Family Life Theme 1

Part 1: Use of English Part 2: Listening and SpeakingLesson 1PART 1: USE OF ENGLISHI. Get started

Look at the photo and answer the questions. What do you think is happening in this photo? What makes one tribe different from another one nearby? Do you think there are any aspects of tribal life present in modern society?

II. Develop your vocabulary Task 1. Each of the words in bold is in the wrong sentence. Write the correct word.1. She studies conservation because she is interested in the ideas and policies of government and how they run the country.________

2. The characteristic of cultural differences only occurs when people try to understand these differences.________

3. In many cultures, the mother takes politics for looking after the children.________

4. Rights groups fight for the welfare of tribal culture to ensure that their way of life continues.________

5. The tribe holds an annual responsibility complete with their traditional songs and dances.________

6. Doctors from all over the world visit African nations to assist in child health and acceptance programmes.________

7. A defining celebration of a particular tribe is the specific customs they follow.________

Some tribes have had very little contact with the outside world. Known as `uncontacted peoples', they are almost totally cut off from modern (1)_________, either by choice or because they live in remote corners of the planet. Naturally, they do not have any of the (2)_________ of modern society, no phones, electricity or vehicles, and little is known about their customs and (3)_________ toward one another. They are (4)_________ according to modern standards, as there is no evidence of them having schools. Nor do we know much about what kind of social and family (5)_________ the members of the tribe have with each other. We also do not know much about their (6)_________ on occasions such as birth, marriage or death. Some uncontacted tribes communicate with nearby tribes who do have experience of the outside world. Others have been seen from helicopters which happened to be flying over the area where they live. Social scientists sometimes try to make contact with them in order to broaden their (7)_________ of their way of life. Rights groups, however, insist that they do not need western (8)_________ to any problems they may have and the best thing to do is to leave them alone completely.behaviour civilisation luxuries relationships rituals solutions understanding uneducated Task 2. Write a word from the box in each gap to complete the text.

III. Develop your Use of English skills: using affixes to form derivatives Task 1. Underline the prefixes and suffixes in these words.1 active2 dissatisfaction3 enable4 friendship5 happiness6 illiterate7 importance8 infrequent9 loudly10 medical11 nervous12 peaceful13 possibility14 preventable15 replacement16 suggestion17 tendency18 unhealthy

Task 2. Look at the words in exercise 1 again and answer the questions. 1. a Which verb has a prefix that means put into or cause a particular state? b Write another verb that begins with this prefix.________________

________________

2. a Which prefixes are added to give words a negative or opposite meaning? b Write any other prefixes you know which form negatives or opposites.________________

________________

3. a Which suffixes have been added to form nouns? b Write any other suffixes you know which form nouns.____________________

____________________

4. a Which suffixes have been added to form adjectives? b Write any other suffixes you know which form adjectives. ____________________

____________________

5. Which suffix is used to form a regular adverb?___________________________________

Task 3. Write the 'person' words formed from these key words. Some key words have more than one person word.Key wordPerson

achieveachiever

advise

apply

art

attend

begin

communicate

compete

conserve

guide

investigate

perform

politics

save

spectate

strange

train

Task 4. Decide if these words are adjectives (ADJ), adverbs (ADV), abstract noun (N), people (P) or verbs (V).1 accept2 collect3 drama4 globally5 mover6 neighbour 7 promote 8 read9 science10 succeed 11 threat12 truly____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________acceptablecollectordramatiseglobalisemovableneighbourly promotionreaderscientifically successthreatentruth____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________acceptancecollectiondramaticglobalisationmovementneighbourhoodpromotionalreadingscientistsuccessfullythreateningtruthful____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Task 5: Write the prefix to make the negative form of each of these words.1 __active 6 __curable 11 __honest 16 __patient2 __comfortable7 __decisive 12 __legal 17 __perfection3 __complete8 __employed13 __likely 18 __reliable4 __correct 9 __expensive14 __natural 19 __replaceable5 __creative 10 __fortune 15 __normal 20 __secureTask 6. Write a word from the box in the correct form in each gap.behave breath celebrate centre danger day desire exhaust power warm1. The tribe has __________ a every year in honour of family life.2. Strong family ties are __________ to the life of a well-functioning tribe.3. Children often learn __________ , such as how to act at dinner, from their parents.4. We think it's more __________ to live with modern conveniences, but maybe a person froma. tribal culture would have a different view.5. Hard work in extreme heat can cause people to suffer from __________.6. Crops are usually gathered during __________ hours.7. Older members are on the alert for anything that might __________ the lives of the children.8. They were __________ to stop the terrible storm from destroying the village.9. The father lit a small fire to have __________ in the home.10. There was less air to __________ high in the mountains where the tribe lived.

Task 7. Each word in bold is in the wrong form. Write the correct word.1. It's difficult to calculation how much water the whole town use.________________

2. Stop being so child - it's only a small spider!________________

3. They were commit to improving the lives of the villagers.________________

4. The storm did consideration damage to the huts.________________

5. A dry summer can mean finance ruin for farmers.________________

6. They don't live in luxury conditions. They don't even have plumbing.________________

Task 8. Write the correct form of the word in bold.1confideShe was ___________ that shed get accepted to a good school.The details in this case must remain ____________.

2economyMany people leave the farms for ____________ reasons.They buy things in large quantities because its more ____________.

3imagineThe little girl had an ____________ friend names Leon.She was an ____________ child who was very good at drawing.

4operateDial 0 to be connected with the ____________.I have good news for you the ____________ was a complete success.

5please She had a ____________ smile that made visitors feel welcome.Bill took great ____________ in learning the language of the island.

6produceThe ____________ of fabric was much faster with the new machine.We had a very ____________ meeting with the leader of the tribe.

Task 9. Choose the correct words

Much of African tribal life revolves around farming, as members of a tribe must grow their own food. The (1) response / responsibility of working the land usually belongs to the men. The women process the food, which is usually done by hand. This is (2) understanding / understandable as they often don't have many (3) electrifying / electrical appliances in their homes. Farmers grow a (4) variety / variation of foods depending on the season. The most (5) populated / popular crop is usually corn. If the land is particularly dry, it is not very (6) working / workable, so a lot of labour is involved in order to soften it for planting seeds. The long hours in the fields mean the work is (7) exhausting / exhausted, but the ability of the tribe to take care of itself without modern conveniences is rather (8) impressionable / impressive.

Task 10. Each of the words in bold is in the wrong form. Rewrite them correctly.

The Brazilian rainforest is home to one of the world's most (1) __________ dangerous tribes due to the continually decreasing size of their forested land.The Awa tribe lives on what is supposed to be (2) __________ protective land. However, nearby farmers have been removing trees from the land (3) __________ legal. The destruction of the forest is a direct threat to their (4) __________ survive and there are only about 460 (5) __________ remains members of the tribe, who say they are now beginning to suffer from (6) __________ starve. It's not just the Awa that are losing rights to their lands; it's an (7) __________ nation issue that may exist in as many as sixty countries. More than 150 million tribal people exist (8) __________ worldly, some of whom have no (9) __________ action with the outside world. Since they can't protect themselves, aid groups are trying to put pressure on governments to (10) __________ force the laws that protect their lands.

Task 11. Use the word given in bold to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.

usualnorthsimplespecialoffendpopulatepossibletranslatefascinaterealThe name of a tribe (1) __________ means 'people' in that tribe's native language, although people outside the tribe sometimes do not refer to them by that name. A famous case of this is the Inuits, a Native American tribe living in (2) __________ parts of the American continent.The word Inuit in the Inuit language (3) __________ means 'people.' For years, though, many people, (4) __________ in the USA, referred to them as Eskimos, a term that refers to tribes living in Alaska, which the Inuits find (5) __________. The name Eskimo is from a language spoken by the Cree, a Native American tribe with a large (6) __________ who live in areas of southern Canada. The term in their language (7) __________ means something like 'eaters of raw meat', although language experts are still working on the exact (8) __________ of the word. It may also refer to how members of other tribes tie their shoes or the fact that neighbouring tribes speak other languages.If anything, it gives a (9) __________ view into how one tribe views another. As for the Inuit, the name Eskimo was never (10) __________ meant to refer to them and, in 1982, Canada's constitution was changed so that, from then on, the tribe would be referred to as Inuit.

Task 12. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given.1. She assumed that the tribe wouldn't understand her. UNDERShe _________________ that the tribe wouldn't understand her.2. He complained about being treated unfairly. MADEHe ____________________ about being treated unfairly.3. She was feeling depressed because she had lost her home. SUFFERINGShe was ___________________ because she had lost her home.4. He described the celebration to the anthropologist. GAVEHe ________________________ of the celebration to the anthropologist.

PART 2: LISTENING AND SPEAKING

A. ListeningI. Get started

Look at the photo and answer the questions.Describe your family. How many brothers and sisters have you got? Would you change anything about your family circumstances?

II. Develop your vocabularyChoose the correct word or phrase to complete each sentence.1. Some people say that being a(n) only / lone child is a lonely experience.2. I grew / brought up respecting my grandparents.3. I have a great relationship with my step-parents / in-laws - especially my wife's dad.4. The neighbours keep / put an eye on our teenage children when we're out at work.5. It gets a bit noisy with so many children under one roof / ceiling.6. Families with many children often struggle / fight financially.7. I have three older sisters, so I'm the youngest / smallest in the family.8. It can't have been easy to bring up / raise up five children in a small flat.

III. Develop your listening skill: Understanding implicationsTask 1. Tick the phrases which imply that the speaker is unhappy.1. It seems a shame.2. I haven't got any complaints.3. We've never really struggled financially.4. I wish I had a younger sister.5. It didn't work out6. I sometimes regret it.7. She's very well-adjusted.8. I felt I was missing something.9. I found the perfect solution.10. She always has to have the final say.

Task 2. Listen to five dialogues and choose the correct answers.

1. What do we understand about the girl?a She doesn't like Sandra.b She wasn't invited on Saturday.c She enjoys being with her sister.

2. What do we understand about Gerry and Carol?a The man feels he has to invite them.b They don't like the woman.c The woman isn't very keen on them.

3. How does the man feel about the boy's grandad?a He doesn't get on well with him.b He would like to visit him.c He doesn't want the boy to meet him4. What is probably true about the man and his family?a He looks forward to big family occasions.b It isn't usually a success when they all get together.c There are always surprises when they meet.

5. What is probably true about the boy's family life?a He feels that he is treated unfairly.b The brothers have a great relationship.c There are problems with the younger members of the family.

Task 3. Listen again and write down the phrases that helped you find the answers in exercise 2. 1. __________________________________________________________________

2. __________________________________________________________________

3. __________________________________________________________________

4. __________________________________________________________________

5. __________________________________________________________________

Task 4. What do you think the speakers below are implying?

We never intended to have just one child we had planned to have a big family. 1. _____________________

It wouldnt work if my parents lived with us. 2.

My parents didnt really give me the attention I needed. 3.

Its great that the children can now spend time with their grandparents. 4.

I used to be jealous when my friends talked about their aunts, uncles and cousins. 5.

Lets just say we have very different views on things. 6.

Task 5. Choose what each statement might imply.1. I don't mention him a lot. I have / don't have a good relationship with a family member.2. I wish things had been different. My childhood was comfortable / difficult.3. They're always dressed in old clothes. They are quite poor / rich.4. It's a bit lonely sometimes. I like / don't like being an only child.

Task 6. Listen to four people talking about the situations in exercise 5. Decide whether each statement is possibly implies (I) ornot implied (N)

I / NI / NI / NI / N Speaker 1 The speaker and his brother weren't at school together. Speaker 2 The speaker's parents had a difficult relationship. Speaker 3 My parents are very wealthy. Speaker 4 The speaker doesn't have a sister.

B. Speaking

I. Get startedLook at the photo and answer the questions. Where do old people in your country usually live? What kind of help do they need from their families? What can they offer to younger generations?

II. Develop your vocabularyWrite a word from the box in each gap to complete

1. Sometimes older people have to go to live in a __________ home - also known as a care home.2. We should all check on our __________ neighbours and make sure they're all right.3. If grandparents live with their family, they can help with babysitting and _________.4. I love talking things through with my grandad because he's got so much _________ of life.5. My parents both worked so my aunt used to _________ care of me during the day.6. How is your grandmother _________ in to her new house?7. Getting older sometimes means that you have more health _________.8. Her grandparents lived in _________accommodation, where they knew they could get help quickly day or night.the sentences.

childcare elderly experience issues nursing settling sheltered take

III. Develop your speaking skills: giving a short descriptionTask 1. Write a word form the box in each gap in the table. Some words can go in more than one collumn. Add more words of your own. busy independent lonely healthy peaceful noisy relaxing positive understandingA personA place

Task 2. Write a word from excercise 1 in each gap to complete the sentences. More then one answer may be possible.1. She's a very ___________ person someone I can tell my troubles to.2. The house is full of kids so it's quite __________ most of the time.3. Although she's very old, she is a(n) ___________ person.4. The place where my grandad lives is nice and quiet so he finds it quite ___________.

Task 3. Write a verb form the box in the correct form in each gap to complete the sentences.

find get go meet need respect seem visit

1. I think most young people __________ older generations, but the government __________ to do more to help the elderly.2. I often __________ my grandmother when she was in a nursing home, but I __________ the place noisy and unpleasant.3. I like it when everyone __________ out and I've got the house to myself it __________ very noisy when the whole family's here.4. I only __________ my dad's dad once or twice, so I don't remember muchabout him except that he __________ very serious!

Task 4. Listen to two students giving short descriptions and make notes to answer the questions.Speaker 1Who/What is she describing?___________________________________Who/What is he describing?___________________________________What descriptive language does she use?___________________________________Speaker 2Who/What is he describing?___________________________________Which tense(s) does he use?___________________________________What descriptive language does he use?___________________________________

Task 5. Answer the following questions about you. Give as much information as possible Which family member do you usually go to with your problems? Why? What are the advantages and disadvantages of having a large family? How well do you get on with your cousins, aunts and uncles? What do you know about the lives of your grandparents? What can we learn from older family members? What do you think is the best kind of accommodation for old people?

IV. Pronunciation: Tonic stressTask 1. We normally stress the important content words in a sentence. Read these sentences and underline the syllables you think would normally be stressed the most.1. My family's quite large, and I've got relatives all over the country.2. The elderly face a number of problems, and we need to be aware of them.3. My brother was always more understanding than my sister.4. When my parents got divorced, I went to live with my dad.

Task 2. Listen and check. Practice saying the sentences.

Lesson 2 Part 1: Reading Part 2: WritingPart 1: ReadingI. Get started

Look at the photo and answer the questions. How common are traditional cultural events in your country? Do you think it is important for them to be preserved? Why?/Why not? Do you ever attend such events? Why?/Why not?

II. Develop your vocabularyTask 1. Choose the correct word to complete the sentences.1. Ours is a culture ______ in tradition. a. soaked b. steeped

2. My uncle uses a small sharp knife to make ______ out of wood. a. carvings b. carpets

3. Many ancient peoples participated in rituals designed to bring them a good ______ , so that there would be plenty of food to eat throughout the year. a. heritage b. harvest4. It's not always easy to pin down what national ______ is. a. personality b. identity

5. While I was on holiday in India, I visited the Golden ______ in Amritsar it is a centre of worship for people of the Sikh religion. a. Temple b. civilisation

Task 2. Write a word or phrase from the box in each gap to complete the text.

customs die out rituals roots values

Culture is built on the (1)__________ and traditions that develop over a long period of time within a particular country or society. The way of life and social organisation of a group of people develop from a set of shared (2)__________ and beliefs that influence how people think and behave. Although different cultures have different (3)__________ or origins, many share similar (4)__________ to celebrate major life events such as birth, death or marriage. With the advent of the modern technology-based society, many traditional cultures have started to (5)__________ because of a trend towards globalisation.

III. Develop your reading skills: Understanding attitudes and opinion.

Task 3. Match the words with their definitions.1. heritage2. community3. cuisine4. civilisation5. ancestora. the local area where you live, including the peopleb. a person from whom you are descendedc. a society of a particular time and placed. something passed down from previous generationse. the food of a particular country or region

III.Develop your reading skills: Understanding attitude and opinion.

Civilisations around the world have produced art dating back to the earliest period of their history. To my mind, there can be no argument that this is proof that art is an essential part of being human. Even before the invention of writing, ancient peoples were producing works of art to express their feelings and to describe their everyday rituals and pastimes. It is wrong to consider this art as primitive. The delicate lines of cave drawings and intricately carved figures from pre-history should be appreciated as products of artists every bit as sophisticated as the ones of the modern world. It is a shame that most people seem to view ancient traditional art forms as basic and simple. You only have to look at the aboriginal art that is still created today to see the skill that is required to combine elegant lines and eye-catching colours in such an expressive way.Task 1. Read the text. Which of the statements which follow express opinions and which ones offer facts? Write '0' for opinion or 'F' for fact.

___________________________________1. Creating art has always been a feature of all societies.2. It is part of human nature to create art.3. Before the invention of writing, art was one way that people could express themselves.4. Ancient artists were as skilful as the artists of today.5. Few people appreciate ancient art.6. There isn't much difference between how aboriginal art is produced now and in the past.

As a big opera fan, I often ask myself if this art form is actually a part of the culture and traditions of this country or just an old-fashioned form of entertainment for snobs. I suppose there is some truth in that idea but it's not the whole truth. I would suggest that it is still an integral part of our cultural life. However, I'm not sure that it is a medium which is accessible to everyone. Opera as an art form will become irrelevant in our modern society if the opera companies don't do more to attract the interest of people from all backgrounds, in particular the younger generation. As far as I'm concerned, there is a lot we can do to encourage greater participation in the arts. Opera should be for everyone, not just for an elite few. Education has a major role to play but so do the artists themselves. It's my view that the opera community has not done enough to encourage greater public support and interest. It's high time that this changed.Task 2. Read the text and answer the questions.

What question does the writer consider in the beginning of the text?________________________________________________________How does the writer feel about the idea that opera is old-fashioned?________________________________________________________What negative opinion does the writer express about the accessibility of opera?________________________________________________________Is the writer optimistic about the possibility of making opera more accessible?________________________________________________________What criticism does the writer make about people in the world of opera?________________________________________________________

Task 3. Tick the phrases which can be used for introducing an opinion.1As far as I'm concerned ...6In my experience ...

2I'm not sure that ...7I wonder why ...

3Personally, I think ...8On the contrary ...

4I suppose / reckon / guess that I ...9I would suggest that ...

5In spite of being ...

Task 4. Using the phrases you ticked in exercise 3, write sentences of your own to answer the questions.1 . Can you learn a lot about the culture and 3 . Do you think traditional cultures can survive traditions of another country as a tourist? in the modern world? 2 . What aspects of your culture can express 4 . Should modern societies make an effort toyour national identity? preserve local traditions?Task 5. Read the pairs of sentences and decide which ones express a personal opinion and which ones express a general opinion. Write 'G' for general or 'P' for personal.

1 a. Some people say that technology will destroy traditional customs. b. Personally speaking, I think that other factors are more important in destroying traditions.2 a. I would suggest that culture and local customs give people a sense of community. b. It is thought that strong traditions reinforce national identity.3 a. It is generally accepted that folk music still has strong roots in local culture. b. In my experience, music is one of the most distinctive aspects of traditional cultures.4 a. As far as I'm concerned, not all traditional customs are necessarily a good thing. b. It is considered vital that we preserve our local customs at all costs.

1. General opinion is used to showa views that are held by most people.b only what the writer thinks. 2. A writer may express a general opiniona because he or she doesn't have a personal opinion.b to contrast with or reinforce his or her own opinionTask 6. Choose the correct answer

This holiday was a welcome break from my (1) hugely / slightly stressful life in the city. As soon as I arrived, I felt as if I had entered another world. For one thing, the people of the island are so (2) lazy / relaxed that no-one ever does anything in a hurry. It was quite refreshing to be able to take my time about life for once. Another aspect of the island which I found wonderful was the traditional local food. The restaurants use only home-grown produce which is cooked (3) perfectly / quite well. Perhaps I enjoyed it a bit too much as I came home a little (4) overweight / obese. But it was a small price to pay for such a (5) reasonable / pleasant stay amongst such hospitable people.Task 7. Read the paragraph and circle the correct words.

1. The women of the village wear extraordinarily beautiful jewellery. a I thought the jewellery the women in the village wore was quite pretty. b The jewellery the women in the village wore was absolutely gorgeous. 2. I couldn't begin to describe how deafening the tribal drums were. a I don't want to describe how loud the tribal drums were. b It's very difficult to describe how loud the tribal drums were.3. It seems to me that some tourists think local traditions are simply a form of entertainment. a I agree that local traditions should be regarded as entertainment for visitors. b I don't think tourists should just see local traditions as something to entertain them.4. The destruction of the local culture has had a devastating effect on the community. a The destruction of the local culture has had a huge impact on the people in the community. b The destruction of the local culture has had a limited effect on the community.5. I guess that most people would enjoy the folk music of this region. a I'm certain that most people would enjoy the folk music of this region. b I suppose that most people would enjoy the folk music of this region.Task 8. Which of the sentences, a or b, has the same meaning as the first sentence?

Protecting traditional cultures is by no means an easy task. The task isn't helped by the fact that opinion is divided amongst the various experts on how to go about it. (1) __ These can include lack of employment in rural areas, the effects of war or drought and the advancement of technology in traditional societies. Many of these problems can be very difficult to control.(2)__ Is it possible, or even desirable, to sustain traditional cultures artificially? For example, we cannot insist that remote settlements use their traditional forms of communication rather than mobile phones. (3)__ This would not benefit anyone, least of all the traditional cultures themselves. It seems to me that the best approach is firstly to record as much as we can about traditional cultures. (4)__a. One result of such a strategy is that such areas become more like a theme park for tourists than a real community in which people live and work.b. In my view, we should examine the reasons why so many traditional societies are close to collapse.c. Then we can try to create conditions that encourage their continued existence.d. It is doubtful whether they will ever agree.e. But another question worth asking is, even if we could, should we?Task 9. Choose the best sentence to fill each gap. There is one extra sentence you do not need to use

Part 2: WritingI. Get startedIn this unit, you will learn about process writing, the writing method ised in most English-speaking university classes.

II. The Writing ProcessThese words are important for understanding the writing process. Match each word with the correct definition

1.to check a piece of writing for errors2.a group of related sentences3.one thing in a series of things you do4.subject; what the piece of writing is about5.to change or correct a piece of writing6.a short piece of writing, at least three paragraphs long7.to arrange in a clear, logical way8.to find and collect togethera.stepb.topicc.gatherd.organisee.paragraphf.essayg.proofreadh.edit

The six steps of the writing process Read about the writing process. These are the steps you will practice in this book.Process writing: When we write, we do more than just put words together to make sentences. Good writers go through several steps to produce a piece of writing.

1. PRE-WRITING

STEP ONE: Choose a topic. Before you write, your teacher gives you a specific assignment or some ideas of what to write about. If not, choose your topic yourself.STEP TWO: Gather ideas. When you have a topic, think about what you will write about that topic.STEP THREE: Organise. Decide which of the ideas you want to use and where you want to use them. Choose which idea to talk about first, which to talk about next, and which to talk about last.

2. STEP FOUR: Write. Write your paragraph or essay from start to finish. Use your notes about your ideas and organisation.DRAFTING

3. REVIEWING AND REVISING

STEP FIVE: Review structures and content. Check what you have written. Read your writing silently to yourself or aloud, perhaps to a friend. Look for places where you can add more information, and check to see if you have any unnecessary information. Ask a classmate to exchange texts with you. Your classmate reads your text, and you read his or hers. Getting a reader's opinion is a good way to know if your writing is clear and effective. Learning to give opinions about other people's writing helps you to improve your own. You may want to go on to step six now and revise the structure and content of your text before you proofread it.

4. REWRITING

STEP SIX:Revise structure and content. Use your ideas from step five to rewrite your text, making improvements to the structure and content. You might need to explain something more clearly, or add more details. You may even need to change your organisation so that your text is more logical. Together, steps five and six can be called editing.Proofread. Read your text again. This time, check your spelling and grammar and think about the words you have chosen to use.Make final corrections. Check that you have corrected the errors you discovered in steps five and six and make any other changes you want to make. Now your text is finished!

Steps five and six can be repeated many times.

REVIEWComplete the chart, summarising the steps of the writing process

STEP ONE: Choose a _________________________________________STEP TWO: Gather ___________________________________________STEP THREE: Decide _________________________________________ Pre-writing

STEP FOUR: Write ____________________________________________ Drafting

STEP FIVE: Check ____________________________________________ Reviewing and revising

STEP SIX: May need toExplain _________________________________________________Add____________________________________________________Change_________________________________________________ Rewriting

Steps andmay bemany times.

Lesson 1: Pre-writing

Learn how to:Choose and narrow a topicGather ideasEdit ideas

What is pre-writing?Before you begin writing, you decide what you are going to write about. Then you plan what you are going to write. This process is called pre-writing.

How to choose a topic for a paragraphA paragraph is a group of five to ten sentences that give information about a topic. Before you write, you must choose a topic for your paragraph. Choose a topic that isn't too narrow (limited, brief). A narrow topic will not have enough ideas to write about. The ages of my brothers and sisters is too narrow. You can't write very much about it. Choose a topic that isn't too broad (general). A broad topic will have too many ideas for just one paragraph. Most paragraphs are five to ten sentences long. Schools is too general. There are thousands of things you could say about it.

A student could narrow this topic by choosing one aspect of schools to discuss. Schools secondary schools in my country popular school clubs university entrance examsTask 1. Choose three topics from this list. Narrow each of the three down to a paragraph topic. Then compare with a partner.a. Festivalsb. Friendsc. My countryd. Dancinge. Cars

What is brainstorming? Brainstorming is a way of gathering ideas about a topic. Think of a storm: thousands of drops of rain, all coming down together. Now, imagine thousands of ideas 'raining' down onto your paper! When you brainstorm, write down every idea that comes to you. Don't worry now about whether the ideas are good or silly, useful or not. You can decide that later. Right now, you are gathering as many ideas as you can. You will learn three types of brainstorming in this unit: making a list, freewriting, and mapping.

Making a listWrite single words, phrases, or sentences that are connected to your topic. Look at this list a student made when brainstorming ideas to write about her topic, 'What should I study at university?'

Task 2. Work with a partner or small group. Choose one of these topics. List as many ideas as you can in five minutes.a. Teenage fashionsb. Thiings to do at the beachc. Driving a motorbike

Task 3. Work alone. Choose a topic from exercise 1 on page 5, and list as many ideas as you can in five minutes.

FreewritingWhen you freewrite, you write whatever comes into your head about your topic, without stopping. Most freewriting exercises are shortjust five or ten minutes.

Freewriting helps you practice fluency (writing quickly and easily). When you freewrite, you do not need to worry about accuracy (having correct grammar and spelling). Don't check your dictionary when you freewrite. Don't stop if you make a mistake. Just keep writing!

Here is an example of a student's freewriting:There are too so many subjects to study at university, it is dificult to choose one. I've always had good marks in maths, but / don't like it very much. I don't like physical physics or any science very much. WritingI've always liked writing. Would journalism be a good course to take? Newspapers have pictures, too, so maybe photography would be good. I'm maybe definitey looking forward to meeting new friends at university And what about reading? Reading is a part of any course, but literature includes a lot of reading and it probaby includes a lot of writing, too.Notice how the writer's ideas jump around. When she makes a mistake, she just crosses it out and continues writing. One thought (writing) leads to another (journalism), and then to another (photography). There are some details that are not exactly about her topic (looking forward to meeting new friends), but that's OK in freewriting. You want to get as many ideas on paper as you can. You can take out unnecessary words and sentences later.

Task 4. Choose one of the narrowed down topics you thought of for exercise 1 on page 5. Practise freewriting for five minutes. Remember, do not stop, erase, or go back. Just write as much as you can.

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MappingTo make a map, use a whole sheet of paper, and write your topic in the middle, with a circle around it. Then put the next idea in a circle above or below your topic, and connect the circles with lines. The lines show that the two ideas are related. The example below shows a map of 'What should I study at university?' The writer connected favourite subjects to the main idea. Art and English are connected to favourite subjects to show that they are related.

Task 5. Choose another narrowed down topic you thought of for exercise 1 on page 5. Make a map in five minutes. Share your map with a partner. Explain how the circles are related to each other.

What's the best way to brainstorm?There is no best method of brainstorming. Some writers like to use lists because they don't have to write complete sentences. Some writers like freewriting because they can write quickly and ideas come easily. Some writers prefer mapping because they can easily see the relationship between ideas. Experiment with all three methods, and then choose the one that works best for you.

Editing

How to edit: After you have gathered plenty of ideas, you will need to go back and edit them. This is the time to choose which ideas are the most interesting, and which are the most relevant to (important or necessary for) your topic. Of course, you can still add new ideas if you think of something else while you are re-reading your list. For example, the student writing 'What should I study in college?' edited her list like this:

To edit freewriting, cross out sentences or parts of sentences that aren't related. You can add more ideas in the margin or add more sentences at the bottom. To edit a map, cross out circles that don't belong, and add new ones if you get more ideas. You can also change the lines you have drawn.

Task 6. Look at the list you made in exercise 3 on page 6, the freewriting you did in exercise 4 on page 7, or the map you made in exercise 5 on page 8. Edit your brainstorming. Show your work to a partner. Explain how you edited your brainstorming.

REVIEWTask 7. Complete the crossword puzzle.

Each paragraph has only one topic. If the topic is too 1. n____, you will not be able towrite enough about it. On the other hand, if the topic is too 2. b____, you will have toomany ideas for just one paragraph.

After you choose a topic, you will need to 3' b____some ideas to write about in yourparagraph. One way to do this is to make a 4' l____. Another way of brainstorming is5' m____. After you have written down many ideas, you can go back and decide whichones are the most interesting and the most 6' r____ to your topic.

7'F____ is a useful way to help you write more easily and naturally. In this kind ofwriting, you are working on 8. f____, and not 9' a____.

Task 8. Look again at the note about brainstorming at the bottom of page 8. Brainstorm a list of pros (good things) and cons (bad things) about each of the three methods of brainstorming.