 22 Bari, Italy 38 Ankara, Turkey*7 Manaus, Brazil 23 Keelung, ITDC* 39 Abu Dhabi, UAE8 Recife, Brazil 24 Gunma, Japan 40 Combe Martin, UK9 Churchill, Canada 25 Incheon, Korea 41 Alaska, USA*10 Edmonton, Canada 26 Abuja, Nigeria 42 California, USA*11 Goose Bay, Canada 27 Wellington, New Zealand 43 Florida, USA*12 Eastern Island, Chile 28 Tromsoe, Norway 44 Guam*13 Punta Arenas, Chile 29 Spitsbergen, Norway 45 Hawaii, USA*14 Santiago, Chile 30 Karachi, Pakistan 46 Haiphong, Vietnam15 Beijing, China* 31 Callao, Peru16 Hong Kong, China* 32 Nakhodka, Russia

* These LEOLUTs are dual systems (11 dual LEOLUTs in total).

Page 19: Cospas Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs · 1 Cospas‐Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs Danis Unverdi Cospas‐Sarsat Expert

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SYSTEM WAIT TIME

• For a given LEOLUT, it may take anywhere between 3-4 minutes to several hours to detect / locate a beacon after beacon activation

• For a beacon at mid-latitudes, the average wait time for detection by LEOSAR is 1 to 1.5 hours with a constellation of 4 to 6 satellites (gaps in Southern hemisphere)

• Inter-MCC communications notifies the relevant MCCs

Page 20: Cospas Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs · 1 Cospas‐Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs Danis Unverdi Cospas‐Sarsat Expert

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GEOLUTs

Page 21: Cospas Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs · 1 Cospas‐Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs Danis Unverdi Cospas‐Sarsat Expert

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Page 23: Cospas Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs · 1 Cospas‐Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs Danis Unverdi Cospas‐Sarsat Expert

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GEOLUT COMPONENTS

A GEOLUT consists of:

• Antenna (typical diametre: 5 metres)

• Rack

– Server(s)

– A/D card

– GPS card

– Comms equipment

– UPS

• GPS antenna

Page 24: Cospas Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs · 1 Cospas‐Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs Danis Unverdi Cospas‐Sarsat Expert

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GEOSAR PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

• Beacon transmits omni‐directional signal from ground (406 MHz)

• GEO satellite receives signal

• No Doppler shift in beacon carrier frequency because GEO satellite is immobile with respect to the beacon

• No processing of signals onboard the GEO satellite

• GEOLUT receives signal (L‐band 1,544.5 MHz carrier)

• GEOLUT decodes signal and extracts beacon message (including GPSlocation information, if available)

• No further position calculation possible because no Doppler shift

• GEOLUT transmits beacon identification data (and GPS location, if available) to national MCC

Page 25: Cospas Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs · 1 Cospas‐Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs Danis Unverdi Cospas‐Sarsat Expert

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GEOLUT FUNCTIONS

• No Pass Schedule because GEO satellite is immobile with respect to the GEOLUT

• Receive and demodulate downlink signal (L‐band 1,544.5 MHz)

• Detect and process beacon signals received from satellite repeater

• Message integration

• Perform error correction on integrated beacon message (BCH)

• No beacon location calculation (because no Doppler)

• Help combined LEO/GEO processing (optional, and if a LEOLUT is available)

• Forward beacon identification data (and GPS location, if available) to national MCC

• No need to maintain satellite orbit data information

• Maintain accurate time using GPS

• Check and report on Status

• Generate alarms and warnings

Page 26: Cospas Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs · 1 Cospas‐Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs Danis Unverdi Cospas‐Sarsat Expert

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GEOLUT COVERAGE

• GEO satellite altitude: ≈36,000 km

• At all times, a GEO satellite covers a circle of a radius of ≈8,500 km (size of an ocean)

• A GEOLUT can detect any beacon within the GEO satellite footprint within minutes (virtually no wait time)

Page 27: Cospas Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs · 1 Cospas‐Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs Danis Unverdi Cospas‐Sarsat Expert

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GLOBAL GEOLUT COVERAGE

Page 28: Cospas Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs · 1 Cospas‐Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs Danis Unverdi Cospas‐Sarsat Expert

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20 GEOLUTs WORLDWIDE

Geostationary Satellite1 Algiers, Algeria MSG-22 El Palomar, Argentina GOES-East3 Brasilia, Brazil GOES-East4 Recife, Brazil GOES-East5 Edmonton, Canada GOES-West6 Ottawa, Canada GOES-East7 Santiago, Chile GOES-East8 Toulouse, France MSG-29 Penteli, Greece MSG-210 Bangalore, India INSAT-3A11 Bari, Italy MSG-212 Wellington (1), New Zealand GOES-West

Wellington (2), New Zealand GOES-West13 Fauske, Norway MSG-114 Maspalomas, Spain GOES-East15 Maspalomas (2), Spain MSG-216 Ankara, Turkey MSG-117 Abu Dhabi, UAE MSG-218 Combe Martin, UK MSG-2 (standby GOES-East)19 Maryland (1), USA GOES-East20 Maryland (2), USA GOES-West

Page 29: Cospas Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs · 1 Cospas‐Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs Danis Unverdi Cospas‐Sarsat Expert

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LEOSAR / GEOSAR COMPLEMENTARITY

LEOSAR:

• No continuous coverage (“small”footprint, few satellites)

• Large wait times (1.5 hours average at mid‐latitudes)

• Polar coverage (polar orbit)

• Doppler position (and GPS location, if available)

• Less affected by obstructions (ground relief, etc.)

• Combined LEO/GEO processing

• LEO alert pinpoints location

GEOSAR:

• Continuous coverage within very large satellite footprint

• Virtually no wait time for beacons in footprint ( a few minutes)

• No polar coverage

• No Doppler position; only GPS location, if available

• Detection is subject to obstructions (ground relief, etc.)

• Combined LEO/GEO processing

• GEO alert triggers SAR action

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MEOLUTs

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MEOSAR IS STILL EVOLVING !

• MEOSAR was conceived in the late 1990’s to remedy the shortcomings of LEOSAR/GEOSAR:– Continuous coverage anywhere on the Earth

– Instantaneous location determination (in particular, single‐burst location), assuming 3 or more channels

– Capable of tracking moving beacons (drifting vessels, aircraft before crash)

– Unaffected by obstructions (ground relief, etc.)

• Various satellite constellations:– DASS (GPS) from USA

– GALILEO from EU

– GLONASS from Russia

• Currently limited to a “small” number of satellites (9 DASS satellites)

• First GLONASS satellites expected in 2011, first GALILEO satellites in 2012

• D&E to start in 2012 (D&E planning meeting in March 2011)

• Operations expected to start circa 2015 (IOC)

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TENTATIVE MEOSAR TIME LINE

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MEOSAR SATELLITE CONSTELLATIONS

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ADVANTAGES OF MEOSAR

GEOLimited PolarCoverage

LEOIntermittent Coverage

MEOVirtually 100%Continuous Coverage

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MEOLUT COMPONENTS

A MEOLUT consists of:

• Antenna (typical diametre: 2.4 metres or more)

• Rack

– Servers

– A/D device

– GPS device

– RF equipment

– Comms equipment

– UPS

– Auxiliary devices

• GPS antennas

Page 38: Cospas Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs · 1 Cospas‐Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs Danis Unverdi Cospas‐Sarsat Expert

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MEOSAR SYSTEM CONCEPT

• Beacon signal received by MEOLUT through a number of MEO satellites (multi‐channel system)

• Immediate location calculation using TDOA / FDOA techniques

• Networking possibility in order to increase the MEOLUT’s number of channels

• DASS, GALILEO and GLONASS interoperable (a MEOLUT can track and process satellites of all 3 constellations)

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RETURN LINK SERVICE (RLS)

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MEOSAR PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

• Beacon transmits omni‐directional signal from ground (406 MHz)

• Several MEO satellites receive signal

• Small Doppler shift in beacon carrier frequency because MEO satellites move slowly with respect to the beacon

• No processing of signals onboard the MEO satellites

• MEOLUT receives signal from several MEO satellites (S‐band 2,226.5 MHz, in the future: L‐band 1,544.1 MHz and 1,544.9 MHz carrier)

• MEOLUT decodes signal and extracts beacon message (including GPS location information, if available)

• Burts‐level data exchange between MEOLUTs (networking)

• TDOA / FDOA techniques used by MEOLUT for position calculation

• In the future: MEOLUT transmits beacon identification and location data to national MCC

• In the future: Return Link Service by GALILEO (RLS) ‐ a novelty!

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MEOLUT FUNCTIONS

• Maintain and follow a Pass Schedule to track MEO satellites

• Receive and demodulate downlink signal from several MEO satellites (S‐band 2,226.5 MHz, in the future: L‐band 1,544.1 MHz and 1,544.9 MHz carrier)

• Detect and process beacon signals received from satellite repeaters

• Perform error correction on decoded beacon message (BCH)

• Transmit burts‐level data to other MEOLUTs (networking)

• Determine beacon location (TDOA / FDOA, no ambiguity unlike MEOLUT)

• In the future: Forward beacon identification and location data to national MCC

• Obtain satellite orbit data from GPS downlink stream

• Maintain accurate time using GPS

• Check and report on Status

• Generate alarms and warnings

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MEOLUT COVERAGE

• MEO satellite altitude: ≈20,000 km (19,000 km to 24,000 km)

• At a given time, a MEO satellite covers an area almost as large as a GEO satellite’s coverage area (size of an ocean)

• Unlike GEO satellites, MEO satellites move

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MEOLUT COVERAGE

Coverage area of a single stand‐alone (non‐networked) MEOLUT tracking GALILEO satellites(beacon‐satellite elevation: 5˚, MEOLUT‐satellite elevation: 15 ˚)

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MEOLUT COVERAGE

• Assumptions:– Constellation: 9 DASS + 1 MSG (GEO)

– PLB antenna pattern (optimistic detection probability)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

-20 0 20 40 60 80-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

Longitude (deg E)

Latit

ude

(deg

N)

Average Number of Mutually Visible Satellites (4 MEO + 1 GEO Antenna)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

-20 0 20 40 60 80-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

Longitude (deg E)

Latit

ude

(deg

N)

Average Number of Mutually Visible Satellites (2 MEO + 1 GEO Antenna)

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8 “MEOLUTs” TODAY

Brazil (Brasilia): 2 channels

Canada (Ottawa): 3 channels (+ GEO channels)

EU (Toulouse): 4 channels

France (Toulouse): 2 channels

Russia (Moscow): 1 channel

Turkey (Ankara): 2 channels (+ 1 GEO channel)

UK (Kinloss): 2 channels

USA (Washington DC): 4 channels

Total: 20 channels

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DESIRED MEOSAR PERFORMANCE

• Expected performance of combined DASS and GALILEO constellations (subsequent beacon transmissions could be used to refine the location and an accuracy of 1 km could be achievable within [TBD] minutes after a beacon started transmitting).

EWG‐1/2011 Montreal (February 2011):• First burst 2D independent location 

accuracy within 5 km 90% of the time;• 2D independent location accuracy of:

– 5 km 95% of the time within 30 seconds,– 1 km 95% of the time within 5 minutes,– 100 m 95% of the time within 30 minutes;

• Encoded location accuracy of 30 m in latitude and longitude, 95% of the time,within 5 minutes of beacon activation; and

• If available, encoded altitude information accuracy of 50 m, 95% of the time, within 5 minutes of beacon activation.

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DISPLAY OF BEACON INFORMATION

Page 48: Cospas Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs · 1 Cospas‐Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs Danis Unverdi Cospas‐Sarsat Expert

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DISPLAY OF BEACON INFORMATION

Page 49: Cospas Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs · 1 Cospas‐Sarsat Ground Stations LEOLUTs, GEOLUTs and MEOLUTs Danis Unverdi Cospas‐Sarsat Expert

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DISPLAY OF BEACON INFORMATION