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OilOil

Curtis P. HendersonCurtis P. Henderson

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What is Petroleum?What is Petroleum?

• Petroleum:Petroleum: a natural yellow-to-black flammable a natural yellow-to-black flammable liquid hydrocarbon found beneath liquid hydrocarbon found beneath the earth’s surfacethe earth’s surface

• Hydrocarbon:Hydrocarbon: an organic compound made up an organic compound made up of carbon and hydrogen atomsof carbon and hydrogen atoms

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Petroleum ProductsPetroleum Products

Gasoline - 19.5 gallonsGasoline - 19.5 gallons

A Barrel of Crude Oil Provides:A Barrel of Crude Oil Provides:

Fuel Oil - 9.2 gallonsFuel Oil - 9.2 gallons

Jet Fuel - 4.1 gallonsJet Fuel - 4.1 gallons

Asphalt - 2.3 gallonsAsphalt - 2.3 gallons

Kerosene - 0.2 gallonsKerosene - 0.2 gallons

Lubricants - 0.5 gallonsLubricants - 0.5 gallons

Petrochemicals,Petrochemicals,other products - 6.2 gallonsother products - 6.2 gallons

One Barrel =One Barrel =42 gallons42 gallons

American Petroleum Institute, 1999American Petroleum Institute, 1999

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Petroleum System ProcessesPetroleum System Processes

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Petroleum System ElementsPetroleum System Elements

120° F120° F

350° F350° FGenerationGeneration

MigrationMigration

Seal RockSeal Rock

Reservoir RockReservoir Rock

OilOil

WaterWater

Gas CapGas Cap

EntrapmentEntrapmentAccumulationAccumulation

Source RockSource Rock

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Drilling RigDrilling Rig

Traveling BlockTraveling Block

HookHook

SwivelSwivel

Draw WorksDraw Works

Mud PumpMud PumpRotary TableRotary Table

KellyKelly

Mud HoseMud Hose

Crown BlockCrown Block

CasingCasing

Drill PipeDrill Pipe

BitBit

CasingCasingDrill PipeDrill Pipe

BitBit

Drilling RigDrilling Rig

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DrillingDrilling

Rock BitRock Bit CuttingsCuttings Core (Diamond) BitCore (Diamond) Bit CoreCore

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Petroleum System ElementsPetroleum System Elements

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Petroleum System ElementsPetroleum System Elements

Source RockSource Rock

Top Seal RockTop Seal Rock

Reservoir RockReservoir Rock

Anticlinal TrapAnticlinal Trap

(Organic Rich)(Organic Rich)

(Impermeable)(Impermeable)

(Porous/Permeable)(Porous/Permeable)PotentialPotentialMigration RouteMigration Route

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Hydrocarbon Trap TypesHydrocarbon Trap Types

American Petroleum Institute, 1986American Petroleum Institute, 1986

Salt DomeFault

Unconformity

Pinchout

Anticline

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TrapsTraps

• Anticlinal Anticlinal - Rock layers folded into a dome- Rock layers folded into a dome

• Stratigraphic Stratigraphic - Rock layers changing from a good - Rock layers changing from a good reservoir to non-reservoir due to change in rock reservoir to non-reservoir due to change in rock type (pinch-out), reservoir quality (diagenesis), type (pinch-out), reservoir quality (diagenesis), or removal (erosional unconformity)or removal (erosional unconformity)

• Fault Fault - Offset of rocks such that oil and gas- Offset of rocks such that oil and gasaccumulates in reservoir rockaccumulates in reservoir rock

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Petroleum System ElementsPetroleum System Elements• Source Rock Source Rock -- A rock with abundant hydrocarbon-prone A rock with abundant hydrocarbon-prone

organic matterorganic matter

• Reservoir RockReservoir Rock - A rock in which oil and gas accumulates: - A rock in which oil and gas accumulates:- Porosity - space between rock grains in which oil - Porosity - space between rock grains in which oil

accumulatesaccumulates- Permeability - passage-ways between pores through - Permeability - passage-ways between pores through

which oil and gas moveswhich oil and gas moves

• Seal RockSeal Rock - A rock through which oil and gas cannot move - A rock through which oil and gas cannot move effectively (such as mudstone and claystone)effectively (such as mudstone and claystone)

• Migration RouteMigration Route - Avenues in rock through which oil and - Avenues in rock through which oil and gas moves from source rock to trapgas moves from source rock to trap

• Trap Trap - The structural and stratigraphic configuration that - The structural and stratigraphic configuration that focuses oil and gas into an accumulationfocuses oil and gas into an accumulation

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Reservoir SandstoneReservoir Sandstone

Good Porosity = Lots of Space for PetroleumGood Porosity = Lots of Space for Petroleum

Pores(blue)

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Reservoir SandstoneReservoir SandstonePore-Filling Cement Reduces QualityPore-Filling Cement Reduces Quality

= Less Space for Petroleum= Less Space for Petroleum

CementCement(pink)(pink)

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Directional Drilling Avoids Surface HazardsDirectional Drilling Avoids Surface Hazards

GasGas

OilOilWaterWater

American Petroleum Institute, 1986American Petroleum Institute, 1986

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Extended Reach DrillingExtended Reach DrillingTechnology Advances Result in More Cost-Effective WellsTechnology Advances Result in More Cost-Effective Wells

•

•

• Reduce frictionReduce friction

• Use geology to find stable path ofUse geology to find stable path ofleast resistanceleast resistance

Drill Mud reduces torque and dragDrill Mud reduces torque and drag

Tri-cone Drill BitDownhole Motor and

Steering Assembly

Logging Tool

TorqueTorque DragDrag

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ChristmasTree

Pipeline to Flow

Process and

Storage

Surface Casing

Intermediate Casing

Production Casing

CompletionFluid

CementPacker

Cement

Cement

Tubing

WellFluids

Oil or Gas Zone

Perforations

Completed Oil WellCompleted Oil Well

American Petroleum Institute, 1986American Petroleum Institute, 1986

• Water DriveWater Drive - Hydrostatic - Hydrostatic pressure pushes oil and gas pressure pushes oil and gas to surfaceto surface

• Gas-Cap DriveGas-Cap Drive - Expansion of - Expansion of gas under pressure pushes oil gas under pressure pushes oil

to surfaceto surface

• Dissolved-Gas DriveDissolved-Gas Drive - Gas - Gas disseminated in oil; usually disseminated in oil; usually requires pumping requires pumping

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Secondary Secondary RecoveryRecovery

WaterWater

GasGas

SteamSteam

ChemicalChemical

FireFire

Pumped into the Pumped into the reservoir to force reservoir to force additional petroleum additional petroleum out of the pores in the out of the pores in the reservoir rockreservoir rock

InjectionInjectionWellsWells

Producing WellsProducing Wells

Of 60% Remaining Of 60% Remaining in Reservoirin Reservoir

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Transporting PetroleumTransporting Petroleum

Oil FieldOil Field

Oil FieldOil FieldPipelinePipeline RefineryRefinery

PipelinePipeline

Railroad Tank CarsRailroad Tank Cars

Mobil

Tank TruckTank Truck

ConsumersConsumers

Industrial Customers

Industrial Customers

Local DistributorLocal Distributor

Mobil

TankerTanker

Offshore PlatformOffshore Platform

after World Book Encyclopediaafter World Book EncyclopediaJMAJMA

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Refining PetroleumRefining Petroleum

GasolineGasoline

Fuel GasFuel Gas

Kerosene – Jet FuelKerosene – Jet Fuel

Heating OilHeating Oil

Lubricating OilLubricating Oil

Residual Products– Asphalt, Heavy Fuel Oil

Residual Products– Asphalt, Heavy Fuel Oil

Crude Oil VaporCrude Oil Vapor

Liquid Crude OilLiquid Crude Oilafter World Book Encyclopediaafter World Book Encyclopedia

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USA Average Wellhead Oil PriceUSA Average Wellhead Oil PriceOil Price (1996 Dollars/Barrel)Oil Price (1996 Dollars/Barrel)

U.S. Department of Energy, 1996U.S. Department of Energy, 1996

6060

5050

4040

3030

2020

1010

0019001900 19101910 19201920 19301930 19401940 19501950 19601960 19701970 19801980 19901990

YearYear

$/B

arre

l$/

Bar

rel

1990 Gulf War1990 Gulf War

1956 Suez Crisis1956 Suez Crisis

1967 Arab-Israeli War1967 Arab-Israeli War

1973 Arab Oil Embargo1973 Arab Oil Embargo

1978 Iranian Revolution1978 Iranian Revolution

1980 Iran/Iraq War1980 Iran/Iraq War

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Anticlinal TheoryAnticlinal Theory

GasGas

OilOil

WaterWater

Petroleum Accumulates in Structural ClosurePetroleum Accumulates in Structural Closure

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Generation and MigrationGeneration and Migration

Reservoir Reservoir ExtentExtent

Source Source ExtentExtentSeal Seal

ExtentExtent

Critical ReconstructionCritical Reconstruction

PresentPresent PastPast

ComponentsComponents

HC ChargeHC Charge

PreservationPreservation

TimeTime PresentPresent

Timing SheetsTiming Sheets

Play MapsPlay Maps

Petroleum System, Play Definition, and RiskPetroleum System, Play Definition, and Risk

Jeff Brown, Mobil, 1999Jeff Brown, Mobil, 1999

TrapTrap

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Seismic Imaging of AnticlineSeismic Imaging of Anticline

Vibrator Truck(Energy Source)Recording Truck Geophone

(Receivers)

American Petroleum Institute, 1986American Petroleum Institute, 1986

ReturningReturningSound WavesSound Waves

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Los AngelesLos Angeles

OrangeOrange

Inglewood areaInglewood areaInglewood areaInglewood areaInglewood areaInglewood areaInglewood areaInglewood areaInglewood area

LA Basin Oil WellsLA Basin Oil Wells

Pacific Pacific OceanOcean

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L.A. BasinL.A. Basin

Salt LakeSalt LakeSan VicenteSan VicenteBeverly HillsBeverly Hills

SawtelleSawtelle

Cheviot HillsCheviot Hills

Los AngelesLos Angeles

Las CienegasLas Cienegas

InglewoodInglewood

Playa Del ReyPlaya Del ReyPotreroPotrero

El SegundoEl SegundoRosecransRosecrans

DominguezDominguez

BandiniBandini

MontebelloMontebello

Santa Fe SpringsSanta Fe Springs

WhittierWhittierSansinenaSansinena

Brea OlindaBrea Olinda

Yorba LindaYorba Linda

KraemerKraemer

CoyoteCoyote

RichfieldRichfieldTorranceTorrance Long Beach Oil FieldLong Beach Oil Field

Seal Beach Oil FieldSeal Beach Oil Field

Huntington BeachHuntington BeachNewportNewport

Wilmington Oil FieldWilmington Oil Field

0 4 8 12

Pacific

Ocean

Scale in Miles

NN

California

LOCATION MAPLOCATION MAPLOCATION MAPLOCATION MAP