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COVALENT BONDBOND FORMED BY THE SHARING OF ELECTRONS
COVALENT BOND
Between nonmetallic elements
Formed by sharing electron pairs
Examples; O2, CO2, C2H6, H2O,
Bonds in all the
polyatomic ions and diatomics
are all covalent
bonds
WHEN ELECTRONS ARE SHARED EQUALLY
NONPOLAR COVALENT
BONDS
H2 or Cl2
2. Covalent bonds- Two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons.
Oxygen Atom Oxygen Atom
Oxygen Molecule (O2)
WHEN ELECTRONS ARE SHARED BUT SHARED UNEQUALLY
POLAR COVALENT
BONDS
H2O
Polar Covalent Bonds: Unevenly matched, but willing to share.
- water is a polar molecule because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, and therefore electrons are pulled closer to oxygen.
ORGANIC AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
Organic compounds are covalently bonded molecules made of Carbon and most often Hydrogen (called hydrocarbons)
Carbon forms 4 bondsAlkanes have single bonds
onlyExamples are propane &
methaneIf arranged in a single row
then called normalAlkanes can also branch or form rings
Alkane chemical formulas follow a pattern
The # of hydrogens =the # of carbons x 2 +2
Alkenes have at least 1 double bond ex- ethene
Alkynes have at least 1 triple bond
Alcohols have an –OH group
Polymers are large molecules that have repeating subunits ex- cells of body, rubber, wood and plastic milk jugs