CrdiloeT kavkasia, saqarTvelo, ruseTi da maTi ...dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/220925/1/... · zirixgerani, Tabasarani, lairani, lakzi, maskuti, Rumiki, jidani da sxv. VI saukunidan,

a. farjanaZe

CrdiloeT kavkasia, saqarTvelo, ruseTi

da maTi urTierTdamokidebuleba.

wigni I

Tbilisi 20 14

naSromSi ganxilulia urTierTdamokidebuleba saqarTvelosa da CrdiloeT kavkasielebs Soris da maTi urTierToba ruseTTan. ZiriTadi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia im mopovebuli masalebis mixedviT, romlebic gamoqveynda sabWoTa wyobilebis rRvevis Semdeg. cxadia, rom CrdiloeT kavkasielebis da saqrTvelos istoria Tavidan unda daiweros, radgan ruseTis imperiis da mis Semdegac, sabWoTa kavSiris dros dawerili am qveynebis istoria, TviT ruseTis istoriac ki, ZiriTadaT warmoadgenda siyalbes. sabWoTa wyobilebis dros veravin gabedavda eTqva simarTle.

ar SeiZleba ar aRvniSno, madliereba ar gamovxato da guliTadi madloba ar movaxseno prof. kavkasiologs Jo n i k v i ci a n s , romelic gaecno am monografias da misi daxmarebisa da rCevebis gaTvaliswinebiT Seiqmna es naSromi.

a.farjanaZe, 2014 ISBN978-9941-0-6757-0

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S e s a v a l i .

èvropis xalxno, Tu rogor unda brZola Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobisaTvis iswavleT kavkasieli mTielebis gmiruli magaliTebidan~. (92, gv.16).

cnobilia, rom CrdiloeT kavkasia uZvelesi droidan warmoadgens sxvadasxva

monaTesave, Tu aramonaTesave tomebis, mravalerovan mkvidr sacxovriss, romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi gamudmebiT ganicdidnen sxvadasxva momTabare, msxemi tomebis da imperiebis Semosevebs. amis gamo tomebis samflobeloebi ganicdidnen cvlilebebs, Tumca mosaxleobis nawili mainc rCeboda adrindel miwa-wyalze. am Semosevebis wyalobiT, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gaCnda iranulenovani da Turqulenovani, xolo SemdgomSi rusulenovani mosaxleoba.

wyaroebis metismeti simciris gamo, garTulebulia saqarTvelosa da Crdilo-kavkasielTa urTierTobebis (miT umetes Zvel droSi) dadgena. mecnierebi aRniSnaven, rom marTalia, Sua saukuneebis II naxevridan, rodesac kavkasia moeqca politikur movlenaTa SuagulSi da amis gamo imata cnobebi rusul da ucxour enebze, magram maT naSromebSi, saqarTvelosa da CrdiloeT kavkasielTa urTierTobebis Sesaxeb cnobebi, mkvlevarebis yuradRebis miRma rCeboda, qarTuli istoriuli wyaroebis arasakmarisi codnisa da qarTuli enis ucodinarobis gamo.

mimdinare da gasul saukunis eTnografiulma gamokvlevebma, nawilobriv Seavso saqarTvelo-Crdilo-kavkasiis xalxTa urTierTobis amsaxveli cnobebi, magram XX saukunis bolosa da XXI saukunis dasawyisSi ganviTarebulma politikurma movlenebma Seaferxa kavkasiis xalxTa urTierTobebi. Tumca, SeZlebisdagvarad mainc xdeba da vimedovnebT, rom TandaTan ufro aRdgeba da gaRrmavdeba urTierTkavSiri da ufro metad gamovlindeba kavkasiis xalxTa xangrZlivi ganviTarebis amsaxveli masalebi da rogorc politikuri, aseve ekonomikuri da kulturuli urTierTobebi saTanadoT aisaxeba.

_________________ aq da SemdegSi pirveli cifriT miTiTebulia literaturis rigiTi maCvenebeli,

Semdeg _ gamocemis calkeuli wigni an naSromis gverdi.

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Tavi I. C r d i l o e T - k a v k a s i e l e b i . rogorc cnobilia, dRevandel dRes CrdiloeT kavkasiis miwa-wyalis didi nawili

Sedis ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi. am mxareSi Camoyalibebulia 7 respublika da 2 mxare: adiRis, yaraCai-CerqezeTis, yabardo-balyareTis, CaCneTis, inguSeTis, CrdiloeT oseTisa da daRestnis respublikebi, da krasnodarisa da stavropolis mxareebi.

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi dRemde moRweul ZirZvel tomebTan erTad cxovroben droTa ganma-vlobaSi Casaxlebuli xalxebi, romlebic ganekuTvnebian oTx enobriv ojaxebs: indoevropuls, afro-aziurs, alTaurs da iberiul-kavkasiurs (paleokavkasiuri).

I. indoevropuli enebis ojaxidan arian Semdegi qvejgufebi: 1. iranuli qvejgufidan: TaTebi, TaliSebi, qurTebi, iezidebi (qurTebis nawi-

lebi), mTis ebraelebi da osebi. 2. slavur qvejgufidan: ukrainelebi, Tergisa da yubanis kazakebi da rusebi. 3. somxuri qvejgufidan: somxebi. 4. berZnuli qvejgufidan: pontoeli berZnebi. II. afro-aziuri enebis ojaxidan: semituri qvejgufidan: ebraelebi, mTis ebraelebi (djuxuronebi) da asurelebi

(sirielebi da aisorebi). III. alTauri ojaxidan: 1. Turquli qvejgufidan: azerbaijanelebi, yaraCaelebi, yumuxebi, balyarelebi,

koreelebi da e. w. `Turqi mesxebi~. 2. Turqul enaTa jgufis yivCayur-noRauri qvejgufidan: noRaelebi, TaTrebi. 3. monRoluri qvejgufidan: yalmuxebi. IV. iberiul-kavkasiur (paleokavkasiuri) ojaxidan: 1. qarTveluri qvejgufidan: qarTvelebi. 2. afxazur-adiReuri qvejgufidan: yabardoelebi, adiReelebi, Cerqezebi, abazebi

da ubixebi. 3. naxuri qvejgufidan: CaCnebi, inguSebi da qistebi. 4. daRestnuri qvejgufidan: xunZebi (avarebi), andielebi, arCilebelebi, axvaxe-

lebi, aRulebi, bagvalalebi (bagvalebi, kvanadelebi), beJitelebi, boTlixelebi, darguelebi, didoelebi, Tabasa-ranelebi, karataelebi, kapuWelebi, lakebi (yaziyu-muxebi), lezgebi, ruTulelebi (muxadebi), tindielebi, Rodoberilebi, Wamalalebi, xvarSielebi, hinuxebi da amaT garda metad mcire erebi, romlebic TiTo aulSi cxovroben.

arqeologebis mier gamovlenili Zeglebis Tanaxmad, dadginda, rom uZveles dros (150_80 aTaswleulSi) CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi cxovrobdnen pirvelyofili adamianebi _ neandertaleliebi da maT gaiares yvela arqeologiuri dro. cnobilia isic, rom mezoliTis xanaSi (10_5 aTaswleulSi) isini momTabareobdnen. xolo qvis xanis

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(neoliTis) dros (VI_IV aTaswleuliSi) momTabareebma daiwyes binadrobaze gadasvla da adgilebze damkvidreba.

(Zv. w. VIII_VII) saukuneebSi azovis da Savi zRvispireTSi daiwyo berZnuli axalSenebis warmoqmna. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi Zv. w. VI saukunidan TandaTan xdeba adgilobrivi tomebisa da maTi gaerTianebebis Camoyalibeba.

antikuri wyaroebidan da epigrafiuli Zeglebidan irkveva, rom Zv. w. III saukunidan iwyeba CrdiloeTis velebidan sxvadasxva tomebis: kimerielebis, skviTebis, savromatebis, meotebis da sindebis (ix. qveviT) Semosevebi, romlebmac Tavisi zegavlena iqonies adgilobriv tomebze da berZnul axalSenebze.

berZnuli wyaroebidan cans, rom aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi, dR. daRestnis samxreT mxareSi da axlandeli azerbaijanis respublikis miwa-wyalze, Zv. w. IV saukuneSi Camoyalibda erT-erTi uZvelesi klasobrivi saxelmwifo alvaneTi (kavkasiis albaneTi). xolo Zv. w. V saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi, qerCisa da tamanis naxevarkunZulebze, arsebuli berZnuli kolonia-polisebis gaerTianebis Sedegad, warmoiqmna monaTmflobiluri bosforis saxelmwifo. (ix. qveviT). Zv. w. III saukuneSi md. donis (Zv. berZ. _ tanaisi) SesarTavTan berZnebma daarses qalaqi tanaisi (tanaida), romelic TandaTan didi savaWro adgili gaxda bosforis saxelmwifosa, azovispira da md. donis velebis momTabareTaTvis. qalaqi arsebobda Cv. w. V saukunemde. (ix. qveviT).

Zv. w, III saukuneSi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gamoCndnen iranulenovani momTabare tomebi sarmatebi (ix. qveviT), romlebmac SeZles CrdiloeT kavkasielTa tomebis damorCileba da monawileobas Rebulobdnen bosforis saxelmwifos SinaomebSi da TandaTan kidevac Casaxldnen mis qalaqebSi. Zv. w. II saukuneSi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi dawinaurda sarmatTa erT-erTi tomi alanebi (ix qveviT), romlebic cnobilni iyvnen alanTa erT-erTi tomis roqsolanebis saxelwodebiTac (ix. qvemoT). Zv. w. I sauku-neSi alanTa tomebi dasaxldnen azovispireTSi, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, md. dnepris qveda nawilsa da urals Soris velebze. ax. w. III saukuneSi sarmatebi Seaviwroves CrdiloeTidan wamosulma, germanelTa erT-erTma tomebma guTebma (goTebi). xolo ax. w. IV saukuneSi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gamoCndnen TaTarTa erT-erTi tomi hunebi, romlebmac gavlena moaxdines CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxTa warmoSobis Camoyali-bebaSi. CrdiloeT kavkasielTa tomebisa da alanTa tomebis didma nawilma, hunebTan erTad monawileoba miiRes evropaSi e. w. `xalxTa did gadasaxlebaSi~. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi darCenilma alanTa tomebma VII saukuneSi adgilobriv tomebTan erTad Camoayalibes Zlieri tomTa kavSiri, romelic cnobilia alaniis (alaneTi) saxelwodebiT.

wyaroebidan Cans, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi alaniis garda, VII_X saukuneebSi daRestnis miwa-wyalze Camoyalibda ramdenime mcire politikuri gaerTianebebi: zirixgerani, Tabasarani, lairani, lakzi, maskuti, Rumiki, jidani da sxv.

VI saukunidan, CrdiloeT kavkasias Seesivnen msxemi Turqulenovani tomebi _ avarebi, xolo VII saukunis Sua wlebSi qvemo volgispireTisa da CrdiloeT kavka-

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siis aRmosavleT nawilis miwa-wyalze, Camoyalibda Turqulenovani feodaluri saxelmwifo xazarTa saxakano (ix. qveviT), romlis dedaqalaqi VIII saukunis dasa-wyisamde iyo q. semenderi axlandel daRestanSi.

wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom xazarebi, arabebi da bizantielebi dapyrobiT omebs awarmoebdnen samxreT kavkasiaSi.

pirvelad arabebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gamoCnden VIII saukunis dasawyisSi. 737 wels arabebma SeZles derbendis (qarT. wyaroebSi _ darubandi) dapyroba da xazarebis CrdiloeTiT gandevna. darubandi gaxda maTi mTavari dasayrdeni adgili. mis midamoebSi arabebma xazarebisagan Tavdacvis gamo aaSenes damcavi simagreebi. 739 wels arabebma isev gailaSqres xazarebis winaaRmdeg.

VIII saukunis bolo wlebSi, azovis zRvidan kaspiis zRvamde velebi da Crdi-loeT daRestani moeqca xazarTa gamgeblobaSi, xolo daRestnis aRmosavleT da samxreT mxareebs ganagebdnen arabebi. X saukunis bolos arabTa xalifati daiSala mcire saxelmwifoebad. xolo amave xanebSi, xazarTa saxakanom xvarazmelebTan damarcxebis Semdeg arseboba Sewyvita.

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi arabTa Semosevebis droidan daiwyo gavrceleba islamurma sarwmunoebam. X saukuneSi islami gavrcelda jer samxreT daRestanSi, derbendis mxareSi, xolo XIII_XIV saukuneebSi _ mTian daRestanSi, saidanac gandevna aq gavrcelebuli adrindeli sarwmunoebebi: qristianoba da iudaizmi. XV_XVI sauku-neebSi islami gavrcelda CaCneTsa da andiel-cezebSi, xolo XIX saukunis dasaw-yisSi, musulmanuri sarwmunoeba sabolood gavrcelda TiTqmis mTel CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi.

IX saukunis II naxevridan da X saukuneebSi xazarebis da arabTa batonobisagan ganTavisuflebis Semdeg, daRestnis mxareSi TandaTan daiwyo Camoyalibeba ramdenime msxvilma eTnopolitikurma gaerTianebebma. X sukuneSi, daRestnis samxreTSi, kaspiis zRvis sanapiroze, warmoiqmna erT-erTi aseTi feodaluri gaerTianeba derbendis samTavro (ix. qveviT). daRestnis Sua gulSi Camoyalibda msxvili gaerTianeba gumiki (kumuxi). (ix. qveviT). daRestnis dasavleT mxareSi Seiqmna Zlieri samTavro _ seriri. (ix. qveviT). amave xanebSi daiwyo Camoyalibeba alanTa (ovsTa samefo) feodalurma saxelmwifom.

XI saukunis Sua wlebSi daRestnis didi nawili selCukebma daipyres. 1123 wels saqarTvelos mefem (1089_1125) d a v i T IV aR m a S e n e b el m a (1073-

1125) Sirvani da darubandi saqarTvelos SemouerTa. XII saukunis bolos daRestanSi Camoyalibda Zlieri politikuri gaerTianebebi:

avariis saxano, yaziyumuxis saSamxlo da xaidayis sauwmio. (sityva ùwmi~-is warmoSoba, jerjerobiT dadgenili ar aris. zogierTis varaudiT _ arabulidan ̀ ismi~, e. i. ̀ saxelganTqmuli~. zogierTis _ iudaizmidan ̀ ocilo~ e. i. ̀ Zlieri~, ̀ mZlavri~).

XIIIOsaukunis 20-ani wlebidan, CrdiloeT kavkasia gadaiqca monRolTa saTareSo moednad. 1220 wels monRolebma Sua aziis, iranis CrdiloeTi mxaris, lixsaqeT

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saqarTvelos da Sirvanis dalaSqvris Semdeg gadavidnen CrdiloeT kavkassiaSi da miadgnen derbends, magram misi aReba ver SeZlis. amis Semdeg, monRolebma gailaSqres daRestnis mTian mxareSi, daamarcxes lakebi da Seesivnen danarCen tomebs. brZola mouxdaT gaerTianebul yivCayur tomebTan da alanebTan. maTi damarcxebis Semdeg, aiRes yirimic. 1223 wels daamarcxes gaerTianebuli ruseT-yivCayTa laSqari da dabrundnen aziaSi. damarcxebuli yivCayTa tomis nawili gaixizna mTebSi, xolo meore nawili Seesia derbends, aiRo da daarbia. gadmovida samxreT kavkasiaSi da Sirvanis gavliT Seecada saqarTveloSi Semosvla, magram, qarTvelebma daamarcxes.

XIII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi monRolebi xelaxla gamoCndnen CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da SeZles mTeli CrdiloeT kavkasiis dapyroba.

cnobilia, rom 1236 wels, monRolTa yaenma (xani) b a T o - y a e n m a (baTu, sain-xani) (1208_ 1255) daamarcxa yivCayebi da rusebi, Semdeg gailaSqra aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi: poloneTSi, CexeTSi, rumineTSi da dalmaciaSi. aqedan gamobrunda ukan. 1243 wels baTo-yaenma md. volgis qvemo welze daarsa feodaluri saxelmwifo oqros urdo. `saxelwodeba òqros urdo~ pirvelad aRiniSna istoriul-publicis-tur TxzulebaSi `yazanis istoria~-Si. am dros TviT es saxelmwifo aRar arse-bobda. manamde yvela rusul wyaroebSi moxsenebuli iyo mxolod òrda~-s saxel-wodebiT. XIX saukunidan damkvidrda istoriografiaSi mTlianad juCi ulusis (Turqulad ulu ulus, evraziaSi Suasaukuneebis saxelmwifo), an mxolod misi dasavleT nawilis aRniSvnisas, romlis dedaqalaqi iyo sarai~. (156). 1237 wlis Semodgomaze baTo yaenis mier gagzavnilma laSqarma, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi daamarcxa yvela samTavroebi da tomTa gaerTianebebi. 1240 wels damarcxdnen yumuxebi. amrigad, mTeli CrdiloeT kavkasia oqros urdos gamgeblobis qveS aRmoCnda.

1388 da 1396 wlebSi oqros urdos winaaRmdeg gailaSqra Suazielma mxedarT-mTavarma T e m u rl e n g m a (1336_1405) da orivejer daamarcxa. amis Semdeg, Temur-lengma kavkasias Tavi daaneba da dabrunda ukan. am damarcxebis Sedegad, oqros urdo dasustda da is sabolood daiSala, CrdiloeT kavkasiac ganTavisuflda oqros urdos batonobisagan.

XV saukunis Sua xanebSi Camoyalibda yirimis saxano (ix. qvemoT) da yazanis saxano (ix. qveviT). amave saukunis dasasruls, daRestnis Crdilo-aRmosavleT mxa-reSi, zRvispireTSi, Camo-yalibda, savaWro gzaze mdebare, tarkis saSamxlo, romlis dedaqalaqi gaxda tarki (TarRu). tarkis cixe-qalaqi moxsenebulia VIII saukuneSi, xazarTa urdos mTavar qalaqad. XVII saukunis dasawyisidan, is gadaiqca daRestanSi derbendis Semdeg, meore samxedro, savaWro da politikur qalaqad. Tavisi arsebobis manZilze, tarki araerTxel iqna darbeuli rusebis mier. ̀ 1821 tarkis adgilze aSenda rusuli simagre burnaia. 1884 tarkis maxloblad safuZveli Caeyara cixesimagre petrovskoes (axland. mahaCyala)~. (8, t.9, gv.661). 1813 wlis iransa da ruseTs Soris dadebuli gulistanis sazavo xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, tarkis saSamxlo SeuerTda ruseTs.

oqros urdos daSlis Semdeg, TandaTan Camoyalibda CrdiloeT kavkasielTa

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eTnosebi: CrdiloeT kavkasiis CrdiloeT-aRmosavleT mxareSi, md. yubanis, Savi zRvispireTis rogorc mTian mxareSi, aseve dablobSi da CrdiloeT kavkasiis Sua nawilSi _ adiReelTa tomebi; Crdilo-kavkasiis Sua nawilis mTebSi aRmoCndnen yaraCaelebi da balyarelebi ; amave mxaris mTian xevebSi _ osebi; Crdilo-kavkasiis aRmosavleT mTian mxareSi da mdinareebis sunjisa da Tergis midamoebSi _ vai-naxelebi ; xolo maT mezoblad, Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT kavkasiis mTianeTSi da kaspis-pireTSi _ daRestneli tomebi, rogorc daRestnuri enis jgufis mravalricxovani monaTesave tomebis warmomadgenlebi, aseve Turqulenovani tomebi: avarelebi, lakebi, darguelebi, Tabasaranelebi, ruTulebi, noRaelebi da sxv. amave dros, ruseTis samxreT mxareSi, md-is donsa da Tergs Soris velebze, Camoyalibda slavuri da Turquli tomebis Serwymis Sedegad, kazakuri sazogadoebebi (ix. qveviT).

XV saukunis 60-ian wlebSi osmaleTis mier trapezuntis dapyrobis Semdeg, daiwyo kavkasiis Savi zRvispireTis (lixsiqeT saqarTvelo) aTviseba. 1476 wels osmaleTma daipyro yirimis saxano, romelic gaxda misi mTavari dasayrdeni adgili da aqedan Seecada mTlianad CrdiloeT kavkasiis dapyrobas. sulTnis brZanebiT, yirimis xanebma daiwyes Tavdasxmebi mezoblad myof tomebze, dasavleT Cerqezebze, yabardoelebze da adiReelebze. yirimis xanebma, adiReelbs mosTxoves maTTan erTad monawileoba mieRoT brZolebSi da amasTan erTad gadaexadaT xarki. vinaidan Tavi-suflebis moyvare adiReelebma uari ganucxades, amitom, yirimis xanebma daiwyes gamudmebuli Tavdasxmebi (1515, 1518, 1535, 1539, 1545, 1547, 1551, 1552, 1553, 1554, 1567, 1570 w-Si) kavkasielTa tomebze, magram maTi sabolood damorCileba mainc ver SeZles.

wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom CrdiloeT kavkasielebis tomebsa (gansakuTrebiT daRestnel tomebs Soris) da irans Soris, urTierT damokidebuleba IX saukunidan daiwyo. (ix. qvemoT, daRestani). XI_XII saukuneebSi daRestanSi islami vrceldeboda Turqi _ selCukebis SemweobiT. XIII_XV saukuneebSi iransa da SirvanSi, farTod iwyebs gavrcelebas erT-erTi islamuri Teo-logiur-filosofiuri mimdinareoba sufizmi. am mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi cdilobdnen TavianTi sarwmunoeba gaevrcelebinad daRestanSic. (1305_1306) wlebSi, daRestanSi, kubaCelebma mokles Seixi, sufizmis gamavrcelebeli, derviSuri suxvardis sazogadoebis warmomadgeneli x a s a n a s - s a d i a S - S i r v a n i . XIII saukunis dasasruls, iranis Crdilo-dasavleTSi, aRmosav-leT azerbaijanSi, q. ardebilSi (qarT. wyaroebSi _ ardaveli) Camoyalibda sufiur-derviSuri ordeni sufevie, romlis damaarsebeli iyo Seixi s e f i al - d i n i s - h a k i (1252_1334). XV sau-kunidan, sefiani Seixebis mTavari dasayrdeni samxedro Zala gaxda, Siituri ordenis warmo-madgenlebi yizilbaSebi (Turq. `wiTelTavianebi~ maTi wiTel Tavsaburavebis gamo). daRestanSi XI_XVI saukuneebSi gavrcelebuli islamuri sarwmuneoba _ sufizmi, dResac ki, Tavisebur zegavlenas axdens maT cxovrebaSi.

1461 wels, musulmanuri Siituri sarwmunoebis gavrcelebis sababiT, ardebilis Seixma, Seix sefi al-dinis badiSiSvilma, ju n e i d m a (1447_1460) gailaSqra

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Sirvansa da daRestanSi, magram damarcxda, misi laSqari mTlianad ganadgurda da brZolis dros TviTonac daiRupa. ardebilis Seixma (1460_1488), misma Svilma a b u -l - v il a i at S e i x s alt a n x a i d ar m a , (g. 1488). 1483 wels SurisZiebis mizniT, gailaSqra daRestanSi, iqauroba gaZarcva da ukan dabrunda. 1487 wels xelaxla gailaSqra daRestanSi, darubandi da misi midamoebi daarbia da tyveebiT dabrunda ardavelSi. 1488 wels, xaidari xelaxla Tavs daesxa daRestans. Tabasa-ranelebis, lezgebis da kubaCelebis SeerTebulma laSqarma daamarcxes sefianTa laSqari, TviT xaidaric brZolis dros daiRupa.

XVI saukunis dasawyisSi darubandi moeqca iranis zedamxedvelobis qveS. iranis SahinSahis (1502_1524) a b u -l - mo z i ff ar S a h i s m a il I-is (1487_1524) da iranis Sahis (1524_1576) T a m a z I-is (1513_1576) dros, CrdiloeTis sazRvrebis dacvisa da islamis gavrcelebis mizniT, darubandSi gadmoasaxles azerbaijanidan sxvadasxva islamis mimdevari tomebi. amiT ukmayofilo darubandelebi, (1578_1590) iran-TurqeTis omis dros, 1579 wels ajanydnen. amis Semdgom, darubandi da misi midamoebi gadaiqca osmaleTisa da iranis brZolebis moednad. mxolod 1606 wels iranis Sahma (1587_1629) a b a s I-ma (1571_1629) SeZlo darubandis dapyroba. misive brZanebiT Camoyalibda darubandis samefisnacvlo, romelic gadaiqca iranis mTavar dasayrden Zalad, saidanac Sahi fiqrobda rogorc daRestnis, aseve CrdiloeT kavkasiis dapyrobas. amave xanebSi, Siituri sarwmuneobis gavrcelebis mixniT, abas I-ma daiwyo darubandSi suniti musulmanebis gasaxleba da daRestnis sazRvrispira adgilebSi Turqulenovani padaris tomebis Casaxleba. (1607_1608) moxda iranelebsa da mTiel Tabasaranalebs Soris Sejaxeba, iranelebma gaimarjves. (1611_1612) wlebSi, abas I Seecada daemorCilebina dasavleT Crdilo-kavkasielebi, magram samxreT daRes-tnis gavlis Semdeg, waawyda Tavisufal mTiel TemTa kavSiris akuSa-dargos gaer-Tianebis Zlier winaaRmdegobas. mas ieriSiT uxdeboda yoveli aulis aReba. sabo-lood, igi iZulebuli gaxda ukan daexia. (1614_ 1615) welsac iranelebma scades daRestnis mTebSi SeWra, kaitaRebis da Tabasaranalebis damor-Cileba, magram, mizans ver miaRwies.

rogorc cnobilia, XVI saukuneSi, TurqeTi da irani erTmaneTs ecilebodnen kavkasiis xelSi CagdebisaTvis. XVII saukuneSi kavkasiaSi TurqeTis gavlena Semcirda da TurqeTsa da irans Soris zavis dadebis Tanaxmad, kavkasia am orma saxelmwifom gaiyves: osmaleTs daeqvemdebara lixsiqeT saqarTvelo, Savi zRvispireTi da CrdiloeT kavkasiis nawili, xolo aRmosavleT kavksia _ sparseTs.

Sah abas I-is Semdegac, ar Sewyvetila adiReelebisa da CrdiloeT-kavkasielTa dapyrobis mcdeloba.

XV saukunis II naxevarSi, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gamoCnda ruseTis imperia da sparseTsa da TurqeTs daupirispirda. amis Semdeg, samive saxelmwifoebi cdilobdnen CrdiloeT kavkasiis dapyrobas.

rusul istoriografiaSi ruseTis Semosvla kavkasiaSi ZiriTadaT warmodgenilia, ise, rom TiTqos isini Semovidnen TviT kavkasielebis gadasarCenad osmaleTisa da

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sparseTis dampyrobelebisagan da ruseTis Semosvlis Semdeg, kavkasiaSi damyarda mSvidoba da Tavisufleba. maTi Semosvlis Semdeg, Sewyda sisxliani urTierT-dapi-rispireba da Sinaomebi, Sewyda monaTvaWroba, damyarda wesrigi da kanoni. kavkasiis xalxma SvebiT amoisunTqa. kavkasiaSi daiwyo ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTa-reba da Tu ruseTi kavkasiaSi oms awarmoebda, es gamowveuli iyo maluli mtruli Zalebis gamo, isini, Tavisi maluli diplomatiiT da agresiuli moqmedebiT aiZulebdnen ruseTs, rom omebi ewarmoebina. saerTod-ki, rusebi arian `mSvidobis moyvaruli xalxni~ da maT àrasodes ar undaT omi~.

maTi TqmiT, jer kidev adre, IX_XII saukuneebSi, Zveli ruseTis saxelmwifos _ kievis ruse-Tis _ dros, CrdiloeT kavksaielTa tomebi, dRevandeli yabardoelebis, adiReelebis, Cerqezebisa da osebis winaprebi, Sediodnen kievis ruseTis mflobe-lobaSi da maT Soris mxolod megobruli damokidebuleba yofila. X saukuneSi rusebs gaunTavisuflebiaT CrdiloeT kavkasielebi xazare-bisagan, xolo Semdeg _ monRolTa batonobisagan da sxv. sabWoTa imperiis mesveurebi gamudmebiT qadagebdnen, rom ruseTSi momxdari samoqalaqo omis Semdeg, sabWoTa saxelmwifoSi gaerTianebul sxvadasxva xalxebs, rusebma moutana `mSvidoba~, `siamtkbiloba~ da yvela `Zmebi~ viyaviT. Tu ra `mSvidoba~ da `siamtkbiloba~ moutana rusebma dapyrobil qveynebs, es kargad gamoCnda ssrk-s daSlis Semdeg, gamoqveynebul masalebSi.

cnobilia, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, pirvelad ruseTi gamoCnda, ruseTis mefis 1547 wlidan i v a n e IV-is (mrisxane) (1530_1584) dros. 1552 wels yazanis, xolo 1556 wels astraxanis saxa-noebis dapyrobis Semdeg, CrdiloeT kavkasielebi pirispir aRmoCndnen ruseTTan da yirimis saxa-nosTan, romelic im dros osmaleTis gavlenis qveS imyofeboda da Tavis mxriv cdilobda CrdiloeT kavaksielebis damorCilebas.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, CrdiloeT kavkasielTa tomebi, yovelTvis Tavs icav-dnen dampyro-belebisagan. saerTod, didi erovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia is, rom isini arasodes angariSs ar uweven mcire eris moTxovnilebebs (iSviaTad, zogierTi eris garda). rodesac pirvelad CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi rusebi gamoCndnen, zogierTma CrdiloeT kavkasielTa tomebis xelmZRvanelebma Tavisi Tavis gadrCenis mizniT, iZulebulni gaxdnen mimxrobodnen, TurqeTisa da iranis dapirispirebul Zalas _ ruseTs, romelic, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, garkveul dromde, Tavs aCvenebda maT damcvelad da amave dros cdilobda maTi warmomadgenlebi moesyida, an sxvadasxva midgomiTa da xerxebiT Tavis mxareze gadaebirebina. mefis xelisufleba uniSnavda maT jamagirs, aZlevda wode-bebs da sxv. magram, rodesac aSkarad gamomJRavnda ruse-Tis imperiis dampyroblur-koloniuri xasiaTi, CrdiloeT kavkasielebi ganudga ruseTs da daiwyo ajanyebebi. amave dros CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi iwyebs swrafad gavrcelebas _ islami.

pirvelad, CrdiloeT kavaksiel tomebTan, kavSiri daamyara, ruseTis mefem ivane IV-em. yabardoelTa erT-erTma Zlierma Tavadma T e m r i u k a i d a ro v m a (idarovi) (?_XVI s. 70-ni ww.). Tavdacvis mizniT, TxovniT mimarTa ivane IV-es, rom mieRo mis mfarvelobaSi da 1557 wels ruse-Tis qveSerdomi gaxda. igi ibrZoda, moskovis

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daxmarebiT qveynis gaerTianebisaken da TurqeTisa da yirimis saxanos winaaRmdeg. vinaidan tarkis saSamxlo emtereboda yabardoelebs, ivane IV-is brZanebiT, 1560 wels rusebma astraxanidan gailaSqres, tarkis saSamxlos winaaRmdeg. tarkTan, sisxlismRvreli brZolebis Semdeg SeZles qalaqis dapyroba, magram, Semdeg, Samxalis mTavar ZalebTan Sebma veRar gabedes, TviTonve gadawves tarki da dabrundnen astraxanSi.

1561 wels politikuri mosazrebis gamo, ivane IV-em colad moiyvana Temriukis asuli. 1567 wels, Temriukis Txovnis Tanaxmad, rom daculi yofiliyo osmaleTisa da yirimis saxanos Tavda-sxmebisagan, ivane IV-s brZanebiT, md. Tergis marcxena mxares, md. sunjis saTaveSi, rusebma aaSenes Tergis cixe-simagre da Caayenes `strelcebi~ (`msrolelebi~, ruseTis mefis jaris gansaku-Trebuli SenaerTebi) da kazakebi. magram male, yirimis saxanosa da osmaleTis mtkice moTxovnis gamo, moux-daT misi datoveba. misive brZanebiT 1571 wels cixe-simagre Zirfesvianad moTxares. ase, rom amjerad, CrdiloeT kavkasiis `mSvidobianad~ SeerTeba ruseTTan ver moxerxda. 1573 wels rusebma xelaxla SeZles Tergis cixe-qalaqis aSeneba da Sig volgis kazakebis (ix. qveviT) Casaxleba. SemdegSi maT ewodaT Tergis kazakebi (ix. qveviT).

cnobnilia, rom (1584_1698) wlebSi, riurikebis sagvareulos ukanaskneli warmomadgenlis ruseTis mefis T e v d or e I-is (1557_1598) dros [vinaidan igi iyo avadmyofi da Wkuasusti, saxelmwifos marTavda misi colis Zma b o r i s godu - no v i (1552_1605), romelic Tevdores gardacvalebis Semdeg (1698 w.) gaxda ruseTis mefe], rom gamagrebuliyvnen rusebi daRestanSi, (1588_1589) wlebSi xel-meored aaSenes Tergis cixe-qalaqi, romelic XVII saukuneSi gadaiqca am mxareSi, mTavar samxedro, savaWro da politikur adgilad.

1591 wels voevoda (mxedarTmTavari) g. z a s e k i n i s (daaxl. 1550_1596) meTau-robiT rusebma dalaSqres saSamxlo. miuxedavad imisa, rom maT SeZles aReba da Semdeg gadawves Zveli gama-grebuli adgili enderi (rusebi eZaxdnen andreevis sofels), gaZarcves tarki, gadawves aulebi, magram, SamxalTa Tavdauzogavi wina-aRmdegobis gamo, mainc Tavisi dasaxuli miznis ganxorcieleba ver SeZles: verc tarkSi gamagrdnen (rusebi md. Tergisken gaiqcnen) da verc derbendsa da baqos miaRwies. Tumca, moskovis xelmZRvanelebi da diplomatebi cdilobdnen daefaraT wageba da warmoadgendnen rogorc mogebas, evropelebs amisi ar jerodaT. (114).

1593 wels rusebma sisxlismRvreli brZolebis Semdeg, SeZles Samxalis damar-cxeba da aiRes q. tarki. magram, male, Samxalma da xunZebma alyaSi moaqcies rusebi da mxolod Ramis sibneleSi SeZles alyis garRveva. gzaSi avadmyofebi da daWrilebi miatoves da saSamxlos gaecalnen.

1604 wels b. godunovma Seecada daRestanSi gamagreba. misi brZanebiT, Semodgo-maze, voevoda i v a n e b uturl i n m a (?_1605) gailaSqra yaziyumuxis saSamxlos winaaRmdeg. `strelcebma~, Tergis kazakebma da noRaedelebma SeZles Samxalis damarcxeba da tarki aiRes. rusebi Seudgnen cixe-simagreebis Senebas: tarkSi, mdina-

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reebze sulakze da aktaSeze. es ki niSnavda adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis zamTris saZovrebisaken gzis gadaketvas. amave dros, rusi jariskacebis mier mosaxleobis darbevam gamoiwvia, rusebis winaaRmdeg daRestnelebis amxedreba. yumiyebi awarmoe-bdnen partizanul oms. sursaT-sanovagis ukmarisobis gamo, buturlinma sazamTroT jaris nawili astraxanSi gaagzavna. Samxalma daxmareba sTxova TurqeTis sulTans.

1605 wlis adre gazafxulze, Samxalma, daRestnelebma, yirimis xanma da Turqebma alyaSi moaqcies md. sulakis cixe-simagreSi myofi rusebi. cixis damcvelebma gadawves cixe da zRviT gaemarTnen TergSi. aseve moeqcnen aktaSeze myof rusebs. i. buturlini aRmoCnda garemoculi daRestnelebis mier. mas mosTxoves daetovebina tarkis cixe-simagre. bolos, molaparakebis Semdeg, rusebs, neba darTes dabrune-buliyvnen samSobloSi, avadmyofebi da daWrilebi darCnen SamxalTan. `strelcebi~ gaemarTnen sulakis mxares. magram, meore dRes, Tavs daexsnen yumikebi da mTlianad gaanadgures. am brZolis dros daiRupa TviTon i. buturlinic, misi Svilic da yvela voevodebi. rusebma datoves yvela cixe-simagreebi saSamxloSi da gadavidnen TergSi. tarkTan damarcxebis Semdeg, rusebs ramdenime xnis ganmavlobaSi aRar ucdiaT daRestnis dapyroba. mxolod mcire Setakebebi xdeboda kazakebsa da Crdi-loeT kavkasielebs Soris. godunovis Semdeg, TviT ruseTSi daiwyo areuloba da samefo taxtisaTvis brZola da ra Tqma unda ruseTs kavkasielebisaTvis aRar ecalaT.

XVII saukunis dasawyisidan, iranis Sahisa da TurqeTis sulTnis agresiis sawina-aRmdegod, xdeba yabardoelebisa da daRestnelebis daaxloveba ruseTTan. cnobilia, rom am dros, yabar-doelTa cxenosnebi, rusebis jarSi, monawileobas Rebulobdnen ukrainaSi, yirimis saxanosa da Turqebis winaaRmdeg laSqrobebSi. 1610 wels yumi-kebis feodalebma tarkis Samxalis meTaurobiT, TergSi, daifices ruseTis erTgul-ebaze. miiRes ruseTis qveSevrdomoba. samagierod, ruseTis mefem (1606_1610) v a s ili Su i s k i m (1552_1612) feodalebi daasaCuqra Zvirfasi saCuqrebiT da dauniSna jamagirebi.

saSinao mdgomarebis gamosworebis Semdeg, ruseTi Seudga CrdiloeT kavkasiis dapyrobas. amisTvis pirvel rigSi saWiro iyo yabardoSi da daRestanSi mdgomareobis gaZliereba da gamagreba. mTavari dasayrdeni adgili, rogorc samxedro, aseve samo-qalaqo TvalsazrisiT, iyo qalaqi Tergi, sadac imyofebodnen grebenisa da Tergis kazakebi, vaWrebi da xelosnebi. XVII saukuneSi daiwyo CaCneTis mTiani mxareebidan CaCnebis Camosaxleba mdinareebis sunjisa da Tergis dablobebSi.

ruseTis pirveli mefis romanovebis sagvareulodan (1613_1645) m i x e il i s (1596_1645) dros, 1615 wels Tergis voevodam p. g olo v i n m a (?_1627) strel-cebi da kazakebi gaagzavna daRestanSi. maT daangries endris cixe-simagre da iq myofi murza (Tavadi) s alt a n - m a g m ut i (sultai-muhamadi) (g. daaxl. 1645) gandevnes. Tumca, etyoba, rom igi xelaxla gamagrebula enderSi. radgan, 1634 wlis maisSi, rusebi Tavs daexsnen enders da saltan-magmuti gaiqca mTebSi.

istorikosi, publicisti da sazogado moRvawe a b dur a x m a n a vtor x a no v i

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(aleqsandre uralovi) (1908_1987) werda, rom `ramdenime uSedego mcdelobis Sem-deg SeeRwia CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, boris godunovma (1606) datova CrdiloeT kavka-siis dapyrobis gegma, da ukve mTeli saukune ruseTi ar iZleva raime cnobas Tavis Sesaxeb. mxolod petre I awyobs did eqspedicias, rom SeuerTos ruseTs mTeli kavkasia, magram, mTielebTan da azerbaijanelebTan seriozuli mar-cxis gamo, igi iZulebuli gaxda, rom wasuliyo (1722)~. (92, gv.11).

XVII saukunis miwuruls da XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi, CrdiloeT kavkasielebis gaerTianebas, Seecada yabardoelma moazrovnem da filosofosma J e b a g i k a z a -n u ko m (?_g. 1722) da misma aRzrdilma, SemdegSi cnobilma saxelmwifo xelmZR-vanelma k a i t o ku a sl a n b e g m a (?_1727), romelsac undoda CrdiloeT kavka- siaSi, Sav zRvasa da kaspiis tbas Soris, erTi mTliani saxel-mwifos Camoyalibeba. aslanbegi mouwodebda daRestnelebs erTianobisaken, daemyarebinad kavSiri Crdi-loeT kavkasielebTan, xolo ewinaaRmdegeboda yovelgvar kavSirs rusebTan. misi sikvdilis Semdeg CrdiloeT kavkasielTa erTianobam daiwyo daSla. ruseTis mefem 1682 wlidan p et r e I-ma (1672_1725) aslanbegTan 1707 wels, dado xelSekruleba Tavdausxmelobis Sesaxeb. ramdenime xnis Sesvenebis Semdeg, petre I-is droidan, ruseTis Semotevebi kavkasiaSi ganaxlda, romelic dRemde grZeldeba.

1696 wlis 19 ivliss petre I-ma SeZlo md. donis SesarTavTan agebuli, Turqebis mier gamagrebuli, azovis cixe-simagris aReba. 1699 wels karkovicis kongresis gadawyvetilebiT, rusebi mTlianad daeuflnen azovis zRvas. amis Semdeg, rusebi Seecadnen yubanis xelSi Cagdebas, magram, yirimis saxanom da CrdiloeT kavkasielebma erToblivi ZaliT isini gandevnes. rusebma azovis cixe-simagris ganTavisufleba ver SeZles.

ruseT-TurqeTis (1711_1713) omis dros, 1711 wlis 12 ivlis prutis xelSek-rulebis Tanaxmad, Turqebma daabrunes azovis cixe-simagre. romelic sabolood 1713 wlis 13 (20) ivnisis adre-anopolis sazavo xelSekrulebiT damtkicda.

ruseT-TurqeTis omis damTavrebisTanave, petre I-ma daiwyo mzadeba kaspiispi- reTis dasapyrobad. rogorc wyaroebidan Cans, misi mizani iyo gaenTavisuflebina savaWro gza indoeTamde. cnobilia, rom man 1717 wels xivis saxanos dasapyrobad, radgan masze gadioda savaWro gza Sua aziasTan, gaagzavna grebenis kazakTa razmi. magram xivelebma daamarcxes (800 kazakebidan gadarCnen mxolod orni).

sanam daiwyebda kaspiispireTSi laSqrobas, petre I-ma winaswar Seecada CrdiloeT kavkasielTa mTavrebis, sxvadasxva saSualebebiT, ruseTis mxareze gadmobirebas. man gamoaqveyna sparsul, Turqul da TaTrul enebze manifesti, sadac adgilobriv mosaxleobas mouwodebda, rom rusul jariskacebisaTvis ar gaewiad winaaRmdegoba da `yofiliyvnen mSvidad~.

1721 wels CaCnebi da enderis mmarTvelebi Tavs daexsnen Tergis cixe-simagres, sadac gamagrebulni iyvnen rusebi. 1722 wels Tergis midamoebSi petrem Caasaxla donis kazakebi. amave wlis ivlisSi petre I Tavisi mravalricxovani flotiT (zogi-erTis cnobiT 400 galeriTa da 47 ialqniani gemebiT) gaemarTa Tergisaken. amave

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dros ruseTis mravalaTasiani mxedarTa laSqari gaeSura daumorCilebeli (CaCneTisa da yumikebis) enderis samTavros dasamorCileblad.

rusebis laSqari SeiWra enderis samTavroSi, aiRo da gadawva qalaqi, magram, CaCnebisa da enderTa winaaRmdegobis gamo, saswrafod datoves dapyrobili adgilebi da gzaSi jariskacTa didi danaklisiT dabrundnen astraxanSi. rom rogorRac gaeqarwylad enderTan pirvelive laSqrobis damarcxeba, rusi istorikosebi da razmis xelmZRvanelebi gadmoscemdnen enderTan gamarTul brZo-las, rogorc rusebis gamarjvebas da CaCnebis damarcxebas. mxolod XIX saukunis rusma istorikosebma aRiares enderSi rusebis damarcxeba. amave xanebSi, petrem daikava agraxanis yure (dRevan-deli mahaCkalis, agraxanis naxevarkunZulis midamoebi) da elodeboda enderTa brZolis Sedegs. miRebuli usiamovno cnobebis Semdeg, petre I Tavisi flotiT, gaemarTa md. sulakisaken. masTan gamocxadnen, enderisa da CaCnebis mTav-rebis garda, tarkis Samxali, aqsis (misi sazRvrebi moicavda mdinereebis Tergis, aqsis da eman-sus midamoebs) da kostukis (kostoukovi, md. koisus midamoebSi) mTavrebi, ZRveniTa da saCuqrebiT. cnobilia, rom rodesac petre I dabrunda ruseTSi, man sama-gieros gadaxdis miZniT, SeZlo pirveli yalmuxi xanis (1690_1724) a i u k a s (1642_1724), didi ZalisxmeviT da fuliT, misi daTanxmeba, rom CaCnebis winaaRmdeg didi ZalebiT gamosuliyo. magram petres imedi ar gaumarTla, marTalia, aiukam moulodneli TavdasxmiT aRmosavleT CaCneTi daiyro, magram, CaCnebma SeZles yalmuxebis damarcxeba da TviTonac tyved aiyvanes. man sicocxlis SenarCunebis mizniT, fici dado, rom aRarasodes CaCnebis winaaRmdeg ar gamovidoda. (114).

1722 wlis ivlisis bolos rusebma SeZles derbendis dakavebac. xolo, dekem-berSi rusebma, kaspiis zRvaze, iranis mniSvnelovani savaWro-satranzito q. reStis dakavebac. 1722 wlis noem-berSi petre I-ma datova darubandi. 1723 wlis ivlisSi astraxanidan gavida kaspiis floti da 4 dRis ganmavlobaSi gamudmebuli dabobvis Sedegad SeZles baqos aReba. amave wlis 12 seqtembers iransa da ruseTs Soris dadebuli peterburgis xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad ruseTs samudamo mflobelobaSi gadaeca darubandi, baqo da samxreT-kaspiispireTis miwebi: astrabadi (1937 wlidan gulistani), mazandarani (istoriuli olqi, gilansa da xorasans Soris) da gilani (ist. olqi). ruseTi irans unda daxmareboda SeiaraRebuli ZalebiT. ase, rom dasavleT kaspiispireTi ruseTis gavlenis qveS moeqca. 1724 wlis 12 ivniss konstantinopolis sazavo xelSekrulebiT, ruseTs SeunarCunda dasavleT kaspiispi-reTSi dakavebuli miwebi, xolo, TurqeTs gadaecaT Sirvani, saqarTvelo, Tavrizi (Tabrizi, q. Crdilo-dasavleT iranSi) da urmia (q. 1926_30 rezaie, das. iranSi).

zeviT aRvniSneT, rom petre I sanam daiwyebda kaspiispireTSi laSqrobas, winaswar daiwyo mzadeba. am mizniT man, rogorc diplomatiuri, aseve sxvadasxva gziT, daiwyo kavkasielebisa da iranis Sinauri da sagareo mdgomareobis Seswavla. amave dros cdilobda kavSiri daemyarebina TviTeul kavkasiel tomebTan da Tavis sasargeblod gamoeyenebina. man kavSiri daamyara saqarTvelos mefe (1716_1724) v a xt a n g VI-Tan (1675_1724).

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cnobilia, rom am dros saqarTvelo, metad rTul mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda. is aRmoCnda misda uneburad CarTuli osmaleTsa, iransa da ruseTs Soris erTmaneTTan gamarTul WidilSi. amitom, vaxtang VI miendo erTmorwmune saxelmwifo mefe petre I-s, romelmac am dros daiwyo brZola kaspiispireTis dasapyrobad.

1722 wlis ivlisSi, rodesac ruseTis jarma TviT petre I-is sardlobiT kaspiispireTis dapyroba daiwyo, vaxtang VI-em, petresTan SeTanxmebiT, amave wlis agvistoSi, iranis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, qarTvelTa da somexTa gaerTianebuli jariT ganjaSi Cavida rusebTan Sesa-erTeblad. magram, politikuri da sxvadasxva viTarebis cvlilebebis gamo, petrem laSqroba Sewyvita da astraxanSi dabrunda vaxtangis Seutyobineblad. ase, rom vaxtangi amaod eloda ruseTis jars. vaxtangis am qmedebis gamo saqarTvelos mdgomareoba uaresad garTulda. 1723 wels lixsaqeT saqarTvelo Turqebis xelSi aRmoCnda. aseT awewil-dawewil mdgomareobaSi myofi saqarTvelo, rogorc saSinao, aseve sagareos mxriv garTulebul mdgomareobaSi myofobis dros, 1724 wels, erTmorwmune ruseTis moimede vaxtang VI-em, Tavisi amaliT (1200 kaciT) miatova qveyana da ruseTs gaemgzavra. ruseTSi Casulni vaxtangi da misi Tanamzraxvelebi bevrs ecadnen, rom ruseTs Seesrulebina misi danapirebi (ucxoeli dampyrobelebisagan saqarTvelo gaeTavisu-flebinad), magram, verafers gaxdnen, dapireba-dapirebad darCa. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi darCenili mamuliSvilebi vaxtangs evedrebodnen, Camosuliyo da miexeda gaWirve-buli qveynisaTvis, igi jiutad, ruseTis xelisuflebas Sehyurebda da ruseTis imedad rCeboda. bolos, gulgatexili, imed dakarguli, dauZlurebuli, vaxtang VI, saqarTveloSi dabrunebisas, astraxanSi gardaicvala da iqve, miZinebis taZarSi daasaflaves.

cnobili sazogado moRvawe, gamomcemeli, literatori da istoriis mkvlevari z a q a r i a W i W i n a Z e (1854_1931) vaxtang VI-is da misi dros Sesaxeb 1918 wels werda:

`saqarTvelos samefos da eris daRupvis istoriaSi am epoqas metad didi adgili unda dae-Tmos. masTan valdebulni varT, rom aseT garemoebis Sesaxeb, rogoric aris saqarTvelos daRupvis dasawyisi, sisworiT vicodeT.

zogierTni rusni xSirad gvyvedrian da gvamunaTeben, rom saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiam dai-xsnao. qarTvelebi dRe da Ram ruseTis imperatorebis win idgnen da SeerTebas evedrebodneno. bevri xvewnis Semdeg, saqarTvelo ruseTma Seibrala da SeierTao.

Tamamad brZaneben kidev Semdegs: qarTvelebs rusebma Caudges pirSi sulio. qar-Tvelni musulmanTa monobisagan daixsnes da gaanTavisufleso. Tu ara rusni, uamisod dRes qarTvelTa xsenebac aRar iqneboda dedamiwis pirzedao. amitomac qarTvelebi rusebis monarqebis winaSe xmaCawyvetilebi unda iyvnen da krintsac ar sZravdnen saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis Sesaxebo....

saqarTvelos samefos daRupvis cdis dasawyisi rusTagan meCvidmete saukunidan iwyeba. xolo Cven ki am garemoebis aRnusxvas petre dididan viwyebT, radganac amis

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winad yofil rusTa natvra mxolod wadili, ocneba iyo da petre didma ki es wadili saqmedac aqcia. saqarTvelos damor-Cilebis Tu daWeris ostatoba pirvelad petrem wamoswia win.

saqarTvelos ruseTis xelSi Cavardnis swored rom boroti istoria aqvs. petre didma Tavis mefobis da moqmedebis xanaSi upirveles samRTo valad daisaxa saqarTvelos daWera....

petre dids qarTvelebis dapyroba imitom ufro undoda, radganac qarTvelni maTi merjuleni iyvnen da am gziT moawyobdnen imasac, rom bolos saqarTvelo ruseTad iqceoda. qarTvelsac gaarusebdnen iseve, rogorc es xdeboda rusTagan slavianTa tomebze....

vaxtang mefe gaxda petre didis sayvareli piri, maTSi gaimarTa miwer-mowera, mociqulebis gzavna... petre didi ise ostaturad moiqca, rom vaxtang mefis garda, man Tavis Tavi mTels qarTvelobasac Seayvara...

gaiba megobrobis qseli daaxlovebiT, kacebis gagzavn-gamogzavna... rasac yovelTvis Tan sdevda qristianobis sjulis erToba, pativiscema da viTomda rusTagan siyvaruli~. (18, gv.7_11).

z. WiWinaZis azriT, saqarTvelos im gaWirvebis dros, rodesac qarTveli eri garemoculi iyo mtrebiT, vaxtang mefis wasvla ruseTSi misi amaliT, es iyo qveynis Ralati.

`vaxtang mefis aseTma saqcielma daRupa saqarTvelo. eseTi daRupva gamoiwvia vaxtangis meamitobam da petre didis eSmakurma moqmedebam. vaxtang mefem am saqcieliT sul gaauqma Tavisi amagi da Sromani, sul ubralod iqca misi amagi da mecadineoba. amas garda vaxtangma qmna isic, rom Tavisi aRmzrdeli sparseTi gadahkida saqarTvelos da TviT ki am dros ruseTSi wavida petre didis karze da miT mTeli qarTveli eri oxrad dastova mtris anabarad... yovelive es moxda petre didis eSmakobiT....

saqarTvelos daRupvis dasawyisi umTavresad petre didis mefobidan iwyeba da mis mere igi grZeldeba karga xans. bolos xdeba is, rom saqarTvelo xdeba petre didis STamomavalTa sakuTrebad~. (18, gv.22_24).

1725 wels petre I-is sikvdilis Semdeg, ruseTis mxridan kavkasiaSi samxedro moqmedebebi Senelda. ruseTis imperatoris (1725_1727) e k a t er i n e I-is (1684_1727) dros Samxalma, yaziyu-muxis xanma da xaidayis sauwmiom daiwyes Tavdasxmebi sulakis mxareSi gamagrebul rusebze. sama-gieros gadaxdis mizniT, generalma m i x e il m at iu S k i n m a (1676_1737) orjer gaagzavna maT winaaRmdeg sadamjelo razmebi, romlebmac gaanadgures tarki da gadawves aulebi, Samxalis daWe-risaTvis fuladi jildoc gamoacxades. Samxali jer gaixizna mTebSi, xolo Semdeg iZulebuli gaxda Serigeboda rusebs da Tavad Cabarda dampyroblebs. igi daiWires da Casves cixeSi, sadac gardaicvala.

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi rusebis winaaRmdeg gamosvlebi ar Sewyvetila. cnobilia, rom Sirvanis mmarTvelis TxovniT, yirimis xanma daiwyo brZola, kavkasiis Crdi-

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loeTi mxaris ganTavisuf-lebisaTvis, Casaxlebuli kazakebisa da rusebisagan. daRestnelebma CrdiloeT kavkasiis mxare daikaves, kaspiispireTSi myofi rusebi alyaSi moaqcies da gadauWres ruseTTan kavSiri. amave dros, osmaleTisa da iranis gamosvlam da petre I-is memkvidreTa ususuri moqmedebebis gamo, kaspiispireTSi rusebs mdgomareoba gaurTuldaT. ruseTis imperatoris (1730_1740) a n a s (1693_ 1740) dros, 1733 wlis aprilSi kavkasiis jarebis mTavarsardlad dainiSna princi general-feldmarSali lud v i g i o ჰ a n v il ჰ el m gr u no ჰe s s e n -ჰo m bu r g el i (1705_1745). Crdi-loeT kavasiaSi gadasvlis dros mas Tavs daesxnen CaCnebi da yabardoelebi. igi damarcxda. xolo TviTon sikvdils swrafma cxenma gadaarCina. igi imyofeboda jer wm. jvris (dR. budionovka) cixe-simagreSi. misi umoqmedobis gamo, CrdiloeT kavkasiis gavliT, yirimSi gaaRwia 50 000-ma TaTrebis jarma. ramdenime xnis Semdeg, mxedarTmTavari gadavida darubandSi. male ufliwuli gaanTavisufles ufrosis movaleobidan da `warmatebuli samxedro moqmedebebis~ gamo 1734 wels daajildoves ordenebiT. amasobaSi iranis mxedarTmTavarma, SemdegSi, 1736 wlidan iranis Sahma n a d i r - S a h a v S a r m a (1688_1747), iranis mdgomareoba gaaumjobesa. man ruseTis xelisuflebas mosTxova gaenTavisuflebinaT kaspiispireTi. imperatori ana iZulebuli iyo daeTmo jer samxreT kaspiispireTSi dapyrobili adgilebi (gilani, mazandarani da astrabadi), xolo Semdeg, 1735 wlis ganjis traqtatis Tanaxmad, rusebma kaspiispreTis dapyrobili miwebi (baqo, Sirvani da darubandi) datoves da ruseTis sazRvari gaxda md. Tergi. TurqeTTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, nadir-Sahma daibruna adrindeli iranis miwebi, daipyro saqarTvelo, Sirvani da brZolebi gamarTa daRestanSi, romelic gagrZelda 1734 wlidan 1742 wlamde da sabolood damTavrda iranis damarcxebiT. (ix. qveviT `daRestani~). àmis Semdeg sparseTSi gavrcelda anazuri Tqma: «daRestanSi omoben qvebic» da kidev: «rodesac Sahi Wkuidan iSleba, is midis omiT daRestanze»~. nadir-Sahis saxelmwifos Zliereba Searyia dapyrobili xalxis ajanyebebma. igi mokles xorasanSi SeTqmulebma. misi sikvdilis Semdeg, daRestanma xelaxla moipova Tavisufleba. (93, gv.96).

1736 wels daiwyo ruseT-TurqeTis omi. rusebi da misi momxre yalmiyelebis xani daesxnen yubanis olqs, im sababiT, rom CaCnebi mxars uWerdnen TurqeTs. es omi rusebis wagebiT damTavrda. 1739 wlis belgradis xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, marTa-lia ruseTma daibruna azovi, magram mas unda daengria simagreebi. md. yubanis SesarTavTan TurqeTma moipova simagris agebis ufleba. xolo didi da mcire yabardo neitralur qveynebad gamocxadda. amis Semdeg, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, SedarebiT mSvi-doba damyarda. romelic gagrZelda TiTqmis 30 weli.

ruseTis imperatoris (1762_1796) e k at e r i n e II-is (1729_1796) dros ruse-Tis sagareo politika ZiriTadaT mimarTuli iyo dasavleTisaken (reCipospolita) da samxreTisaken (TurqeTi, yirimis saxano, CrdiloeT Savi zRvispireTi da Crdi-loeT kavkasia). ekaterine II-is dros Crdi-loeT kavkasiSi iwyeba e. w. `kavkasiis omi~. mis dros, `ruseTi mtkiced damkvidrda Sav zRvasa (1783 SeierTa yirimi) da

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kavkasiaSi (1783 qarTl-kaxeTTan daido mfarvelobiTi traqtati), rac Sepirobebuli iyo aqtiuri koloniuri politikiT. ekaterine II-m faqtobrivad moamzada ruseTTan saqarTvelos SeerTeba~. (8, t.4, gv.62).

ekaterine II-m, samxreTis sazRvrebis dacvis gamagrebis mizniT, CrdiloeT kav-asiaSi dnepris-pireTidan gadmoasaxla kazakebi da daiwyo cixe-simagreebis mSeneb-loba. 1763 wels, erT-erTi yabardoelis (romelic qristiani gaxda da misi poli-tikuri sibecis gamo), moTxovniT, maSindel yabardosa da CaCneTis sazRvarze, md. Tergis marcxena napirze, rusebma aaSenes mozdoki (yabar. ùRrani tye~. dRev. CrdiloeT oseTSi). romelic rusebisaTvis erT-erTi mTavari dasayrdeni cixe- simagre gaxda. misi dacva daavales yabardoel Tavads. aqve iyo aSenebuli marTlma-didebeli eklesia. aqedan xdeboda CrdiloeT oseTSi mqadageblebis gagzavna qristi-anobis gasavrceleblad. rusebisaTvis, mozdoki gaxda, CrdiuloeT kavkasiis aRmo-savleT da dasavleT mxareebis gamyof adgilad. amave xanebSi sxvadasxva adgilebidan kazakebi Camoasaxles md. sulakis SemogarenSi da md. Tergis midamoebSi daabrunes Tergis kazakebic. (1768_1774) ruseT-osmaleTis omis msvle-lobaSi 1769 wels yirimis xani (1666_1671) a d il g i r e i (1617_1672) SeiWra ukrainaSi, magram rusebma daamarcxes da azovis zRvis sanapiroc daikaves. yirimis xanis (1765_1767, 1770_1771) s el i m III-is (1713_1786) dros rusebi SeiWrnen yirimSi, selim III daamarcxes da erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi daipyres mTlianad yirimi, baxCisarai nangrevebad aqcies, yirimi mTlianad aaoxres, soflebi gadawves da mSvidobiani mosaxleobac gaJlites. selim III gaiqca stambulSi. 1772 wlis 1 (12) noembers, yirimis axali xanis (1771_1775) sahib-gireis mier, ruseTTan dadebuli xelSe-krulebis Tanaxmad, yirimi osmaleTisagan damoukidebel da ruseTis mfarvelobis qveS myof saxanod gamocxadda. 1774 wels Turqebma, Savi zRvispireTis kavaksiis sanapiros CrdiloeT nawil-Si, cemesis ubeSi, gadmosxes jari, magram damarcxdnen. rusebma daikaves cemesis ubec da tamanis naxevarkunZulic. amis Semdeg, CrdiloeT kavasielebma Seuties rusebs: adiRelebma yubanidan _ tamanis naxevarkunZuls, CaCnebma da yabardoelebma _ yizlarsa da mozdoks. rusebi iZulebulni gaxdnen daexiaT md. donis mxareSi. Tumca, 1774 wlis 10 (21) ivlisis quCuk-kainarjis xelSe-krulebiT, ruseTs gadaeca dasavleT kavaksiis nawili, azovis zRvis sanapi-roebi da kinburnis, qerCisa da enikales cixe-simagreebi. ruseTis flotma moipova Sav zRvaze Tavisufali naosnobis ufleba. xelSekruleba exeboda saqarTvelosac. xelSekrulebis 23-e muxlSi, aRniSnuli iyo, rom lixsiqeT saqarTvelo rCeboda TurqeTis daqvemdebarebaSi, im pirobiT, rom imereTis samefos ar unda eZlia xarki. xelSekrulebis mixedviT, TurqeTma yabardoelTa samTavaroebis Tavisi uflebebi, romelic sinamdvileSi mas arc ekuTvnoda, dauTmo ruseTs. yabardoelebi am xelSek-rulebas ar cnobdnen da ganagrZobdnen TavisuflebisaTvis brZolas. unda aRiniSnos, rom am SeTanxmebis dros, miuxedavad imisa, rom ixileboda kavkasiis sakiTxebi, TviT kavkasielebi arc mouwveviaT da arc raimes ekiTxebodnen maT.

ruseT-osmaleTis omis (1768_1774) damTavrebisTanave, ekaterine II-is dros

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daiwyo kavkasiis da yirimis ruseTis imperiasTan SeerTeba. 1774 wels rusebis winaaRmdeg ajanydnen mTielebi. rusebma SeZles ajanyebis CaxSoba. CrdiloeT kavaksiel mTielTa Soris, pirvelad, 1774 wels ruseTis imperias nebayoflobiT SeuerTda CrdiloeT oseTi. unda aRiniSnos, rom CrdiloeT kavkasielebs Soris, osebi (rogorc CrdiloeT oseTi, aseve e. w. samxreT oseTi) aRmoCndnen erTaderTi iranulenovani eri, romelic dRemde, ruseTis imperiis erTgulni darCnen. oseTi gaxda rusebisaTvis erT-erTi mTavari dasayrdeni Zala kavkasiis dapyrobis drosac.

CrdiloeT kavkasiis dapyrobaSi ruseTis imperias didi daxmareba gauwies osebis garda yalmuxelebma da agreTve qarTvelebmac.

yalmuxelebi (ix. qveviT) _ dasavleT monRolTa (oiraTebi) erT-erTi tomi, XVI saukunis bolosa da XVII saukunis dasawyisSi gadmosaxldnen md. volgis qvemo dinebis napirebze da donis kazakebTan erTad yovelTvis jer moskovis samTavros, xolo Semdeg ruseTis imperias, erTgulad emsaxurebodnen. ekaterine II-is dros, yalmuxebi Caasaxles CrdiloeT-dasavleT kaspiispireTSi, daRestnis mezoblad. aq moxda yalmuxeTis xalxad Camoyalibeba. 1806 wlidan yalmuxebi nebayoflobiT monawileobdnen ruseTis mier warmoebul TiTqmis yvela laSqrobebSi: ara Tu kavka-siis dapyrobaSi, aramed ruseT-iranis, ruseT-osmaleTisa da amave dros, ruseTis winaaRmdeg momxdar ajanyebaTa CaxSobaSi.

sabolood, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XVII s. Camoyalibda yalmuxeTis saxano da mas Semdeg, XVII_ XVIII saukuneebSi, yalmuxeTis saxanos ruseTis saxelmwifo iyenebda samxedro miznebisaTvis. ruseTis xelisuflebam, yalmuxeTis saxanos saxiT, miiRo erTguli momxre da megobari, romelmac wlebis ganmavlobaSi mravaljer daumtkica ruseTs mtrebTan brZolebis dros. miuxedavad amisa, 1943 wlis 28_31 dekembers yalmuxelebi gadaasaxles cimbirSi, Sua aziaSi, yazaxeTSi da alTaiSi. rogorc vxedavT, ruseTi mainc ar aRmoCnda maT mimarT maindamainc keTilmwyalobeli.

unda aRiniSnos, rom ruseTis imperias, kavkasiis dapyrobaSi xeli Seuwyo ruseTis jarSi myofma qarTvelebmac. mefis ruseTis drosac da SemdegSic, ruseTis jarSi, imyofebodnen im dros gamoCenili qarTveli mxedarTmTavrebi, romlebmac garkveuli kvali datoves rusul samxedro istoriaSi.

mas Semdeg, rac qarTl-kaxeTis mefem (1762_1798) (zogierT rusul gamocemebSi, ratomRac mas `kniaz~-s uwodeben), e r e kl e II-em (1720_1798) ruseTTan 1783 wels gaaforma `ruseT-saqarTvelos xelSekruleba~ (georgievskis traqtati), romlis mixedviTac ruseTis imperatori valdebulebas iRebda, rom erTmorwmune saqarTvelo daecva mtrebisagan da pirobas iZleoda masze, rom saqarTvelos saSinao saqmeebSi igi ar Caereoda, ruseTma daiwyo Sefaruli ̀ megobruli daxmarebiT, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gamoyenebiT~ saqarTvelos dapyroba da damoneba. erekle II ki fiqrobda da imedi hqonda, rom erTmorwmune ruseTis SemweobiT, igi SeZlebda qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gaZlierebas da xels Seuwyobda qveynis winsvlas. magram, male, ruseTTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis Semdeg, saqarTvelos politikuri mdgomareoba, rogorc sagareo, aseve saSinaoc gamwvavda da garTulda. erekles II-is Semdeg, saqarTvelo

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ruseTs SeuerTda da misi mona-morCili gaxda. ruseTis imperias, kavkasiis dapyrobaSi, didad daexmara, ruseTis samxedro moRvawe, 1802-dan saqarTvelos mTavarmarTebeli da astraxanis general-guber-natori, 1804-dan infanteriis generali p a vl e c ic i a n o v i (ciciSvili) (1754_1806). man 1802 wels samegobro xelSekreuleba dado daRestnis xelmZRva-nelebTan. misi SemweobiT, jer 1803 wels odiSis samTavro, xolo 1804 wels imereTis samefo ruseTis mfarvelobis qveS Sevida. 1804 wels daimorCila ganjis saxano, amave welsve, ruseTis jarma, p. cicianovis xelmZRvaneleobiT sabolood CaaxSo mTiuleTis ajanyeba. 1805 wels ruseTis imperias daumorCila Suragelis sasulTno, Saqis, yarabaRis da Sirvanis saxanoebi. igi veragulad mokles baqos cixesTan xanTan molaparakebis dros.

poeti da sazogado moRvawe, qarTuli romantizmis erT-erTi uTvalsaCinoesi warmomadgeneli, amave dros, ruseTis armiis erT-erTi cnobili sardali, infan-teriis general-leitenanti gr i gol or b el i a n i (1804_1883) monawileobas Rebulobda (1822_1830) wlebSi ruseTis armi-is mier, Wareli lekebis winaaRmdeg gamarTul brZolebSi. 1826 wels eomeboda sparselebs ganjasa da SamqorSi. 1829 wels monawileobas Rebulobs zaqaTalis aRebaSi da ruseT-osmaleTis omebSic. 1839 wels _ CrdiloeT da samxreT daRestanSi, rusul kavkasiis jarebis mier, mTielTa winaaRmdeg Catarebul laSqrobebSi. agreTve, guriis ajanyebis CaqrobaSic. 1843 wlidan avariis mmarTveli da daRestnis jarebis ufrosi gaxda. ibrZoda CrdiloeT kavkasieli mTieli xalxis damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis meTauris (1834_1859) S a m ili s (1797_1871) winaaRmdeg. ̀ gr. orbeliani diplomatiuri unariT aRWur-vili da imave dros ulmobeli oficeri iyo mTiulebTan brZolaSi. Sua aziis saSualo saukuneTa muslimanuri seqtis, naqSbendies ordenis mistikuri moZRvrebis mimdevar muridebis winaaRmdeg gr. orbeliani moqmedebda rogorc mefis ruseTis kolonialisturi armiis erT-erTi TvalsaCino xelmZRvaneli. mTielTa nacionalur-religiuri moZraoba, cnobili (1826_1859) miuridizmis saxeliT, qarTveli sardlis saxiT udides mters waawyda.

TxuTmeti weliwadi imsaxura gr. orbelianma daRestanSi, jer rogorc sxva-dasxva olqebis mmarTvelma da polkis ufrosma, Semdeg _ rogorc mTeli daRestnis jarebis sardalma. iSviaTad hyolia hazavaTs masaviT dauZinebeli mteri. gr. orbe-liani monawile an uSualo xelmZRvaneli iyo mTeli rigi aulebis aRebisa Samilis daRestanSi. ibrZoda quTiSasTan (1846) da salTTan (1847), gergebilTan (1848) da WuxTan (1849), tabarasansa da yaiTaRSi (1854_1855) da salaTaus soflebSi... gr. orbelians xmaldaxmal ubrZolnia mTielebTan da misi dartymis Zala ugemniaT Samilis ganTqmul naibebs. TviTon Samili brazmoreuli ambobda xolme: èvdokimovi da orbeliani Cemi yvelaze didi mtrebi arian daRestanSi... xelSi Tu Camivarda orbeliani, me mas gavglej. albaT isic ase momeqceva~. (17, gv.010).

1857 wels gr. orbelianma ieriSiT aiRo uaRresad mniSvnelovani strategiuli punqtebi: salaTauSi _ Zveli da axali burTunai... daRestneli istorikosi katego-

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riulad mogviTxrobs: `xalxi ambobda, rom es weliwadi ekuTvnis Tavad orbelians da unayofoa masTan brZolao... mok-luli iqna sami guladi naibi... arc erTi laSq-robis dros ar daRupula amdeni naibi. burTunaiSi cixe-simagris aRebis Semdeg Samili miagavda cxvars, romelsac mgeli kiserSi swvda da romelsac xsnis imedi dahkargvia...

salaTaus dapyroba ukanaskneli furceli iyo gr. orbelianis oficruli kariaeris mraval-wlian matianeSi~. (17, gv.09).

1858 wels gr. orbeliani mravali ordeniT dajildovebuli gadmoiyvanes TbilisSi mTavar-marTebelTan.

sainteresoa g. orbelianis Canaweri Samilis Sesaxeb, rodesac igi imyofeboda peterburgSi da `piradad Sexvda yofil imams Samils. imperiis sataxto qalaqSi Zveli mtrebis aseTi gamo-cnaureba TiTqos finalia rogorc maTi urTierTobisa ise mTlianad kavkasiis omis xangrZlivi istoriisa. da es finali Zalze lirikulad JRers: `Samila gavican peterburgSi; kargi darbaiseli kaci yofila. magram gao-cebuli iyo yovliTa maT, rasac xedavda... didis simwariT miambo, rom miRalates yovelTa maT, vinc iyvnen daaxloebulni CemTan da vinc Cems mfarvelobis qveSe da Cemis mowyalebiT hscxovrebdneno! imaTve amikles srulebiT, ase rom, es TeTri Coxa bariatinskim miwyalobao, da amgvari mravali melaparaka~. (17, gv.011).

unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdeg, TandaTan warmoiSva ramdenime saxis qarTveloba: erTni _ romlebic Seerwyvnen ruseTis xelisuflebas, aRmoCndnen sindis-gare-cxilebi, piradi angarebisa da uflebebis misaRwevad daiviwyes samSobloc da xalxic. romlebsac miaCndaT, rom saqarTvelo rusebis gareSe ver iarsebebs. eseni gaxdnen e. w. rusofilebi. (Cvenda saubedurod, dRevandel dResac igive mdgomareobaa). meoreni (miamitebi) _ romlebic mefis ruseTis dros, fiqrobdnen da imedi hqondaT, rom erTmorwmune rusebi, xelSek-rulebis Tanaxmad, danapirebs Seasrulebda da rusebis meSveobiT saqarTvelo gamTliandeboda da Zvel siZlieres daibrunebda. amitomac isini, TavgamodebiT, moRvaweobdnen ruseTis jarSi, miT umetes kavkasiaSi.

a. uralovi wers: èkaterine II-is dros, Zlierdeba ruseTis eqspansia kavkasiaSi. misi saukeTeso

generali _ cnobili generalsimusi suvorovi _ axal laSqrobebs xelmZRvaneleobs. eqspansiis axali talRa, iwvevs CrdiloeT kavkasielTa gaerTianebul winaaRmdegobas. ZiriTadi adgili am winaaRmdegobisa xdeba CeCneTi da daRestani~. (92, gv.11).

ruseTis erovnuli gmiri, didi rusi mxedarTmTavari, 1789 wlidan rimnikis (rumineTi) grafi, 1799 wlidan italiis Tavadi, amave wlidan generalsimusi. al e q s a n d r e su voro v i (1729_ 1800), 1762 wels dainiSna astraxanis, xolo 1763 wels suzdalis qveiTi polkis meTaurad. 1774 wels gaigzavna glexTa omis, xolo 1794 wels poloneTis, ajanyebebis CasaxSobad. 1778 wels a. suvorovi gaxda yirimis jarebis ufrosi. amave welsve, Turqebma gemebiT daapires gadmoesxad yirimSi sajariso nawilebi, magram, suvorovma erT RameSi sanapiroze TavdacviTi simagreebi

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aaSena da Turqebma ukan daixies. Turqebma, amis Semdeg daamtkices yirimis xanad S a x i n g i r e i (Saxin girai, Sagin gerai, Sain gerei, saxim gerei) (1745_1787), romelic, erTi wliT adre, ruseTis da noRaelebis daxmarebiT gaxda yirimis xani. Saxin girei maincdamainc ar endoboda a. suvorovs da mis mimarT sifrTxiles iCenda, radgan a. suvorovma 1778 wels gadaasaxla yvela yirimeli qris-tianebi (daaxl. 30 000 kaci) donisa da azovis midamoebSi: somxebi _ wmida dimitri donelis cixesTan, warmoiqmna qalaqi nor-naxiCevani (dRevan. donis rostovi) da berZnebi _ mariupolSi (ukra. doneckis olqi). 1779 wels ruseTis jaris nawili yirimidan gamoiyvanes da a. suvorovic gadaiyvanes poltavaSi. man gansakuTrebiT `Tavi gamoiCina~ (1777_1778, 1782-1783) wlebSi ukana-skneli damoukidebeli noRaidelebis saxelmwifos ganadgu-rebaSi. (ix. qveviT).

cnobilia, rom rusebis samxedroebis daxmarebiT yirimis xanad gamocxadebul Sagin-girei yiri-mSi ar sargeblobda pativiscemiT. amave dros mis mier ganxor-cielebulma gadasaxadebis momatebam mZime tvirTad daawva mosaxleobas. igi ugul-velyofda Zvel adaT-wesebs, cdilobda yirimSi gaetarebina reformebi da ruseTis msgavsad SemoeRo saxelmwifo mmarTveloba. yvelaferma aman yirimSi gamoiwvia ajan-yeba, romelmac farTo xasiaTi miiRo. (1777_1778) wlebSi ajanyeba sastikad CaaxSo a. suvorovma. gadmocemiT ajanyebulebma moklulTa saxiT dakarges 12 000. ajanyebis Cax-Sobis Semdeg, daaxloebiT 34 000 noRaelebi iZulebulni gaxdnen gadasaxle-buliyvnen sazRvar-gareT. 1781 wlis ivlisSi yvela noRaideli tomebi ajanydnen. bolos ruseTis ramdenime gene-rlebma SeZles misi CaxSoba. 1782 wels a. suvorovi gadaiyvanes yirimSi da yubanSi, Saxin gireis winaaRmdeg, ajanyebuli noRaelebis dasawynareblad. 1783 wlis 8 aprils gamocxadda ekaterine II-is manifesti, romlis mixedviT yirimis saxano da yubanze mdebare ukanaskneli noRaelTa saxelmwifo uqmndeboda da uerTdeboda ruseTs. aman gamoiwvia daZabuloba da im dros, yirimisa da yubanis jarebis meTaurma a. suvorovma SeZlo, sxvadasxva xerxebiT erTmaneTs dapirispirebuli noRaelebis daTanxmeba nebayoflobiT ruseTTan SeerTebaze. wyaro-ebidan cnobilia, rom amave wlis 28 ivliss noRaelebma, mxedarTmTavris winaSe, sajariso nawilebis: 3 polkisa da yubanis arti-leriis korpusis TanxlebiT, dai-fices ruseTis erTgulebaze. ruseTis xelisuflebam ifiqra, rom noRaelTa sakiTxi gadawyvetili iyo da a. suvorovi daajildoves kidevac. magram, rodesac ruseTis xelisuflebam gadawyvita gadaesaxlebinad noRaelebi uralSi, (gegmis mixedviT unda gaesa-xlebinad TiTqmis yvela kavkasielebi), isini seqtembris dasawyisSi ajanydnen. ajanyebis CaxSoba isev suvorovs daavales. ajanyebulebi iyvnen gamagrebulni mdina-reebis yubansa da labas Soris. suvorovma xma gaavrcela, rom igi midioda ruseTSi SemoWrili germanelebis winaaRmdeg sabrZol-velad. TviTon ki, Tavisi sajariso nawilebiT, rom ar gaegoT ajanyebulebs misi moaxloeba, moZraobda RamRameobiT da jariskacebs cecxlis danTebac aukrZala. a. suvorovis istorikosis gadmocemiT, ajanyebulebTan SeumCnevlad misul jariskacebs, Setevis win waukiTxes a. suvorovis brZaneba: `jarebi ar isveneben gadamwyvet damarcxebamde, mtris datyvevebamde an

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mospobamde. Tu is axlos ar imyofeba, maSin is unda moiZebnos yvelgan, tyviebi dazogeT, imuSaveT civi iaraRiT... dragunebi da kazakebi aramc da aramc ar unda Camovidnen cxenebidan alafisaTvis. alafisaTvis modis 4 sajariso nawili; danarCenni yvela mzadyofnaSia~. 1 seqtembris alionze, rusulma jarma ajanyebulebi alyaSi moaqcies da rodesac noRaelebi asrulebdnen namazs (muslimanTa locva), a. suvorovma gasca Setevis dawyebis brZaneba. samxedro istorikosi, general-lei-tenanti v a s il p otto (1836_1911) ase aRwers noRaelebze Tavdasxmas: ùaresad SeiaraRebulni, uaresi meTaure-biT, udisciplinoebi, romlebsac ar hqondaT warmod-gena samwyobroze, noRaelebi iWrebodnen RvarZlianad da iRupebodnen massiurad. ususuri mZvinvarebiT isini TviTon anadgurebdnen TavianT Zvirfaseulobas: klavdnen TavianT Svilebs, xocavdnen qalebs, rom isini ar Cavardniliyvnen tyved~. (101). brZola grZeldeboda cvalebadi warmatebiT mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi da mxolod saRamos 10 sT-Tvis noRaelebma daiwyes ukan daxeva. md. labas SesarTavTan gmirulad daiRupnen yvela ajanyebulTa meTaurebi, TiTqmis yvela, erT dros Zlieri tomebis murzebi (aulebis didgva-rovani ufrosebi) yvela Tavisi mozrdili mosaxleebiT. ramdenime kviris ganmavlobaSi, mTel CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi xdeboda noRaelebis Zebna da ganadgureba. sxvadasxva monacemebiT, mefis ruseTma 500 aTasze meti noRaelebi gaanadgura. xolo TurqeTSi gaixiznen milionze meti. rode-sac ekaterine II-es moaxsenes ajanyebis CaxSoba, mas wamouZaxia, rom noRaelebis sakiTxi samudamod gadawyvetilia. uzarmazari gaSlili velebis sivrceebi gaukacrielda didi xnis wlebis ganmavlobaSi, magram, noRaelTa ubedureba amiT ar damTavrda.

(1859_1895) wlebSi piatigories da klausis 100 aTass noRaelebs kvlav mouwiaT TurqeTSi gadasaxleba. 1783 wlidan noRaelebi seqtembris dasayisSi aRniSnaven daRupulTa sulTa xsenebas. (101).

1775 wels md. Tergidan dawyebuli md. donamde daiwyo e. w. mozdok-azovis xazis, cixe-simagreebis mSenebloba. 1777 wels aSenda 10 cixe-simagre, maT Soris stavropolskaia (stavropoli).

1785 wels Camoyalibda kavkasiis gubernia, romelSic gaerTianebuli iyo 6 mazra: aleqsandrovskis, ekaterinogradis, georgievskis, yizlaris, mozdokis da stavro-polis. 1790 wels kavka-siis gubernia gauqmnda da gaxda astraxanis gubernia.

yubanis saxanos gauqmebisa da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdeg, CrdiloeT kavkasia ruseTis alyaSi moeqca. amis Semdeg Seudga ruseTi, Tavisi Zveli Canafiqris ganxor-cielebas, CrdiloeT kavkasiis SeerTebas ruseTTan da daiwyo iaraRis ZaliT amis ganxorcieleba.

darialisa da aragvis xeobaze, jvris uReltexilze, viwro da Znelad gamavali uZvelesi gzis gavliT xdeboda dakavSireba, CrdiloeT kavaksielTa, adiReelebsa da qarTl-kaxeTs Soris. gansa-kuTrebiT gaxSirda mimosvla, XVIII saukunis II naxev-ridan, rodesac ruseTma daiwyo kavSiris damyareba qarTl-kaxeTTan. amitomac, am gziT dainteresda ruseTis imperiis samxedro uwyeba da daiwyo am gzis mowesrigeba, romelsac SemdegSi mas ewoda `saqarTvelos samxedro gza~. 1784 wels, sof. Zauji-

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yausTan axlos, am gzis dasacavad aSenda cixesimagre vladikavkazi, romelic 1860 wels gardaiqmna qalaqad da Tergis olqis mTavari qalaqi gaxda.

darialis xeobaSi gzis gayvanisa da mSeneblobis winaaRmdegni iyvnen CaCnebi da daRestnelebi. maTi mTavrebis mosyidva da gaTiSva rusebma ver SeZles da maT winaaRmdeg daiwyo Zalis gamoyeneba. amave dros Tergis mxareSi xdeboda cixe-simagreebis mSenebloba da rusebisa da kazakebis Casa-xleba. es ki mosaxleobaSi iwvevda ukmayofilebas.

1784 wels, CrdiloeT kavkasiis aRmosavleTSi iwyeba ruseTis winaaRmdeg gamos-vlebi, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda CeCneTis saxalxo gmiri, samxedro, religiuri _ tarikarTis (sufiuri ordenis) da politikuri moRvawe, axalgazrda Seixi m a n s u r i (uSurma) (1765_1794). (ix. qveviT). man SeZlo RazavaTis (wmidaTawmida brZola samSoblos gaTavisuflebisaTvis) mowodebis qveS, CrdiloeT kavkasielTa gaerTianeba ruseTis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. 1791 wlis ivnisSi rusebma daiwyes Seteva, Savi zRvis sanapiroze mdebare, TurqeTis simagre anapaze, sadac imyofeboda man-suric. didi winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, 15 dRis Semdeg, Rames, ingliseli mogza-uris, kavkasiologis, istorikosis da Jurnalistis jo n b a dd el i s (John Baddeley) (1854_1940) gadmocemiT: `TurqTa uyuradRebobisa da daudevrobis gamo~ rusebma SeZles ajanyebulTa damarcxeba. mansuris datyvevebis Semdegac, rusebis winaaRmdeg gamosvlebi ar Sewyvetila. (115) ajanyeba marTalia damarcxda, magram im dros, man mainc mTielebs warmateba moutana, vinaidan, brZoliT daibrunes CaCneTi, daRestnis da CerqezeTis nawili.

mansuris Semdeg CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ajanyebas Caudgnen saTaveSi y a z i -m u h a m a d i (ix. qve-viT), h a m z a T - b e g i (ix. qveviT) da S a m il i (ix. qveviT), romelmac Camoayaliba Tavisufali saxelmwifo _ e. w. `Samilis imamati~. mxolod, TiTqmis 30 wlis mere SeZlo ruseTis imperiam misi dapyroba.

ruseT-osmaleTis (1789_1791) omis damTavrebis Semdeg, 1792 wlis 9 ianvars q. iasiSi (iaSi, aRmosavleT rumineTi) dadebuli xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris dadginda axali sazRvrebi: samxreT-dasavleTiT _ md. dnestrze da kavkasiaSi _ md. yubanze. ruseTis sazRvrebSi moeqca Savi zRvis CrdiloeTis sana-piroebi md. bugsa da md. dnestrs Soris. ruseTi damkvidrda Sav zRvaze, mas vaWrobac Tavisuflad SeeZlo da samxreT sazRvrebsac icavda. etyoba, rom iasiSi sazRvrebis ganxilvisas, sxvaTa Soris saqarTvelos sakiTxic ganixiles. magram, Cans, rom ruseTi sifrTxiliT ekideboda saqarTvelos sakiTxs, vinaidan osmaleTi ar gaeRizianebina. ruseTma am molaparakebebis dros, isedac did warmatebebs miaRwia. radgan, ìasis sazavo xelSekrulebis me-5 muxli exeboda ruseTis mfarvelobaSi myof qarTl-kaxeTis samefos: osmaleTis mTavroba pirobas debda, rom sagangebo firmaniT mkacrad aukrZalavda axalcixis faSas da menapire mmarTvelebs qarTl-kaxeTis samefoze Tavdasxmas, rom àrc aSkarad da arc farulad ar SeeviwroebinaT qarTlis mefis qveyana da mcxovrebni~. (8, t.5, gv.63). magram lixsiqeT saqarTvelos Sesaxeb araferi iyo naTqvami. maTi mdgomareoba Zveleburad rCeboda. es mxare isev osmaleTis zegavlenis qveS darCa.

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1792 wels ekaterine II-is brZanebiT Savi zRvis jars gadaeca tamanidan dawyebuli md. labis SesarTavamde miwebi. 1793 wels md. yubanis marjvena napirze daarsda q. ekaterinodari. pirvelad, am adgilas SavizRvispireTis (yof. zaporoJies) kazakebma Seqmnes banaki, Semdeg aaSenes cixe-simagre. 1860 wels gaxda yubanis olqis administraciuli centri. xolo 1867 wlidan gardaiqmna qalaqad. 1920 wlidan ewoda krasnodari. aqve iqmneboda kazakTa stanicebi (soflebi). aq da sxva adgilebSi, kazakebis garda, gamoqceuli glexebisa da samsaxuris dasrulebuli jariskacebis dasaxleba grZeldeboda wlebis ganmavlobaSi, amave dros iwyeba, e. w. kavkasiis xazis, labidan dawyebuli stavropolamde, kazakebis Casaxleba.

ruseTis xelisuflebas CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, rom Tavisi koloniuri uflebebi gaemyarebina, 1793 wels yabardoSi SemoiRo sagvareuloTa sasamarTlo dawesebu-lebebi: TavadebisaTvis (`rodo-voe sudi~) da aznaurebisaTvis (`rodovoe raspravi~). orive dawesebulebebs warmarTavda xeli-suflebis moxeleebi. aman gamoiwvia yabar-doSi yvela mosaxleobis wodebaTa ukmayofileba da 1794 wlidan daiwyo gamosvlebi, romelic TandaTan gadaizarda SeiaraRebul dapirispirebaSi.

1796 welidan yalmuxebi da kazakebi iwyeben Tavdasxmebs yubansa da Tergis CrdiloeT kavka-sielebze. gadawves da gaaCanages aulebi. kavkasielebi gaixiznen mTebSi da iqedan ganagrZobdnen brZolebs. bolos, SeferTxilma Tavdasxmelebma veRar gauZles winaaRmdegobas da 1797 wels datoves dakavebuli miwebi. amiT isargebles rusebma da datovebul adgilebSi, gaamagres TavianTi cixe-simagreebi.

XVIII saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, ruseTis xelisuflebam, Tavisi adrindeli gan-zraxvis, iransa da indoeTTan savaWro urTierTobis damyarebis gegmis, Sesrulebas Sudga. xolo amisaTvis saWiro iyo kavkasiidan iranis gandevna.

66 wlis ekaterine II-is, 28 wlis sayvarels, uganaTlebules Tavads, saxel-mwifo moRvawes, (general-feldexmeisteri, fortifikaciis generaluri direqtori, Savi da azovis zRvebis umaRlesi mTavarsardali. novorosiis general-gubernatori, samxatvro akademiis moyvarulTa wevri da sxv.), pl ato n zu b o v s (1767_1822) daevala gegmis Sesruleba, romlis mixedviT, ruseTs unda dasavleT kaspiispireTi daekavebina da amave dros amierkavkasiidan irani unda saerTod gaedevna.

`90-iani wlebis miwurulSi amierkavkasiis asparezze da iranSi SedarebiT ufro xelsayreli viTareba Seiqmna imisaTvis, rom ruseTis imperias aq Tavisi ekonomiuri da politikuri inte-resebisaTvis uSualo brZola ganeaxlebina....

aRniSnul viTarebaSi ruseTis mTavrobam gadawyvita, rom iranSi Zlieri laS-qroba moewyo da amierkavkasiaSic Tavisi poziciebi sabolood ganemtkicebina... carizmis gegmebi am dros saeWvod gamoiyureboda. fiqrobdnen, rom erekles sabatono mxare _ ganja momaval dapyrobaTa placdarmad gadaeqciaT da iq samxedro-rusuli kolonia moewyoT. ganjaSi 2 000 axalgazrda rusi jariskaci unda daesaxlebinaT, romlebic iqve ojaxebs Seqmnidnen da imperiis miznebis Semdgom realizacias xels Seuwyobdnen...

somexi istorikosi leo dasZenda, rom aq Camosaxlebul axalgazrda jariskacebs

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qalebi ̀ xarkis~ saxiT qarTvelTa da somexTagan unda mieRoT da es ̀ barbarosuli~ saqcieli grafma zubovma `sparsTa velur xasiaTidan SeiTvisa~. ekaterine meores Tanxmoba gamoucxadebia ganjaSi koloniis Seqmnaze da gankargulebac ki gaucia, rom am saqmisaTvis 385 326 maneTi gamoeyoT~. (6, t.IV, gv.766_767).Y

amave xanebSi, saqarTvelos mdgomareoba rogorc saSinao, aseve sagareoc metad garTulebuli iyo. erekle II-is ruseTTan daaxloebas ewinaaRmdegebodnen rogorc zogierTi Tavadebi da eris-Tavebi, aseve, qarTl-kaxeTis dedofali, erekle II-is mesame meuRle (1750-dan), d a r ej a n i (daaxl. 1726_1807), romelic im dros, iTvleboda antirusuli moZraobis erT-erT xelmZRvanelad da amave dros cdilobda misi erT-erTi Svilis gamefebas, (cnobilia, rom erekle II-es darejanisagan 17 Svili hyavda. dauzustebeli monacemebiT sul erekle II-es 24 Svili hyolia).

erekle II-is dros, aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos Soris rTuli damo-kidebuleba iyo. marTalia, XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi, qarTveli mowinave Zalebi cdilobdnen gaaerTianebinaT lixsaqeT da lixsiqeT saqarTvelo, magram maT es ver SeZles da amjerad, saqarTvelos gaerTi-anebis mcdeloba CaiSala.

amave dros, wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom erekle II-is winaaRmdeg, SeTqmulebas awyobdnen da mis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen, somexi vaWrebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom erekle II somxebs qarTl-kaxeTSi asaxlebda da yovelmxriv xels uwyobda, rom misi azriT, maTi daxmarebiT, rogorme qarTl-kaxeTSi vaWroba ganeviTarebia. erT-erTi SeTqmulebisas, didvaWrebs moundomebiaT erekles gadayeneba da mis magivrad misi Svili giorgis taxtze ayvana. (5, t.III, gv.463). SemdegSiac somxebs araerTxel uRalatiaT qarTvelebisaTvis da yovelTvis ruseTs, an saqarTveloSi Semosul mtrebs emxrobodnen. saqarTvelos pirveli damoukidebeli respublikis (1918_1921) dros, saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg somxeTis mTavrobam moulodnelad omi wamoiwyo da maT saqarTveloSi myofi somxebic exmarebodnen. cnobilia, rom Tbiliseli somxebi iaraRiTac ki amaragebdnen somxur jars.

erekle II-is dros, saqarTvelo aRmoCnda TurqeTis, iranis da ruseTis imperiebs Soris moqce-uli, romlebic TviTeuli miiswrafeboda mis dapyrobas da damor-Cilebas, xolo aranakleb saSi-Sroebas uqmnidnen daRestnelTa tomebi, romlebic gamudmebiT Tavs esxmodnen qarTl-kaxeTs da TandaTan itacebdnen mis miwebs.

1794 wlidan iranis mmarTveli, xolo 1796-dan iranis Sahi a R a - m a h m a d - x a n i (aRa-mohamed-xani) (1742_1797) azerbaijanisa da saqarTvelos dapyrobisaTvis emzadeboda. erekle II-em icoda xanis gegmebi da amitom, ruseTis xelisuflebas 1783 wlis xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, jaris gamogzavnas ara erTxel evedreboda. ruseTi ki ar Cqarobda. wyaroebidan Cans, rom ruseTis xeli-sufleba cdilobda, saqarTvelo ise dasustebuliyo, rom SemdegSi is advilad, Zalis gamoyenebis gareSe mTlianad daemorCilebina. amasobaSi ki 1795 wels aRa-mahmad-xanma azerbaijanic daimorCila da amave wlis 11 seqtembers Tbilisic aiRo, gadawva, aaoxra da xalxic gaJlita. `cnobilia, rom moqalaqeTa erTi nawilis delegacia iranis Sahs saCuq-rebiT Seegeba da erTguleba daudastura; mtris laSqarSi araerTi somexi jariskaci

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da oficeri ibrZoda, mstovrebze da provokatorebze rom araferi vTqvaT, momxdu-rebs gzis maCveneblad somxebi mouZRodnen, maT Soris yarabaReli meliqebi da sxv. ase rom, amgvari saSiSroeba gamoricxuli ar yofila.

Tumca veragma saWurisma somxebs Ralati arafrad daufasa da sparsi meomrebi maT iseve gaafTrebiT da mondomebiT arbevdnen da anadgurebdnen rogorc qarTve-lebs~. (5, t.III, gv.471). cnobilia, isic, rom rodesac aRa-mahmad-xani `maTavari ZalebiT Tbilisisaken (ganjis gavliT) daiZra... aRa-mahmad-xanis mxareze gadavidnen erekleTi ukmayofilo, yarabaReli somexi meliqebi _ mejlumi da habovi. male erevnis xanmac qedi mouxara dampyrobels, xolo somexTa kaTalikosma didZali Tanxis gaRebiT (100 aTasi man.) ìyida~ mSvidoba~. (6, t.IV, gv.760). 21 seqtembers spar-selTa laSqarma ùamravi naZarcviTa da 15 000-mde tyviT saqarTvelo datova~. (5, t.III, gv.477).

unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos damarcxeba, ZiriTadaT gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom erekle II-is dros ara Tu qarTl-kaxeTi, aramed mTeli saqarTvelo Sinaganad dauZlurebuli iyo da amave dros, erekle II ruseTis dapirebebs miendo. xolo, mTavari damarcxebis mizezTagani, mainc `ruse-Tis winaswar gamiznuli politikis warmatebuli ganxorcieleba iyo. imis mizezi, rom saqar-Tvelos winaaRmdeg ganewyo da daerazma TiTqmis yvela mezobeli. ruseTma warmatebiT Seasrula is, rasac gegmavda. igi Tavis politikis gamarjvebas zeimobda, radgan, xelis gausvrelad qarTl-kaxeTis samefo dacemis piras miiyvana da mcireodeni Zalisxmeva sWirdeboda, raTa igi sabolood ganadgurebuliyo da usisxlod ruseTis avtoritetis ara marto SenarCunebis, aramed ganmtkicebis pirobebSi, mwife nayofiviT Cavardnoda xelSi. ruseTi swored amas eloda~. (6, t.III, gv.477).

aRa-mahmad-xanis saqarTvelodan wasvlis Semdeg, ruseTi iwyebs Tavisi Canafiqris ganxorcielebas da iranis winaaRmdeg wamoiwyo omi. viTomcda erekle II-is dasax-mareblad, rogorc iqna, 1795 wlis dekemberSi, ruseTis ori batalioni Camovida, xolo ori batalionic daRestanSi gaagzavnes. 1796 wlis aprilSi rusebma amierkav-kasiaSi daiwyes omi, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda platonis umcrosi Zma v al e r i zu b o v i (1771_1804). rusebma zogierTi daRestnelebisa da qarTvelebis daxma- rebiT daikaves darubandi da CrdiloeT azerbaijanis qalaqebi. amave dros erekle II-es (rogorc adre) `hpirdebodnen, rom mis samflobelos mdinare araqsidan osma-leTis sazRvrebamde gaafarToebdnen. dapirebiT ki hpirdebodnen, magram kargad icodnen, rom sakuTari sazRvrebis gafarToebaze fiqrobdnen, radgan dasustebul saqarTvelos beber loms _ `patara kaxs~, didi dRe ar ewera, xolo mis Semdeg saqarTveloSi ra politikas gaatarebdnen, rusebma winaswar icodnen~. (5, t.III, gv.479). magram, iranis winaaRmdeg wamowyebuli omi, uceb SeCerda, vinaidan ekaterine II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg 1796 wlidan ruseTis imperatori gaxda, misi Svili p a vl e I (1754_1801), romlis drosac kavkasiis omi CaTvales Zvirad Rirebulebad da kavkasiidan jari gaiyvanes. saqarTvelo datova ruseTis jarma da rogorc winaT, exlac mters pirispir Seatoves.

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ruseTi, jaris gayvaniT, TiTqos mSvidobas amyarebda kavkasiaSi, magram, male gamoCnda, rom is iZulebuli gaxda, politikuri viTarebis gamo kavkasiaSi omi Seew-yvita da sinamdvileSi, srule-biTac ar fiqrobda kavkasiaze xelis aRebas. pavle I-is azriT, kavkasiaSi unda Seqmniliyo ruseTze damokidebuli federaluri respub-likebi. man 1797 wlis 5 ianvars, kavkasiis jarebis sardals, p. zubovs gaugzavna gankarguleba, sadac `moiTxovda, rom `saTanado urTierToba~ ar gaewyvitaT qarTl-kaxeTis mefesTan da im qveynebis mmarTvelebTan, romlebic ruseTis mfarvelobas amjobi-nebdnen, raTa saWiro SemTxvevaSi `yvela maTgani erTad gamosuliyo ruseTis mtrebis winaaRmdeg~, rom ruseTs rac SiZleba naklebad dasWirveboda iaraRiT gamosvla maT mxareze. amitom, pavles azriT, ruseTis momxre mflobelTagan unda `Seqmniliyo ruseTze damokidebuli federaciuli saxelmwifo~, romelic saSinao saqmeebSi damoukidebeli iqneboda.

amrigad, mefis ruseTi am etapze araxelsayreli viTarebis pirobebSi amierkav-kasiaSi qarTveli da sxva xalxebis politikuri daqvemdebarebebisa da maTi damouki-deblobis SenarCunebis gziT fiqrobda Tavisi batonobis ganxorcielebas da amaze Sors wasvlas jerjerobiT ar apirebda~. (6, t.IV, gv.769).

wyaropebidan Cans, rom 1798 wels yabardoSi xdeboda gamosvlebi da mis dasa-SoSmineblad kavkasiis xelisuflebam kazakTa polki gaagzavna. maTma moqmedebam gamoiwvia mTels yabardoSi ajanyebebi. 1800 wlis 28 mais pavle I-ma mimarTa CrdiloeT kavkasiis mmarTvelobas, rom ar Care-uliyvnen CrdiloeT kavkasielebis Sida saqmeebSi, `sanam isini ar daesxmian rusul sazRvrebs, radgan mTieli xalxi arian ruseTTan vasalur damokidebulebaSi da ara qveSerdomni~. (107).

pavle I-is Canafiqri, kavaksiaSi ruseTze damokidebul federalur saxelm-wifoebis Camoya-libebis Sesaxeb, sinamdvileSi, amis Sesruleba SeuZlebeli iyo. radgan am dros TviT ruseTSi rogorc saSinao, aseve sagareo mdgomareoba amis SesaZleblobas ar iZleoda. ra Tqma unda, TviTon kavksielebi nebayoflobiT, amaze ar daTanxmdebodnen. amave dros, TviT ruseTis maSindeli isto-rikosebis gadmocemiT, kavkasiaSi myofi ruseTis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi, `yoveli umciresi moxer-xebuli SemTxveviT sargeblobdnen~ da kavkasielebze axdendnen Tavdasxmebs. zogi akeTebda amas `mowyenilobis gamo~, itacebda `srolis guguni da CeCnebis yiJina~. xolo ùmravlesoba amas akeTebda, Tavisi sardlebis ndobis mopovebisaTvis da rom eCvenebinad Tavisi unarianoba~. es ki iwvevda kavkasielebis mxridan sapirispiro moqmedebas da yvela kavkasielebi am Zaladobas gaafTrebuli mZvinvarebiT pasu- xobdnen. (107).

XVIII saukunis miwurulsa da XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, saqarTvelo umZimes mdgomareobaSi iyo Cavardnili. mis winaaRmdeg moqmedebdnen osmaleTi, sparseTi da daRe-stnelTa nawili. amave xanebSi, saqarTveloSi rusebis Semosvlis winaaRmdeg moqmedebdnen qarTvel batoniSvilebis nawilic.

qarTl-kaxeTis ukanaskneli mefe (1798-dan) g i or g i XII-es (1746_1800) saqar-

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TveloSi arc pativiscema da arc gavlena hqonda. man 1798 wlis 16 dekembers ruseTs TxovniT mimarTa, rom 1783 wlis xelSekruleba ganeaxlebinad da TviT igi daemtkicebinad mefed, xolo misi Svili d a v i T i (1767_1819) memkvidred gamoe-cxadebinad da jariTac daxmarebodnen. misi Txovna rusebma 1799 wlis 18 aprils daakmayofiles da saqarTveloSi 3 000 jariskaci gamoagzavnes. amave wlis 5 dekem-bers giorgi XII-m ruseTis erTgulebaze daifica. pavle I-is gardacvalebisTanave `senatis 1801 wlis 6 martis gadawyvetilebiT, saqarTvelo guberniad gamoacxada da am saxiT Sevida ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi~. (5, t.III, gv.514). unda aRiniSnos, rom èrTaderTi vinc gulwrfelad miesalmeboda ruseTTan mWidro kavSirs, qarTuli suverenitetis srul mospobas, qveynis Zlieri somxuri (vaWruli) diaspora iyo. mas amgvari miswrafebis obieqturi mizezi hqonda, Tundac is, rom rusi da saqar-Tvelos vaWrebi (iseve rogorc sxva wodebebic) uflebrivad Tanaswordebodnen. am muxlis moqmedeba vaWarTa fenas mniSvnelovan SeRavaTebs uqmnida~. (5, t.III, gv.506).

ruseTis imperiis axalma imperatorma (1801-dan) al e q s a n dr e I-ma (1787_ 1825), 1801 wlis 12 seqtembers manifesti gamoaqveyna, romlis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiis gubernia gaxda.

`Svidi Tvis Semdeg, 1802 wlis 12 aprils, es manifesti TbilisSi, sionis rusul jarebiT garSemortymul taZarSic iqna wakiTxuli. xalxiT gaWedil darbazSi sama-riseburi siCume Camo-varda, bevrma xmalzec ki Seivlo xeli, magram winaaRmdegobas azri ar hqonda. sabolood amas taZarSi myofi batoniSvilebis, kaTalikosis da didebulebis daficeba mohyva.

meore dRes, manifesti somxur taZarSi adgilobrivi diasporis warmomadgenlebs waukiTxes. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, igi aRfrTovanebul SeZaxilebSi da taSis grialSi Catarda...

ase dasrulda saqarTvelos inkorporacia ruseTis mier, romelmac misi aneqsia gacilebiT adre ganaxorciela.

saqarTvelos mravalsaukunovan istoriaSi axali epoqa daiwyo~. (5, t.III, gv517). 1801 wels saqarTvelosa da 1813 da 1828 wlebSi CrdiloeT azerbaijanis

dapyrobis Semdeg, ruseTis xelisuflebam mTeli ZalebiT Seudga CrdiloeT kavkasielebis damorCilebas.

1802 wels CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, kaspiis zRvidan dawyebuli md. labamde da md. maniCidan CrdiloeT kasvkasiis mTiswineTamde xelaxla Seiqmna kavkasiis gubernia, romelic gamoeyo astra-xanis gubernias da masSi gaerTianda 5 mazra: yizlaris, mozdokis, giorgievskis, aleqsandrovskis da stavropolis.

1804 wels iranma ruseTs mosTxova ultimatumiT kavkasiidan jarebis gayvana. amave wlis ivnisSi daiwyo ruseT-iranis omi. amiT isargebles CrdiloeT kavkasie-lebma da daiwyes ruseTis winaaRmdeg gamosvlebi. gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda mdgoma-reoba CaCneTSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom (1805_ 1806) wlebSi ruseTis xelisuflebis mier gagzavnilma sadamsjelo razmebma meamboxeebs sagrZnobi ziani miayenes, CaCneTSi gamanTavisuflebeli moZraoba ufro gaizarda da ajanyeba daRestanSic gavrcelda.

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meamboxeebi Tavs esxmodnen CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ganlagebul rusebis cixe-simagreebs. 1807 wlis TebervalmartSi mozdoksa da yizlarTan gamarTul brZolebSi ruseTis jarebi dama-rcxdnen. SemdegSic, yvela mcdeloba ruseTis mier ajanyebis CaxSobisa marcxiT mTavrdeboda. amis Semdgom, 1813 wlamde, ruseT-iranis omis damTavrebamde, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi simSvide damyarda. radgan, ruseTs CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi didi Zalebis gamoyvana ar SeeZlo, vinaidan ruseTi erT-droulad eomeboda saxelmwifoebs: irans (1804_1813), TurqeTs (1806_1812), Svecias (1808_1809) da safrangeTs (1812). xolo evropaSi mimdinareobda omebi safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, sadac ruseTic monawileobas Rebulobda.

samxreT amierkavkasiaSi, iranTan omis dros, saqarTveloSi myofma ruseTis jarma, qarTvelebis SemweobiT warmatebas miaRwia. 1806 wels p. cicianovis meTaurobiT rusebma daikaves CrdiloeT azerbaijanis didi nawili: ganjis samTavro, Suravelis sasulTno, Saqis, yarabaRis, Sirvanis saxanoebi da baqo. orjer Seecadnen erevnis aRebas, magram ver SeZles. 1812 wlis oqtomberSi, mdinereebis arqsisa da dara- iurtis aslanduzis fonTan, ruseTis jarma SeZlo iranis mTavari Zalebis damarcxeba. xolo 1813 wlis 1 ianvars lenqoranic daikaves. amave wlis 24 oqtom-bers, sof. gulistanSi (yarabaRi) ruseTsa da irans Soris daido xelSekruleba. romlis ZaliTac, rusebs darCaT, mis mier dakavebuli miwebi: aRmosavleT saqar-Tvelo, daRestani da CrdiloeT azerbaijani. amis Semdeg, ruseTis xelisuflebam SeZlo CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi samxedro Zalebis gadayvana. amieridan, ruseTis mxedarT-mTavrebi cecxliTa da maxviliT uswordebodnen ajan-yebulebs, wvavdnen da anadgu-rebdnen aulebs, xocavdnen, arbevdnen mosaxleobas, ar indobdnen qalebs, moxucebs da bavSvebsac. araerTi kavkasielTa tomi Seewira am oms. kavkasielTa gadarCenili nawili iZulebuli gaxda sazRvargareT gaqceuliyo. TviTon ruseTis xelisuflebac asaxlebda Soreul guberniebSi da es xdeboda, ruseTis mefis dasturiT.

ruseTis imeratori aleqsandre I iZleoda miTiTebas: `mTieli xalxi daimorCileT TandaTan, magram daJinebiT, daikaveT mxolod is,

ris SenarCunebasac SeZlebT, nu gavrceldebiT, sxvagvarad myarad fexze ver dadgebiT da ver uzrunvelyofT dakavebul adgilebs arakeTilganwyobil Tavdas-xmelebisagan~. xolo, ruseTis imperatori (1825_ 1855) n i k oloz I (1796_1855) kavkasiis mefisnacvals (1828_1829) i v a n e p a s k e v i C s (1782_ 1856) werda:

`mas Semdeg, rac Sesrulda es davaleba, davaleba somxeTis zeganis dapyrobisa, Tqven gevalebaT sxva amocana, Cemi SexedulebiT ufro mniSvnelovani, romelic pirdapiri sargeblis TvalsazrisiT gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovania _ es aris mTieli xalxis samudamo damorCileba an qeduxrelebis ganadgureba~. (107).

(1856_1862) wlebSi kavkasiis mTavarsardali da kavkasiis mefisnacvali, Tavadi al e q s a n d r e b a r i at i n s k i (1815_1879) 1861 wels werda, rom:

ùnda gavanTavisufloT kavkasaiis zegani mosaxleobisagan... da am mSvenier da nayofier adgilebSi unda SevqmnaT kazakTa dasaxlebebi~. (21, gv.66). xolo ruseTis imperators (1855_1881) al e q s a n dr e II-es (1818_1881) ki, `kavkasiis omis damTav-

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rebis milocvis werilSi imasac atyobinebdnen, rom `drois~ daukargavad da `ramde-nadac SesaZlebelia~ unda gadavasaxloT mTielebi TurqeTSi da `raki qveyana gaiwmin-deba davamyarebT iq Cvens batonobas samudamodo~. ruseTis xelisuflebis mizani iyo mTlianad gaesaxlebinaT Cerqezebi, yabardoelebi, ubixebi, afxazebi, osebi da sxva mTieli tomebi~. 1860-ian wlebSi ZiriTadad gadaasaxles saZebi, abazinebi, ubixebi. ubixebi TiTqmis mTlianad gadasaxldnen TurqeTSi. kavkasiaSi darCa mxolod 13 ojaxi (80 suli) yubanis olqis sxvadasxva Cerqezul aulSi da 40 ojaxi Savi-zRvispireTis sanapiroze sofel golovinskis maxloblad, sadac maT male daiviwyes kidec mSobliuri ubixuri ena.

amave periodSi dagegmili iyo afxazebis TurqeTSi gadasaxleba. 1864 wels, e. i. kavkasiis omis damTavrebamde, mefisnacvali aleqsandre meores pirad werilSi werda: `vimoqmedebT winda-xedulad, magram gabedulad, raTa sabolood mTlianad gavwmindoT Savi zRvis sanapiro~. (21, gv.66).

magram, ruseTis xelisuflebam am dros, am Canafiqris ganxorcieleba, afxazebis gadasaxleba, ver SeZlo. magram, afaxazeTSi 1866 wels, mTavrobis moxeleTa uxeSma moqcevam, gamoiwvia lixnis ajanyeba, romelic gadaizarda saerTo-saxalxo ajanyebad. ajanyebulebma Seuties soxumis cixesac. soxumSi xelisuflebam sxvadasxva adgile-bidan didZal jars mouyara Tavi da Zlieri brZolis Semdeg, ajanyebulebma ukan daixies. quTaisis general-gubernatorma (1863_1867) d i m i tr i s v i ato pol k -m i r s k i m (1825_1899) moaxerxa soflis mamasaxlisebis meSveobiT ajanyebulebis damSvideba da maT iaraRi Caabares. miuxedavad amisa, mTavrobam ajanyebulebis xelmZRvanelebi sajarod CamoaxrCes da zogi ki cimbirsa da sxvadasxva Soreul adgilebSi gadaasaxles. `xeli-sufleba gamarjvebas zeimobda «maxarebs saukeTeso cnobebi afxazeTidan», werda imperatori aleqsandre II Tavis Zmas mefisnacvals kavkasiaSi mixeil nikolozis Zes~. (6, t.V, gv.252).

amis Semdeg ruseTis mTavrobam SeZlo afxazebis gadasaxleba TurqeTSi. 1864 wlis 27 ivlisis kavaksiis omis damTavrebis gamo aleqsandre II kavkasiis

jarebis samadlobelo werilSi werda: `Tqvens imperatorul umaRlesobas SesaSuri wili ergo _ daagvirgvinos

saukunenaxevris win dawyebuli saqme dasavleT kavkasiis dapyrobisa da pirvelma auwyos rus xalxs, rom kavkasiaSi amieridan arcerTi urCi tomi aRar darCa~. (45).

ruseT-kavkasiis (1817_1864) omis dros, imperatorebis mier micemul davalebebs, kavkasiis mxedarTmTavrebi zedmiwevniT asrulebdnen. xolo maT Soris gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeoda rusi samxedro da saxelmwifo moRvawe, infanteriisa (1818) da artile-riis (1837) generali, 1816 wli-dan jer calke qarTuli korpusis meTauri, SemdegSi kavkasiis jarebis mTavarsardali, romelic xelmZRvanelobda CrdiloeT kavkasiis dapyrobas, al e q s i e r m olo v i (1777_1861) (ix. qveviT). misi azriT, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi wesrigis damyareba da xalxis damorCileba SeiZleboda mxolod da mxolod Zalis gamoyenebiT da mxolod mTielTa ganadgurebiT. amisaTvis saWiro iyo cixe-simagreebis aSeneba, Tergidan sunJamde unda gadamwvari carieli velebi

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darCeniliyo da mTielebi Caeketa mTis xevebSi, rom SimSiliT suli amoxdomodaT. mTeli kavkasia unda gamxdariyo ruseTis imperiis nawili da SeuZlebeli iyo am ruseTis mxareSi damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis yofna. yvela kavkasieli, sul erTi iyo romel sarwmuneobas ekuTvnodnen, rusebis garda, unda ganadgu-rebuliyvnen. a. ermolovi mTielebs yovelTvis ixseniebda udierad, rogorc `yaCaRebs~, `velurebs~ da sxv. igi pirdapir mouwodebda kazakTa nawilebs, rom isini yofiliyvnen frTxilad, da amave dros moulodneli TavdasxmebiT CaCnebisaTvis rac SeiZleboda meti ziani mieyenebinad, gadaewvaT maTi aulebi da sxv.

cnobilia, rom a. ermolovma daibara CaCanTa mamasaxlisebi da gamoucxada: `Tu `mSvidobian aulebze~ gaivlis Tu gind erTi yaCaRTa razmi, maSin yvela misi

mcxovrebni iqnebian mTebSi Serekilni, sadac daixocebian WiriT, xolo maTi amanaTebi (arab. mZevali) iqnebian CamoxrCobilni... airCieT! an morCileba, Tu ara da saSineli amowyveta~. misive TqmiT: TviTon igi iyo `Cingis xanis STamomavali~.

cnobilia, p. ermolovis werili, romelic man gaugzavna (1844_1854) kavkasiis mefisnacvalsa da kavkasiis gansakuTrebuli korpusis mTavarsardals m i x e il v o ro n co v s (1782_1856) kavka-sieli xalxis Sesaxeb: ès xalxi Rirsi ar aris aleqsandre I-is saTno mmarTvelobisa. mas rkinis kverTxi esaWireoba. udidesi gmirobaa saWiro, iRwvode iseTi xalxis sasargeblod, romlis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa umaduroba da romelsac ruseTisadmi mikuTvneba bednierebad ar eCveneba, romelsac mravaljer uRalatia misTvis da kidev mzad aris uRalatos~. (107).

saerTod, `Zalis gamoyenebiT mTielebis damarcxeba~ da `mTielebis ganadgureba~, mefis ruseTis dros, maSindeli sazogadoebisaTvis, ar iTvleboda danaSaulad, es iyo Cveulebrivi mov-lena da zogierTni dResac acxadeben, rom ruseTis xelisuf-lebis moqmedeba kavkasielebis mimarT swori iyo da dRevandel dResac ki, rac xdeba kavkasiaSi, cdiloben rom gaamarTlon. Tumca, maSinac ki iyvnen iseTebic, mcire, mowinave sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi da generlebic, romlebic aseTi moqmedebis winaaRmdegni iyvnen. a. ermolovsac ki akritikebdnen.

cnobili mwerali i v a n e t ur g e n e v i (1818_1883), 1822 wels, poets, kritikoss da literators p etr e v i a z e m s k i s (1792_1878) werda:

ès ra gmiria... ermolovi? aseTi didebiT sisxli iyineba ZarRvebSi da Tmebi yalyze dgeba~.

kavkasiologi, mecnieri da istorikosi jo n b a dd el i (1854_1940) aRniSnavda: `qristianuli da moraluri TvalsazrisiT SeuZlebelia gamarTleba im ulmobeli

politikisa, romelsac atarebda ermolovi~. 1831 wels, baroni, samxedro moRvawe, infanteriis generali da 1830 wlidan mTavar-

marTebeli kavkasiaSi g r i gol roz e n i (1782_1841) aRniSnavda: `Znelia daaSoSmino Tavisufali da mebrZoli tomebi mxolod Zalis gamoyenebiT.

Cven SegviZlia male davimorCiloT mTielebi mSvidobiani gziT da vaWrobiT~, Seer-Tebuli `mniSvnelovan adgi-lebSi Tavmoyrili mudmivi ZalebiT, magaliTisaTvis, yvelaze ufro Cvendami mtrulad ganwyobilTa tomTa dasja, rodesac Cveni maragi

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da mdgomareoba Segviwyobs xels~. magram, nikoloz I-ma es mowodeba uaryo da g. rozens ubrZana mTeli ZalebiT Seetia mTielebisaTvis.

samxedro moRvawis, diplomatis, kavaleriis generlis al e q s i orlo v i s (1786_1861) Zma, dekabristi, general-maiori m i x e il orlov i (1788_1842) (a. orlovi manawileobas Rebulobda dekabristebis ajanyebis CaxSobaSi) werda:

`CeCnebisa da sxva xalxebis damorCileba iseve Znelia, rogorc kavkasiis mTebis gasworeba. yovel SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba amis miRweva joxebiT; amis miRweva Sesa-Zlebelia mxolod droTa ganmavlobaSi ganaTlebis gziT~ da sxvebi.

ruseTis imperiis mier (1817_1865) ganxorcielebuli CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi omi, ZiriTadaT mizans isaxavda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ganadgurebas da gadasaxlebas, rom ganTavisuflebul miwebze, SemdegSi Caesaxlebinad kazakebi da rusebi.

XIX saukuneSi dasavleTi mxaris adiReelebi, ZaliT gadaasaxles yubanis mxaresa da TurqeTSi. cnobilia, rom saaRricxvo monacemebiT XIX saukunis I naxevarSi dasavleT mxareSi, adiReelTa mcxovrebTa raodenoba iyo daaxloebiT milioni kaci, xolo 1865 wlisaTvis darCa 106 798 kaci.

`CamorCenili, naxevrad feodaluri ruseTi, CrdiloeT kavkasias XIX saukunis Sua xanebamde pirvel rigSi miiCnevda rogorc mxares, romelsac mis gegmebSi gansakuTrebuli strategiuli mniSvneloba hqonda teritoriuli gafarToebisa da warmoqmnili farTo koloniuri imperiis SeqmnisaTvis. am mxaris ekonomikuri aTvi-sebis kiTxvebi meore xarisxovnad iTvleboda. ruseTis mier realurad damyareba batonobisa mTels CrdiloeT kavkasiaze da CeCneTSi, pirvel rigSi, SesaZlebeli gaxda upiratesad misi Tavisi samxedro potencialis Sedegianad gamoyenebiTa da antikoloniuri gamosvlebis sisxliani CaxSobiT~. (107).

unda aRiniSnos, rom mTielTa damoukideblobisaTvis brZolas da im sisastikesa da saSinelebs rasac rusi dampyroblebi sCadiodnen, ara Tu sazRvargareTis gamo-Cenili sazogado moRvaweebi aRniSnavdnen, aramed TviT ruseTis cnobili mwerlebic, iseTebi rogorc iyvnen l e v tolstoi (1828_1910), m i x e il ler m o nto v i (1814_1841), al e q s a n d r e p u S k i n i (1799_1837) da sxv.

XIX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi, CaCneTsa da daRestanSi Camoyalibda religiuri saxelmwifo _ imamati, romelic religiuri mimdinareobis miuridizmis moTxovniT, yvela muslimi valdebuli iyo ebrZola ùrjuloTa~ winaaRmdeg da yvela erTxmad damorCileboda belads _ imams. pirveli imami gaxda y a z i - m u h a m a d i (yazi- magomedi, kazi-magoma, yazi-mola) b e n m u x x a d b e n i s m a il al - g i m r a v i (gimrieli) a d - d a R e st a n i (1795_1832). igi iyo RvTis mosavi musulmani mecnieri, romelmac CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi daaarsa da gaaavrcela miuridizmi. man scada yvela CrdiloeT kavkasielTa tomTa gaerTianeba. magram avariis xani da tarkis Samxali mas ar daemorCila. (1820_ 1830) wlebSi igi warmatebiT ebrZoda rusebs. 1830 wlis TebervalSi gailaSqra avariis wina-aRmdeg, magram dedaqalaq, xunZaxTan damarcxda. 1831 wels mis xelSi aRmoCnda tarki, alya Semoartya ruseTis cixeebs, gailaSqra groznaias da vladikavkazis winaaRmdeg. sabolood rusebma moaxerexes

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misi damarcxeba. is CrdiloeT-dasavleT kavkasiaSi gadavida da aul gimrSi gamagrda. 1832 wels rusebma alya Semoartyes da brZolis dros daiRupa. Tanamorwmuneebma misi cxedari gaaxmes da ramdenime xnis Semdeg Cumad damarxes. ajanyeba ganagrZo meore imamma (1832_1834) wle-bSi miuridizmis mimdevarma, h a m z a T - b e g m a (1789_1834). vinaidan avariis xanebi mas ar emorCi-lebodnen da ruseTs emxrobodnen, gailaSqra avariis saxanos winaaRmdeg. avariis dedaqalaq aul xunZaxTan xanis colTan gamarTa molaparakeba, romelic uSedegod damTavrda. amitom man aiRo deda-qalaqi da xanis ojaxi amowyvita. amis Semdeg TiTqmis weliwad naxevris ganmavlobaSi hamzaT-begi ebrZoda ruseTis mTavrobas. 1834 wels mis winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebma: avariis xanebis momxreebma, mokluli xanis ojaxis wevrebma da avariis erT-erTma mmarTvelma h a j i m u r at m a (18 s-is 90-ni ww._1852), rodesac igi loculobda mokles. hamzaT-begis sikvdilis Semdeg mesame imami gaxda, Razi-mahomedis da hamzaT-begis TanamebrZoli, S a m ili . romelic, TiTqmis 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi ibrZoda CrdiloeT kavkasieli xalxis damoukideblobisaTvis.

Samili daibada 1797 wels daRestnis aul gimrSi, xunZi glexis ojaxSi. wyaroebidan Cans, rom igi iyo gansakuTrebuli samxedro niWiT dajildoebuli pirovneba da rac mTavaria mas gaaCnda saocari organizatoruli unarianoba. iyo momTmeni da SesaniSnavad irCevda dros mtris winaaRmdeg dasalaSqravad. iyo mWer-metyveli, uSiSari, mamaci da mouxelTebeli pirovneba, romelsac aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi dasdevda ruseTis sajariso nawilebi. xalxi masze qmnida legendebs. bavSvoba sasuliero muslimanur sazogadoebaSi gaatara. Semdeg, mogzaurobda daRes-tanSi da kargad gaecno mTielTa cxovrebas. XVIII saukunis 20-ian wlebSi, Caeba CrdiloeT kavka-siis ganmaTavisuflebel brZolaSi, romelic gaaCaRa ruseTis imperiam. Samili iyo Razi-mohamedis TanamebrZoli. misi mmarTveloba saxalxo-sagan- manaTleblo xasiaTs atarebda. igi mkacrad ebrZoda CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi miRebul adaT-wesebs, romelic miuRebeli iyo islamis sarwmuneobisaTvis. man Camoayaliba mkacri religiuri mmarTveloba. mis xelT arsebuli saxelmwifo, romelic Camoaya-liba 1841 wels _ imamati, dayo sanaiboebad, romlebsac mmarTavdnen naibebi. imamis Zalaufleba SeuzRudveli iyo. imamatis mTavari adgili gaxda auli axulgo.

1832 wels rodesac ruseTis jarma alyaSi moaqcia yazi-mohamedi da igi am brZolis dros daiRupa, Samilma, Zlier dasaxiCrebulma, moaxerxa Tavis daRweva. gamojamrTelebis Semdeg, ruseTis winaaRmdeg mebrZol daRestnisa da CaCneTis imams (1832_1834) hamzaT-begs SeuerTda. hamzaT-begis daRupvis Semdeg, 1834 wels, airCies imamad. Samilma Tavis Zalauflebas dauqvemdebara rogorc sasuliero, aseve samo-qalaqo gamgebloba. man saxelmwifo enad gamoacxada arabuli. igi cdilobda gaer-Tianebina yvela CrdiloeT kavkasiis tomebi, CrdiloeTidan SemoWril rus dam-pyroblebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. man SeZlo mTeli CrdiloeT kavkasiis sxva-dasxva tomisa da sxvadasxva enaze molaparake xalxis erTad Sekvra da gaerTianeba. igi medgar winaaRmdegobas uwevda ruseTis sajariso nawilebs. (1842_1843) wlebSi man Camoayaliba saartilerio iaraRebis Camosxma da Seqmna mTis pirobebSi artile-

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ria. 25 weliwadi (1834_1859) iyo imami da am xnis ganmavlobaSi, ebrZoda ruseTis mTavrobas. 1839 wels ruseTis jarebma SeZles misi damarcxeba da didi msxverplis dakargviT aiRes auli axulgo. Samilma moaxerxa Tavis daRweva da gadavida CaCneTSi, iq gamagrda da axali ZalebiT Seutia ruseTis sajariso nawilebs. 1840 wels mas miemxro avariis yofili mmarTveli haji-murati. avaria da daRestnis sxva marTve–lebic mas miemxrnen. CaCneTSi misi mTavari adgili gaxda auli dargo. 1843 wels Samilma daapira rusebis mier agebul cixe-simagris, Temur-xan-Suris (`Temur langis tba~), aRebas, sadac imyofeboda 4 000-mde jaris-kaci, romelic warmoadgenda CrdiloeT daRestanis mTavari sardlis adgilsamyofels, alyac Semoartya, magram, misi aReba ver SeZlo. 1845 wels ruseTis jarebma Seecadnen dargos aReba, magram damarcxdnen. 1846 wels Samilma gailaSqra yabardosa da oseTSi cixe simagreebSi ganla-gebul rusul jaris nawilebze, magram mizans ver miaRwia. amave dros, rogorc yovelTvis xdeba, ajanyebulebs Soris TandaTan daiwyo uTanxmoeba. zogi ajanyebuli rusebis mxareze gadavida. male ajanyebulebs gamoeyo CaCneTi. xdeboda Ralatic. amis gamo Samili 1847 wlis Semdeg ramdenjerme damarcxda. Samilis razmSi adiRe-elebic Rebulobdnen monawileobas. CrdiloeT kavkasiis dasavleT SavizRvispireTSi gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda brZola, rodesac 1848 wels Samilma Tavisi àmini~ (erT-guli) m u h a m e d e m i n i (mohamed amini) (1818_1863) gaagzavna, romelic adiRe- elebis ajanyebas saTaveSi Caudga. yirimis omis dros, Samilma Seecada kavSiri daemyarebina inglisTan da TurqeTTan, magram es cda uSedegod damTavrda.

yirimis omis dros, saqarTvelos gamudmebiT safrTxe eloda CrdiloeTis mxridan, ruseTis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli miuridebis SemoWrisa. amitom, mudmiv mzad- yofnaSi unda yofiliyvnen rogorc qarTvelebis, aseve saqarTveloSi myofi ruseTis sajariso nawilebi.

`ruseT-osmaleTis omis periodSi Samilic did rols asrulebda osmaloTa sasargeblod da isic sulTnisagan jildoebsa da xarisxebs Rebulobda: `Samilma, oficialurad miiRo CerqezeTis da saqarTvelos jarebis generalisimusis wodeba~. (26, gv.139).

rodesac TurqeTis jaris mTavarsardalma o m a r - f a S a m (warmoSobiT xorva- tieli mixail lattasi) (1806_1875) jari gadmosxa baTumSi, mas undoda guria-samegrelodan afxazeTis gavliT `dakavSireboda Samils da misgan daxmarebas moeloda, magram qarTvelma xalxma CaSala Samilis gegma. ai, ras swers Samili omar-faSas: `me didi jariT gamovedi TqvenTan SesaerTeblad, magram Cveni SeerTeba SeuZlebeli gaxda, im brZolis gamo, rac Cven da qarTvel Tavadebs Soris moxda. Cven maT wavarTviT jogebi, qoneba, col-Svili, davimorCileT maTi cixeebi da didi alafiT da zeimiT davbrundiT Sin. gixarodeT Tqvenc~. Samils analogiuri werili gaugzavnia yarsSi myof inglisis general viliamsisaTvis, am werilebiT igi diplomatobda Tavisi poziciebis gasa-magreblad.

omar-faSam Samili CerqezTa tomebis ufrosad aRiara. omar-faSasTvis mas unda Seegrovebina 20 000 kaci. sulTani Samils hpirdeboda, rom Tbilisis aRebis Semdeg

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miiRebda mefobas~. (26, gv.142). `guriaSi osmalebis Semosevis erTdroulad adgili hqonda aRmosavleT saqar-

TveloSi Samilis meTaurobiT miuridebis Semosevasac. Samili saingiloSi SeiWra da zaqaTalisa da belaqnis cixeebis aRebas lamobda, magram qarTvelTa da rusTa razme-bma general grigol orbelianis meTaurobiT alazanze momdgari mteri ukuagdes, Samilis am diversias araviTari gavlena ar mouxdenia omis saerTo msvlelobaze~. (6, t.V, gv.197).

wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom Samilma saingiloSi Tavdasxma moawyo Tavisi Svilis gamosaxsne-lad, rasac miaRwia kidevac.

1853 wels adiReelebma Seecadnen ruseTis mier agebuli cixe-simagreebis dakaveba magram ver SeZles. Samilis jarebma 1854 wels aiRes da gaZarcves winandali, magram qarTvelTa da ruseTis jaris moaxloebisas ukan daixies da isev daRestanSi dabrundnen.

yirimis omis damTavrebis Semdeg, 1856 wels parizSi, ruseTsa da evropis qveynebs Soris dadebulma sazavo xelSekrulebam, ruseTs saSualeba misca kavkasiis saja riso nawilebi gaeZlierebina da mTeli ZaliT SamilisTvis Seetia. 1856 wels kavkasiis mefisnacvlad da kavkasiis mTavarsardlad iperatorma daniSna aleqsandre bariatinski. igi `xelmZRvaneleobda CrdiloeT-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi mTielTa erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel brZolis CaxSobas. SeimuSava strate-giuli gegma, romlis mixedviT mTielTa dasaxlebebis drodadro dalaSqvris nacvlad TandaTa-nobiT unda damkvidrebuliyvnen am teritoriaze. strategiuli rkalis saboloo SekvriT gaetexa Samilis winaaRmdegoba~. (8, t.2, gv.209). ruseTma kavkasiaSi TiTqmis 200 000 jariskacs mouyara Tavi da ajanyebulebs sami mxridan: CaCneTidan, kaspiispireTidan da samxreTidan _ lekTa mxridan daiwyo Seteva. am dros Samili vedemoSi iyo gamagrebuli. mxolod 1859 wels rusebma SeZlo misi aReba. Samili, 400 miuridebTan erTad, gadavida daRestanis maRalmTian aul RunibSi da iq gamagrda. 16 000-mde aRwevda kavkasiis sajariso nawili, romelic yoveli mxridan Runibs utevda da mxolod, rodesac moRalatem gasca saidumlo biliki, romlis SemweobiTac aulSi Sevidnen kavkasiis sajariso nawilebi, 1859 wlis 25 agvistos (ax. 7 seqtembers) Samili Cabarda rusebis armias misTvis sapatio pirobiTi winadadebebiT. kavkasiis mTavarsardalma bariatinskim `gamosca Tavisi «saxelganT-qmuli» brZaneba: «Runibi aRebulia, Samili datyvevebulia. ulocav kavkasiis jars». Samili, marqsis TqmiT, iyo «didi demokrati» Sepyrobili erTi muWa misi xalxiT, 200 000 mefis mTavrobis jaris mier datyvevebuli da wayvanili peterburgSi~. (113, t.61, gv.806). ruseTis imperatorma aleqsandre II-em, peterburgSi Samilis miRebis Semdeg, mas da mis ojaxis wevrebs, ufleba misces ecxovraT ruseTis qalaq kalugaSi. 1866 wels man fici dado da 3 wlis Semdeg ruseTis Tavadaznauris wodeba mieniWa. 1868 wels jamrTelobis gauaresebis gamo, sacxovreblad gadavida kievSi. xolo 1870 wels aleqsandre II-em ufleba misca gamgzavrebuliyo meqaSi, sadac 1871 wels gardaicvala. daasaflaves medinaSi al-bakias sasaflaoze (dR.

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saudis arabeTi). Samilis datyvevebis Semdeg, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, daiSala imamatis saxelmwifo. Samilis da misi moZraobis Sesaxeb, pirvel, did sabWoTa kavSiris enciklopediaSi

weria, rom: `Samili gaxda sasuliero imami da 1834 wlis saero beladi. ajanyebis xelm-

ZRvanelobisas, Samilma gamoamJRavna mxedarTmTavris Tvisebebi. sargeblobda ra ajanyebulTa Soris farTo saxe-liT, Samili warmoadgenda hazavaTis saqmis pirveli gamavrcelebeli da amave dros rogorc gamoCenili msxvili sameurneo imamatis xelmZRvaneli. gamoCenili sakuTari gmiroba, sazriani gambedaoba da Tanamemamuleebis moCvenebiT Samilis daujerebeli «mouxelTebuloba», romelsac mefis mravalric-xovani jaris razmebi aTwleulobiT dasdevdnen, Samilis saxels, didebis Saravan-dediT garSemoevlnen saxalxo legendebiT... «yvela kavkasielTa olqebi, rom gaer-Tianebuliyvnen erTi mbrZaneblis samxedro meTauris qveS, _ werda marqsi, Samilis ajanyebis ganxilvisas, _ maT SeeZloT mniSvnelovani dabrkoleba SeeqmnaT mezobel kazakTa olqebisaTvisac ki»~. (113, t. 61, gv.806).

frangi mwerali da kritikosi ed m o n d t e q s e (1816_1887) ase axasiaTebda Samils: `Samili... iyo ara mxolod samxedro moRvawe, aramed kargi kanonmdebeli... man

SeZlo gaerTi-anebina mtruli tomebi da Seuqmna maT saerTo miswrafeba; man Sehqmna regularuli jari Tavi-sufal meomar xalxSi, gaaerTiana rigi tomebi erTi saRmrTo omis droSis qveS; man misca maT saerTo samoqalaqo kanoni~. (102).

baroni a v g u st h a k xt h a u z e n i (1792_1866), romelmac imogzaura im dros ruseTSi, werda:

`man adreul asakidan gamoavlina rkiniseburi Zalis nebisyofa da amayoba yvela mis saqcielSi simSvide, romelsac arafers ar SeeZlo misi Seryeva... bunebam daajildova igi momxiblvelobiT da mgznebare mWermetyvelebiT. SeupovrobaSi, SorsmWvretelobaSi da sxva amdagvar mis RirsebebSi mTielTagan aravis eWvs ar iwvevda... saerTod igi eweoda partizanul oms, magram iseTi ZaliT da moxerxebiT, romlis magaliTebi iSviaTad gvxvdeba istoriaSi... Samilis samxedro xerxebi da gabeduleba ufro metad xorcieldeboda imis gamo, rom man SeZlo Tavis xalxSi daemyarebina sazogadoebrivi gaerTianeba da wesrigi, amdeni wlis ganmavlobaSi sastik da arabunebriv omSi~. (104).

Samilis piradi mdivani h a j i - al i , Tavis mogonebebSi ase axasiaTebda mas: `Samili iyo mecnieri adamiani, RvTis mosavi, SorsmWvreteli, mamaci da amave

dros kargi mxedari, msroleli, mocurave, morbenali, erTi sityviT, veravin vera-ferSi ver Seejibreboda mas. man kargad Seiswavla xalxi da daRestnis miwa im dros, rodesac imyofeboda hamzaT-begTan. igi iyo SemZle rasac ki Caifiqrebda~. (104).

istorikosi s e r g e i b u S u e v i (1906_1958) wers, rom: ùklebliv TiTqmis yvela Samilis Tanamedroveebi aRniSnaven mis gansakuTrebul

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unarianobas samxedro da administraciul saqmeebSi. garda amisa, igi iyo oratori, mas SeeZlo mis xelqveiT myofi mosaxleobis sityvis ZaliT Tavis mxareze gadmoeyvana. «misi sityva axdenda im moqmedebas, rac mas undoda, rom mieRwia». magomed-Tagiri erT-erTi uaxloesi Samilis miuridebidan, Tavis mogonebebSi Samils gvixatavs rogorc gansakuTrebul gmirs, mas uwodebs «islamis loms»...

ara nakleb maRali Sexedulebisa iyo Samilze abduraxmani, romelic Tavis mogo-nebebSi, aseve jerovnad afasebda am gamoCenil moRvawesa da miuridebis moZraobis xelmZRvanelze~. (104).

istorikoss v al e r i a n el a n i Z e s mohyavs mwerlisa da folkloristis i v a n e b u q ur a - ul i s (1869_1943), 1897 wels #8 Jurnal `moambeSi~ gamoqveynebuli werilidan sityvebi:

`xalxuri gadmocemebis, saarqivo sabuTebisa da zogierTi literaturul-istoriuli xasiaTis cnobis mixedviT kargad Cans, Tu rogor zrunavda Samili, rom qarTveli mTielebi Tavis mxareze gadaeyvana. `Samils, rasakvirvelia, surda gamo-eglija es mamaci, gautexari da Tavdadebuli Tavis samSoblos xalxi rusebis xelidan. amisaTvis Samili yovel Rones xmarobda, rom ganexorcielebina Tavisi mizani. jer tkbil sityvebiTa da uxvi pirobebiT mimarTa Samilma da Semdeg, rodesac TuSebma uarhyves, xmali da cecxli Seitana am mxareSi. rogorc im drois momswreni amboben, Samils Turme eTqva, rom oRond TuSebi SemierTdnen da suyvelas naibobas mivcemo. didi politi-kosi iyo Samili. erTi TuSi, gamoCenili Tavis sityviT da gavleniani TuSebSi, tyved iqna wayvani-li lekebisagan. lekebma es TuSi mihgvars Samils. Samilma TavisTan daiWira TuSi. erT dilas, seirnobis dros Turme moixmo TuSi da mimarTa Semdegi sityvebiT: `TuSebo, ra gindaT Cemgan, an Tqven da an qarTvelebs. raT mewinaaRmdegebebiT. me xom Tqveni mteri ara var. vebrZvi Cvens saerTo mters _ rusebs da Tqven ki ar masvenebT. me msurs gavreko kavkasiidan sazizRari giaurebi da aRvadgino Cemi mama-papis samefo saxli. aravisaTvis ar miTqvams da arc aravin ar icis me vina var da garemoeba maiZulebs, rom gagimJRavno Cemi vinaoba. me var Tqvenive mefe erekles Svilis aleqsandres Svili. batoniSvili aleqsandre, rodesac sparseTSi imyofeboda, scxovrobda erT xanis asulTan, xanis asuli batoniSvilisagan orsulad Seiqmna, rom mamis risxva aecilebina Tavidan, igi viRacas gamohyva daRestanSi da aq mSoba me _ Samili. diaR, me mefe erekles Camomavlobidan var da msurs aRvadgino saxelovani papis taxti da saqarTvelos Tavisufleba~. rogorc iv. buqurauli SeniSnavs: `yvela Samilis mecadineobam amaod Caiara. TuSebma Tavisi ar daiSales da ar zogavdnen arafers, rom daecvaT rjuli da miwa-wyali~. (27, gv.262).

momdevno wleebSi, jer ruseTis xelisuflebam da SemdegSi sabWoTa wyobilebam, Savi dRe ayara qarTvel mTielebs.

Samilis datyvevebis 3 Tvis Semdeg, 1659 wlis noemberSi, rusebs danebda adiReelTa da dasa-vleT kavkasiis mTielTa xelmZRvaneli muhamed eminic. igi erTxans imyofeboda ruseTSi, Semdeg TurqeTSi gadavida da iqve gardaicvala.

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daRestnisa da CaCneTis mTielTa gamaTavisuflebeli brZolis monawile h a j i -m u r at i (haji-murad xunZaxeli) (XVIII saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasasruli _ 1852) iyo avariis saxanos erT-erTi mmarTveli. rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT igi monawileobas Rebulobda mis ZmasTan erTad, 1834 wels meore imamis hamzaT-begis mkvlelobaSi. erT xans ruseTis jarsa da avaris mosaxleobas Soris Suamavlis rols asrulebda. magram, 1836 wels SamilTan kavSiris braldebiT daakaves da general fr a n c kl i u k v i - fo n - kl i g e n a u s (1791_1851) brZanebiT gaagzavnes Temur-xan-Suris cixe-simagreSi (dR. buinakski). gzaSi moaxerxa gagceva da SeuerTda Samils. male, Tavisi gambe-daobiT da SeupovrobiT moipova ajanyebulebs Soris siyva-ruli da igi 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi Samilis marjvena xeli iyo. Samilma igi daniSna mTeli avariis naibad. magram Samilsa da haji-murats Soris etyoba, rom uTanxmoeba Camovarda da 1851 wels Samils gaeqca da arRunis xevSi ruseTis jars Cabarda. mefis mTavroba cdilobda mTielebs Soris misi farTod gavrcelebuli saxelis gamoyenebas mTielTa tomebis gadmosabireblad. rusebis misdami aseTi saeWvo damoki-debulebis gamo, rodesac imyofeboda azerbaijanSi, haji-muratim Seecada gagceu- liyo mTebSi. magram kazakebTan brZolisas nuxasTan axlos igi mokles. misi saflavi mTielTaTvis gaxda saTayvanebel adgilad.

gamoCenili frangi mwerali al e q s a n d r e d i u m a (1803_1870) haji-muratis mkvlelobas Semdegnairad aRwers: `haji-murati kavkasiaSi erT-erTi yvelaze ufro popularuli saxelia. igi legendis gmiria. rac ufro gava dro, miT ufro gaizrdeba misi aCrdili....

belajiksa da kaxs Soris daewivnen. haji-murats Tavisi nukeriT tyeSi daebana-kebina. tyes alya Semoartyes da srola dauwyes. nukeri pirvelsave gasrolaze mokles. haji-muratma ki oTxi kaci gaistumra saiqios, xolo Svidi dasWra, Semdeg xmali xes miamsxvria da TviTonac eqvsi Wri-lobiT daeca. iqve mohkveTes Tavi, zaqaTalaSi balzami gaukeTes da TbilisSi waiRes. me maqvs am moWrili Tavis naturidan gadaRebuli naxati~. (39, gv.131_132).

mwerali da literaturaTmcodne a k a k i g a w e r eli a (1910_1996) wers, rom: `diumas cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom haji-muratis mokveTili Tavi CaudviaT spirtSi da gaugzavniaT TbilisSi _ marTalia....

haji-muratis moWrili Tavi moiTxova TviTon mTavarmarTebelma voroncovma.... voroncovisave dRiurSi aRniSnulia, rom 1852 w. 30 aprils Tavi CamoutaniaT

TbilisSi da mefis nacvlis brZanebiT hospitalSi mouTavsbiaT. haji-muratis Tavis suraTi gadauRia mxatvar ko-radins, romelic TbilisSi msaxurobda. amis Semdeg Samilis naibis Tavi gadagzavnil iqna peterburgSi~. (39, gv.482).

1860 wels rusebma, XVII_XIX saukuneSi adiReelTa erT-erTi eTnikur erTobaSi Semavali naTxvajebis tomic daimorCiles. (1862_1864) wlebSi rusebma SeZles CrdiloeT kavkasiis tomTa medgari winaaRmdegobis daZleva. maT Soris, rusebma daimorCiles adiReelTa abaZexebis, Safsu-lebis da afxazur-adiRur abazinebis tomebi. 1863 wels rusebma daipyres yubanis mxare. 1864 wlis martSi rusebma

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daimorCiles afxazur-adiRuri tomi ubixebi, xolo, imave wlis 21 maiss ruseTis jarma daipyro, md. mzimTis saTaveSi mTielTa brZolis ukanaskneli simagre aul gubaadvSi (rusulad kbaada, dRev. krasnaia poliana) riTac dasrulda Crdilo kavkasiis tomTa ruseTis winaaRmdeg brZola da àxCipsxus centrSi, sofel kbaadaSi mefis ruseTis jarebma zeimiT aRniSnes kavkasiis damorCilebisaTvis warmoebuli TiTqmis saukunovani omis dasasruli~. (6, t.V, gv.225). magram kavkasiis omi, sinamdvileSi, amiT ar damTavrebula. mTielTa brZola dampyrobelTa winaaRmdeg sxvadasxva adgilas mainc grZeldeboda.

ruseT-kavkasiis omis damTavrebis Semdeg, ruseTis xelisuflebam CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi Tavisi weswyobileba da Tavisi ulmobeli samxedro administraciuli mmarTveloba daamyara. kavkasia gaxda ruseTis imperiis kolonia. ruseTis imperiis mesveurebis mTavari mizani iyo rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, adgilobrivi mcxovreb-lebis gadagvareba, garuseba, an daumorCilebeli tomebis ayra, gadasaxleba da maT adgilebSi kazakebis Casaxleba. rasac anxorcielebda kidevac. SavizRvispireTSi asax-lebdnen mxolod rusebs da mcire raodenobiT sxva eris warmomadgenlebs (somxebs, germa-nelebs, berZnebs, estonelebs da moldavelebsac), garda kavkasielebisa.

yvelaze ufro saukeTeso miwebi dauriga gadmosaxlebul kazakebsa da rusebs. amis gamo da kavkasiis omisa da gadasxlebas (muhajirobas) gadarCenili CrdiloeT kavkasielebi iZulebuli iyvnen Tavi Seefarebinad mTebs, an yubanisa da Tergis midamoebSi dampyroblebTan erTad unda ecxovraT rTul viTarebaSi.

ruseTis xelisuflebam kavkasia daanawila olqebad, romelsac mmarTavdnen rusi moxeleebi da policielebi. rogorc cnobilia ruseTis xelisufalni yovelTvis cdilobdnen gaerusebinad dapyrobili mosaxleoba. dawesebulebebsa da skolebSi SemoRebuli iyo savaldebulo rusuli ena da sxv.

miuxedavad mTielTa `dawynarebisa~, ruseTis xelmZRvaneloba mainc ar endoboda mTielebs. xelaxla dawyebuli ruseT-osmaleTis omis dros (1877_1878), Crdi-loeT kavkasielebi ajanydnen CaCneli al i b e k -h aj i s ald a mo v i s (1855_1878) xelmZRvanelobiT. alibek-haji iyo CaCneli glexi aul zandekidan. igi CaCneTSi airCies imamad da 1877 wlis aprilSi, imamatis aRdgenis mowodebiT moawyo ajanyeba, es ajanyeba erTi wlis Semdeg CaaxSves mravalricxovani sadamsjelo jaris meSve-obiT. sxvadasxva monacemebiT, 1 CaCanze modioda 15 jariskaci. ajanyebaSi monawile yvela cnobili kavkasieli CamoaxrCves da aTasobiT mTielebi cimbirSi gadaasaxles. alibek-hajic daiWires da savele sasamrTlos gadawyvetilebiT 1878 wlis 9 aprils groznoSi CamoaxrCves. amis garda, kidev erTi didi ajanyeba moxda CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ruseT-iaponiis omis (1904_1905) dros. 1905 wlis ruseTis revoluciis dros, TavianTi kuTvnili miwebis dabrunebis mizniT, CaCnebi ajanydnen. ruseTis xelisuflebam sisxlSi CaaxSo ajanyeba. amboxebulTa nawili CamoaxrCo, xolo danarCenni cimbirSi gadaasaxla.

1908 wlis 4 seqtembers stambolSi Catarda CerqezTa kreba. Camoyalibda urTierTdaxmarebisa da gaerTienebis sazogadoeba _ `CerqezTa sazogadoeba~.

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SemdegSi am sazogadoebis safuZvelze warmoiqmna `CrdiloeT kavkasiis sazogadoeba~. orive sazogadoeba ibrZoda kavkasiis damouki-deblobisaTvis da cdilobda yovelmxriv daxmareboda Tanamemamuleebs.

1914 wlis msoflio omis dros cxadi gaxda ruseTis imperiis damarcxeba. kavkasielebs imedi gauCndaT, rom SeZlebdnen Tavisuflebis mopovebas da amave

xanebSi JenevaSi Camoyalibebulma `damoukideblobis komitetma~, romelic ramdenime xnis Semdeg berlinSi gadavida, kavkasielebs mouwodebda damoukideblobisaTvis ebdrZolad da ruseTis winaaRmdeg moqmedebebi daewyo. amave xanebSi kavkasiaSi Camoyalibebulma `kavkasiis komitetma~ berlinsa da venaSi, gaagzavna Tavisi warmo-madgenlebi. 1916 wels komitetis wevrebma: CrdiloeT kavkasiis, saqarTvelos da azer-baijanis warmomadgenlebma, evropis xelmZRvanelebs gadasces memorandumi da auxsnes kavkasiaSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi. amave dros sTxovdnen, kavkasiis komi-tetSi Semaval damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis kavSirisaTvis SeZlebisdagvarad yovelmxriv daxmarebas.

ramdenime xnis Semdeg, TurqeTSi momqmed `kavkasiis komitets~ Seecvala saxel-wodeba da daerqva `CrdiloeT kavkasiis politikuri emigrantebis komiteti~. komi-teti cdilobda daxma-reboda ruseTSi myof kavkasielebs.

1917 wlis ruseTis Tebervlis revoluciis dros, maisSi Catarda CrdiloeT kavkasiis I yriloba, romlis drosac Camoyalibda `gaerTianebuli mTiel kavkasiis kavSiris droebiTi mmar-Tveloba~. amave wlis seqtemberSi Catarebul kavkasiis II yrilobaze miiRes `CrdiloeT kavkasiis saxlmwifoTa droebiTi konstitucia~ da gamocxadda CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxTa da daRestnis politikuri gaerTianeba.

rodesac bolSevikebma ruseTSi xelSi Caigdes Zalaufleba, CrdiloeT kavkasiis warmo-madgenlebma daiwyes molaparakebebi TbilisSi, baqoSi da trapizonSi (trab-zoni, trapezunti), Semdeg, TurqeTSi momqmedi `CerqezeTis urTierTdaxmarebis sazogadoebis~ SemweobiT, CrdiloeT kavaksaiis warmomadgenlebma, TurqeTis mTavro-basTan xeli moaweres urTiaerTdaxmarebis xelSe-krulebas da 1918 wlis 11 maiss sxvadasxva qveynebis warmomadgenlebTan gamoacxades CrdiloeT kavkasiis damoukideb-loba da ruseTis federaciidan gamosvla.

TurqeTTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, TurqeTis mTavroba did daxmarebas uwevda CrdiloeT kavkasielebs saxelmwifos CamoyalibebaSic da jariTac. magram I msoflio omSi damar-cxebis gamo, TurqeTi iZulebuli Seiqmna antantasTan 1918 wlis 30 oqtombers xeli moewera mudrosis (egeosis zRvaSi kunZuli lemnosi) droebiT zavs. romlis me-11-e muxlis Tanaxmad TurqeTs unda gamoeyvana jari kavka-siidan. 1918 wlis 28 dekembers TurqeTma datova CrdiloeT kavkasia. (115). amrigad axlad Camoyalibebuli CrdiloeT kavkasiis saxelmwifo aRmoCnda ukidures mZime mdgomareobaSi, vinaidan is moeqca am xanebSi or erTmaneTTan, mtrulad ganwyobil, TeTr gvardielebsa da wiTel jars Soris.

rogorc cnobilia, 1919 wlis 8 ianvars, e. w. TeTr gvardielebma (vozroJdionie sili iuga rossii, `vsir~), nebayoflobiTi armiam da vsevelikoe voiska donis armiam

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erToblivad daiwyes brZola bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg CrdiloeT kavkasiis kazakTa mxareSi. pirvelad, kavkasiis mTielebi, vinaidan TeTr gvardielebi ebrZodnen bolSevikebs, miemxrnen TeTr gvardielebs, magram, rodesac TeTr gvardielebis mxedarTmTavarma a nt o n d e n i k i n m a (1872_1947) moindoma èrTiani, ganuyofeli ruseTis~ aRdgenis mizniT, kavkasiis dapyroba da ruseTTan SeerTeba, CrdiloeT kavkasielebma daiwyes mis winaaRmdeg brZola. vinaidan CrdiloeT kavkasielebs undo-daT damo-ukidebeli saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibeba, a. denikinma isini `nacional bolSevikebad~ monaTla da Seudga aulebisa da daumorCilebeli mTielebis ganad-gurebas. daiwyo sisxlis mRvreli da umo-wyalo brZolebi. amis gamo, CrdiloT kavaksielTa nawili bolSevikebs miemxro. yabardoelTa da CrdiloeT oseTTan Catarebuli brZolebis Semdeg, a. denikini SeiWra CaCneT-inguSeTSi. magram aq gauwies mas iseTi winaaRmdegoba, rom SemdegSi, rogorc TviTon werda, aq daxvda `boboqari vulkani~ da mas mouwia mTeli misi saukeTeso jaris nawilebis Tavmoyra. marTalia man `CrdiloeT kavkasiis damoukidebeli respublika~ daamarcxa, magram, mTielTa damorCileba mainc ver SeZlo.

`1919 wlis seqtemberSi, daRestnis ivlisis da agvistos CaCneT-inguSeTis SeiaraRebuli ajanyebebisas, Seixma uzun-hajim, gaanTavisufla daRestani, CaCneTi, oseTi da yabardo denikinisagan da gamoacxada xelaxla CrdiloeT kavkasiis damoukidebloba `CrdiloeT-kavkasiis emiratis~ saxelwodebiT~. da denikini iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina kavkasia. (92).

u z u n -h a j i s alt i eli (uzun-xair haj-xani) (1848_1920) iyo daRestnis religiisa da politikuri xelmZRvaneli, `Crdilo-kavkasiis emiratis~ emiri (mmarTveli).

uzun-haji monawileobas Rebulobda 1877 wlis adiReelebis ajanyebaSi. misi CaxSobis Semdeg, uzun-haji gadaasaxles samaris olqSi 7 wliT. magram man 4 wlis Semdeg moaxerxa gaqceva da dabrunda daRestanSi.

1910 wels xelaxla daiWires Tavis sof. saltaSi unebarTvo medresis (sasuliero saswavlebeli) mSeneblobisaTvis da gadaasaxles astraxanSi. male aqedanac SeZlo gaqceva da moaxerxa meqaSi salocavad wasvla. 1 wlis locva- siarulis Semdeg Cavida groznoSi. 2 weli imyofeboda CaCneTSi da qadagebda ruseTis xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. 1916 wels dabrunda Tavis sofelSi.

1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis dros, misi monawileobiT Camoyalibda daRestnis komiteti da misive zegavleniT komitetma moiTxova, daRestanSi Catarebuliyo SariaTis (musulmanur saxelmwifoSi samarTlis religiuri da iuri-diuli normaTa erToblioba) referendumi. yvela daRestanelma mxari dauWira SariaTis miRebas.

1917 wlis 10 agvistos daRestanSi Catarebulma yrilobam, uzun-hajis Taos- nobiT, miwis sakiTxis ganxilvisas, miiRo dadgenileba, rom yvela daRestnis miwebi, romelic adre, mefis xelisuflebis gankargulebaSi iyo da aseve kaspiis zRvis wylebi, romelic daRestnis sazRvrebSi iyo moqceuli unda dabruneboda daRestnis

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xalxs. amis garda, is miwebic romelsac flobdnen begebi (Tavad-aznaurebi) da is miwebic romlebic begebis mier iyo gacemuli sxvadasxva pirebi-saTvis, unda gadacemoda usasyidlod daRestnis xalxs da sxv.

1919 wlis aprilSi denikinis jarebma daikaves CaCneTi da daRestani. mTielTa respublikam Sewyvita arseboba. uzun-haji Tavisi momxreebiT gamagrda mTebSi da aqedan agrZelebda partizanul brZolas. amave wlis maisSi, mTielTa yrilobam uzun-haji airCia daRestnisa da CaCneTis imamad. agvistoSi CrdiloeT kavkasiis nacionaluri mejlisi (sakanonmdeblo organo) daiSala. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, CrdiloeT-kavkasielebs erTsa da imave dros, rogorc TeTr gvardielebis, aseve bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg uxdebodaT brZolebi. rogorc TviTmxilvelebi aRniSnavdnen, erTi muWa mTielebi, bolSevikebs ufro met zians ayenebdnen, vidre denikinis jarebi. amitom, rom rogorRac miemxroT CrdiloeT kavkasielebi, bolSevikebi Tanaxma iyvnen daemyarebinaT maTTan urTierTkavSiri da aRiarebdnen CrdiloeT kavkasiis damoukideblobas, Tu isini Sewyvetdnen maT winaaRmdeg gamosvlebs.

11 seqtembers gamarTuli brZolebis Semdeg, TeTr gvardielebma daixies da gamagrdnen groznoSi. 13 seqtembers kazakebTan brZolisas, mTielebma gaimarjves. magram mowinaaRmdegis Warbi Zalebis gamo (a. denikins ingliselebi exmarebodnen) CrdiloeT kavkasielebma veRar SeZles winaaRmdegobis gaweva, brZolebiT ukan daixies da isev gamagrdnen mTebSi.

1919 wlis 19 seqtembers CaCneTsa da daRestanSi Catarda sasuliero Sekreba da gamocxadda CrdiloeT-kavkasiis emiratis Seqmna, uzun-hajis meTaurobiT. kavkasiis emirati daeqvemdebara musulmanur emiratis xalifas.

uzun-haji daxmarebas sTxovda TurqeTs, azerbaijanis da saqarTvelos demok-ratiul respublikebs. cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebam CrdiloeT kavka-sielebs fuladi daxmarebac gauwia da Seecada seqtemberSi jariTac daxmareboda emirats, magram, daRestanSi denikinis jare-bTan Setakebis gamo, iZulebulni gaxdnen ukan dabrunebuliyvnen. (124).

uzun-hajis winadadebiT, daRestnis jarebis xelmZRvanelad moiwvies TurqeTis warmoma-dgeneli. SeerTebuli ZalebiT ramdenimejer daamarcxes mowinaaRmdegeebi. (115). amasobaSi ruseTSi damTavrda samoqalaqo omi da gamarjvebulma bolSevikebma Seuties CrdiloeT kavkasielebs.

1920 wlis martSi bolSevikebsa da mZime avadmyof uzun-hajis warmomadgenlebs Soris gai-marTa molaparakebebi. bolSevikebma uzun-hajis gaugzavnes werili, sadac werdnen, rom Tu igi aRiarebda sabWoTa xelisuflebas da amas sajarod gamou-cxadebda CaCnebsa da daRestnis mosa-xleobas, da amave dros igi datovebda yvela Tanamdebobas da Tavis organizaciasac daSlida, maSin sabWoTa xelisufleba miiRebda mas, rogorc CrdiloeT kavkasiis sasuliero xelmZRvanels da sabWoTa xelisufleba ar Seexeboda maT religias. uzun-hajim uaryo es SemoTavazeba. igi, werilis miRebis Semdeg ramdenime dReSi gardaicvala. misi gardacvalebis Semdeg, CrdiloeT-kavaksiis emiratma Sewyvita arseboba. (124). amis Semdeg, sabWoTa xelisuflebam CrdiloeT-

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kavkasielebs mTeli ZalebiT Seuties da 1921 wels daamarcxes mowinaaRmdegeni da CrdiloeT kavkasia mTlianad daipyres. am brZolebidan gadarCenili CrdiloeT kavaksielTa mosaxleobis nawili iZulebuli gaxda sazRvargareT gadaxvewiliyo da sicocxlis bolomde ucxoeTSi darCeniliyo. (115).

a. avtorxanovi aRniSnavs, rom manamde, 1920 wlis agvistoSi, sabWoTa xelisu-flebis wina-aRmdeg, CaCneT-inguSeTsa da daRestanSi daiwyo ajanyeba, romelsac xelmZRvaneleobda said-beki. ajanyeba gagrZelda 1921 wlis seqtembramde. mis Casax-Sobad sabWoTa xelisuflebas dasWirda damatebiT wiTeli jaris umsxvilesi regularuli danayofebis gadmoyvana.

m u h a m a d s a i d i (said-beki, said-bei) (1901_1981), iyo Samilis SviliSvili, daRestnisa da CaCneTis imamis m u h a m a d k a m ili s (1863_1951) umcrosi Svili. sabWoTa literaturaSi mas saerTod ar axsenebdnen, an axsnebdnen rogorc Samilis `cru SvilisSvils~, ̀ imami Samilis yalb SviliSvils~, ̀ safrangeTis jaris oficers~, àvantiurists~ da sxv.

muhamad saidi daibada stambolSi. daamTavra galatasarais liceumi. icoda avariuli dedaenis garda Turquli, arabuli, franguli, inglisuri da rusuli enebi. 1920 wlis 11 mais daRestanSi, sof. kapSi Catarda mTielTa yriloba, sadac muhamad kamili nacionalur-ganmanTavisuflebel xelmZRvanelad airCies da sTxoves, rom mieRo es winadadeba. vinaidan am dros kamili avad-myofobda, mis magivrad gaagzavna 19 wlis saidi. igi saqarTvelos gavliT gadavida daRestanSi da ajanyebas Caudga saTaveSi. ajanyebulebi moqmedebdnen ramdenime mimarTulebiT, romelsac TiTe-uls marTavda Tavisi ufrosi. saidis xelmZRvanelobiT ajanyebulebma ramdenime didi brZolebi moiges. magram, SemdegSi, ufrosTa SeuTanxmebeli moqmedebebis gamo da bolSevikebis didi Zalebis, me-11 armiis daxmarebiT, bolos da bolos ajanyeba damarcxda. daWrili saidi erTxans imaleboda mTebSi, SemdegSi gamyolebma SeZles misi TurqeTSi gadayvana, sadac samxedro saavadmyofoSi gaatara TiTqmis 2 Tve. gamojamrTelebis Semdeg igi cdilobda gaego Tu ra xdeboda CrdloeT kavkasiaSi da SeZlebisdagvarad daxmareboda Tanamemamuleebs. SemdegSi igi gadavida varSavaSi da gaxda `kavkasis nacionaluri komitetis~ xelmZRvaneli. meore msoflio omis dros, saidi da sxva politemigrantebi fiqrobdnen, rom sabWoTa kavSiri am omSi damarcxdeboda da kavakasia moipovebda Tavisuflebas. germanelebs undodaT, rom saidi Tavis mxareze gadaebirebinad magram, saidi da germanelebi ver SeTanmdnen. saidma ganacxada, rom `daRestani ar unda moxvdes erTi tyveobidan meoreSi~.

1978 wels saidma da sazRvargareT myofma kavkasielebma Camoayalibes `Samilis saxelobis ganaTlebisa da kulturis fondi~ romelic dRemde moqmedebs.

1981 wels wminda adgilebis mosalocad meqaSi Casul saids, hajis miRebisas, sarwmunoebrivi wes-Cveulebis Tanaxmad gabanvis dros, wonasworoba daekarga da daSavda. igi gadaiyvanes TurqeTis saavadmyofoSi, sadac male gardaicvala. daasaf-laves stambolis `karadjaaxmedis~ sasaflaoSi, sadac Samilis STamomavlebi arian dakrZalulebi. marmarilos filaze amokveTilia Semdegi sityvebi: `kavkasiis mojahi-

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debis sasaflao Samilis ojaxidan~. saidi werda: `sabWoTa kavSiri erT dros usaTuod daiSleba. misi kraxi ar moxdeba gareSe

Zalebis SeiaraRebuli Carevis gamo... daCagruli xalxebi TviTon daangreven Tavis cixis kedlebs~. (123). rogorc vxedavT saidma winaswar ganWvrita ssrk-s momavali.

said-bekis ajanyebis CaxSobamde, 1921 wlis 20 ianvars, vladikavkazSi Catarda mTielTa damfuZnebeli yriloba. am yrilobaze moxsenebiT gamovida, moskovidan gamogzavnili saxalxo komisari nacionalur sakiTxebSi st al i n i (juRaSvili) (1873_1953), romelmac ganacxada, rom said-bekis ajanyebaSi yvela monawiles Seexe-boda amnistia, Tu isini Sewyvetdnen ajanyebas da aRiarebdnen sabWoTa xelisuflebas. samagierod, sabWoTa xelisufleba aRiarebda mTielTa saxel-mwifos da mis Sinagan damoukideblobas, risTvisac isini ibrZodnen saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. stalinma xelisuflebis saxeliT mimarTa yrilobas, rom Seqmniliyo mTielTa erTiani sabWoTa respublika avtonomiuri respublikis yvela uflebebiT, imisTvis, rom aRsrule-buliyo sauku-novani ocneba sakuTari damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Seqmnis Sesaxeb. magram, damfuZnebelma yrilobam ganacxada, rom mTielni aRiarebdnen sabWoTa mTav-robas, Tu xelisufleba Semdegi pirobebis Sesrulebas daTanxmdeboda:

1). Tu ZiriTad kanonad mTielTa respublika miiRebda SariaTs da adaT-wesebs, centraluri xelisufleba ar unda Careuliyo mTielTa saqmeebSi;

2). adre, mefis mier warTmeuli mTielTa miwebi, unda dabrunebuliyo xalxs. stalini orive pirobas daeTanxma da yrilobam, moCvenebiT aRiara sabWoTa

xelisufleba. am xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, gamocxadda mTielTa sabWoTa respublika, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida: CaCneTis, inguSeTis, yabardos, balyareTis, yaraCais da oseTis olqebi. xolo, daRestani calke respublikad gamocxadda. ase, rom Seiqmna yovlad Seusabamo mTielTa sabWoTa respublika, droSaze sabWoTa niSnis gamosaxulebiT da cxovrebaSi SariaTis konstituciiT.

mTielTa sabWoTa respublika mokle droSi daiSala, vinaidan, bolSevikebs, rom ufro advi-lad emarTad mTielebi, erCivnad cal-calke tomebis marTva da erTiani mTielTa respublika, avtonomiur olqebad daSales da gamoacxades:

1). yaraCai-CerqezeTis (1922 w-is 12 ianvars); 2). yabardo-balyareTis (1922 w-is 16 ianvars); 3). adiRes (1922 w-is 27 ianvars); 4). CaCneTis (1922 w-is 20 noembers); 5). inguSeTis (1924 w-is 7 ivniss); 6). CrdiloeT oseTis (1924 w-is 7 ivliss). yvela am olqebis xelisuflebis saTaveebSi idgnen, isini, vinc ruseTis revolu-

ciis dros emxrobodnen bolSevikebs. Tumca, maT Sorisac, politikuri Sexedulebis mixedviT iyo gansxvaveba. mcire nawili moiTxovda mTielebis Sesvlas ruseTis fede-raciis SemadgenlobaSi.

(1921_1928) wlebSi, `nepi~-s (axali ekonomikuri politika) dros, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi SedarebiT simSvide sufevda. iSviaTad xdeboda naciunalur-politikuri

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gamoxdomebi. sabWoTa xelisufleba, rogorc yovelTvis, `gpu~ (`s.p.m.~, saxelmwifos politikuri mmarTveloba) sjida mxolod misTvis miuRebel pirebs da jerjerobiT ar anxorcielebda iseT mravalricxovan daWerebs, romelic Semdeg wlebSi xdeboda.

avtonomiebis SeqmnisTanave, sabWoTa xelisuflebam, pirvel rigSi, daiwyo xalxis ganiaraReba. TviTeuli ojaxi valdebuli iyo CaebarebinaT iaraRi. mosaxleoba iZule-buli iyo eyidaT iaraRi jariskacebisagan, an TviTon `Cekistebisagan~ (sruliad ruseTis sagangebo komisia, `s. r. s. k.~). es ki xalxSi iwvevda ukmayofilebas. vinai-dan, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi wlebis ganmavlobaSi damkvi-drebuli adaT-wesebis Tanaxmad, mTielebi atarebdnen iaraRs da amave dros, es moTxovna, ewinaaRmdegeboda SariaTis konstitucias. amitom, rom gaeqarwylebinaT aseTi Sexedulebebi, saxelmwifos mmarTvelebi dadiodnen aulebSi da xalxs aZlevdnen àxsna-ganmartebebs~.

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mdgomareoba Seicvala, rodesac sabWoTa xelisuflebam SemoiRo e. w. koleqtivizacia da daiwyo misi ganxorcieleba.

rogorc cnobilia, am dros aulebSi gamoCndnen saolqo komitetis warmomad-genlebi da daiwyes mosaxleobis gaCanageba. waarTves yvelaferi risi waRebac SeiZ-leboda, sababiT, rom unda Caeba-rebinad kolmeurneobebSi. amave dros, rogorc e. w. `kulakebi~ (`soflis burjuazia~), daiwyes maTi ojaxebianad gadasaxleba. maSin CaCneTi da mTeli CrdiloeT kavkasia ajanyda da daiwyo, eniT auwereli saSinelebebi.

CrdiloeT kavkasielTa ajanyebulebis mier Seqmnilma droebiTma mTavrobam mimarTa moskovs, sabWoTa xelisuflebas:

1). Semwydariyo koleqtivizaciis saxiT, glexebis qonebis warTmeva; 2). Sewydes glexebis, (qalebis, moxucebis da bavSvebis) TviTneburi dapatim-

rebebi; 3). CaCneTis yvela raionebidan gaiwvion `gpu~-s xelmZRvanelebi. maT adgilebze

dainiSnon xalxis rigebidan arCeulebi da maT hqondeT mxolod sisxlis samarT-lebrivi devnis ufleba;

4). gauqmdes `saxalxo mosamarTleebis~ zevidan daniSvna da aRsdges SariaTis sasamarTlos instituti, rogorc amas iTvaliswinebda 1921 wels gamarTul vladi-kavkazis mTielTa yriloba.

5). Sewydes samxareo da centraluri xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa Careva CaCneTis avto-nomiur olqSi. xolo CaCneTSi yoveli meurneobriv-politikuri sakiT-xebi gadawydes mxolod CaCneTis yrilobis mier arCeul warmomadgenlebis mier, rogorc es iyo gaTvaliswinebuli avtonomiis wesdebaSi.

mxolod am moTxovnebis Sesrulebis Semdeg ajanyebulebi apirebdnen iaraRis dayras da aRiarebdnen sabWoTa xelisuflebas.

ajanyebis `mSvidobiani gziT~ Casaqrobad moskovidan samTavrobo warmomadgenlebi Camovidnen q. groznoSi da Seudgnen `mSvidobian molaparakebebs~. samTavrobo warmomadgenlebma Tavisi mxriv Seqmnes `mSvidobiani komisia~ avtoritetuli sasu-liero pirebisagan da adgilobrivi xelisu-flebis warmomadgenlebisagan. es `mSvido-biani komisia~ samTavrobo komisiis mier iyo uflebebiT aRWurvili ewarmoebinad

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ajanyebulebTan molaparakebebi da Cavidnen ajanyebulTa mTavar adgilas sof. SaliSi. komisiam ajanyebulebs ganucxada, rom momxdar movlenebSi mTavari damnaSaveebi arian adgilobrivi partiuli muSakebi, romlebic moqmedebdnen partiisa da xelisuflebis dadge-nilebebis winaaRmdeg da eseni mkacrad daisjebodnen, rogorc ki ajanyebulebi dayridnen iaraRs. rac Seexeba ajanyebulTa moTxovnebs avtonomiis samarTleobis Sesaxeb, samTavrobo komisiam gamo-acxada mimarTva, sadac naTqvami iyo, rom `CeCeni xalxis saSinao saqmeebs, Tavad CeCeni xalxi gadawyvetda~. aqve gamocxadda samTavrobo komisiis depeSa, rom SalSi Cavidoda `gpu~-s razmi yvela damnaSavis dasasjelad. ajanyebulebma daijeres es dapirebebi da dabrundnen saxlebSi. marTlac rodesac ganxorcielda adgilobrivi partiuli sabWoTa TanamSromelTa daWerebi, mosaxleoba dawynarda. 3 dRis ganmavlobaSi yvela `damnaSaveebi~ daiWires. meoTxe dRis Ramis 1 sT-ze, `gpu~-s sadamsjelo razmma alya Semoartya, 1929 wlidan ajanyebis xelmZRvanelis yofili general-maioris, S it a i st a m i - lov i s saxls, am dros masTan imyofeboda misi Zma h a s a n i c . mosTxoves ubrZol-velad danebebodnen. pirobis Seusruleblobis gamo gaimarTa brZola. sadamsjelo razmma saxls cecxli waukida. brZolisas hasani mZimed daiWra. dilas, ajanyebulTa meTauris dasaxmareblad mosulma CaCanTa cxenosanma razmma, sadamsjelo razmi alyaSi moaqcia da gaanadgura. ganTavisuflebulma Sita istamilovma, CaCnebs `wminda omisaken~ mouwoda da `Samilis imamatis~ aRdgena da ùrjuloTa~ kavkasiidan gandevna Sehpirda. mis mowodebas gamoexmaurnen da ajanydnen Sali da sxva soflebic. ajanydnen agreTve sxva CrdiloeT kavkasielebic. ajanyebis CasaxSobad, sabWoTa xeli-suflebam, 1929 wlis dekemberSi didi raodenubiT gadmoiyvana `gpu~-sa da wiTeli armiis nawilebi, artileriiTa da sasazRvro dacvis mTis msrolelTa ori polki. SemdegSi daemata kidev axali Zalebi. 1930 wlis ianvar-TebervalSi, mZime brZo- lebisa da didi danakargis Semdeg, sabWoTa jarebma SeZles, ajanyebulTa nawilobriv damarcxeba. Sita istamilovma brZoliT ukan daixia da Znelad miuval mTebSi gamagrda.

amave xanebSi, komunisturi partiis politikaSi mkveTri gardatexa moxda _ stalinma da centralurma komitetma gadaxedes `sakolmneurneo moZraobaSi ganxor-cielebuli Secdomebi~ da specialuri gadawyvetilebiT, `memarcxene gadamxrelebi~ dagmes da gakicxes. kolmeurneobebi gamocxadda rogorc nebayoflobiTi sazogado-ebebi da nacionalur raionebSi, rogorc CaCneTsa da inguSeTSi, saerTod gauqmda. raionebSi SeiZleboda mxolod rogorc amxanagobebis Camoyalibeba erToblivad miwis dasamuSaveblad. rogorc `memarcxene gadamxrelebi~ CaCneTis partiuli muSakebi Tanamdebobebidan gadaayenes da CaCneTidan samxedro nawilebic gaiyvanes. yvela ajanyebulebi da maTi meTaurebi Seiwyales. ajanyebulebi dabrudnen TavianT aulebSi. Sita istamilovic dabrunda Tavis sofel SaliSi. zemodan miTiTebiT igi daniSnes Salis `sasoflo samomxmareblo sazo-gadoebis~ TavjdomareTac. magram, 1931 wlis Semodgomaze, istamilovi daibara `gpu~-s raionis ganyofilebis ufrosma, misTvis moskovidan miRebuli Sewyalebis sabuTebis gadasacemad. gadacemis dros ufrosma

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igi daWra, mZimed daWrilma istamilovma mainc moaswro satevriT misi mokvla. TviTon ki gareTdamcvelebma mokles. Semdeg ki orive moklulni gaaxvies nabadebSi da groznoSi waiRes. misma Zmam, hasanma, Camoayaliba axali razmi, e. w. `banda~ da Sitas mkvlelobisaTvis 1935 wlamde, umowyalod uswordeboda `Cekistebs~.

Sita istamilovis mkvlelobasTan dakavSirebiT, `kulakebi da kontrrevolucio-neri elementebi da molanacionaluri ideologebi~-s sababiT `gpu~-s mier Catarda axali sadamsjelo moqmedebebi. TviT, ssrk-is mTavrobis mtkicebiT daiWires 35 000 kaci. ramdeni daixvrita cnobili ar aris. xelisuflebis mier Catarebul sadam-sjelo moqmedebebs axali ajanyebebi da axali sxva-dasxva sadamsjelo moqmedebebi mohyva. xelisufleba uswordeboda yvelas. maTi mtkicebiT yvela CaCani banditi iyo da isini iyvnen: muSebs, glexebs, mecnierebs, moxeleebs da partiul muSakebsac Soris. amitom saWiro iyo maTi gamovlena. aseTive viTareba iyo, inguSeTsa da sxva Crdilo-kavaksiaSi. yovel aseT sadamsjelo moqedebebs mohyveboda axal-axali ajanyebebi. cnobilia, rom CaCnebi da inguSebi 1940 welsac ajanydnen. ajanyebas xelmZRvanelobdne iuristi m i r b e k S e r i po v i (1910_1944) da mwerali h a s a n i s r a - elo v i . eseni iyvnen axalgazrdebi, romlebic ibrZodnen daCagruli Tavisi xalxis damoukideblobisaTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom maT kargad icodnen, rom damar-cxdebodnen. sabWoTa xelisuflebam ajanyebulebis xelmZRvanelebis Sesaxeb gamoacxada, rom isini iyvnen dakavSirebulni germanelebTan. sinamdvileSi ki, rogorc SemdegSi damtkicda, es iyo sabWoTa xelmZRvanelebis mier aSkara gamogonili tyuili, radgan araviTari kavSiri ar arsebobda CaCneT-inguSeTsa da sxva CrdiloeT-kavkasielebsa da germanelebs Soris.

cnobilia agreTve, rom sabWoTa xelisufleba ufro met sisastikes iCenda CaCnebisa da inguSebis winaaRmdeg, vidre faSistebTan omis dros. (1941_1942) wlebSi, im dros rodesac ssrk-s samxedro aviacia umoqmedod iyo gaCerebuli brZolis wina xazze, is moqmedebda CrdiloeT kavka-siaSi da bombavda CaCneT-inguSeTs. daiRupa uamravi mosaxleoba _ ZiriTadaT qalebi, moxucebi da bavSvebi. ra Tqma unda, aseTi moqmedebebis gamo, CrdiloeT-kavkasielebi, miT umetes CaCnebi da inguSebi, sabWoTa xelisuflebaSi xedavdnen, rogorc maTTvis dauZinebel mtrebs.

1944 wlis Teberval-martSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier Catarebulma ganukiT-xaobam, kavkasielebis gadasaxlebam, yovelgvar sisastikes gadaaWarba. gadasax- lebasTan dakavSirebuli monacemebiT: `600 000 gadasaxlebulTa CaCnebisa da inguSebidan daiRupa 200 000 kaci; yaraCa-elebidan _ 40 000 (TiTqmis erTi mesamedi); balyarelebi _ 20 000-sze meti (TiTqmis naxevari); Tu amas daumatebT 200 000 daRupul yirimel TaTrebs da 120 000 daRupul yalmuxebs, maSin saxelganTqmuli `lenin-stalinis nacionaluri politika~ am patara xalxs daujda 600 000 daRupuli raodenobiT, ZiriTadaT qalebi, moxucebi da bavSvebi. (92, gv.79). (ix qveviT `muhajiroba~). miuxedavad imisa, rom am gadasaxlebulebs, stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg Selaxuli Rirseba aRudgines da patiosani saxeli daubrunes, dRevandel dResac gamoCdnen iseTi `mecnierebi~ da ìstorikosebi~, romlebic

47

utifrad acxadeben, rom sabWoTa wyobileba `sworad moiqca~, kavkasielebi, rom `gadaasaxla, ar iyo saWiro maTi dabruneba mSobliur mxareebSi~ da rom saerTod `kavkasielebi umadurni xalxia~. isini xom `rusebma gadaarCines daRupvisagan da maT mzrunvelobas maTze ar afaseben~. a. avtorxanovi werda:

`vimedovneb, rom bolodroindel sakanondeblo aqtebi ssrk-is umaRlesi sabWos reabi-litaciisa deportirebuli xalxis Sesaxeb samudamod bolos mouRebs amdagvar laparaksa da borot ciliswamebas maTze~. (92, gv.79).

Tumca, amdeni xnis ganmavlobaSi araferi Secvlila da ruseTis imperia dRevan-del dResac ganagrZobs mefis ruseTis survilis ganxorcielebas, romlis Tanaxmad kavkasia da kavkasiis mTielebi unda ganadgurebuliyvnen da kavkasia mTlianad ruseTis mflobelobaSi unda yofiliyo moqceuli.

Tavi II. C r d i l o e T k a v a k s a i a S i u r d o e b i d a s a x a n o e b i . 1. y i v C a y e b i . yivCayebi Turqulenovani momTabare Zlieri meomari tomi iyo Sua saukuneSi,

romelic Tavdapirvelad saxlobda md. volgis aRmosavleT velebSi. rusul wyaro-ebSi moxsenebulni arian rogorc `polovci~, xolo evropaSi _ `kumanebi~. cxov-robdnen karvebSi (iurtaSi) ojaxebad da misdevdnen mesaqonleobas. laSqrobebSi monawileobas Rebulobdnen qalebic. pirvelyofili Temuri wyobilebis sazogadoebis daSlis Semdeg, ojaxebma daiwyes gaerTianeba gvarebad, Semdeg urdoebad da tomebad, romelsac saTaveSi edga xani. XI saukunis dasawyisidan daiwyes Casaxleba Savi-zRvispireTSi. xolo amave saukunis Sua wlebSi, yivCayebma gailaSqres dasavle- Tisaken, miaRwies md. dunaimde da samxreTisaken _ bizantiisaken. maT xelSi aRmoCnda didi moculobis miwa-wyali, romelic gadaWimuli iyo ungreTidan uzbekeTamde. magram maT mainc ver Seqmnes saxelmwifo. (1103_1116) wlebSi ebrZodnen kievis samTavros da ruseTis mTavrebs. 1113 wels kievis mTavarma vl ad i m e r m o no - m a x m a (1053_1125), romelic saTaveSi edga rusebis gaerTianebul laSqars, yivCayebi daamarcxa. xolo, misma Svilma m t i sl a v m a (1125_1132) kidev erTxel daamarcxa yivCayebi da darCa mxolod maTi mcire urdo md. donis napirebze. XII saukunis 80-ian wlebSi daiwyes momZlavreba, magram 1223 wels monRolebTan brZolis dros damarcxdnen da amis Semdeg, maTi nawili ungreTSi gadasaxlda, xolo danarCenni ki oqros urdos SemadgenlobaSi moeqcnen da Seerivnen.

qarTul wyaroebSi yivCayebi araerTxel arian moxsenebulni. qarTul werilobiT wyaroebidan Cans, rom saqarTvelos mefem daviT IV aRmaSenebelma imisaTvis, rom qarTuli jari gaeZlierebina da urCi feodalebi aelagma, i. javaxiSvilis TqmiT: `sagangebo RonisZieba iyo saWiro da daviT aRmaSenebelma «ganizraxa sivrciTa gonebisaTa» rom amnair saSualebad mudmiv samefo laSqris SemoReba unda yofiliyo. mefem gadawyvita amgvari laSqari yivCayTagan Seedgina jer erTi imitom, rom misi

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meuRle guranduxt dedofali iyo asuli «yivCayTa umTavresisa aTraqa SaraRanis Zisa» da amis gamo isini misi erTguli iqmnebodnen; meore imitom, rom man «uwyoda keTilad yivCayTa naTesavisa simravle da simÃne wyobaTa Sina, sisubuqe mimosvlisa, sificxe mimarTebisa, advilad damWirveloba da yovliTurT momzavebloba nebisa TÂsisa»~ (1, t.II, gv.199). man (1118_1120) wlebSi md. donis napirebze darCenili yivCayTa urdodan, 40 000 ojaxi, xanis Zmis aTraqa SaraRanis Zis (afrak SaraganisZe, SarukanisZe) meTaurobiT gadmoasaxla. isini daanawevra, jgufebad dahyo, SeiaraRa _ misca cxenebi da iaraRi, spasalarebi (sardlebi) dauniSna da saqarTvelos sxvadasxva adgilebSi, ZiriTadaT: hereTSi, qvemo qarTlSi da CrdiloeT somxeTSi Caasaxla. TviTeul ojaxs misca miwis nakveTi. pirobis Tanaxmad, TiTo ojaxs TiTo meomari unda gamoeyvana. ori wlis wvrTnis Semdeg, daviTs hyavda 40 000 mudmiv momqmedi laSqari da 5 000 piradi mcveli. romlis meSveobiTac izrdeboda saxel-mwifos samxedro siZliere, am jariT SesaZlebeli xdeboda sagareo mtris mogeri-ebac da moRalate, urCi feodalebis moTokvac. SemdgomSi nawili yivCayebisa gaqris-tianda kidevac da zogierTebi maRal Tanamdebobebzec aRmoCndnen. etyoba, politi-kuri mosazrebiT, daviT IV-em a T r a q a S a r a R a n i s Zis asuli, g ur a n du xt i , moiyvana colad. pirveli meuRle, r u sud a n i , iyo somexi mefis asuli, romelic monazvnad aRkveces. qarTuli wyaroebis gadmo-cemiT, guranduxti Sesaxedavad lamazi qali yofila. Semdgom dros, `qarTlis cxovreba~-Sic araerTxel aris naxsenebi yivCayebi. `JamTaaRmwereli~ mogviTxrobs, rom `TaTarni~ monRolebi gadasulan darubandis gziT yivCayeTSi da iq Sebmian yivCayebs. `TaTarni moiwivnes vidre samSÂldemde da mier ukuniqces, romelTa qmnes sakÂrvelni ese saqme: warvidnes gzasa darubandisasa, verca SarvanSa winaRudga da verca darubandelni. ganvles kari darubandisa da Sevides yivCayeTs, romelTa brZola ahkides. da mravalgan Semoebnes yivCayni da yovelgan TaTarni mZle eqnes. da warvides omiTa, usaWur- [v]loni, viTarca miTquams, uWedeliTa cxeniTa esoden gzaTa mavalni. ganvles yivCa-yeTi da Semouares ama darubandisa zRuasa gare da miiwivnes Ãelmwifesa maTsa Cingiz yaens winaSe yarayurums~. (3, gv.533).

yivCayebi moxsenebulni arian saqarTvelos mefis (1184_1213) T a m a r mefis (daaxl. 1160_1213) drosac da mis Semdegac. xelisufleba maT iyenebda mtris Semosevebisa da ajanyebuli feodalebis winaaRmdeg. rodesac 1119 wels Tamar mefis yofili qmari `giorgi rusi~ zogierTi didebulebis SemweobiT aujanyda. `gandgo-milTa~ damarcxebis Semdeg, Tamar mefis maxarobelTa Soris iyvnen: `herni da kaxni, didebulni da aznaurni, TanadarTviTa yivCayTaTa~. (3, gv.425). ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~-Si miTxrobilia, rom Tamar mefem `waravlina Sikrikni da malemsrbolni wuevad laSqrisa imeriT da ameriT. rameTu mas Jamsa Zma yivCayTa sevinjisa savalaTi aqa iyo samsaxurad~. (3, gv.435). da rodesac gamosula Tbilisidan Tamar mefe, mas `miegebnes wina ovsni da yivCayni axalni da Semdgomad amisa _ herni da kaxni~. (3, gv.436).

wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos mefis (1223_1245) ru s ud a n i s

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(daaxl. 1194_1245) mefobis dros, 1223 wels, monRolebTan damarcxebuli yivCayebis nawili darubandidan saqarTve-loSi SemoiWrnen saZarcvavad. mas gaegeba aTabagi i v a n e I m x a r g r Z el i (g. 1227), magram damarcxda. meored SemoWrisas yivCaRebs dauxvda saxelmwifo da samxedro moRvawe, sardali, S al v a a x alc i x el i (g. 1226), romelmac yivCayebi sastikad daamarcxa. mravali yivCayi gawyda da bevric tyved Cavarda. TviTon maTi meTauri Zlivs gadaurCa sikvdils. gaiqca SirvanSi da daiwyo musulmanuri mosaxleobis Zarcva. mis winaaRmdeg amxedrda mosaxleoba. maT mieSvela qarTvelTa mxedroba da erTad daamarcxes. auareba yivCayi tyved Cavarda da gawyda. damarcxebulni isev ukan gabrundnen.

zogierTi mecnieri Tvlis, rom saqarTveloSi myofi yivCayTa nawili XIII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi myofi yivCayTa xanis mowveviT ukan dabrunebula, xolo darCenilni yivCayebi saqarTveloSi myofi monRolTa laSqars Seerivnen.

2. d i d i u r d o .

cnobilia, rom C i n g i s - y a e n m a (Temu-Cini) (daaxl. 1135_1227) mis mier Seq-

mnili uzarmazari monRoleTis saxelmwifo 1224 wels gaunawila Tavis oTx Svils. ufrosi Svilis ju C i s (daaxl. 1185_1227) saufliswulo, juCis ulusi, moicavda dasavleT cimbirs, yivCaRur velebs da xvarazms. misi sikvdilis Semdeg, ulusis xani gaxda juCis meore Svili baTo-yaeni. romelmac, rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, juCis ulusi gaafarTova da daaarsa saxelmwifo oqros urdo. ramdenime xnis Semdeg, baTo-yaenma Tavisi samflobelo gaunawila Tavis Zmas da naTesavebs. TavisTvis daitova dasavleTi mxare, romelic wyaroebSi moxsenebulia rogorc TeTri urdo. xolo mis Zmas gadaeca dasavleT cimbiri da yazaxeTi, romelsac ewoda lurji urdo.

1380 wels moskovis samTavros da (1388_1396) wlebSi Temurlengis damangreveli laSqrobebis Sedegad da TviT oqros urdoSi, Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebis mizniT, sagvareulobebs Soris warmoebuli daundobeli brZolebis Sedegad, oqros urdo dasustda da danawevrda. mas gamoeyo 1420 wels cimbiris saxano, 1428 wels uzbekeTis saxano, 1438 wels yazanis saxano, 1440 wels noRaeTis urdo, 1441 wels yirimis saxano da 1465 wels yazaxeTis saxano. darCenili nawili, Savi zRvispireTSi, md-is donsa da dneprs Soris miwebi, Sua saukuneebSi da Semdegac, istoriul wyaroebSi, moxsenebulia, rogorc didi urdo (volgis urdo, TaTreTis saxano). iseve, rogorc oqros urdo, didi urdoc, politikur zegavlenas axdenda aRmosavleT evropasa da CrdiloeT kavkasiazec. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom didma urdom siZlieres miaRwia, a x m at (axmed) x a n i s dros (1460_1481). 1472 wels polo- neTsa da did urdos Soris daido urTierT daxmarebis xelSe-kruleba. axmat xanma 1476 wels daamyara kavSiri osmaleTTan. (1474_1478) wlebSi gailaSqra astraxanis saxanos winaaRmdeg. (1474_1478) wlebSi moawyo laSqrobebi yirimis saxanos wina-

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aRmdeg. (1460, 1468 da 1472) wlebSi moawyo laSqrobebi ruseTze. 1480 wels ruseTSi uSedego laSqrobis Semdeg, dabrunda urdoSi da daiTxova jari. axmat xani Tavisive karavSi mokles missave mokavSireebma, cimbiris saxanosa da noRais mmarTvelebma. mis Semdeg, didi urdos siZliere daeca da 1502 wels, yirimis saxanom gaanadgura didi urdo. volgispira velebi gadavida noRais urdos mflobelobaSi, xolo md-is volgisa da dons Soris midamoebi SeierTa yirimis saxanom. (156).

3. T u r q T a s a x a k a n o . VI saukunis Sua xanebSi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi warmoiqmna TurqTa saxakano.

cnobilia, rom altais Turqulenovan erT-erT toms, misi meTauris saxelis mixe-dviT, a S i n a s , ewoda `Turqi~, rac niSnavda `magari~, `Zlieri~ da es saxelwodeba daerqva VI saukunis II naxevarSi, yvela im tomebs, romlebic aSinas meTaurobiT gaerTiandnen da Seqmnes TurqTa saxakano. cnobilia, rom monRoleTSi, Crdilo-aRmosavleT CineTis mxareSi mdebare manjuriis (dRevandeli dunbei) saxelmwifoSi da TurqmeneTSi, adreul Sua saukuneSi, Sediodnen, velebSi momTabare JuJanebis (JouJa-nebi, Juanjuanebi, JuJu, JuiJu) tomebi, romlebmac Camoayalibes tomTa gaerTianebebi. JuJanebSi Sedioda altais momTabare aSinas tomebic, romlebic Juja-nebs amaragebdnen rkiniT. 545 wels aSinas tomebi ajanydnen da 553 wels sabolood gaanadgures JuJanebi. amis Semdeg, VI saukunis II naxevarSi JuJanebis kavSiri daiSala da politikur sarbielze gamodis TurqTa saxakano. dasavleT manjuriaSi mcire xnis ganmavlobaSi, TurqTa saxakanom, daipyro da daimorCila aziisa da Crdi-loeTis msxemi tomebi da misi samflobelo gadaiWima mdinareebis volgidan amuramde: Crdilo-aRmosavleT CineTi, monRoleTi, Sua aziis aRmosavleT-dasavleT Turqme- neTi, yazaxeTi da CrdiloeT kavkasia. TurqTa saxakano bizantiasTan erTad iwyebs brZolas iranis winaaRmdeg. cnobilia, rom 589 w. ufliswul aSinas sagvareulos warmomadgeneli s a b a (save), Sua aziidan aRmosavleT iranSi SeiWra, magram damar-cxda. am brZolis dros saba daiRupa da Turqmanebma saswrafod datoves irani. tomTa Soris gamudmebulma dapirispirebam, mezobel saxelmwifoebTan omebma da gansakuTrebiT CineTis saxelmwifos Semotevam, TurqTa saxakano daasusta da 603 wels sabolood daiSala _ dasavleT da aRmosavleT TurqTa saxakanod. (158).

dasavleT TurqTa saxakanos gamgeblobaSi moeqca yazaxeTi, urali, volgispireTi, yirimi, CrdiloeT kavkasia da Sua azia. dedaqalaqi gaxda suabi (yirgizeTSi). (159).

gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda saxakano j e g u i - x a k a n i s a (610_618) da misi umcrosi Zmis to n -j a b g u - x a k a n i s (618_630) dros (qarTul wyaroebSi moxse-nebulia rogorc xazarTa xakani _ j i b Ru x a k a n i ). maT mier warmoebuli omebis Sedegad, saxakanos sazRvarma miaRwia Crdilo-dasavaleT indoeTamde. jibRu xakans Tavisi liTonis fulic-ki (`moneta~) gamoucia. 630 wels, biZamisis s i b i r - x a n i s SeTqmulebis Sedegad jibRu xakani mokles. male, taxtis gamo amtydari brZolis dros sibir-xanic daiRupa. xolo VIII saukunis dasawyisSi tomebs Soris dapiris-

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pirebam da feodalebis ZalauflebisaTvis brZolam TurqTa saxakano daasusta da is sabolood daiSala. amis Semdeg TurqTa saxakanos xseneba Sewyda.

TurqTa saxakano warmoadgenda msxemi tomebis gaerTianebas. maT mier gamarTuli brZolebi ZiriTadaT mimdinareobda tyveTa mosapoveblad. radgan TurqTa tomebi misdevdnen tyveTa vaWrobas. dapyrobili saxelmwifoebi inarCunebdnen Tavis wes-wyobilebas, xolo kaganis mier daniSnuli moxeleebi agrovebdnen gadasaxadebs, xarks da agzavnidnen mTavar banakSi. mecnierTa azriT TurqTa saxakanos dros, Camoyalibda dRevandeli Turqulenovani xalxebi. (158).

4. x a z a r T a s a x a k a n o . Turqulenovani momTabare tomebi, xazarebi, 560 wels TurqTa saxakanoSi

Sediodnen, romlebic imyofebodnen dRevandel daRestanSi, derbendis CrdiloeT mxareSi. xazarebi TandaTan gafarTov-dnen da 650 wels qvemo volgispireTSi, yirimSi da CrdiloeT kavakasiis aRmosavleTSi Seqmnes saxelmwifo _ xazarTa saxakano. romlis dedaqalaqi daRestanSi gaxda semenderi. mogvianebiT, dedaqalaqad gamo-cxadda, qvemo volgaze qalaqi iTili. xSirad wyaroebSi Savs, azovisa da kaspiis zRvebs uwodebdnen xazaris zRvas, xolo, bizantiur da italiur wyaroebSi, TiTqmis XVI saukunemde yirims uwodebdnen `xazareTs~, `xazarias~.

XI saukunis istorikosi l eo nt i m ro v el i gadmogvcems, rom `gaZlierdes xazarni da iwyes brZolad naTesavTa lekanisTa da kavkasisTa. da ese naTesavni Targamosisni yovelni mas Jamsa iyvnes siyuarulsa erTmaneTisasa mSÂdobiT, xolo SvilTa zeda kavkasisTa iyo ufal durZuk, Ze tireTisi. ezraxnes eseni eqsusTave naTesavTa TargamosianTa da iTxoves SuelaÁxazarTa zeda.

xolo Sekrbes yovelni naTesavni Targamosianni da gardavles mTaÁ kavkasisaÁ da motyuennes yovelni sazRvarni xazareTisani da aRaSennes qalaqni pirsa xazareTisasa da warmovides~. (3, gv.31).

amis Semdeg, rodesac momZlavrdnen VII saukunis dasawyisidan, bizantia-iranis omis dros, xazarebi iwyeben darialisa da derbendis gadasasvlelebiT amierkavkasiaze Tavdasxmebs.

àmis Semdgomad xazarTa iCines mefe da daemorCilnes yovelni xazarni mefesa mas, Cinebulsa maTsa, da warmoiZRuanes igi da gamovles zRÂskari da darialan, romelsa aw hqÂan darubandi; da ver wina-aRudges Targamosianni, rameTu iyo simravle uricxÂ xazarTaÁ, da wartyuennes queyanani TargamosianTani da Semusrnes yovelni qalaqni araratisa da masisisa da CrdiloÁsani, da daurCes cixe-qalaqni: Tuxarisi, samSÂlde da mtueriscixe, romel ars xunani, SidaqarTli da egrisi.

da iswaves xazarTa ornive ese gzani, romel ars zRÂskari, darubandi, da aragÂskari, romel ars darialan. da ganamravles xazarTa gamosvlaÁÁ da tyuenvaÁ maTi, da verRara winaaRudges. nieriTgan iqmnes ese yovelni Targamosianni moxarke xazarTa.~. (3, gv.32).

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xazarebi xSirad jer iranis, xolo SemdegSi arabebis sawinaaRmdegod, bizantielebs ukavSirdebodnen.

cnobilia, rom bizantiis imperatorma (610_641) h e r a kl e m (575_641) iranis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad xazarebi moiwvia. xazarebma jer gailaSqres alaniis winaaRmdeg, aiRes derbendi da miwasTan gaaswores. amis Semdeg, 627 wels, xazarTa mmarTveli jibRu xakani saqarTvelosaken gamoemarTa (es iyo xazarTa pirveli laS-qroba saqarTveloSi), mas SeuerTda mravalricxovani jariT herakle da Seecadnen, im dros, iranis gamgeblobaSi myofi Tbilisis aRebas, magram, orTviani uSedego alyis Semdeg gaecalnen. Tumca, xazarebma 628 wels mainc moaxerxes Tbilisis aReba. `qalaqSi SeWrilma xazarebma veluri sisastikiT gaJlites yvela, ganurCevlad sqesisa da asakisa. `rodesac Sewyda xma tirilisa da vaebisa da aRaravin gadarCa cocxali, maSin maTac gaiges, rom daZRnen maTi maxvilnic~. amis Semdeg dampyroblebma Zarcva-rbevas mihyves xeli~. (6, t.II, gv.282). VIII saukunis mwerali da himnografi i o a n e s a b a n i s Ze xazarebis Sesaxeb wers: àrian xazarni, kac velur, saSinel piriTa, mÃecis buneba, sisxlis mWamel~. (6, t.II, gv.293). saqarTveloSi xazarebs araerTxel ulaSqriaT, xolo, rodesac amave xanebSi amirkavkasiaSi arabebi gamoCn-dnen, maT mouwiaT arabTa saxalifosTan dapirispireba da vinaidan darialis xeoba da derbendis gasasvleli iyo damakavSirebeli gza amierkavkasiasa da xazarebs Soris, saqarTvelo da dRevandeli azerbaijanis miwa-wyali iqca saomar asparezad. 735 wels arabebi SeiWrnen xaza-rebis saxakanoSi da xazarebi gaanadgures. cnobilia, rom IX saukunis Sua wlebSi xazarebi, mSvidobianobis SesanarCuneblad, arabebs uxdidnen xarks.

unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTvelebi da xazarebi, mtrebTan sabrZolvelad (bizantia, arabebi da irani), xSirad erTmaneTs exmarebodnen. VIII saukunis bolos, rodesac afxazTa samTavro gaZli-erda, àfxazTa erisTavebma mWidro politikuri kavSiri daamyares xazarebTan. es politikuri kavSiri dinastiuri danaTesavebiTac Seamagres, isargebles xazar-bizantielTa interesebis dapi-rispirebiT da xazarTa Zala bizan-tiis winaaRmdeg gamoiyenes. rogorc cnobilia, am dros xazarebi aqtiurad ereodnen amierkavkasiis, kerZod, aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos cxovrebaSi. uaRresad niSandoblivia am mxriv VIII s. 80-ian wlebSi arabTagan devnili qarTlis eris-mTavris, nerses kavSiri xazarTa xakanTan da xakanis daxmareba afxazTa mTavrisadmi bizantiis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, rac xazarTa ekonomiuri interesebiTac unda yofiliyo ganpirobebuli.~ (6, t.II, gv.417).

IX saukunis bolos, xazarTa saxakanos CrdiloeTis mxridan, Semoesivnen Turqulenovani momTabare evropeiduli da monRoluri tomebi paWanikebi, romlebmac CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTi daipyres. amave dros xazarebs kievis samTavromac Semoutia. 966 wels kievis mTavarma s v i a -t o sl a v m a (g. 973/974) gaanadgura xazarebi da daangria maTi dedaqalaqi iTili. xazarebma erTxans Seecadnen aRedginaT saxano xvarazmis daxmarebiT, magram ver SeZles da sabolood X saukunis dasasruls Turq momTabare xalxebs Seerivnen.

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735 wels rodesac xazarTa saxakanoSi arabebi SeiWrnen da xakani daamarcxes, arabebma daiwyes islamis gavrceleba. islami, mosaxleobis mxolod mcire nawilma aRiara. pirvelad islami aRiara xakanma da misma amalam. CrdiloeT daRestanSi mcxovrebma xazarebma ki, derbendis ebraelTa zega-vleniT aRiares iudaizmi. VIII saukuneSi bizantiasTan urTierT kavSiris dros, xazarTa saxakanoSi daiwyo qristi-anobis gavrceleba. sabolood, saxelmwifo religiad iudaizmi gancxadda.

mecnierTa azriT: ìudaizmi, rogorc etyoba, Seerwyma centralur evropis sazogadoebebs. dRevandeli litveli da yirimeli karaimebi da sxvebi, TavianT Tavs Tvlian xazarTa STamo-mavlebad. xazarTa fesvebi, aqvTa zogierT Turqul enaze molaparake CrdiloeT kavkasielTa xalxs~. (154).

istorikosi rol a n d Tof C i S v il i xazarebis Sesaxeb wers, rom: èrT-erTi Turqulenovani xalxi xazarebis saxelwodebas atarebda, romlebsac

CrdiloeT kavkasiis barSi, md. Tergis CrdiloeTiT da volgispireTSi VI_X saukuneebSi saxelmwifo _ xazrTa kaRanati hqondaT Seqmnili. X saukunis bolos isini istoriis arenidan gaqrnen. maTi mniSvnelovani nawili oqros urdos eTnikur konglomeratSi gaiTqvifa. muslimurma sarwmuneobam xazarebi meqanikurad TaTrebad aqcia. nawili XIII s-Si mimoifanta. ebrauli zedafena ukvalod gaqra. fiqroben, rom iudauri sarwmuneobis mimdevari xazarebis garkveuli nawili kavkasiaSi gai-qca da erTmorwmune mTiel ebraelebs Seeria. radgan Sua saukuneebSi rwmena adamianTa beds gansazRvravda, Tergis qristiani xazarebi erTmorwmuneebs eZebdnen. aseTebi ki mdinare donis auzSi mcxovrebi brodnikebi iyvnen (brodnikebi narevi warmoSobis rusul enaze molaparake marTlmadideblebs warmoadgendnen). dRes eTnonimiT `xaza-rebi~ cnobilia sruliad sxva xalxi, romlebic avRaneTis stepebSi cxovroben. maT araferi aqvT saerTo CrdiloeT kavkasiasa da volgispireTSi odesRac gansaxlebul xazarebTan. avRaneli xazarebi iraneli monRolebis STamo-mavlebi arian, romlebmac 1295 wels islami miiRes da gaafTrebuli omis gamo samSobloSi dabruneba veRar moaxerxes. ase rom, erTi eTnonimis matarebel istoriis sxvadasxva periodSi mcxov-reb xalxebs eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT erTmaneTTan araferi aqvTa saerTo~. (13, gv.65).

5. y a za n i s s a x a no cnobilia, rom Cingis-yaenis STamomavalma, ulu mu h a m e d m a (1405_1445),

[oqros urdos xani 1419, (1421_1423), 1425, (1427_1429), (1431_1437), yirimis xani 1437, yazanis xani (1438_ 1445)], 1432 wels moskovis samTavros mmarTvelad daamtkica moskovis didi mTavari 1425-idan v a s il i II u s i n a Tlo (1415_1462). amis Semdeg, did urdoSi, ulu muhamedis winaaRmdeg, moxda dajgufeba da igi iZulebuli gaxda 1437 wels daetovebina urdo. mcire amaliT gadavida ruseTis sazRvarTan mdebare q. beleveSi. im imediT, rom Seegrovebina Tavisi momxreebi da vasili II-is daxmarebiT daibrunebda dakargul Zalauflebas. magram, moskovis mTavarma mosTxova sazRvris datoveba da mis winaaRmdeg jaric gagzavna. amave wlis

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5 dekembers ulu muhamedma, miuxedavad imisa, rom mas mxolod 3 000 mxedari hyavda, moulodneli, uecari TavdasxmiT, SeZlo 40 000-ani rusebis damarcxeba. gaecala ruseTs da daikava adre, rusebis mier ganadgurebuli da dacarielebuli q. yazani. aqve, warmoiqmna, didi urdosagan damoukidebeli, rogorc varaudoben, didi urdos axal xanTan SeTanxmebiT, ruseTis sazRvarTan mdebare, yazanis saxano.

ulu muhamedma 1439 wels gailaSqra moskovis winaaRmdeg, daarbia mimdebare midamoebi da ukan dabrunebisas gadawva q. kolomna. 1444 wlis seqtemberSi, xelaxla gailaSqra ruseTis winaaRmdeg, magram, amindis gauaresebis gamo, 1445 wlis ianvarSi iZulebuli gaxda ukan dabru-nebuliyo. amave wlis aprilSi yazanelebma gaanadgures rusebi, ramdenime qalaqebic aiRes. am laSqrobisas vasili II-ec tyved aiyvanes. ulu muhamedsa da vasili II Soris daido, moskovis samTavrosaTvis imdenad damamcirebeli xelSekruleba, rom is saerTod ar gamocxadebula. 1461 wels vasaili II-em gai-laSqra yazanis saxanos winaaRmdeg, magram, Semdeg, urTierT SeTanxmebiT, mSvidobianad daSordnen.

moskovis samTavrosa da yazanis saxanos Soris, urTierToba mudam mtrul viTare-baSi mimdinareobda. moskovis samTavro cdilobda xelSi Caegdo volgis savaWro gza, romlis SemweobiTac is daukavSirdeboda aRmosavleTis bazars.

ulu muhamedis Semdeg yazanis saxanos xanebi xSirad awyobdnen Tavdasxmebs ruseTis qalaqebze, arbevdnen da mihyavdaT tyveebi.

moskovis samTavros axali mmarTveli i v a n e III (1440_1505) Seecada (1467 da 1469) wlebSi yazanis saxano daepyro, magram ver SeZlo. yazanis xanis (1467_1479) i b r a h i m i s (g. 1479) dros, 1469 wlis agvistoSi ruseTsa da yazanis saxanos Soris samSvidobo xelSekruleba daido. Tumca, 8 wlis Semdeg mdgomareoba isev garTulda. miuxedavad araerTgzis mcdelobisa rusebma ver SeZles yazanis dapyroba. 1479 wels yazanis xani gaxda ilx a m i (ali) (daaxl. 1450_1490). 1484 wels yazanis saxanos winaaRmdeg gailaSqra moskovis samTavrom da misi SemweobiT yazanis xani gaxda, ruseTis momxre, 16 wlis e. w. `moskoveli TaTari~ m u h a m e d - a m i n i (1469_1518), magram, taxti ver SeinarCuna da 1485 wels datova saxano. taxti daibruna isev alim. magram, 1487 wlis maisSi rusebma xelaxla gailaSqres yazanis saxanos winaaRmdeg. yazani alyaSi moaqcies. bolos, amave wlis ivlisSi, ruseTis momxreebma gaimarjves da xani, ojaxis wevrebTan erTad, rusebs gadasces. isini vologdaSi gadaasaxles, sadac ali gardaicvala. rusebma yazani aikles da aoxres. yazanis xani xelaxla gaxda muhamed amini. yvela mowinaaRmdege Sexedulebis cnobili pirebi sikvdiliT dasajes. amis Semdeg yazanis saxano ruseTze damokidebul qveynad iqca. amave xanebSi ivane III-em miiRo bulgareTis mTavaris wodeba (SemdegSi ruseTis mefeebis wodeba iyo _ bulgareTis xelmwife). 1502 wlidan muhamed aminma daiwyo damoukideblobisaTvis brZola. 1505 wlis 27 oqtombers yazanSi daarbies ruseTis qveSerdomni da momxreebi da monebad aqcies. moskovis axalma mTavarma (1505_1533) v a s il i III-em (1479_1533), 1506 wels yazanis winaaRmdeg gaagzavna laSqari, magram, rusebis laSqari damarcxda da ganadgurda. meoreTac yazanelebma SeZles

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rusebis damarcxeba. 1518 wels avadmyofobis gamo gardaicvala muhamed amini da moskovTan SeTanxmebiT, yazanis xani (1519_1521) gaxda S a x - al i . amasobaSi, yazanSi gaimarjves yirimisa da TurqeTis momxreebma. 1521 wels yirimis saxanos laSqari daubrkolebriv Sevida yazanSi da iq myofi rusebi da ruseTis laSqari daarbia. yazanis xani (1521_1524) gaxda muhamed aminis Zma s a h i b g ir e i (1501_1551). Sax-ali gaiqca moskovSi. man daamyara kavSiri astraxanisa da yirimis saxanoebTan da imave welsve Tavs daesxnen ruseTis qalaqebs, moskovi alyaSi moaqcies da moskovis mTavari vasili III iZulebuli gaxda misTvis damamcirebel xelSekrulebas xeli moewera. 1524 wlidan yazanis saxano osmaleTs daemorCila. yazanisa da yirimis saxanoebma araerTxel gailaSqres moskovis samTavros winaaRmdeg. 1524 wels rusebma alyaSi moaqcies yazani, magram misi aReba ver SeZles. yazanis saxanos winaaRmdeg daiwyo Tavdasxmebi noRais saxanom. amitom, amave welsve, yazanis saxanosa da mos-kovis samTavros Soris gaformda xelSekruleba. magram, male yazanis saxanoSi mdgomareoba isev Seicvala da xani gaxda yirimis saxanos xanis Svili s a f a - g i r e i (safa gerai) (1510_1549), romelic yazanis saxanos marTavda (1524_1531, 1536_1546, 1546_1549) wlebSi. igi osmaleTis xelqveiTi gaxda. man (1536_1537, 1541_1542, 1548) w-Si gailaSqra moskovis winaaRmdeg.

1547 wels ruseTis pirveli mefe gaxda ivane IV (mrisxane). man (1547. 1549 da 1551 wlebSi) moawyo yazanis winaaRmdeg laSqrobebi, magram es laSqrobebi uSedegod dasrulda. saTanado momza-debis Semdeg, 1552 wlis 12 oqtombers rusebma SeZles yazanis alyaSi moqceva da miuxedavad yazanelTa Tavganwiruli dacvisa, rusebma qalaqi aiRes. mxolod yazanelTa mcire nawilma SeZlo Tavis daRweva da alyis garRveva. yazanis saxanom Sewyvita arseboba da miuxedavad kidev ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi winaaRmdegobebisa, is samudamod SeuerTda ruseTis saxelmwifos.

1708 wlamde ewodeboda yazanis samefo. petre I-is dros gadakeTda yazanis guberniad, 1920 wlis 27 maisidan _ TaTreTis avtonomiur ssr-d, 1992 wlidan Sevida volgispireTis federalur okrugSi, 1990 wels ewoda _ TaTreTis respub-lika (1992 wlis TaTreTis konstituciis Tanaxmad, saxelwodeba `TaTreTis respublika~ da TaTaristani~ erTisa da imaves niSnavs). 1988 wels TaTreTSi Camoyalibda `sruliad TaTreTis sazogadoebrivi centri~. Seqmnilia erovnuli damouki-deblobis partia ìttifaki~ (`Tanxmoba~), islamisturi mimdinareoba `xizb-ut-taxriri~ da sxv.

unda aRiniSnos, rom rogorc adre, ruseTis imperiaSi da Semdeg sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali qveynebi iyvnen koloniur mdgomareobaSi, aseve imyofebodnen da dResac xdeba TaTrebis devna-Seviwroeba.

`2001 wels kremlma gadawyvita respublikis biujeti centraluri biujeti-saTvis daeqvemde-barebina, rasac TaTreTSi didi vnebaTa Relva mohyva. TaTreTSi Camoagdes ivane IV mrisxanis Zegli. Tumca... TaTreTis respublikis prezidentma... m. Samievma situaciis daregulireba SeZlo... m. Samievma kremls miaRebina kanoni, rom-lis mixedviTac 2011 wlidan TaTruli damwerloba, kirilicas nacvlad, laTinur

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alfavitze unda gadavides.... TaTar nacionalistebs didi xania gacnobierebuli aqvT, rom ruseTis mxridan

mizanmima-rTulebiT xorcieldeba mkvidri mosaxleobis asimilacia rus xalxTan (TaTreTis eTnologiuri monitoringis centris monacemebiT araTaTari mosaxleoba 44%-s, xolo Sereuli ojaxebis rao-denoba respublikis mosaxleobis 24%-s war-moadgens). socialuri mdgomareobis fonze dRiTidRe izrdeba mosaxleobis gadineba sxva qveynebSi (ZiriTadad yazaxeTSi), kvlav maRalia sikvdilianoba da Sobadobis klebis tendecia, mosaxleoba TandaTan kargavs TviTmyofadobas, enas, sarwmuneobas da kidev sxva mraval uaryofiT faqtorTan erTobliobaSi, mosalodnelia TaTari mosaxleoba uaxloes momavalSi Tavisive qveyanaSi umciresobaSi aRmoCndes~. (79).

mwerali da sazogado moRvawe v a x it i m a m o v i aRniSnavs: `samwuxaroa, rom TaTarma xalxma Tavisi istoriis naxevaric ki ar icis. imitom,

rom skolebSi aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi Cven vswavlobdiT mxolod rusul istorias. saskolo da umaRles saswa-vleblis saxelmZRvaneloSi, Tu iyo moxsenebuli TaTari, es iyo mxolod Seuracxmyofel konte-qstSi: rom TviTon CamorCenilma da ulmobelma xalxma daamyara uReli da saukuneebis ganma-vlobaSi amuxruWebda rusul saxelm-wifos progresiul~ `ganviTarebas~. amitom ara marto yazanis saxanos ganadgurebas ivane mrisxanis jalaTebis mier, aramed rusebis mier baltiispireTis da kavkasiis, Sua aziis, cimbirisa da Soreul aRmosavleTis dapyrobasac ki gvawvdidnen, rogorc `progresiul~ movlenas... mospobili saxelmwifoebisa da qalaqebis, gamqrali erebisa da enebis Sesaxeb yvela gaCumebuli iyo. TviTeuli ìstoriuli~ wigni yovel-Tvis `warmatebiT~ gverds uvlida aseT `progresiul~ movlenebs. piriqiT, moskovis `genialuri istorikosebi~, cdilobdnen warmoeCinad rusi xalxi rogorc angelo-zebi da xmis amyoli `mecnierebi~ _ mankrutebi, rbilis skamebisa da msuye mowyalebisaTvis, yovel Rones xmarobdnen, rom Cirqi moecxoT namdvili istori-isaTvis. kacobriobis istoriaSi rusi xalxi, Turme gamoirCeoda Tavisi humanuro-biT, progresiulobiT. miiswrafebodnen imisaTvis, rom daxmarebodnen sxvebs. TiTqos iZulebulni iyvnen `gaenTavisuflebinad~ kavkasieli da baltiispireTis xalxi ùcxoeli uRlisagan~. erTmaneTTan àrigebda~ Suaaziel musulmanebs (avRaneTamde). `gadaarCina~ yvela cimbiris xalxni SimSilisa da sikvdilisagan. xom xedavT, Turme rusi xalxi Zalauneburad dedamiwis erTi meeqvsedi nawilis mflobeli gaxda, isic rogorc momrigebel-mosamarTle anu gulSematkivari ufrosi Zma. WeSma-ritad, sadac rusma jariskacma daafurTxa _ iq ìmTaviTme~ rusuli miwaa.

ai aseTi istoriiT da yalbi politikiT swamlavdnen Cvens cnobierebas~. (94). moskovis samTavros mier yazanis saxanos dapyrobis Semdeg, ruseTis xelisuf-

lebis winaSe, dRis wesrigSi dadga astraxanis saxanos damorCilebac. vinaidan is mdebareobda ruseTisa da aziis (buxarisa da xorezmis) savaWro gzebis gadakveTaze. moskovis samTavros undoda am gzis xelSi Cagdeba.

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6. a str ax a n i s s ax a no . astraxanis saxano Camoyalibda XV-is II naxevarSi, oqros urdos daSlis Semdeg.

zeviT aRvniSneT, rom oqros urdos gamoeyo: yazanis (1438), yirimis (1441) saxanoebi da noRais urdo (1440). 1459 wels, didi urdos xanma m a h m u d m a (g. 1470/71), ajanyebul ZmasTan damarcxebis Semdeg, gaiqca q. xadji-tarxanSi (SemdegSi ewoda àstraxani~, Zvel qarTul wyaroebSi àStraxani~) da Camoayaliba sakuTari saxano. astraxanis xanis (1460_1470) mahmudis Semdeg, misi Svilis k a s i m i s dros (1476_1495) astraxanis saxanom, 1481 wlidan sruli damoukidebloba moipova. mis samflobe-loSi moeqca qvemo volgispireTi da CrdiloeT kavkasiis velebi. mosaxleoba Sedgeboda momTabare Turqulenovani tomebisagan. saxanos marTavdnen monRo- lTa juCiTebis sagvareulos warmoma-dgenlebi. astraxanis saxano, sxva saxanoebTan SedarebiT warmoadgenda mcire saxanos da is mudam damokidebuli iyo mis mezoblad mdebare yirimis saxanosa da noRais urdoze, romlebic cdilobdnen xanad daesvaT TavianTi warmomadgenlebi. amitom, Tavdacvis mizniT, 1533 wels astraxanis saxano daukavSirda moskovis samTavros da maT Soris daido savaWro da urTierT daxmarebis xelSekruleba. magram, rodesac ruseTma 1552 wels yazanis saxano daipyro da moskovis samTavro uSualod daumezoblda astraxanis saxanos, maSinve, ruseTis `megobruli~ damokide-buleba astraxanis mimarT Seicvala da mtruli gaxda. 1553 wels ivane IV daukavSirda noRaelebs astraxanis xanis (1546_1547), (1549), (1552_ 1554) i a m g u r C i s Secvlis Sesaxeb. xolo, 1554 wlis 2 ivlis rusebi Tavs daexsnen astraxanis saxanos. iamgurCi damarcxda da gaiqca azovSi, sadac im dros imyofebodnen Turqebi. rusebma astraxanis mmarTvelad dasves d er v i S - ali (g. 1558), romelic xanad imyofeboda (1537_1540), (1550_1552), da (1554_1556). derviS-alisa da rusebs Soris daido xelSekruleba, romlis Tanaxmad astraxanis saxano daeqvemdebara moskovis samTavros, yovel wels unda gadaexada 40 000 altini (daaxl. 1 200 vercxlis rubli) da mosaxleobis gamosvlebis sawinaaRmdegod astraxanSi Cadga ruseTis jaris nawili da donis kazakebi. 1554 wels daiwyo mosaxlebis gamosvlebi, xolo derviS-ali miemxro yirimis saxanos, romlisganac miiRo damxmare jaris nawilebi. 1556 wels astraxanis dasasjelad ivane IV-em gaagzavna jari, derviS-ali damarcxda da gaiqca azovSi, TurqebTan. astraxanis saxanom Sewyvita arseboba da is SeuerTda moskovis samTavros. (112).

7 . n o R a i s u r d o . CrdiloeT kavkasiaze zegavlenas axdenda momTabare tomTa gaerTianeba noRais

urdo. romelic, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, did urdos gamoeyo 1440 wels. urdos da TviT xalxis saxelwodeba `noRai~, dakavSirebulia oqros urdos

sardlis, juCi yaenis SviliSvilis, n oR a i s (1235/40_1300) saxelTan. romlis drosac hulagulebis sagvare-ulos warmomadgenlebTan brZolebis dros, mis gamgeb-

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lobaSi aRmoCnda, mdinareebis dunaidan donamde miwebi. cnobilia, rom misi xelSew-yobiT, 1380 wels oqros urdos yaeni gaxda, Cingis-yaenis STamomavali, To xT a - m i S i (g. 1406). Tumca, male maTSoris ganxeTqileba moxda da 1300 wels noRai damarcxda. igi tyved Cavarda da mokles.

noRais urdos safuZveli Cauyara, TeTri urdos sardalma e d i g e i m (1352_ 1419), romelic (1396_1411) wlebSi oqros urdos marTavda. igi, iTvleba noRae- lebis Tqmulebis Tanaxmad wminda baba Tuglesas badiSvilad. misi mmarTvelobis dros, noRais urdo Camoyalibda rogorc feoda-luri saxelmwifo. pirvelad mas samsaxuri dauwyia Temurlengis jarSi. Semdeg, mas vxedavT, urals iqeT myof mangitebis tomebis xelmZRvanelad. Temurlengis mier ToxTamiSis damarcxebis Semdeg, ganskuTrebiT, rodesac man 1406 w. mokla ToxTamiSi, misi saxeli oqros urdoSi gaizarda. urdoSi areulobis dros, xanebis damxoba da aRzeveba masze iyo damokidebuli. 1399 w. man md. vorsklaze (md. dnepris marcxena Senakadi) daamarcxa litvis didi samTavro. xolo, 1408 wels daarbia moskovis samTavros qalaqebi, ukan dabrunebisas aaoxra q. riazani. 1419 wels ToxTamiSis erT-erTma Svilma igi q. saraiCikTan axlos mokla. (145).

misi Svilis, n ur a d - d i n b at i r - b i i s (1412_1419) mmarTvelobisas, noRais urdo sabo-lood gamoeyo oqros urdos, Camoyalibda da damoukidebeli saxelmwifo noRais urdo gaxda. mis sazRvrebSi moeqca axlandeli CrdiloeT kaspispireTisa da aralispireTis midamoebi da velebi. (157).

wyaroebidan Cans, rom noRais urdos CamoyalibebaSi, sxvadasxva TaTar tomebs Soris, didi wvlili miuZRvis, xorezmSi myof, mangitebis toms, romlebic yvelaze ufro msxvil da Zlier toms warmoadgenda. wyaroebis Tanaxmad, isini aRmosavleT evropidan, Savi zRvispireTidan da yirimidan xorezmSi Camousaxlebia edigeis. ramdenime xnis Semdeg, maT dauwyiaT brZola damoukideblobisaTvis yazaxeTis da uzbekeTis saxanos winaaRmdeg.

XV saukunis II naxevarSi, rusul wyaroebSi, mangitebi moxsenebulni arian noRaielebis saxelwodebiT.

noRais urdoSi Camoyalibda Taviseburi saxelmwifos sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis forma. urdos mmarTavda bii. mis Semdeg, meore piri iyo nuradini, romelic icavda saxelmwifos saz-Rvrebs marjvena volgis mxridan Tavdasxmebisagan da mesame pirad iTvleboda kekovati, romelic icavda saxelmwifos aRmosavleTis sazRvrebs.

biis Svilebs ewodebodaT murzebi. biis sikvdilis Semdeg, saxelmwifos mmarTveli xdeboda ufrosi Svili.

urdo danawevrebuli iyo biis mier ulusebad, romlebsac mmarTavdnen murzebi. ulusebi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi momTabareobdnen. urdos mTavari qalaqi iyo saraCaiki, sadac imyofeboda bii.

noRais urdos warmoqmnisTanave warmoiSva winaaRmdegobebi da urTierT Sexla-Semoxla mezo-bel saxelmwifoebTan. moskovis samTavrom SeZlo, sxvadasxva xerxebiT, noRais urdos, yirimis da astraxanis saxanoebis gadmobireba da 1502 wels didi

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urdo sabolood gaanadgures. misi miwebis nawili noRais urdom SeierTa. Tumca es iyo droebiT, radgan moskovs, gegmis mixedviT, mas yvela mezobeli saxelmwifoebi unda daepyro da daemorCilebina.

1530-iani wlebis bolos noRais urdo aRmoCnda 3 nawilad daSlili, romlebsac mmarTavdnen Zmebi: aRmosavleT nawils _ S e i x - m a m a i , mangitebis tomebis kekovati (1537_1541), noRais urdos bii (1541_1549); centralur, ZiriTad nawils _ s a i d -a x m a d bii (1524_1541) da dasavleT nawils _ h a j i - m u x a m m a d - m i rz a nuradini (1537_1541).

moskovis samTavros, rom Tavisi gegma ganexorcielebina, cdilobda sxvadasxva xerxis gamo-yenebiT, saxanoebi erTmaneTs gadaekidebina. XVI saukunis II naxevarSi moskovis agresiuli moqme-debis gamo, mas daupirispirdnen yazanis, astraxanis da cimbiris saxanoebi da samxedro politikas awarmoebdnen. aRmoCnda, rom moskovTan mxolod noRais urdo iyo megobrul kavSirSi, romelic exmareboda mas, rogorc ekonomiurad, aseve politikuradac. misi zegavleniT, noRais urdo moqmedebda mezo-blebis sawinaaRmdegod. amave dros, ivane IV mrisxane veragulad moqmedebda TviT noRais urdos mimarT: mosyidviTa da sxvadasxva xrikebiT, man moaxerxa noRais urdos Tavadebis, Zmebis, usufisa da ismailis wakideba. noRais urdos bii (1549_ 1554) u s u f i moskovs ar endoboda da yovelTvis moqmedebda mis sawinaaRmdegod. man 1553 wels moskovis winaaRmdegac gailaSqra, magram ivane mrisxanem SeZlo misi umcrosi Zmis, ismailis gadabireba da igi misi mona-morCili Seiqmna. man Zmas gamoucxada, rom moskovis momxre iyo da ar miiRebda monawileobas moskovis winaaRmdeg laSqrobaSi. Tan daemuqra omiTac. 1554 wels ZmaTa Soris gamarTul omSi usufi damarcxda da daiRupa. i s m a il m a , noRais urdos biim (1555_1563) usufis yvela momxreebi gaanadgura. gadarCenilebi gaiqcnen yirimis saxanoSi. maT Soris iyvnen usufis Svilebic, romlebic ganagrZobdnen ismailis winaaRmdeg brZo- las, magram damarcxdnen da iZulebulni Seiqmnen yirimSi Tavi Seefarebinad. SemdegSi, isini gadavidnen ruseTSi, gaxdnen ruseTis moqalaqeni da gaxdnen Tavadebi. usuf- biis saxelidan momdinareobs TavadTa saxelwodeba _ usufovebi. ivane IV-em usufis Svilebs gadasca q. romanovi. aqedan momdinareobs TaTarTa romanovebis sagvareulos saxelwodebac. 1557 wels ismailma xelSekruleba dado ivane IV-sTan. ismails ganudgnen misi momxreebic da ulusebis umravlesoba yirimis saxanos qveSevrdomebi gaxdnen. amas daemata noRais urdoSi momxdari bunebrivi movlenebi. 1556 wels saSineli sicxis gamo daiRupa uamravi saqoneli da daiwyo SimSiloba. 1558 wels ki gavrcelda epidemia _ Savi Wiri. romelmac, gadmocemiT, mosaxleobis TiTqmis 80% Seiwira da mosaxleobam daiwyo gadasvla CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. XVII saukunis dasawyisSi, mdinareebis iaikis orive napirebidan (1775 w-dan urali) volgamde Caasaxles yalmuxebi. moskovis mTavrobam ki Tavis xelqveiTebs ubrZana, rom ar daxmarebodnen TaTrebs, ar gaeyidaT maTTvis sursaT-sanovage, aukrZala puris gayidvac ki, aekrZalad TaTrebs md. volgasTan misvlac da Tevzaobac. TviTmxil- velebis aRweriT, volgis napirebze aTasobiT eyarnen SimSilisgan daRupuli TaT-

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rebi. miuxedavad aseTi mdgomareobisa, ismaili mainc darCa moskovis momxre. igi ivane IV-es megobrobas umtkicebda da Tanaxma iyo monawileoba mieRo yirimis saxanos winaarmdeg laSqrobaSi. (1559 da 1560) wlebSi, kazakebTan erTad, ivane IV-is brZane-biT, laSqrobda yirimis saxanos winaaRmdeg. noRais urdoSi dapirispirebebisa da bunebrivi movlenebis gamo, noRais urdo imdenad dasustda, rom 1556 wels is daiSala sam erTeulad:

1. didi noRai _ ismailis samflobelo, adrindeli noRais nawili. is darCa moskovis gavlenis qveS;

2. mcire noRai (mcire noRais urdo, kazievis urdo, kazievis ulo) _ noRaelma murzam (qarT. aznauri) k a z i m m a (gazi ben uraki) (?_1576) XVI saukunis 50-an wlebSi, noRais urdos marTvelTan uTanxmoebis gamo, Tavisi momTabare noRaelebis nawili gadaiyvana azovsa da yabardos Soris velebze. emxroboda yirimis saxanos da TurqeTs da moqmedebda moskovis samefosa da didi noRais urdos winaaRmdeg. monawileobas Rebulobda 1569 wels astraxanis winaaRmdeg da (1571_ 1572) wlebSi moskovis winaaRmdeg laSqrobebSi. 1576 wels mokles yabardoeli Temriukovebis winaaRmdeg laSqrobis dros;

3. alTuilis noRai _ yofili urdos samxreTi nawili, romelic esazRvreboda Sua azias kaspispireTSi. mecnierTa nawili Tvlis, rom am noRaelebma, garkveuli zegavlena iqonia yarayalfaxebis eris CamoyalibebaSi.

XVI saukunis bolos moskovis samTavrom, did urdoSi daiwyo cixe-simagreebisa da qalaqebis mSeneblobebi. amave xanebSi xdeboda urdoSi kazakebis TareSi da TaTrebis awiokeba. 1586 wels kazakebma didi urdos dedaqalaqi saraiCiki daarbies da aaoxres. XVII saukuneSi, noRais urdosa da yirimis saxanos winaaRmdeg, moskovis waqezebiT da daxmarebiT (samxedro iaraRiT da yovel-mxrivi SeRavaTebiT) iwyebs yalmuxebis urdo moqmedebas. amave saukunis Sua xanebSi, sxvadasxva viTarebis gamo, noRaelTa nawili iZulebuli gaxda dabrunebuliyo astraxanSi, xolo nawili SeuerTda yirimis saxanos. 1644 wels noRaelebma SeZles yalmuxebis damarcxeba.

XVII saukunis II naxevaridan didi urdos da kaspispireTSi myofi noRaelebis mdgomareoba ufro metad gauaresda da iZulebuli Seiqmnen gadasaxlebuliyvnen CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da mezobel saxelmwifoebSi. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi myofi noRaelebi moeqcnen, ruseTis, yirimis da yabardoelebis (noRaelebis umravlesoba) gavlenis qveS. ase, rom sinamdvileSi, am orma noRa-idurma urdom Sewyvita arseboba.

1774 wels TurqeTsa da ruseTs Soris dadebuli quCuk-kainjaris samSvidobo zavis, III muxlis Tanaxmad, mcire noRais urdo, romelsac masSi myofi yvela tomebi emorCilebodnen maT mier arCeul xans, SeinarCuna Tavisufleba. arcerT saxelmwifos (ruseTs, TurqeTs da sxv.) ar qondaT ufleba Careuliyvnen maT Sinagan da sagareo saqmeebSi. magram, sinamdvileSi, rogorc gamoirkva, am dadgenilebas aravin yurad- Rebas ar aqcevda.

XVIII saukunis II naxevridan, zedized xdeboda ruseTis imperiaSi myofi noRa-elebis ajanyebebi. 1781 wlis ivnisSi didi ajanyebis sastikad CaxSobis Semdeg,

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ruseTis xelisuflebam, 1783 wlis brZanebis Tanaxmad, saerTod gaauqma ukanaskneli noRais urdo, amis gamo, noRaielebi xelaxla ajanydnen. am ajanyebam imdenad mwvave da farTo xasiaTi miiRo (ajanyeba moedo mTel CrdiloeT kavkasias), (ix. zeviT) rom a. suvorovma didi Zalebis daZabviT moaxerxa CaxSoba. romlis drosac noRa- elebis garda, uamravi CrdiloeT kavkasieli daiRupa. rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, TviT mxilvelTa gadmocemiT, aulebi da sxvadasxva tomebi ganadgurdnen. ar indobdnen aravis: qalebs, bavSvebs, moxucebs. sxvadasxva gadmocemiT da SefasebiT, TiTqmis 500 000-sze meti noRaideli daiRupa. xolo milionze meti TurqeTSi gaixizna. CrdiloeT kavkasiis midamoebi da velebi TiT-qmis dacarielda. amis Semdeg, daiwyo noRaidelTa gadasaxleba. mosaxleobis aRricxivis Tanaxmad, 1859 wlidan 1895 wlamde, 100 aTasze meti noRaideli gadasaxlda TurqeTSi. rogorc aRniSnaven da gadmogvcemen, uwin, oqtombris dasawyisSi, noRaelebi, meCeTebsa da sasaflaoebze yovelTvis aRniSnavdnen daRupulTa sulTa xsenebas. TandaTan dResac xdeba am wes-Cveulebis aRorZineba. (101).

ruseTis saxelmwifoSi moxvedrili noRaielebis velebi, administraciul-teritoriuli danayofebis mixedviT araerTxel icvleboda. 1957 wels is daiyo da gadaeca daRestans, CaCneTsa da stavropolis mxares.

dRevandel dRes, SemorCenili noRaielebi ZiriTadaT cxovroben CrdiloeT kavka-siaSi da samxreT ruseTSi _ CaCneTSi, daRestanSi, stavropolSi da astraxanis olqSi.

bolo wlebSi noRaelTa sazogadoebebi (diasporebi) Camoyalibda ruseTis sxva-dasxva qalaqebSi.

2005 wels miiRes dadgenileba, rom Camoyalibebuliyo yaraCai-CerqezeTSi nacionaluri noRais raioni, romelic 2006 wlis 8 oqtombers damtkicda referen-dumiT. nacionaluri noRai Camoyalibda 2007 wlis 17 oqtombers. (157).

8. y i r i m i s s a x a n o . rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, 1441 wels oqros urdos gamoeyo da damoukidebel

saxelmwifod Camoyalibda yirimis saxano. wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom Crdilo-kavkasiis istoriaSi mniSvnelovan adgils

ikavebda yirimis naxevar kunZulze da qerCis sruteSi mcxovrebi tomebisagan Camo- yalibebuli saxelmwifoebi: qersonesi (tavrikesi, qersoni, korsuni), bosforis saxelmwifo, tmutarakanis samTavro, oqros urdos yirimis ulusi, yirimis saxano da yirimis miwa-wyalze Camosaxlebuli CrdiloeTidan gadmoxvewili momTabare tomebi da TaTar-monRolebi. 1223 wlidan yirims TandaTan daeuflnen monRolebi, romlebmac 1239 wels mTlianad daipyres yirimi da aq saxelmwifo Camoayalibes.

arqeologebis mier aRmoCenilma masalebma cxadyo, rom yirimsa da mis velebSi, uZveles dros adamians ucxovria. Zv. w. IV_III yirimis miwebze xdeboda indoevropuli enebis mqone xalxTa gadasaxleba dasavleTisaken. antikuri wyaroebis Tana-

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xmad, yirimSi pirveli mosaxleebi yofilan (Zv. w. XII s.) kimerielebi. romlebic saxlobdnen CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi Trakiamde, Zv. w. VII saukunis Sua xanebSi, isini gamouZevebiaT Zveliranul tomebs skviTebs da daukavebiaT maTi sacxovrebeli adgilebi. gamodevnilma kimerielebma daipyres mcire aziis saxelmwifoebi (frigia, lidia da kabadokia), romlis mosaxleobasac Seerivnen. kimerielebis yofna yirimSi, dasturdeba SemorCenili dasaxelebebidan: `kimeriis olqi~, `kimeriis bosfori~, berZnuli `qalaqi kimerikoni~, `mTa kimeriki~, `kimeriuli danaoWeba~. àrqeologiaSi kimerielebis saxels ukavSirdeba brinja-odan rkinis xanaSi gardamavali epoqis kultura~. (8, t.5, gv.517). Zv. w. IX saukunidan _ ax. w. IV saukunemde yirimis mTiswineTsa da mTian mxareebSi da samxreT zRvispireTSi ucxovriaT uZveles ers tavrebs. romlebic mecnierTa varaudiT ekuTvnodnen kavkasielebs, vinaidan, arqeologiuri Zeglebis Tanaxmad dadasturda maTi Tanxvedra CrdiloeT kavkasiis Sua nawilis yobanur kulturasTan. wyaroebi gadmogvcemen, rom tavrebi eomebodnen qalaq saxelmwifos qersoness, bosforis saxelmwifos da romaelebs. berZeni istorikosi h e rodot e (Zv. w. 490/480_daaxl. Zv. w. 425) gadmogvcems, rom: yirimSi `cxovroben tavrebi ZarcviT da omebiT~. Zv. w. VIII_VII saukuneebSi, yirimis zRvispireTSi gamoCndnen berZeni kolonistebi. herodotes gadmocemiT Zv. w. II_V saukuneebSi yirimis velis aRmosavleTi nawili ekavaT `parTiel~ skviTebs. Zv. w. IV_I saukuneebSi yirimis miwa-wyali daikaves momTabare tomebma sarmatebma. Zv. w. VI saukunidan yirimis zRvispireTSi TandaTan Cndeba berZenTa qalaq-koloniebi. berZnebs did winaaRmdegobas uwevda mTis mosaxleoba, romlebsac uwodebdnen `tavrebsa~ da `tavro skviTebs~. Zv. w. VI saukunis I naxevarSi aRmosavleT yirimSi, miletidan (ioniuri berZnuli qalaqi mcire aziaSi) gadmosaxlebulebma daarsa q. pantikapeoni (exlan. qerCi), romelic swrafad dawinaurda. man Tavisi fulis (monetis) moWrac ki daiwyo. Zv. w. V saukunis 80-ian wlebSi aRmosavleT yirimSi qerCisa da tamanis naxevar kunZulze Camoyalibda bosforis saxelmwifo, romelic mZlavr da did saxelmwifod iqca. misi dedaqalaqi gaxda pantikapeoni. bosforis samefos samflobeloSi moeqca berZnuli qalaqebi, qerCis naxevarkunZuli, azovis- zRispireTis mcxovrebi tomebi, qvemo da Sua yubanispireTSi da md. donis qvemo dinebaSi mcxovrebi tomebi. Zv. w. II saukuneSi bosforis samefos Semoesien skviTebi da sarmatebi. pontos mefis (Zv. w. 111_Zv. w. 63) m i T r id at e VI e v p ator i s (Zv. w. 132_Zv. w. 63) dros bosforis samefo mis gamgeblobaSi moeqca. miTridates sikvdilis Semdeg (Zv. w. 63) wels bosforis samefo daipyres romaelebma. ax. w. I saukunidan bosforis samefo iwyebs aRorZinebas, magram, ax. w. III saukuneSi mas gamudmebiT Tavs esxmian barbarosTa sxvadasxva tomebi: 257 wels yirimSi iWrebian CrdiloeTidan wamosuli momTabare tomebi goTebi, romlebmac gaanadgures skviTebis saxelmwifo; 375 wels hunebi da amave saukuneSi _ alanebi. SemdegSi isini Seerivnen adgilobriv mosaxleobas. IV_V saukuneebSi yirimi eqceva bizantiis gavlenis qveS. maT sastik winaaRmdegobas uweven goTebisagan gadarCenili mTieli yirimelebi. bolos da bolos bizantielebma SeZles maTi damorCileba. VII saukuneSi yirims

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ipyroben momTabare Turqulenovani tomebi xazarebi, garda xersonisa romelic rCeba bizantielTa gavlenis qveS. qalaqi xersonesi uZvelesi qalaqi iyo romelic Zv. w, V saukunidan dawyebuli Cv. welTaRricxvamde warmoadgenda qalaq saxelmwifos (poliss). xolo ax. w. I saukuneSi _ respublikas, romelic romaelebis Zalau- flebas cnobda. IV saukunidan emorCileboda bizantias. Sua saukuneebSi XV saukunemde wyaroebSi moxsenebulia rogorc xerson, korsun-i. 1978 wlidan xersoni da misi mimdebare miwa-wyali gamocxadda arqeologiur nakrZalad.

IX saukuneSi yirimis zRvispireTs Tavs esxmodnen skandinavieli normani meomrebi, romlebsac rusebi uwodebdnen `variagebs~. X saukuneSi yirimis aRmosavleTi nawili tmutarakanis samTavrom daipyro. XII saukuneSi yirimis samxreT-dasavleTSi warmoiqmna feodaluri saxelmwifo Teodore (gotia). romlis dedaqalaqi gaxda mangupi (sevastopolTan axlos). XIII saukunis dasawyisidan, yirimis velebs ikaveben monRol-TaTrebi da xdeba baTo-yaenis samflobelo. rodesac jvarosnebma (1204) konstantinopoli daipyres venecielTa daxmarebiT, Savi zRvisa da yirimis sanapiroebis baton-patronebi aRmoCndnen venecielebi. maTi mTavari savaWro qalaqi gaxda q. sugdei. magram, 1261 wels berZnebma genuelTa daxmarebiT SeZles konstantinopolis dabruneba da samagierod berZnebisagan moipoves Sav zRvaze vaWrobis uflebebi, xolo rodesac TaTarTa xanisagan maT gadaecaT miyruebuli, gaparta- xebuli, qalaqi kafa (axlandeli feodosia) da is male gadaiqca umsxviles savaWro navsadgurad, genuelebma daiwyes venecielebis TandaTan Seviwroeba da gamodevneba savaWro adgilebidan. 1380 wels, veneciasa da genuas Soris Sav zRvaze batono- bisaTvis gamarTul brZolaSi venecia damarcxda da amieridan Savi zRvis da kavkasiis sanapiroebis qalaqebi gadaiqca genuis savaWro adgilebad, xolo sugdeis aRebis Semdeg, yirimis mTiani mxare da sanapiroebi TandaTan iqca genuis koloniad, romelsac uwodebdnen hazarias.

rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, 1223 wlidan yirims daeuflnen monRol-TaTarTa tomebi da is oqros urdos SemadgenlobaSi moeqca. oqros urdos daSlis Semdeg, 1441 wlidan xdeba yirimsa da mis velebze darCenili TaTar-monRolebis gaTurqeba. XII_XV saukuneebSi, goTebisa da sxva-dasxva tomTa STamomavlebma, yirimSi Camoayalibes velis yirimis saxano, mTiani mxaris qristi-anuli Teodores samTavro, romlis dedaqalaqi gaxda yirimis erT-erTi Zlieri cixe-simagre mangupi. amave xanebSi yirimSi warmoiqmna genuis koloniebi samxreT zRvispireTSi. yirimis samxreT zRvispireTis dasakaveblad, erTmaneTs ecilebodnen Teodores saxelmwifo da genuelebi. yirimi gadaiqca brZolis velad. 1387 wels genuelebma daipyres Cembalo (antikur xanaSi moxsenebulia simbolinis saxelwodebiT, dRev. balaklava), romelic gaxda maTi mTavari dasayrdeni adgili. amis Semdeg yirimsa da kavkasiis sanapiroebze genuelebma Seqmnes axali savaWro axalSenebi: matrega (berZn. hermonasa, rus. tmutarakani), tanaida (berZ. tanaisi), bosfori (exl. qerCi), lusta (exl. aluSta) da sxv. unda aRiniSnos, rom yirimSi venecielebisa da genuelebis savaWro ganviTarebas xels uwyobdnen, Sua saukuneSi somxeTis saxelmwifos ganadgurebis

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Sedegad, yirimSi gadmosa-xlebuli somxebi. istorikosi io h a n e r i x tu n m a n i (1746_1778) romelic XVIII saukuneSi imyofeboda yirimSi aRniSnavda, rom: `yirimSi TaTrebis Semdeg yvelaze ufro mravalricxovanni arian somxebi. isini TiTqmis yvelani ewevian vaWrobas, magram aq isini bevrad ufro Raribebi arian vidre aRmosavleTelebi. aRweriT isini zarmacebi, upatiosnoebi, WuWyianni da umecarni arian~. (106).

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, yirimis naxevarkunZulze Zv. w. VI saukuneSi daarsda q. feodosia. xolo XIII saukunis II naxevarSi genuelebma feodosiaSi Seqmnes savaWro dasaxleba kafa, romelic XV saukunidan monaTvaWrobis msxvil adgilad iqca.

àdiReelTa SavizRvispireTSi arsebuli sazRvao punqti (kafa-feodosia, tana- azovi, kopa da sxv.) warmoadgendnen monaTvaWrobis msxvil centrebs, saiTkenac uwyvet nakadad moedineboda tyveebi~. (31, gv.36). 1453 wlis 29 maiss Turqebis mier konstantinopolis aRebis Semdeg, yirimi aRmoCnda genuisagan mowyvetili da Tur- qebma TandaTan daiwyes Savi zRvisa da yirimis sanapiroebis xelSi Cagdeba. 1475 wlis ivlisSi Turqebma gaanadgures Teodores samTavro. aiRes mangupi, mosaxloba gaJlites da qalaqi gadawves. didi xnis alyis Semdeg aiRes kafac. amis Semdeg, mTeli yirimi TurqeTis xelSi aRmoCnda da genuis koloniebma Sewyvites arseboba. Turqebi daukavSirdnen TaTrebs da yirimis saxanos. aqedan daiwyo yirimSi musulmanuri sarwmuneobis gavrceleba.

rodesac yirimis velis nawili TaTreb-monRolebma daikaves da iq mcxovrebi adgilobrivi mosaxleoba daimones, iq Seqmnes oqros urdos ulusi. (1230_1300) wlebSi noRai xanis dros yirimi droebiT gamoeTiSa oqros urdos, Tumca, noRais daRupvis Semdeg, yirimi isev SeuerTda oqros urdos, romelsac marTavda xanis nac-vali. am dros, yirimis mTavari qalaqi gaxda solxati (Zveli yirimi). XV saukuneSi yirimis mmarTvelma gireiebis (geraebi) sagvareulos damaarsebelma h a j i - g i r e i m (haji I gerai) (daaxl. 1397_1466), 1428 wels, litvis didi samTavros daxmarebiT, daipyro yirimis ulusi, magram didi urdos xanma ulu-muhamedma gandena yirimidan da igi isev litvis samTavroSi gaiqca. Semdeg, man ramdenjerme scada xelSi Caegdo yirimis ulusi, magram ver SeZlo. 1441 wels yirimeli didebulebis da litviis didi mTavris (1440_1492) k a z i m e J IV i a g elo n C i k i s (1432_1492) meSveobiT haji-gireim gandevna oqros urdos xanis nacvali da gaxda yirimis mmarTveli. amave welsve man moWra sakuTari fuli. 1442 wels man daamarcxa genuelebi, romlebmac aRiares misi Zalaufleba. amave dros daiwyo dasavleT oqros urdos xans (1442_1455) s e i d - a x m e d s a (1432_1455) da haji-gireis Soris uTanxmoeba da mas mouwia yirimis datoveba. 1445 wels haji-gireim SeZlo seid-axmedis damarcxeba da amis Semdgom, yirimi oqros urdos gamoeTiSa da man yirimis damoukidebloba gamoacxada. igi gaxda yirimis saxanos pirveli damoukidebeli mmarTveli. yirimis saxanoSi Sevida qvemo dneprispireTic. 1452 wels haji-geraim xelmeored daamarcxa md. dneprze seid-axmedi, romelmac SeZlo mcire amaliT alyis garRveva da gaiqca litvaSi, sadac igi daatyveves da 1455 wels tyveobaSi gardaicvala. 1465 wels

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haji I-ma md. donze daamarcxa didi urdos xani (1459_1465) m a h m u d i (1410_1465). am wagebam ki, daaCqara oqros urdos sabolood daSla.

haji I girei didi siyvaruliT sargeblobda xalxSi, amitomac Searqves metsa- xelad _ angelozi. haji-gireis sikvdilis Semdeg, (1466_1478) yirimis taxtis dasaufleblad gaimarTa mis Svilebs Soris brZolebi. ufross, n u r - d e vl e T s (g, 1503), mxars uWerda oqros urdo, xolo umcross, menglis, mxarSi edgnen yirimeli feodalebi. yirimis taxti wlebis ganmavlobaSi xelidan xelSi gadadioda. sabolood, 1478 wels yirimis xani gaxda m e n gl i IOg i r e i (1445_1515).

mengli I gireis mTavari mizani iyo oqros urdosagan sabolood ganTavisufleba. amitom 1462 wels igi daukavSirda moskovis samTavros mTavars ivane III-es, xolo 1472 wels maT gaaformes samxedro-politikuri xelSekruleba, oqros urdos wina-aRmdeg. 1474 wels ivane III-sa da mengli gireis Soris gaformda samokavSireo xelSekruleba. magram, 1475 wels osmaleTis sulTanma (1444, 1451_1481) m e h m e d II f a T i h i m (dampyrobeli) (1432_1481) yirimis dasaufleblad, genuelebis wina- aRmdeg daiwyo omi. mengli gireim Seecada gaewia winaaRmdegoba, magram, igi tyved Cavarda da konstantinopolSi 3 weli gaatara tyveobaSi. 1478 wels mehmed II-em gaanTavisufla tyveobidan pirobiT, rom igi, amieridan daeqvemdebareboda osmaleTs. mengli-gireim osmaleTis mxardaWeriT isev gaxda yirimis xani. 1480 wels vasili III-sa da mengli I-s Soris xelaxla daido urTierT kavSiris xelSekruleba, romelic ar darRveula ivane III-is sicocxlis bolomde. xelSekrulebaSi pirdapir iyo naTqvami, rom mokavSireebi ibrZolebdnen didi urdosa da litvis didi mTavris winaaRmdeg. xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, mengli-gireim gailaSqra podolSi (ukrainis dasavleT nawili), amis gamo kazimeJ IV-em da didi urdos xanma axmatma veRar ganaxorciela mos-kovis samTavroze Tavdasxma. xolo ivane III md, ugraze (smolenskis olqi) daxvda oqros urdos jars, daamarcxa da gaabruna ukan.

cnobilia, rom 1482 wels, ivane III-es TxovniT, yirimis xanma gailaSqra litvis samTavroSi Semavali ukrainis, winaaRmdeg, sxva qalaqebs Soris, ieriSiT aiRo kievi, daarbia da daangria. samxreT ukraina mTlianad gaapartaxa. mengli I-ma ivane III-es gaugzavna kievis sofiis taZridan oqros barZimi da feSxumi. 1485, 1491, 1482 da 1500 wlebSi ivane III da mengli girei erTad ibrZodnen didi urdosa da litvis samTavros winaaRmdeg.

1502 wels mengli I-ma gireim sabolood gaanadgura oqros urdos xani S e i x -a x m a d i (g. 1528), daarbia oqros urdo da bolos gadawva dedaqalaqi sarai da amiT dasrulda kidec oqros urdos arseboba.

wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom mengli I-ma axlo urTierToba daamyara CerqezebTan. misi meuRle iyo Cerqezi Tavadis asuli. xolo, 1498 wels Cerqezebis erT-erTi Tavadis TxovniT, daxmarebisaTvis gaagzavna CerqezeTSi sajariso razmi. samagierod, Cerqezebis Tavadebis nawilma menglis winaSe fici dades erTgulebaze da maT yirimis saxanos gauqmebamde ar uRalatiaT. cnobilia isic, rom mengli I-is dros, kafaSi ukve cxovrobdnen sakmarisi raodenobiT Cerqezebi.

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ivane III-is sikvdilis Semdeg, moskovis samTavrosa da yirimis xans Soris daiZaba mdgomareoba da daiwyo laSqrobebi moskovis samTavros winaaRmdeg.

mengli I gireis sikvdilis Semdeg, yirimis xani gaxda, misi ufrosi Svili m e h m e d I g i r e i (1465_1523). mas aujanyda misi umcrosi Zma a x m e d i . 1519 wels brZolisas igi mokles. mehmed I-is dros yirimelebi Tavs esxmodnen mezobel qveynebs, maT Soris moskovis samTavros, ukrainas da poloneTsac. mehmedis mizani iyo mTlianad daepyro daqucmacebuli oqros urdo.

1518 wlis dekemberSi gardaicvala moskovis samTavros mier daniSnuli yazanis saxanos xani muhamed-amini. rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, moskovis samTavros mTavarma vasili III-em yazanis saxanos xanad dasva Sax-ali. mas aujanydnen yazanelebi da 1519 wels, yazanelebis TxovniT da maTi daxmarebiT, mehmed gireim Tavisi Zma saxib-girei gaagzavna yazanSi da igi gaxda xani.

1519 wels yazaxebma gailaSqres noRais urdos winaaRmdeg da daamarcxes. noRaelebma TavSesafari sTxoves yirimis xans. Tanxmobis miRebisa da erTgulebaze ficis dadebis Semdeg, isini dasaxldnen yirimis saxanoSi. 1521 wels, noRaelebma SeZles yazaxebis gandevna da dabrudnen TavianT qveyanaSi, Tumca, yirimis mimarT erTgulebis fici SeinarCunes.

1521 wels mehmed gireim da saxib gireim, SeTanxmebiT gailaSqres moskovis samTavros winaaRmdeg. maT exmarebodnen noRaelebi da litvis samTavros sajariso nawilebic. mehmed girei Seesia samxreT ruseTis miwebs da gaanadgura ruseTis voevodebi. xolo saxib girei _ aRmosavleT ruseTs. qalaqebisa da soflebis aklebis Semdeg, isini, ivlisis bolos SeerTdnen da gailaSqres moskovis winaaRmdeg. vasili III iZulebuli gaxda SeTanxmeba daedo yirimis xanTan da gadaexada xarki imdeni raodenobis rasac uxdida did urdos. amis Semdeg, xanebi dabrundnen saxanoebSi da Tan wamoiyvanes uamravi tyveebi.

1522 wlis bolos mehmed gireim da noRaelebma gailaSqres astraxanis saxanos winaaRmdeg. astraxanis xanma (1523_1526) x u s e i n m a miatova dedaqalaqi da gaiqca. mehmedma 1523 wlis dasawyisSi ubrZolvelad daikava astraxanis saxano. man xanad gamoacxada ufrosi Svili b a x a dur g ir e i (g. 1523) . mehmed gireim daiTxova jari da darCa mcire amaliT astraxanSi. male, mehmed I gerais winaaRmdeg, misi gaZlierebis SiSiT, noRaelma murzebma moawyves SeTqmuleba. maT, motyuebiT gamoiyvanes qalaqidan orive xanebi da maT amalasTan erTad amoxoces. Semdeg Seesien yirims. qalaqebis aReba ver SeZles, magram daarbies da gaaoxres yirimis naxevarkunZuli.

mehmed I gireis sikvdilis Semdeg, yirimSi daiwyo areuloba. yirimis taxtis dasakaveblad erTmaneTs ecilebodnen misi Svilebi da sagvareulos warmomadgenlebi.

1551 wels osmaleTis sulTanma yirimis xanad daamtkica, mengli I gireis Svili-Svili d e vl eT I g i r e i (1512_1577). man SeZlo yirimeli meamboxeebis daTrgunva da feodalebis damSvideba. amis Semdeg, igi Seudga sagareo sakiTxebis mogvarebas. misi mizani iyo, ivane IV-is mier 1552 da 1556 wlebSi dapyrobili astraxanis da

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yazanis saxanobis ganTavisufleba. mis dros 1552 wlidan dawyebuli, TiTqmis yovel wels xdeboda Tavdasxmebi moskovis samTavroze. 1571 wels devleT I gireim, osmaleTis imperiisa da reCi pospolitis mxardaWeriT, gailaSqra ruseTis winaaRmdeg da moskovi gadawva. ivane IV gaiqca rostovSi. Semdeg welsac gailaSqra moskovis winaaRmdeg. amis Semdeg, ruseTis winaaRmdeg laSqrobdnen misi Svilebi. 1577 wlis 29 ivniss devleT I girei gardaicvala Savi WiriT. daasaflaves baxCisaraisSi.

devleTÎ-is sikvdilis Semdeg, yirimis xani (1577_1584) gaxda misi Svili m e h m e d II g i r e i (msuqani) (1532_1584). mis dros, osmaleTsa da irans Soris mimdinareobda omi. sulTanis (1574_1595) m u r a d III-is (1546_1595) brZanebiT mehmed II-em ramdenimejer gaagzavna jari Crdi-loeT kavkasiis gavliT sparseTis winaaRmdeg saomrad da TurqebTan erTad ibrZoda amierkavkasiaSi. araerTxel daipyres Sirvani da baqoc. 1582 wels rodesac sulTanma xelaxla moiTxova, rom yirimelebs mieRoT monawileoba sparseTis winaaRmdeg laSqrobaSi, mehmed II-em Sekriba beiebi da murzebi, romlebmac uari ganacxades monawileoba mieRoT laSqro- baSi. 1584 wels murad III-em gadaayena mehmed II girei da xanad daniSna misi umcrosi Zma i sl a m II girei (g. 1588). gadayenebuli xani mehmed II yirimidan gaiqca noRais urdosaken. gzaSi mas daewivnen misive umcrosi Zmebi da mokles. misi sikvdilis Semdeg isev atyda yirimSi gauTavebeli erTmaneTis dapirispireba xanis Svilebsa da agreTve feodalebs Soris. osmaleTis sulTani Tavisi SexedulebiT cvlida xanebs. yirimis xanebsa da mezobel saxelmwifoebs Soris xdeboda gauTavebeli omebi. amave dros yirimis xanebi cdilobdnen CrdiloeT kavaksieli mTieli tomebis Tavis gavlenis qveS moqcevas.

yirimis xani (1707_1708, 1713_1715, 1730_1736) k a pl a n I g i r e i (1678_1738) cdilobda daepyro mezobeli mTielTa tomebi da Tavisi sazRvrebi gaefarTovebina. saerTod, `yirimis saxano yubanis auzs Tavisi Zalauflebis gavrcobis bunebriv teritoriad, xolo adiReelebs ki Semo-savlis uSret wyarod miiCnevda, amitomac adiReelebiT dasaxlebuli miwebis nawili yirimis saxa-nos uSualo gavlenis qveS aRmoCnda~. (31, gv.36). jer kidev adre, pirveli mmarTvelobis dros (1707_1708) man moindoma Cerqezebis da yabardoelebis damorCileba. kaplanma Tavisi sajariso nawili gaagzavna yabardoSi da moiTxova tyveebis da beslanelebis (dRevandeli md. Tergis mar-jvena napirze mcxovrebi xalxi) misTvis gadaecaT. yabardoelebma yirimelebi miiRes rogorc stumrebi da isini daabinaves kidevac. magram, SemdegSi, rodesac yirimelebma daiwyes Tavxedoba da Zarcva-rbeva, yabardoSi Sekrebili TavadTa xasas (sabWo) gadawyvetilebiT, erTi Ramis ganma-vlobaSi yirimelebi amowyvites. mxolod mcire nawilma moaswro yirimSi dabruneba. amiT gamwa-rebulma kaplanma, osmaleTis sulTnis (1673_1736) a x m e d III-is (1703_1730) TanxmobiT, xelmeored moawyo didi laSqroba yabardoSi, miuxedavad yirimeli murzebis winaaRmdegobisa. kaplan I fiqrobda am omis advilad mogebas da did nadavlis aRebas. magram, 1708 wlis ivlis-seqtembris omSi, sastikad damarcxda. gadmocemiT, àseTi damarcxeba yirimis saxanos ar axsovs. daiRupnen saukeTeso da cnobili yirimelebi.... Cerqezebma erT Rames

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sxvadasxva mxridan ucbaT Tavs daexsnen yirimelebs da xmlebiT imdeni TaTrebi amowyvites, rom arasdros ar gagonila maTi aseTi mosrva da gaqrnen. umravlesi cnobili da saxelovani vaJkacebi daiRupnen. amayma xanma Zlivs moaswro gadarCena ramdenime amalis TanxmlebiT da moxvda noRaelebTan: mas rcxvenoda yirimSi dabruneba. yirimelebma es ambavi moaxsenes portas da moiTxoves axali xani~. sulTanma kaplan I girei gadaayena. amis Semdeg yvela yirimeli xanebis laSqrobebi yabar- doelTa winaaRmdeg (1720, 1729, 1731, 1735, 1737, 1739 w.w.) mTavrdeboda maTi marcxiT. (116).

1713 wels kaplan gerais meored xanad daniSvnis Semdeg, mas aujanydnen yubaneli noRaelebi. ajanyebebi man CaaxSo. mas mouwia sulTan axmed III-is moTxovniT, mis dasaxmareblad, avstriaSi wasvla. miuxedavad imisa, rom yirimelma beiebma uari ganacxades jaris micemaze, man mainc moaxerxa mcire jaris Segroveba da ungreTis sazRvrebs miadga, magram es moxda dagvianebiT, Turqebi ukve damarcxebulni iyvnen. amitom, sulTanma 1715 wels igi xanobidan gadaayena.

1730 wels sulTanma igi mesamed daniSna xanad. kaplan I gireis, sulTnis brZanebiT, unda gaelaSqra daRestnis gavliT sparseTis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. man 1735 wlis maisSi, 60 aTasisa da 20 aTasiani yubanis iqeTa mxaris Tavadebis jariT, gaemgzavra CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. man gavlisas, CaCnebs mosTxova, rom yovel wels gadaexadaT xarki da aseve mis haramxanaSi gamo-egzavnaT xuTi saukeTeso qaliSvilebi. moTxovnis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi maT sastiki dasjiT emuqreboda. CaCnebis pasuxi iyo: `xani yvelafers miiRebs _ xarksac, qaliSvilebsac, magram mxolod maSin, rodesac Cvengan aRaravin darCeba cocxali~. kaplan gireis mier orjer gagzavnili sadamsjelo razmebi, CaCnebma sastikad daamarcxes. amis Semdeg, xans aRarasodes ucdia CaCnebis damorCileba. (103).

amasobaSi, 1736 wels rusebi daexsnen yirims, gaapartaxes, gaaoxres da gaJlites mosaxleoba, gadawves baxCisarai xanis sasaxlesTan erTad saxanos erTaderTi navsadguri _ kezlevi. sulTanma kaplani saswrafod daabruna yirimSi, magram, jaris xelmZRva- nelTa erTmaneTTan dapirispirebisa da SeuTanxmeblobis gamo, ver SeZlo jerovnad winaaRmdegobis gaweva. amis gamo, sulTanma mmarTveloba CamoarTva da igi gaiwvia TurqeTSi. yirimSi gavrcelebuli epidemiis gamo, rusebma datoves yirimi.

1687 da 1689 wlebSi yirimis saxanos winaaRmdeg gailaSqra moskovis saxelmwifom Tavadisa da boiaris v a s il g olic i n i s (1643_1714) meTaurobiT, magram warmatebas ver miaRwia. ruseT-osmaleTis (1735_1739) omis dros rusebi orjer SeiWrnen yirimis saxanoSi, pirvelad 1736 wels graf b u r x a r d m i n i x i s (1683_ 1767) da (1737 da 1738) wlebSi general-feldmarSal p et r e la s i s (1678_1751) meTaurobiT, magram rusebma warmatebas ver miaRwies. ruseT-osmaleTis (1768_1774) omis dros 1774 wels quCuq-kainarjis zaviT yirimis saxano damoukidebeli gaxda. yirimis xanis (1765_1767, 1770_1771) s el i m III g i r e i s (1713_ 1786) dros, ruseT-TurqeTis omisas (1768_1774) rusTis jaris mTavarsardali, 1771 wlis ivnisSi, general-anSefi, Tavadi, v a s il dolgoru ko v - y i r i m el i s

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(1722_1782) meTaurobiT, rusebi SeiWrnen yirimSi, gaanadgures 70 000-ani yirimelTa jari da daipyres perekopi. Semdeg gaanadgures kafasTan TurqeT-TaTarTa jari da xanis araswori xelmZRvaneleobis da TviT xanis naTesavebisa da biebis ruseTis mxareze gadasvlis gamo, rusebma mokle xanSi SeZles mTeli yirimis dakaveba. beiebis sabWom gadawyvita xeli moewera ruseTTan kavSirs da amieridan TviTon aerCiaT xanebi. es ki niSnavda osmaleTis uzenaesobidan gamosvlas da yirimis damoukideblobis mopovebas. TurqeTma scada yiri-mis saxanos dabruneba, magram verafers gaxda. selim III erTxans daemorCila sabWos gadawyvetilebas, radgan egona, rom yirimSi mdgomareoba gamoswordeboda, magram male mixvda, rom mdgo-mareobas igi ver Secvlida da gadadga, dasaxlda TurqeTis q. vizeSi (kirklarelis admini-straciuli erTeuli. marmarilos sanapiroze). aqve gardaicvala 1786 w.

yirimis xanis (1771_1775) s a h i b II g i r e i s (1726_1807) dros TurqeTma cno yirimis damo-ukidebloba da ganacxada, rom ruseTTan erTad uzrunvelyofda yirimis saxanos Tavisuflebas. yirimis saxanos gadaeca adrindeli TurqeTis gamgeblobaSi myofi, yirimis naxevarkunZulze mdebare samxreT da samxreT aRmosavleTis mxareebi. xolo ruseTs gadaeca _ qerCi. magram miuxedavad amisa yirimis saxanoSi sufevda gaurkvevloba. ar iyo gansazRvruli xanis uflebebi, arc damo-kidebuleba ruseTTan da TurqeTTan, amitom xalxic gaurkvevel mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda. 1775 wels rodesac moadga yirims devleT IV TurqeTis jariT, rom isev aRedgina TurqeTTan kavSiri, sahibi gadadga da wavida TurqeTSi.

yirimis xani (1775_1777) d e vl eT IV g i r e i (1730_1780) moiTxovda, rom TurqeTs gaeuqmebina yirimis saxanos Sesaxeb ruseTTan dadebuli xelSekruleba da isev yirimi Sesuliyo osmaleTis mfarvelobis qveS. magram, amjerad TurqeTs ar undoda ruseTTan, yirimis gamo mdgomareobis gafuWeba da am moTxovnas ar miaqcia yuradReba. devleT IV xani mixvda, rom mdgomareobas ver Secvlida da 1777 wels gadadga. dasaxlda q. vizeSi da aqve gardaicvala 1780 w.

sahib II gireim 1771 wels, sagangebo davalebiT, peterburgSi gaagzavna kalga (yirimSi xanis Semdeg umaRlesi piris wodeba) (1771_1775) Saxin-girei. igi Cairicxa ruseTis jarSi da gaxda ruseTis momxre, rusofili da ruseTis marioneti, yirimSi ruseTis neba-survilis gamtarebeli. 1777 wels ruseTis da yubaneli noRaelebis daxmarebiT, saxib girei, devleT IV-is gadadgomis Semdeg, SeiWra yirimSi da gaxda xani.

yirimis ukanasknelma xanma (1777_1782, 1782_1783) S a x i n g i r e i m (1745_1787) daiwyo mmarTvelobis gardaqmna ruseTis saxelmwifo wyobilebis mixedviT. aman-ki ukmayofileba gamoiwvia adgilobrivi musulmanur morwmuneebisa da didgvarovneebs Soris. mis moqmedebas ar eTanxmebodnen misive Zmebic: b a x a d ir i da a r sl a n i c .

1781 wels yirimelma murzebma gaagzavnes peterburgSi TavianTi warmomadgenlebi, romlebic aRwerdnen Saxin gireis usamarTlo moqmedebebs, mis sisastikes da xalxis Cagvras. magram, xeli-suflebam amas araviTari yuradReba ar miaqcia.

1781 ajanyeba daiwyo jer yubanSi, xolo 1782 wlis maisSi gavrcelda yirimSi,

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romelic ivlisSi moedo mTel yirimis saxanos. amboxebulebma xanad moiwvies Saxin gireis ufrosi Zma baxadiri. xanis mier ajanyebis CasaxSobad gagzavnili jari gadavida ajanyebulebis mxares. Saxin girei jer gaiqca kafaSi, Semdeg gadavida qerCSi sadac imyofebodnen rusebi.

axali xanis (1782) b a x a d i r g i r e i s (1722_1791) xelisuflebam, TxovniT mimarTa TurqeTis da ruseTis imperiis mTavrobebs, rom ecnoT yirimis axali xani. magram, osmaleTma uari ganacxada, xolo ruseTma yirimSi ajanyebis CasaxSobad gaagzavna jari, xolo yubanSi ki, rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT _ a. suvorovi. 1782 wlis noemberSi ajanyeba iqna CaxSobili da ruseTma mTlianad dai-pyro yirimi. ajanyebulTa umravlesobam moaxerxa CrdiloeT kavkasiidan TurqeTSi gadasvla, xolo baxadiri Cavarda tyved, igi moaTavses xersonesis cixeSi. man 1783 wels moaxerxa cixidan gaqceva CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. 1789 wels igi gadavida TurqeTSi da aqve gardaicvala 1791 wels.

ruseTis xelisuflebam yirimis xanad xelmeored dasva Saxin girei, romelmac isev daiwyo sadamsjelo moqmedebebi, aman gamoiwvia mosaxleobaSi ukmayofileba. misi brZanebiT mokles ufliswuli m a h m u d g ir e i .

1783 wlis TebervalSi yirimis ukanaskneli xani Saxin-girei taxtidan gadadga da jer imyofeboda ruseTSi. 1787 gadasaxlda osmaleTSi. iq, sulTanma (1774_1788) a b dul h a m i d I-ma (abd al-hamid I) (1725_1789) gadaasaxla k. rodosze, xolo Semdeg misive brZanebiT mokles.

1783 wlis 8 (19) aprilis ekaterine II-is mier gamocxadebuli manifestiT, yirimis saxano gauqmda da is amis Semdeg, gaxda ruseTis imperiis erT-erTi nawili.

1784 wels yirimis saxano SeuerTda tavridis olqs, xolo 1787 wels gardaiqmna tavridis guberniad. 1791 wels ruseTisa da TurqeTis sazavo xelSekrulebiT, TurqeTma cno yirimis SeerTeba ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi da yirimi gadaiqca ruseTis koloniad. ruseTTan SeerTebisTanave imperatorma ekaterine II-em daiwyo adgilobrivi mosaxleobis (gansakuTrebiT TaTrebis) sastiki yvlefa, maTi gadasaxleba da maT miwebze Tavisi Tavadaznaurebis, moxeleebis da ucxoelTa Casaxleba. yirimi gadaeca sammarTvelod mis favoritsa da general-feldmarSals gr i gol p ot io m k i n s (1739_1791), romlis drosac koloniuri mmarTvelobisa da kirTebis gamo uamravi yirimeli TaTari (ZiriTadaT mTis TaTrebi) gadasaxlda. maT adgilebSi, marto (1784_1787) wlebSi 160, xolo XIX saukunis I meoTxedSi 30 aTasi kolonistebi Casaxldnen. (1853_1856) wlebSi yirimis omis dros, ruseTis xelisuflebas, rom xelSi Caegdo samxreT yirimis mdidari sanapiroebi, viTomda yirimeli TaTrebis Ralatis gamo, xelaxla daiwyo maTi gasaxleba. 1854 wels ruseTis samxedro ministrma (1853_1856) v a s il dolgoru ko v m a (1804_1868) gamosca brZaneba, rom: `«imperatorma.... brZana, gadavasaxloT yvela mahmadiani sarwmuneobis warmomadgenlebi zRvis sanapiroze mcxovrebni guberniis SigniT». es RonisZieba, moisazreboda rogorc samxedro movlena Catarebuli yirimis omTan dakavSirebiT, mefis mTavrobas sWirdeboda, rom mietaca samxreT yirimis mdidari miwebi. samxedro xelmZRvanelebis

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mier TaTrebis abuCad agdeba, viTomda jaSuSobis moqmedebis gamo, gadasaxleba gadaiqca sayovelTao gaqcevad. emigraciaSi midiodnen mTlianad ojaxebiT, urdoebic ki. carieldebodnen asobiT aulebi da soflebi. qoneba iyideboda Calis fasad an aZlevdnen muqTad. 1860-dan _ 1862-mde, TviT mefis mTavrobis mowmobiT, sazRvar-gareT emigraciaSi wavidnen 141 667 TaTrebi. amis garda, perekopidan wavidnen iq myofi msxemi noRaelebi. maTTan erTad 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi emigrirebulTa saerTo raodenoba udrida 231,177 suls. sinamdvileSi ki wavidnen gacilebiT metni, radgan bevri TaTrebi midiodnen aRricxvis gareSe~. (113, t.35, gv.308). xolo rodesac ruseTis imperators aleqsandre II-es moaxsenes yirimeli TaTrebis ZaldatanebiT gadasaxlebis Sesaxeb, mas uTqvams: `rogorc gen. totlebeni adasturebs – iZleva ganmartebas, rom ara Tu unda SevzRudoTY TaTrebis gadasaxleba, aramed ganvixiloT warmoSobili SemTxveva friad xelsayrelad am mxaris gasaTavisufleblad~. (113, t.35, gv.309). cnobilia, rom sanam TurqeTSi Cavidodnen, gadasaxlebulTa 60 aTasi TaTari daiRupa gzaSi. XIX saukuneSi sazRvargareTidan yirimSi Casaxldnen 30 000-ze meti kolonizatorebi (germanelebi, bulgarelebi da menonitebi _ protestan-tuli seqtis warmomadgenlebi). Tavisufal miwebs ikavebdnen rusi memamuleebi da saxelmwifo moxeleebi. 1897 wels yirimSi mdebare Tavridis olqSi 1 447 790 mcxovrebidan 70,8% iyvnen rusebi, danarCenni 13,0% iyvnen TaTrebi. (113, t.35, gv.309). amave dros, ruseTis mefis mTavroba mTels kavkasiaSi atarebda garusebis politikas. yirimeli TaTrebi Zalmomrebisa da monobis kirTebis gamo iZulebuli xdeboda gaqceuliyo sazRvargareT. darCenili yirimis mosaxleoba, am Zalmomreobas ajanyebebiT pasuxobda, magram, xelisufleba axSobda da ajanyebulebs sastikad uswordeboda.

ruseTSi samoqalaqo omis dros, (1917_1920) wlebSi, yirimSi mimdinareobda brZolebi `wiTlebsa~ da `TeTrgvardielebs~ Soris. D

1917 wels yirimSi bolSevikebma moawyves ajanyeba da 16 dekembers Zalaufleba gadavida revoluciuri kometitis (revkomi)-s xelSi. 1918 wlis 21 martSi yirimi, rogorc Tavridis sabWoTa socialisturi respublika, gamocxadda rsfsr nawilad. amave wlis aprilidan 1920 wlamde yirimi daikaves jer germanelebma, xolo Semdeg generalma a. denikinma da generalma p e t r e v r a n g el m a (1878_1928). wiTeli jaris mier yirimis ganTavisuflebis Semdeg, 1921 wlis 18 oqtombers yirimi gamocxadda assr-ed, rsfsr SemadgenlobaSi.

saerTod, yvela saxelmwifoSi, xalxTa gamosvlebi da revolucia, iwvevs arevdarevas, wyobis aSlilobas da xalxTa msxverpls. magram, saarqivo masalebidan da TviTmxilvelTa gadmocemebidan, cnobili gaxda, rom ruseTSi momxdari samoqalaqo omis dros (1917_1920) wlebSi, yirimSi ganxorcielebuli aseTi farTo moculobiTi mkvlelobani e. w. `wiTeli terori~, iyo pirveli SemTxveva mTels ruseTis istoriografiaSi, romelic bolSevikebis mier iyo miCumaTebuli.

sabWoTa itorikosebi, yirimSi momxdar mkvlelobebs xsnidnen imiT, rom `wiTel terors~ win uswrebda e. w. `TeTri terori~ _ yofili mefis ruseTis samxedroebis

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mier Catarebuli terori. magram, sinamdvileSi, maTi Sedareba SeuZlebelia, vinaidan `TeTri terori~ ar iyo ase farTo xasiaTis. am dros, sxvadasxva monacemebiT daWerilebi iyvnen 1 428 kaci. aqedan daixvrita _ 281. xolo, wiTeli teroris dros, Catarebuli farTo da didi moculobiT teroris Sedegad, yirimis naxevar kunZulis mosasxleoba 1917 welTan SedarebiT, 1921 wlis monacemebiT 106 000-iT Semcirda. ar darCenila yirimSi qalaqi da sofeli, sadac ar momxdariyo xalxis xocva-jleta.

oqtomris revoluciis dros da revoluciis bolo xanebSi, yirimSi imyofebodnen e. w. `TeTrgvardielebi~ _ yofili mefis mTavrobis droindeli jariskacebi, mTavro-bis wevrebi, sxvadasxva partiis warmomadgenlebi da mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala Savi zRvis flotis mezRvaurebi, romlebisTvisac yirimi warmoadgenda ucxo miwas. rogorc cnobilia, marto sevastopolSi gemebsa da cixe-simagreebSi imyofebodnen 40 000 mezRvaurebi. romlebsac am dros hyavdaT sakuTari revolucioneri xelmZRvanelebi da romlebic moqmedebdnen sakuTari neba-survilis mixedviT. cnobilia, rom yirimSi moqmedebdnen sxvadasxva partiebi da organizaciebi, romlebic cdilobdnen xeli SeeSalaT bolSevikebis mier yirimis dauflebas. amave dros yvela es partiebi (garda saxalxo socialisturisa da menSevikebisa) cdilobdnen iaraRis meSveobiT yirimis dapyrobas.

TviTmxilvelTa da moxsenebiTi baraTebidan irkveva, rom wiTeli teroris dros, `klasobrivi mtrebis~, `kontrrevolucionerebis~, `burJuaziis~ da `kulakebis~ sababiT, yirimSi daixvrita, cnobili moqalaqeebi, glexebi da ubralo _ quCaSi gamsvleli moqalaqeebi. amaT garda, 25 000-mde Savi zRvis flotisa da saxmeleTo jaris oficrebi, mezRvaurebi, jariskacebi, axalgawveulebic da aTasobiT tyveebic.

teroris gavrcelebas xeli Seuwyo, 1918 wlis 21 Tebervlis sabWoTa saxalxo komisariatis dadgenilebam: `socialisturi samSoblo safrTxeSia~. sadac 8 punqtSi miTiTebuli iyo: `mtris agentebi, germaneli jaSuSebi, kontrrevoluciuri agitatorebi, germaneli jaSuSebi, Cadenis danaSaulis adgilebze ixvritebian~. am dadgenilebas, mohyva Savi zRvis centralur flotSi, saxalxo komisariatis kolegiis wevris zRvis saqmeebTan dakavSirebiT gamogzavnili depeSa: `moiZebnos SeTqmulni sazRvao oficrebs Soris da sawrafod gaisrisos es hidra~. amave dros, adgilobriv xelmZRvanel wiTelarmielebs, neba eZleodaT yovelive gasamarTlebis gareSe `damnaSaveebi~ adgilebze daexvritad.

1920 wlis 17 noembers yirimis yvela qalaqi bolSevikebs epyrad. didi sabWoTa enciklo-pediisa da samxedro istorikosebis Tanaxmad, p. vrangelis sajariso nawilebidan 52 100-dan 54 696-mde tyved iyvnen ayvanilni. miuxedavad imisa, rom sabWoTa istoriografiaSi aRniSnulia, rom samxreT ruseTSi 1920 wlis 17 noembers samoqalaqo omi damTavrebuli iyo, yirimSi wiTeli terori mainc moqmedebda.

1920 wlis 9 dekembers yirimSi Camoyalibda ̀ yirimis sagangebo komisia~, romelic warmo-adgenda sruliad ruseTis sagangebo komisiis teritoriul qvedanayofs. komisiam simferopolSi da qerCSi Camoayaliba damoukidebeli saqalaqo sagangebo

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komisiebi (yssk), romlebsac ufleba eZleodaT damoukideblad sasikvdilo ganaCenis gamotana. am komisiebs Tavisi samxedro nawilebi da gansakuTrebuli daniSnulebis razmebic yavdaT. yssk-am gamoaqveyna mimarTva: `yvela patiosan moqalaqeebs mouwodebs Seasrulos Tavisi moqalaqoebrivi movaleoba~ da Seatyobinos yssk-s `yvela cnobebi damaluli TeTrgvardielebis, kontrrevolucionerebis da sabWoTa xelisuflebas mitmasnilebis Sesaxeb~. amave dros yirimis revoluciurma komitetma gamosca brZaneba, rom yvela sazRvargareTis qveSerdomni, romlebic movidnen 1919 wlis ivnisidan, rodesac sabWoTa xeli-suflebam datova yirimi da imyofebodnen yirimSi, unda gamocxadebuliyvnen aRricxvisaTvis. vinc ar gamocxaddeboda, CaiTvleboda jaSuSad da gadaecemoda samxedro revoluciuri tribunalis sasamarTlos da daisjeboda omianobis drois Tanaxmad miRebuli mkacri wesebis yvela simkacriT.

yvela samxedro moxelis, jariskacis, oficeris, samxedro moxaliseebis da warmoebis muSa-kebis aRricxvis Semdeg, movida axali brZaneba maTi mospobis Sesaxeb.

wyaroebidan Cans, rom wiTeli teroris dros sabWoTa ruseTis xelmZRvanelebi, araTu mxars uWerdnen `klasobrivi mtrebis~ ganadgurebas, aramed TviTonve iyvnen am xocva-jletis organizatorebi.

sabWoTa xelisuflebam ar daindo arc kapitulacias mindobili samxedro jariskacebi da arc samoqalaqo mosaxleobis cnobili warmomadgenlebi (isini gamoacxades rogorc `klasobrivi mtrebi~).

sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis damaarsebelma, pirveli socialisturi saxelmwifos Semqmnelma da beladma vl ad i m e r le n i n m a (ulianovi) (1870_ 1924), gaigo Tu ara, samxreTis samxedro revoluciuri sabWos mier p. vrangeli-saTvis gagzavnili danebebis pirobebis Sesaxeb, saswrafod gaugzavna revsabWos depeSa:

èxlaxan gavige Tqveni SeTavazeba vrangelisaTvis. metismetad gakvirvebuli var damTmoblobis pirobebiT. Tu mowinaaRmdege ar miiRebs mas, maSin unda realurad uzrunvelyoT flotis aReba da ar gauSvaT arcerTi xomaldi, Tu mowinaaRmdege ar miiRebs am pirobebs, maSin, Cemis azriT, saWiroa gauswordeT Seubraleblad~. xolo, 1920 wlis 6 dekembers moskovis bolSevikebTan Sexvedrisas krebaze ganacxada: èxla yirimSi 300 000 burJuaa. es wyaroa momavlis spekulaciis, jaSuSobis, yovelgvari daxmareba kapitalistebisaTvis. magram Cven maTi ar gveSinia. Cven vambobT, rom aviyvanT maT, davanawilebT, davimorCilebT, gadavxarSavT~. òmi gagrZeldeba, sanam wiTel yirimSi darCeba erTi TeTri oficeri~.

sabWoTa kavSirma, aRiara 1919 wlis 30 maisis Jenevis konvenciis mier miRebuli dadgenileba wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komitetis wesdeba, magram yirimis dapyro-bis dros, am dadgenilebas araviTari yuradReba ar mieqca. savadmyofoebSi, eqimebi, sanitrebi, medicinis warmomadgenlebi, iq myofi daWrili da avadmyofi jariskacebi, oficrebi da TviT wiTeli jvris sazogadoebis wevrebic-ki daxvrites. wiTeli teroris dros xdeboda mRvdelmsaxurTa daxvreta da taZrebis wabilwvac.

sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier yirimSi ganxorcielebulma mkvlelobebma, mraval-

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ricxovanma borotmoqmedebebma da xelisufalTa TviTnebobam, yirimSi gaamwvava mdgomareoba, Tesavda SiSs, undoblobas mTavrobis mimarT. bolSevikebis xelisufleba gaxda erT-erTi mTavari mizezi yirimSi farTod gavrcelebuli antisabWouri meamboxeTa moZraobisa. gadarCenili samxedroebi, SeZle-bisdagvarad, socialuri jgufis warmomadgenlebi, romelTa mimarT mimarTuli iyo terori, miu-xedavad moaxloebuli sicivisa da yinvisa garbodnen mTebSi da uerTdebodnen meamboxeTa razmebs. gadmocemiT, maTi raodenoba 1920 wlis zamTarSi udrida daaxloebiT 8 000_10 000 kacs.

XXI saukunis dasawyisamde yirimis miwa-wyalze ar iyo arcerTi wiTeli teroris dros daRupulTa xsovnis Zegli an samaxsovro niSani. mxolod 2 000 wlidan daiwyo mdgomareobis gamocvla.

sevastopolSi, saxlmwifo miwa-wyalze, `maqsimovis nakveTis~ nakrZalze, sadac 1920_1921 wlebSi xdeboda daxvretebi, im adgilas sadac unda aRimarTos samoqa-laqo omSi daRupulTa xsovnis Zegli, daidga Casatanebeli qva. aqve daidga ̀ Serigebis jvari~.

feodosiaSi, 2005 wlis 2 maiss, Savi zRvis napiras ìveriis RvTismSoblis~ eklesiasTan axlos, daidga `wiTeli teroris~ dros daRupulTa xsovnis jvari.

simferopolSi, 2007 wels qalaqis mTavar baRSi, sadac gegmis Tanaxmad, unda aigos `wiTeli teroris~ dros daRupulTa xsovnis Zegli, daidga Casatanebeli qva.

evpatoriaSi, 2009 wels, wmida ilias taZris miwaze daidga marTlmadidebeli xsovnis jvari, `wiTeli teroris~ dros, 1918 wlis martSi daRupulTa xsovnis aRsaniSnavad.

f r i dr i x e n g els i (1820_1895) aRniSnavda: `terori _ es umetesad nawilia Cadenili usargeblo umowyalo danaSaulisa,

umetesad im xalxis sakuTari Tavis dasamSvideblad, romlebic TviTon ganicdian SiSs~. (127).

XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi bolSevikebma TaTrebis mTavari meCeTi aafeTqes. meore msoflio omis dros, 1941 wels, yirimSi germanelebi Sevidnen da SesvlisTanave aRadgines meCeTi, amiT yirimeli TaTrebi moimadlieres. 1944 wels, rodesac sabWoTa jarebi yirimSi Sevidnen, rogorc germanelTa momxreebi, 18 maiss, yvela yirimeli TaTrebi da karaimelebi sami dRis ganmavlobaSi da 26 ivniss somxebi, bulgarelebi da berZnebi, gadaasaxles cimbirSi da uzbekeTSi. 1945 wels yirimis assr gardaiqmna yirimis olqad. daiwyo yirimSi masiurad rusebis Casaxleba. 1948 wels q. sevastopoli rogorc administraciul-sameurneo centri (respublikuri daqvemdebarebis qalaqi) gamoyves calke.

1967 wels gadasaxlebulTa Sewyalebis gamocxadebis Semdeg, TaTrebma daiwyes dabruneba samSobloSi.

1954 wels, ukrainis ruseTTan SeerTebis 300 wlisTavis aRniSvnasTan dakav-SirebiT ssrk ck-is pirvelma mdivanma da (1958_1964) sssrk ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomarem n i k it a xru S C o v m a (1894_1971) yirimi ukrainas gadasca da

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warmoadgenda ukrainis erT-erT olqs. 1991 wlis 20 ianvars yirimSi Catarebuli referendumis Tanaxmad, yirimi gaxda ukrainis avtonomiuri respu-blika. xolo, amave wlis 4 seqtembers umaRlesma avtonomiurma yrilobam gamoacxada yirimis respublika. 1994 wlis 4 Tebervals airCies prezidenti. 1995 wels ukrainis radam da ukrainis prezidentma (1994_2005) l e o n i d ku C m a m gaauqma yirimis respublikis konstitucia da respublikis prezidentoba. 1998 wels miiRes yirimis respublikis axali konstitucia.

yirimis mosaxleoba aRricxvianobis mixedviT: XVIII saukunis I meTxedSi _ 467 000 kaci; aqedan: yirimeli TaTrebi _ 95,1%,

berZnebi _ 2,6%, somxebi _2,1%, krimCakebi _ 0,2%, karaimebi _ 0,2%; 1858 w. _ 331 300 kaci; yirimeli TaTrebi _ 73%, rusebi _ 12,6%, ukrainelebi

_ 4,0%, berZnebi _ 2,4%, ebraelebi _ 1,8%, somxebi _1,3%, germanelebi _ 1,5%, bulgarelebi _ 0,6%, cignebi _2,0%, karaimebi _ 0,8%;

`1936 w. _ 875 100 kaci; yirimeli TaTrebi _ 23,1%, rusebi _ 43, 5%, ukrainelebi _ 10%, germanelebi _ 5,7%, ebraelebi _ 7,4%, danarCenni _ 10,3%~. (113, t.35, gv.294)....

1959 w. _ 1 201 500 kaci; rusebi _ 71,4%, ukrainelebi _ 22,3%, ebraelebi _ 2,2%, polonelebi _ 0,1%;

2001 w. _ 2 024 056 kaci; yirimeli TaTrebi _ 12,1%, rusebi _ 58,3%, ukrainelebi _ 24,3%, belorusebi _ 0,5%, TaTrebi 0,5%, somxebi _ 0,4%, ebraelebi, moldavelebi, aerbaijanelebi da polonelebi _ 0,2%, berZnebi, qarTvelebi, germanelebi, karaimelebi, krimCakebi da sxv. _ 0,1%; ukrainis mier Catarebul am aRweraSi ar moxvdnen q. simferopolis mosaxleoba, vinaidan is warmoadgens yirimis olqis centrs.

2005 w. _ 1 994 300 kaci; yirimeli TaTrebi _ 18%, rusebi _ 70,0%, ukrainelebi _ 15,0%. danarCenni eris warmomadgenlebi metad mcireni arian. yirimSi 80-ze meti eris warmomadgeneli cxovrobs. (128).

aRweris monacemebidan Cans, rom yirimSi XVIII saukunidan dawyebuli, ruseTis xelisuflebis da Semdeg, ssrk-s mTavrobis mier miRebuli sadamsjelo RonisZiebebis Sedegad, rusuli mosa-xleoba matulobda da dRevandel dRes, rogorc gadmogvcemen 75%-ze metni arian. vinaidan yirimSi rusebi mosaxleobis raodenobis mxriv sWarboben ukrainelebsa da sxva erovnebebs, amitom yirimSi Casaxlebuli rusebi (rf-s xeli-suflebis xelSewyobiT) moiTxoven yirimis isev ruseTTan SeerTebas. ase, rom dRevandel dResac iq daZabuloba grZeldeba.

ruseTis imperiis mier, yirimSi Catarebuli mosaxleobis aRricxvaSi, naxsenebi arian krimCakebi da karaimelebi.

krimCakebi mcire eria, romlebic Tavis Tavs Tvlian ̀ srel balaraliad~ (israelis Svilebi) da Tavis Tavs uwodebdnen `Cagatais~. wyaroebSi, 1917 wlamde maT uwodebdnen rogorc ebrael krimCakebs. zogierTi mecnierTa azriT, rodesac romis imperatorma (117_138) p u bl iu s a d r i a n e m (76_138), (132_135) wlebSi

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palestinaSi momxdari ajanyeba, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda b a r - k o x b a CaaxSo, is ebraelebi romlebic gadaurCnen sikvdiliT dasjas gandevnil iyvnen yirimSi. sxva mecnierTa mtkicebiT, Zv. w. I saukuneSi kavkasiisa da qerCis srutis gavliT yirimSi mosulan ebraeli misionerebi iudaizmis gasavrceleblad. SemdegSi, droTa ganmav-lobaSi Seerivnen xazarebs da amdagvarad gaxdnen prozelitebi (rjulSecvlilni). maT SeinarCunes Tavisi ena da Tavisi xalxis Tvisebebi. mecnierTa nawilis TqmiT ki, ebraelTa mcire ojaxi, evropel ebraelebTan erTad, Semosula kievis gavliT da Casaxlebulan yirimSi. mecnierTa nawilis mtkicebiT, qalaqi kievi Seqmnes xazarebma. VII saukunis II naxevridan TurqmanTa modgmis xazarTa nawils miuRia iudaizmi da Casaxlebulan yirimSi.

1897 wels yirimSi krimCakebi yofilan 3 345 kaci. xolo SemdegSi isini gamravlebulan da asulan 6 aTasamde. meore msoflio omis dros, 1941 wels rodesac germanelebi Sesulan yirimSi, yvela krimCakebi, rogorc ebraelebi, sxva ebraelebTan erTad, Semodgomaze, daxvrites. gadarCnen mxolod isini vinc jarSi iyo wasuli, an moaswro gaxizvna. rogorc aRweridan Cans, dRevandel dRes yirimSi krimCakebis Zalian mcire nawilia darCenili.

karaimelebi da ebraelebi warmoadgenen yirimis Zvel mosaxleobas. mecnierTa nawilis mtki-cebiT, karaimelebic warmoadgenen ebraelebs, romlebmac yirimis saxanos dros Turqmenuli adaT-wesebi miiRes da maTi enac miakuTvnes Turqmenul enaTa ojaxis yivCaRur jgufs. mecnierTa meore nawili Tvlis, rom karaimelebi arian Turqmenebi, romlebmac miiRes iudaizmi da Seqmnes axali religiuri mimdinareoba.

germaniaSi faSisturi wyobilebis dros, zogierTma mecnierebma, rom gadaerCinaT karaimelebi ganadgurebas, germanelebs daumtkices, rom isini ebraelebs ar ekuTvnodnen. amitomac rodesac germanelebma daipyres yirimi, maT xeli ar axles. samagierod, yirimSi sabWoTa jaris Sesvlis-Tanave, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, yvela yirimeli TaTari da maT Soris karaimelebic, sam dReSi gadaasaxles Sua aziaSi da cimbirSi.

* * * * * * F arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebuli masalebi adastureben, rom

lixsiqeTis mosa-xleobas sakmarisad kargi savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierToba hqonda CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTis antikur samyarosTan, maT Soris yirimTanac. etyoba, rom kolxeTis samefosa da bosforis samefos garda, CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTis berZnul qalaqebs Soris, kulturul-ekonomikuri kavSiri yofila damyarebuli da am urTierTobas ormxrivi xasiaTi hqonia, rogorc kolxeTSi xdeboda saqonlis Semotana, aseve aqedanac gadioda nawarmi.

yirimis taZrebsa da qalaqebSi arqeologebma aRmoaCines Zv. w. VI_IV saukuneebis kolxuri qvevrebisa da dergebis, kolxuri piTosebis (didi zomis WurWeli) namtvrevebi, kolxuri monetebi. `napovnia VI s. Ria tipis ionuri Wraqis fragmenti, romelzedac amokawrulia warwera `kolxos~. (6, t.I, gv.408) da sxv. saqarTveloSic aRmoCenilia zRvispira berZnul qalaqebSi moWrili mone-tebi da sxva nakeTobani.

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yirimsa da saqarTvelos Soris urTierToba grZeldeboda Semdeg saukuneebSic. cnobilia, rom magaliTad marili, romelic saqarTvelos ar moepoveboda, Semodioda yirimidan. osmaleTis moZalebis drosac ki, XVI_XVII saukuneebSi da Semdegac, rodesac saqarTve-loSi mimdinareobda gamudmebuli omebi, saqarTveloSi vaWroba mainc ar wydeboda da yirimTanac mimdinareobda vaWroba.

saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqi (1776_1795) m a q s i m e II (abaSiZe) q u T a T eli (1725_1795) 1769 wels werda: àbraSumi, bamba da diax wminda seli aris amdeni, rom vaWrebs sxva qveynebSiac miaqvT, diax iafaTac yiduloben.... quTaisis qalaqidan vaWrebi dadian naviTa da sams cixeSi _ baToms, foTs da soxums, gasasyidlad daaqvssT wminda sanTeli, abreSumi, bamba, bewvi melisa, kvernisa da vefxvisa da saWmelis xoragi~, ìqidamac wyliT moaqvT osmalos savaWro: sxvadasxva feris farCa, maudi, Saqari, yava da sxvaca (stambolidam rvas dReze da yirimidan xuTs dRezed xomaldebi am cixeebSi midian~. bazarze iyo samxedro saWurvelic. afxazeTsa da TurqTa xelSi myof zRvispira punqtebSi gasayidad gamohyavdaT tyveebic~. (6, t.IV, gv.583). maqsime II quTaTeli yovelTvis cdilobda, rom daebrunebina saqarTvelodan gayiduli an gatacebuli tyveebi. cnobilia, rom misi peterburgSi elCobis dros, 1799 wels, man yirimSi wasvlis nebarTva iTxova, `wminda adgilebis mosanaxuleblad~, rom iq myof qarTvel tyveebs daxmareboda saqarTveloSi dabru-neba, magram astraxanis gubernatorma amis nebarTva ar misca. erekle II-ec 1771 wels peterburgSi gagzavnili elCebis saSualebiT, èkaterine meores sTxovda, samSobloSi daebrunebina is qarTvelebi, romlebic rusTa jarma gaaTavisufla yirimis aRebisas~. (6, t.IV, gv.660).

miuxedavad kavkasiaSi ganxorcielebuli ruseTis koloniuri pirobebisa, saqar-TveloSi mainc fexs idgamda da viTardeboda mrewveloba. sxvadasxva warmoebebs Soris dawinaurda da mni-Svnelovan warmatebasac miaRwia spirtisa da spirtiani sasmelebis warmoebam. cnobilia, rom XIX_XX saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi am dargis sami samrewvelo sawarmo amoqmedda. maT Soris yvelaze ufro gamoirCeoda da gaiTqva saxeli evropaSic ki, daviT sarajiSvilis firmam.

qarTuli koniakis fuZemdebelma, sazogado moRvawem, qimikosma da filosofosma, mecnierebaTa doqtorma d a v i T s a r aj i S v il m a (1848_1911) 1888 wels saqar-TveloSi Camoayaliba pirveli koniakis qarxana romelmac TandaTan gaiTqva saxeli ruseTsa da evropaSic. misi qarxana amzadebda koniaks, liqiors, arays, sxvadasxva nayens, Semagrebul Rvinoebs, roms da spirts. misi warmoeba damyarebuli iyo ZiriTadaT adgilobriv nedleulze, nawili ki Semohqonda yirimidan da Turqestanidan.

cnobilia, rom meore msoflio omSi, sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebs Soris, procentuli raodenobis mxriv, yvelaze meti, saqarTvelos mosaxleobam miiRo monawileoba. am omSi, saqarTvelos mosaxleobam didi danaklisi ganicada. meore msoflio omis dros, saqarTvelodan, 700 000-mde mebrZoli Rebulobda monawileobas da TiTqmis naxevari daiRupa da aRar dabrunda samSo-bloSi. jer marto 1942 wlis

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15 aprilamde saqarTvelodan yirimis brZolis velze 65 897 samxedro valdebuli gaigzavna. yirimSi momqmedi 224-e msroleli divizia mTlianad qarTveli meomrebisagan Sedgeboda da swored man daiwyo, erovnul samxedro nawilebs Soris, qerCis naxevarkunZulZe brZolebi. yirimis partizanebs Sorisac monawileobas Rebulobdnen asobiT qarTveli meomrebi. saqarTveloSi darCenili mosaxleoba, miuxedavad gaWirvebisa, mainc cdilobda daxmareba gaewia mebrZoli samxedro nawilebisaTvis. magali-Tad, 1942 wlis TebervalSi yirimis sajariso nawilebisaTvis saqarTvelodan gaagzavnes aTas tonaze meti bostneuli da sxv. meore msoflio omma didi ziani miayena rogorc qarTul ekonomikas, aseve, gansakuTrebiT didi ziani miayena saqarTvelos mosaxleobas. jer ruseTis imperiam, xolo Semdeg komunisturma wyobilebam, saqarTvelo ganadgurebis piramde miiyvana.

Tavi III. k a z a k e b i . samxedro istorikosi al e q s a n d r e k ozlo v i wers: ìstoria mxolod maSin aswavlis, rodesac misgan undaT rom iswavlon, rodesac

masSi xedaven ara marto sasiamovnos, aramed uaryofiTsac~. (95, gv.19). kavkasiaSi, miT umetes Crdilokavaksiis xalxTa urTierTobaSi, did monawileobas

Rebulobdnen kazakebi. dRevandeli kazakebis warmoSoba jerjerobiT daudgenelia. arsebobs sxvadasxva

Teoriebi. wyaroebSi pirvelad sityva `kazak~ moxsenebulia `mcveli~-s (`straJ~) mniSvnelobiT 1303 wels. xolo ̀ kazakebi~ rogorc xalxis aRmniSvneli, moxsenebulni arian XV saukunis I naxevris bolos. sityva `kazaki~ ixmareboda sxvadasaxva mniSvnelobiTac: `kazaki xalxis warmomadgeneli~, `Tavi-sufali kaci~, Tavisufali jariskaci~, `daqiravebuli muSa~, `banditi~ da sxva.

sityva `kazaki~ Turquli warmoSobisaa da aRniSnavs Tavisufal, TavzexelaRebul kacs. àdamiani, romelmac kavSiri gawyvita Tavis socialur garemosTan (XIV_XVII ss.). XV s. bolodan kazakebi ewodeboda ruseTis saxelmwifos ganapira mxareebis Tavisufal mosaxleobas~. (8, t.5, gv.315).

cnobilia, rom kazakebi ZiriTadaT Sedgebodnen ruseTis imperiidan da mezobeli qveynebidan gamoqceuli glexebis da sxavadasxva wodebis da sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebisagan, romlebic saxldebodnen aRmosavleT evropis, ruseTsa da ukrainis dausaxlebel velebze. TandaTan gansaxldnen qvemo da Sua volgispireTSi, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi uraliswineTSi, yazaxeTSi da Soreul aRmosavleTSi.

`XVIII s._XX s. damdegis revoluciamdeli ruseTis samxedro fena. XIV_XVII ss. ruseTis ganapira teritoriebze mcxovrebi Tavisufali mosaxleoba. feodalur eqspluataciisa da batonymobis gaZlierebam ruseTSi da poloneT-litvis saxelm- wifoebSi XV_XVI ss-Si gamoiwvia glexTa masobrivi gaqceva am saxelmwifoebis sazRvrebs gareT, upiratesad samxreTis auTvisebel miwebze _ donis, volgis, iaikis auzebSi. mezobeli feodaluri saxelmwifoebisa da momTabareebis winaaRmdeg brZolis

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aucileblobam ganapiroba am Tavisufali xalxis gaerTianeba samxedro organizaciebSi _ aRmocenda donis, volgis, dnepris (Cerkasis), grebenis da iaikis kazakTa gasamxedroebuli Temebi~. (8, t.5, gv.315).

`XVI saukunis Sua xamnebSi kazakebs Cven vxedavT ruseTis sxvadasxva mxareSi, litvis didi samTavros teritoriaze... XVI saukunis meore naxevarSi Camoyalibda cimbirisa da Tergis Temebi~. (21, gv.16).

mecnierebi miiCneven, rom kazakebi warmoiqmnen slavebisa da Turqulenovan tomebisagan. mecnierTa nawili Tvlis, rom Cerqezebma monawileoba miiRes kazakebis CamoyalibebaSi. mecnieri da moazrovne, ruseTis istoriografiis erT-erTi damfuZnebeliDv a s ili t at i S C e v i (1686_1750) werda, rom:

`pirveli kazakebi, mTiel CerqezTa brbo, me-14-e saukuneSi kurskis samTavroSi gamocxaddnen, sadac CerqezTa daba aaSenes da TaTarTa gubernatorebis dacviT qurdobasa da yaCaRobas eweodnen, Semdeg gadavidnen dneprze da dneprze qalaqi Carqezi aaSenes~. (129).

miuxedavad imisa, rom kazakebi warmoadgendnen sxvadasxva erovnebebs, maT TandaTan gamo-umuSavdaT Taviseburi saerTo wesebi da kanonebi. kazakebs, rom Tavi erCinaT, iZulebulni iyvnen, ZiriTadaT mezoblad mdebare mxareebSi da saxelmwifoebSi: ukrainaSi, poloneTSi, ruseTSi, yirimSi, SavizRvispireTsa da kaspiis-pireTSi, sarCo-sabadebeli da sursaT-sanovage, yaCaRobiT eSovnad. TandaTan kazakebi Camoyalibdnen, rogorc meomrebi da `mogvianebiT litvis xelisuflebam maTgan Seqmna socialuri fena, gansakuTrebuli xelmZRvaneleobiT. amave dros TviTneburad daaarses dnepris napirebze Tavisufal meomarTa saZmo. zaporoJies seCis saxelwodebiT. aseTive movlenebs adgili hqonda aRmosavleT ruseTSi~. (21, gv.16). SemdgomSi kazakebi gaxdnen ruseTis samxedro mosamsaxureebi da maTgan Camoyalibda kavaleriisa da cxenosanTa artileria. kazakebis Semosavlis wyaro gaxda ruseTis xelisuflebis mier miRebuli xelfasi da samxedro alafi.

`kazakebis sameurneo cxovrebis ZiriTadi dargebi iyo nadiroba, TevzWera, veluri mefu-tkreoba, mogvianebiT _ mesaqonleoba, xolo XVII s. II naxevarSi TandaTan damkvidrda miwaTmoqmedebac~. (8, t.5, gv.315).

1 . s e C i z a p o r o J i e s i . XVI saukunis Sua xanebSi (daaxl. 1553/56), pirvelad Camoyalibda ukrainel

kazakTa Tavisufali samxedro jari da sazogadoebriv-politikuri gaerTianeba seCi zaporoJiesi. romelic `Seupovrad ibrZoda rogorc osmaleTis, ise yirimis saxanos, agreTve polonel feodalTa winaaRmdeg. kazakebi agebdnen xis simagreebs _ `seCebs~, sadac Tavs afarebdnen mtris Tavdasxmas. aqedan momdinareobs am Taviseburi respublikis saxelwodebac.~ (8, t.9, gv.307).

1572 wlidan seCi zaporoJies cxenosanTa jaris nawilebi, monawileobas Rebulo- bdnen reC pospolitas (XV_XVIII saukuneebSi poloneTis saxelwodeba) samxedro

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nawilebTan erTad sazRvris dacvaSi. xolo TurqeTTan da SveciasTan omis dros, monawileobas Rebulobdnen reC pospolitis jarSi. male seCi zaporoJies kazakebi mTlianad gaxdnen damokidebulni poloneTze, romelmac moindoma maTi gauqmeba. seCi zaporoJiem daiwyo brZola damoukideblobisaTvis. damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, zaporoJies xelmZRvanelebs Soris moxda urTierT dapirispireba da klasobriv fenebad dayofa. 1654 wels ukrainis ruseTTan SeerTebisas, seCi zaporoJie ruseTis samefos avtonomia gaxda, SeinarCuna sakuTari marTva-gamgeoba da jari.

XVII saukunis I naxevarSi seCi zaporoJies da md. donis kazakebi TandaTan daeuflnen da damkvidrdnen CrdiloeT Savi zRvis da md. yubanis sanapiroebze da aqedan Tavs esxmodnen CrdiloeT kavkasielebsa da osmaleTis sanapiroebs.

`miuxedavad imisa, rom Savi zRvis kazakebi yubanis napirebze miwaTmoqmedebas misdevdnen, isini Seupovar meomrebad iTvlebodnen da mTielebs SiSis zars scemdnen. maT Cerqezebisagan gadaiRes tansacmeli, iaraRi, Cveulebani da brZolis wesebi. TareSis Jini, romelic maTSi ar qreboda, kazakebs ubiZgebda gadaelaxaT yubani da eZarcvaT Cerqezuli soflebi. bunebrivia, aseTi qmedebebi represiebs emsgavseboda. ruseTis xelisuflebam akrZala maTi yovelgvari Tavdasxma Cerqezebze, magram kazakebs kanonieri Tavdacvis ufleba dautoves. am akrZalvis Sedegad da, amasTanave, Savi Wiris saSiSroebis Tavidan asacileblad, kazakebs, yovel SemTxvevaSi formalurad mainc, ar hqondaT yubanis gadalaxvis ufleba~. (21, gv.20).

XVII saukunis bolos, seCi zaporoJiem samxedro da politikuri uflebebi TandaTan dakarga. `1709 ki SvedebTan kavSiris gamo rusis jarma daangria. kazakTa nawili yirimis saxanos teritoriaze gadavida. 1734 rusis mTavrobis nebarTviT kazakebi dabrundnen da e. w. axali seCi Seqmnes. pugaCovis ajanyebis damarcxebis Semdeg, raki kazakebSi mRelvareba iyo, 1775 ivnisSi mefis jarma daangria simagreebi da zaporoJies jari daSlilad gamoacxada. seCi zaporoJiem arseboba Sewyvita~. (8, t.9, gv.307). zaporoJies kazakTa nawili gadavida md. dunaize, TurqeTis mxares da iq Camoayaliba dunais seCi. zaporoJies kazakebis darCenili nawili, ruseTis xelisuflebam gadaasaxla yubanis mxareSi. iq ki Camoyalibda yubanis kazakTa laSqari. SemdegSi, kazakebi mTlianad daemqvemdebarnen ruseTis xelisuflebas. oqtombris revoluciamde, icavdnen mefis xelisuflebas, ruseTis saxelmwifos da is ruseTis xelisuflebis erT-erTi mTavari dasayrdeni Zala gaxda.

`XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi kazakTa Temebi gardaiqmnen regularul kazakTa jarebad. 1721 wels samxedro uwyebas damorCildnen. kazakobaSi TandaTan gauqmda jaris ufrosobis arCeviToba, maT ruseTis mTavroba niSnavda. XVIII_XIX saukuneebSi Seiqmna kazakTa jaris axali saxeoba, romelic mTlianad daemqvemdebara samxedro uwyebas~. (8, t.5, gv.315).

XX saukuneSi kazakebidan Camoyalibda misi saimperatoro umaRlesobis piradi mcvelTa razmi (`konvoi~) da ruseTis gvardiaSi Sevida 3 kazakTa damoukidebeli sajariso erTeuli:

1. kazakTa laib-gvardia, romelic Camoyalibda 1798 wels. monawileobas Rebu-

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lobda 1805 wlis austerlicisa da 1812 wels borodinos brZolebSi, (1813_1814) wlebSi parizis da 1828 wels dunaize laSqrobebSi;

2. atamanis laib-gvardia. Seiqmna 1775 wels donis jaris SemadgenlobaSi. 1859 wels gadakeTda gvardiaT. iTvleboda kazakTa sajariso nawilebs Soris yvelaze ufro samagaliTo nawilad;

3. gadamyvani-kazakTa laib-gvardia. Camoyalibda 1906 wels. masSi Sevidnen kazakTa sxvadasxva samxedro nawilebidan TiTo-TiTo aseuli.

`XX saukunis damdegisaTvis kazakTa 11 jari iyo (donis, yubanis, Tergis, astraxanis, uralis, orenburgis, SvidmdinareTis, cimbiris, baikalispireTis, amuris, usuris). 1917 wels Seiqmna eniseis kazakTa jari da iakutis kazakTa polki~. (8, t.5, gv.315).

2. d o n i s k a z a k e b i . donis kazakobis Camoyalibebis TariRad, iTvleba 1570 wlis 3 ianvari. donis

kazakebis jaris arsebobis 300 wlisTavi aRiniSna 1870 wlis 3 ianvars. Tumca, donis kazakebs, moskovis samTavro ufro adrec icnobda. cnobilia, rom 1552 wels donis kazakebi monawileobas Rebulobdnen yazanis saxanos winaaRmdeg laSqrobaSi. madlierma ivane mrisxanem, kazakebs sigeliT, samudamo flobelobaSi daumtkica md. donis da misi Senakadebis midamoebi. 1562 wels donis kazakebi monawileobdnen astraxanis saxanos dapyrobaSic. 1581 wlidan iwyeba donis kazakebis SemweobiT cimbiris dapyroba. 1584 wels donis kazakobam erTgulebis fici dado, ruseTis mefis winaSe.

1603 wlidan donis kazakebi monawileobas Rebulobdnen ruseTis samefos winaaRmdeg ajan-yebebSi. ajanyebebis CaxSobis Semdeg, donis kazakebi arbevdnen yirimis saxanosa da TurqeTis Savi zRvispireTis qalaqebs.

ruseTis mefis petre I-is dros, donis kazakebi monawileobdnen (1695_1696) wlebSi azovis laSqrobaSi da 1701 wels SvedeTTan omSi. vinaidan petre I-ma daiwyo kazakebis uflebebis SezRudva, 1707 wels donis kazakebi ajanydnen, atamanis, k o nd r at i b ul a v i n i s (daaxl. 1660_1708) meTaurobiT. 1709 wels ajanyeba sasti kad CaaxSes. amis gamo petre I-ma 1708 wels gaauqma ivane IV-is mier gacemuli sigeli, ase, rom donis kazakobam Tavisufleba dakarga. amis Semdeg, donis kazakebi monawileobas Rebulobdnen ruseTis imperiis mier warmoebul omebSi, rogorc ruseTis jaris qvedanayofebi.

cnobilia, rom ruseTis oqtombris revoluciis dros, kazakTa nawili gamodioda sabWoTa wyobilebis winaaRmdeg da emxrobodnen e. w. TeTr gvardielebs. kazakTa mcire nawili monawileobas Rebulobda wiTel jarSi. magram, revolucionerebs miaCndaT, rom (1905_1907) wlebSi, ruseTSi momxdari revoluciis dros, xalxis darbevaSi mTavari damnaSaveebi iyvnen kazakebi. amitom, xeli-suflebaSi mosvlisTanave, bolSevikebma Seecadnen kazakebis politikuri uflebebis Sekveca da revoluciis

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Semdeg kazakTa samxedro SenaerTebi daSales. komisrebis da saxelmwifo xelmZRva- nelebis kazakebis mimarT uaryofiTad damokidebulebis gamo (daiwyo kazakTa meurneobis ganadgureba, gadasaxlebebi da ganTavisuflebul adgilebSi, sxva mxareebidan mcire miwiani mosaxleobis Camosaxleba. xdeboda kazakTa brZolis unarianobis ganadgureba) kazakTa mosaxleoba daupirispirda bolSevikur idebs da daiwyo Tavisuf- lebisaTvis brZola, Tavisi `stanicebis~ da `xutorebis~ dacva. (136). maT (1917_ 1920) wlebSi, sabWoTa xelisufalTa waqezebiT, kazakTa umravlesoba, ganicdida devna-Seviwroebas da represias.

1919 wlis centraluri komitetis miTiTebiT, romelsac xels awerda, komunisturi partiisa da sabWoTa saxelmwifos moRvawe, sruliad ruseTis ck-is da òrg-biuros~ Tavmjdomare i a k o b s v e r dlo v i (part. fsevd. andrei, maqsi da sxv.) (1885_1919), kazakebi romlebic `Rebulobdnen raime monawileobas pirdapir, an arapirdapir brZolebSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg, uklebliv yvela gaiJlitos~. (135). da daiwyo maTi devna-Seviwroeba. gadarCenili kazakebi gadaasaxles.

`kazakebi iZulebulni gaxdnen emigraciaSi wasuliyvnen da TavSesafari ucxo qveynebSi (aSS, kanada) eZebnaT. kazakoba, rogorc socialuri movlena, 1920 wels `gaauqmes~. kazakebis devna Semdeg wlebSic grZeldeboda, magram kazakoba gadarCa, is arsebobda da iarsebebs~. (21, gv.30).

àRweris monacemebidan, cnobilia, rom 1926 wels, revoluciamde donis mosaxleobidan, mxolod 45% darCa, uralis samxedro nawilSi _ 10%, sxva samxedro nawilebSi _ 25%-mde. praqtikulad ganadgurebulni iyvnen 50 wlis zeviT yvela kazakebi _ amay meomar-xalxs CamoerTvaT yovelgvari xsovna da tradiciebi.

terori grZeldeboda SemdegSic, Tumca gamoixateboda arc ise agresiul forme- bSi, magram SeinarCuna amasTanave erTad mTavari mimarTuleba _ Tanmimdevrulad `gawmenda~ kazakebis miwebidan kazakuri sazogadoebis wyobis cxovrebis da saerTod yvelafris, rac mas agonebda, xdeboda sayovelTao sicocxlis ̀ gasabWoeba~ stanicebSi.

genocidis axali talRa daiwyo koleqtivizaciis droidan, 1930-dan 1936-mde wlebSi gankulakebis saxiT nadgurdeboda jer kidev SemorCenili Zveli droidan erTeuli kazakuri meurneoba, mepatroneebs xvretdnen, qonebas arTmevdnen, Zalda- tanebiT asaxlebdnen CrdiloeTis dausaxlebel mxareebSi, cimbirSi, Sua aziaSi. kazakebi aTasobiT iRupebodnen xelovnurad Seqmnili SimSilisa da axal adgilebSi gausaZlisi saarsebo pirobebis gamo~. (117).

ssrk-s daSlis Semdeg, kazakebi cdiloben, rom aRdges donis kazakoba. 1980 wlis 17 noembers donis rostovSi gaixsna donis kazakebis yriloba. sadac

donis kaza-kebis dedaqalaqad gamocxadda novoCerkaski. aqve daisva sakiTxi, rom dons volgogradis olqSi miscemoda gansakuTrebuli avtonomiuri uflebebi da masSi unda SeerTebuliyo ruseTis volgo-gradis olqebis nawili, ukrainis donisa da luganskis olqebi. amave dros donis kazakebi unda eRiarebinad rogorc calke eri.

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cnobilia, rom donis kazakebi Rebulobdnen monawileobas dneprispireTis konfliqtSi, rogorc e. w. rusulenovan moqalaqeebis dacvaSi da 2005 wels CaCneTSi. 2010 wlis 1 seqtemberi moskovis patriarqma kirilma gamoacxada dResaswaulad yvela marTlmadidebel kazakebisaTvis da donis RvTis mSoblis xati.

iqmneba sazogadoebebi da sxvadasxva organizaciebi rogorc ruseTSi, aseve sazRvargareT. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom umravlesoba am organizaciis wevrebisa, ar warmoadgenen kazakebs.

3. g r e b e n i s d a T e r g i s k a z a k e b i . cnobilia, rom XVI saukuneSi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, donis kazakebs 3 aseuli

gamoeyo da mdinareebis Tergisa da sunjis mTis Txemebze (`grebniax~) dasaxldnen. amitom maT adre uwodebdnen grebenis kazakebs, xolo Semdeg ewodaT Tergis kazakebi. droTa ganmavlobaSi mas SeuerTdnen volgis kazakebi da gamoqceuli glexebi. 1577 wels Camoyalibda Tergis kazakTa jari. 1588 wels ruseTis xelisuflebam md. Tergis SesarTavSi daiwyo cixe-simagris ageba. ruseTis mefis xelisufleba pirvelad, Tergis kazakebs iyenebda rogorc damcav da sadazvervo RonisZie- bebisaTvis. kazakebi Tavis Tavs damoukidebel xalxad Tvlidnen. magram, TandaTan, isini xdebodnen ruseTis xelisuflebaze damokidebulni da ruseTSi samxedro samsaxurs eweodnen. Camoyalibda grebenis jari, romelic 1721 wels daeqvemdebara samxedro kolegias da Sevida ruseTis SeiaraRebul ZalebSi.

amave xanebSi, ruseTma daiwyo md. Tergis napirebze cixe-simagreebis ageba da Tergis SemogarenSi donis kazakebis Camosaxleba.

1735 wels iranTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad (ruseTma irans daubruna adre dapyrobili baqo da derbendi), ruseTma sasazRvro xazi gadmoswia md. Tergamde. amis gamo, stanicebSi myofi kazakebi gadaasaxles md. Tergis marcxena mxares da Seqmnes Terg-semionovskis jari.

1763 wels Tergis midamoebSi daiwyes cixe-simagris ageba, romelic 1765 wels gardaiqmna q. mozdokad. qalaqis mosaxleobisagan, ZiriTadaT, yabardoelebisa da osebisagan Camoyalibda mTiel mozdokTa kazakTa razmi.

md. Tergis sazazRvro xazis gamagrebis mizniT, gadmoasaxles volgis kazakebi da Camoayalibes mozdokis kazakTa sajariso erTeuli. cnobilia, rom XIX saukunis I naxevarSi md. Tergis marcxena mxareSi gadmosaxldnen ruseTis sxvadasxva adgile-bidan glexebi, romlebmac agreTve miiRes kazakebis wodeba.

1832 wels, md. Tergis marcxena mxareSi myofi azov-mozdokis saxazo samxedro nawilebi gadakeTda kavkasiis saxazo kazakTa jarad da Savi zRvis samxedro nawilebTan erTad icavda md. Tergis SesarTavidan md. yubanis SesarTavamde midamoebs. SemdegSi monawileobas Rebulobda kavkasiis omSi.

1860 wels kavkasiis saxazo kazakTa jari, gardaiqmna Tergis kazakTa jarad. amave welsve, kavkasiis saxazo jari, gadakeTda yubanis da Tergis olqad.

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1890 wels gamocxadda Tergis kazakTa jaris aRlumis dRe 25 agvisto (7). jaris wminda damcvelis, varfolomis mociqulis dRe.

1917 wlis noemberSi, Tergis mTian mxareSi da daRestanSi, Camoyalibda mTielTa respublika. amave wlis 1 (14) dekembers `kavkasiis gaerTianebul mTielTa kavSiris~ mTavarma komitetma, Ter-gisa da daRestnis olqebis qalaqTa kavSiris SeTanxmebiT, Camoyalibda `Terg-daRestnis mTavroba~. ruseTSi gaCaRebuli samoqalaqo omis dros, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSic daiwyo areuloba: ganxorcielda mTielTa Tavdasxmebi q. groznosa da kazakTa stanicebze. amave dros gamocxadda ruseTis mTavrobis dadgenileba `wodebriobisa da samoqalaqo Cinebis gauqmebis~ Sesaxeb, romelic gaxda sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier dawyebuli, kazakTa winaaRmdeg brZolis iuriudiuli safuZveli. 1918 wlis martSi Tergis kazakebisa da mTielTa II saolqo yrilobam gamoacxada `Tergis sabWoTa respublika~ (`T. s. r.~). amave wlis ivnisSi ajanydnen zogierTi stanicebis kazakebi. mozdokSi Catarebuli kazakTa yrilobis dadgeni-lebiT, kazakebma bolSevikebTan yovelgvari kavSiri gawyvites. ivlisSi `T. s. r.~ Sevida `CrdiloeT kavkasiis sabWoTa respublikis~ (`C.k.s.r.~) SemadgenlobaSi. amave wlis agvistoSi Tergis amboxebulma kazakebma aiRes vladikavkazi. inguSebma daarbies qalaqi grozno. 21 oqtombers ajanyebulebma `C.k.s.r~-is xelmZRvanelebi daxvrites. TergSi sabWoTa wyobilebis damyarebis Semdeg, wiTelma jarma ajanyebulebi gaanadgura. kazakebi (daaxl. 10 000 kaci gadaasaxles. isini gzaSi ixocebodnen da iyinebodnen. amave dros maTze xde-boda mTielTa Tavdasxmebi. amave wlis dekemberSi sruliad ruseTis ck-is prezidiumis dadge-nilebiT, `C. k. s. r~ gauqmda.

1919 wlis ianvarSi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi `moxaliseTa armia~ Sevida. 1920 wlis martSi xelaxla daipyro Tergis olqi da aRadgina sabWoTa xelisufleba. sruliad ruseTis ck-is dadgenilebiT, Tergis olqi daSlilad gamocxadda.

1921 wlis 20 ianvars Camoyalibda mTielTa avtonomiuri sabWoTa respublika. Tergis sabWoTa respublikis nawili Sevida daRestnis assr-Si (xasaiurtis olqSi) da yizlaris ganyofilebaSi, xolo darCenili nawili _ Tergis olqSi, Crdilo-kavkasiis mxareSi da daeqvemdebara mozdokis ganyofilebas.

1921 wlis 27 marts 70 000 Tergis kazakebi, erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi, Tavisi sacxovrebeli adgilebidan iyvnen gadasaxlebulni. aqedan 35 000 gzaSi, rkinigzis sadgurTan mospes. kazakTa stanicebis gamonTavisuflebul saxlebSi saxldebodnen `wiTel armielebi~.

dRevandel dRes, 27 marti iTvleba Tergis kazakTa mosaxseniebel dRed. 1921 wlis oqtomberSi, Tergis mxareSi moqmedi e. w. `bandebis~ mosaspobad,

xelisuflebis mier miRebuli sastiki zomebis Semdeg da am mxareSi dawyebuli SimSilobis Sedegad, `bandebis~ nawili ganadgurda, nawili Cabarda tyved.

1922 wlis 16 noembers sruliad ruseTis centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis dadgenilebiT Tergis kazakTa jaris yizlaris ganyofileba gadaeca daRestans.

1927 wels imis gamo, rom CrdiloeTkavkasiam ver Seasrula saxelmwifosaTvis marcvleulis Cabarebis gegma, amitom mTavrobam Camoayaliba razmebi, romlebic

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CrdiloeT kavkasiis mosaxleobas da Tergis stanicebis kazakebsac ZaliT arTmevdnen ukanasknel marcvleuls. kazakTa nawili gaasa-marTles rogorc ̀ puris spekulantebi~. amis gamo CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi daiwyo SimSiloba. mdgomareobis gamosworebis TvalsazrisiT, mTeli CrdiloeT kavkasia gamocxadda koleqtivizaciis mxared. vinc winaaRmdegobas gamoTqvamda kolmeurneobebSi Sesvlaze, cxaddebodnen kulakebad da sabWoTa wyobilebis mtrebad.

1941_1945 wlebSi Tergis kazakebis nawili monawileobas Rebulobda sabWoTa jarSi, xolo nawili germanelebis mxares. omis damTavrebis Semdeg, ingliselebma sabWoTa kavSirs gadasces sxva kazakebTan erTad Tergis kazakebic, ojaxebTan erTad, romlebic iqnen gadasaxlebulni Sua aziaSi.

rogorc cnobilia, 1957 wels gadasaxlebulTa nawili daabrunes Zvel adgilebSi, Tumca es ar Sexebia kazakebs.

1958_1981 wlebSi q. groznoSi da CrdiloeT kavaksiis sxva qalaqebSi daiwyo Sexla-Semoxla adgilobriv mosaxleobasa da Tergis kazakebs Soris.

1990 wlis 23 marts Catarda Tergis kazakTa yriloba, sdac gamocxadda Tergis kazakTa aRdgena.

2000 wlidan Tergis kazakebi monawileobas Rebuloben rfr-is mier TiTqmis yvela ganxorcielebul sadamsjelo operaciebSi. (137).

4 . y u b a n i s k a z a k e b i . CrdiloeTis kavkasiis xalxebze zegavlenas axdendnen, CrdiloeT-kavkasiis

ruseTis kazakebis nawilebi, e. w. yubanis kazakebi, romlebic cxovrobdnen dRevandeli krasnodaris mxareSi, stavro-polis mxaris dasavleT nawilSi, rostovis olqis samxreTSi, adiRes respublikasa da karaCaevo-CerqezeTSi. maTi jaris Stabi ganTavsebuli iyo q. ekaterinodarSi (axl. krasnodari).

yubanis kazakTa jari, Camoyalibda 1860 wels, SavizRvis kazakTa jaris nawilisa da kavkasiis omis damTavrebis Semdeg, gauqmebuli kavkasiis saxazo kazakTa jarisagan. agreTve e. w. `miwerili kazakebisagan~. jaris atamanebs (xelmZRvanelebs) niSnavda ruseTis imperatori. 1890 wlidan, ruseTis mefis brZanebiT, jaris aRlumi imarTeboda 28-30 agvistoSi. SemdegSi, krasnodaris mxa-ris aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis dadgenilebiT, jaris aRlumis dRed gamocxadda 12 seqtemberi _ wmida aleqsandre nevelis dRe.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, 1774 wlis kuCuk-kainarjis zavis Tanaxmad, ruseTma SeZlo gasuliyo Sav zRvaze da yirimSi. ase, rom ruseTisaTvis samxreT sazRvrebis dacva aRar sWirdebda. reC pospolitis (poloneT-litvis saxelmwifo) e. w. `Sliaxtis demokratia~ (poloneTSi aznaurebi) ruseTis dasavleT nawilSi, myofi kazakebi, daSlis piras iyo misuli. kazakebi xSirad awyobdnen ajanyebebs da ar emorCilebodnen xelisuflebas, amitom ruseTis imperatoris ekaterine II-s brZa-nebiT, 1775 wels seCi zaporoJie gaauqmes. kazakebis nawili gadavida TurqeTis mxares,

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darCenili kazakebisagan Camoyalibda èrTguli zaporoJies jari~. ruseT-osmaleTis omis (1787_1791) wlebSi damTavrebis Semdeg q. iasSi 1792 w. 9 ianvris xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, ruseTs gadaeca yirimi da Savi zRvis CrdiloeTi sanapiroebi mdinareebis bugsa da dnestrs Soris. am omSi Tavdade-bulobisaTvis èrTguli zaporoJies jaris~ kazakebma, ekaterine II-isagan miiRes, axlad Semoer-Tebuli miwebi da jer kidev dausaxlebeli md. yubanis marjvena sanapiroebis miwebi, `samudamo da STamomavlobiT mflobelobaSi~. xolo jaris saxelwodeba Seicvala da daerqva `SavizRvis kazakTa jari~.

1793 wels Savi zRvidan, ramdenime laSqrobebis Semdeg, daaxl. 25 000 kazakebi Casaxldnen yubanis miwebze. TandaTan kazakebi momravldnen da 1860 wels kazakTa jari Seadgenda 200 000 kacs. am droidan, ruseTSi moqmedebda ramdenime kazakTa samxedro nawilebi:

saxazo kazakebi warmoadgendnen, kavkasiis saxazo jaris nawils, romlic Seu-erTes axlad Camoyalibebul yubanis jars. is Sedgeboda 2 damoukidebel sajariso erTeulisagan (polkisagan): yubanis da xopiorisagan.

yubanis polki _ warmoiqmna, 1780-an wlebSi yubanSi Casaxlebuli, donis da volgis kazakebis STamomavlebisagan. pirvelad undodaT yubanSi Caesaxlebinad donis kazakebis jaris nawili, aman ki kazakebSi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. amis Semdeg 1790 wels yubanSi Casaxldnen SavizRvispireTSi dasaxlebuli kazakebi.

xopioris polki _ ZiriTadaT warmoadgenda 1828 wels yubanis zemo mxareSi Casaxlebuli kazakebisagan.

adre isini 1444 wels dasaxldnen md-is xopiorsa da medvedicas Soris. kazakTa ajanyebaSi monawileobis gamo, petre I-ma, es mxare gaaCanaga. gadarCenili kazakTa nawili SemdegSi gadasaxlda TurqeTSi. 1716 wels kazakebi dabrudnen. isini monawileobas Rebulobdnen ruseTis `CrdiloeT omebSi~. SemdegSi kazakebi Seiwyales da neba darTes aeSenebinaT axali xopioris cixe-simagre. 1777 wels xopioris kazakebi gadaasaxles Sua Crdilo-kavkasiaSi, sadac isini omobdnen yabardoe-lebis winaaRmdeg da aaSenes simagre stavropoli. 1828 wels yaraCaelebis damorCilebis Semdgom, Casaxldnen yubanis zemo mxareSi.

revoluciis dawyebisas, saxazo kazakebi saxlobdnen yubanis olqis: kavkasiis, labinis, maikopis da batalpaSis mxareebSi.

miwerili kazakebi iyvnen XIX saukuneSi yubanSi Casaxlebuli saxelmwifos glexebi, agreTve (1805_1865) wlebSi dasaxlebuli kantonebi (jariskacis Svili, romelic pataraobidanve unda gamxdariyo jariskaci) da gadamdgari samxedro kazakebi. eseni saxldebodnen stanicebSi an qmnidnen axal stanicebs.

yubanis kazakebi ZiriTadaT warmoadgendnen Tavisufal gasamxedroebul soflis meurneobis mosaxleobas, romlis kazakTa jaris saTaveSi idga xalxis mier amorCeuli atamani, igi amave dros mmarTavda yubanis olqs. atamani iTvleboda mSvidobianobisas rogorc olqis gubernatori, xolo omianobisas _ jarebis xelmZRvaneli. mas emorCilebodnen yvela mxaris sabWoebis mier amorCeuli meTaurebi.

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yubanis kazakebi Sedgebodnen ramdenime sajariso ganyofilebisagan: eiseis, kavkasiis, tamanis, ekaterinodaris, maikopis, labinis, batalpaSinis, Savi zRvis da afxazeTis specialuri kazakTa ganyofilebisagan.

1933 wlis samoqalaqo omisa da 1993 wels saqarTveloSi momxdari ambebis (dapirispireba afxazebsa da qarTvelebs Soris) dros, afxazeTSi damkvidrdnen yubanidan gamoqceulni, xolo Semdeg, moxalise kazakebi. dRevandel dRes specialur kazakTa sajariso ganyofilebaSi Sedis gagris raionis kazakTa ganyofileba. yubanis sazRvrebis gareT, moqmedebs kazakTa sxvadasxva sazogadoebebi. (138).

* * * * * * rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, amaT garda, ruseTis imperiaSi iyo sxvadasxva kazakTa

jarebi. cnobilia, rom ruseTis imperiis daSlis Semdeg da samoqalaqo omebis Semdgom, Camoyalibda kazakTa ramdenime e. w. `saxelmwifoebi~ da `respublikebi~:

yubanis saxalxo respublika; vsevelikoe donis jari; Tergis kazakTa respublika; uralis kazakTa respublika; orenburgis kazaCii krug; simbirsko-semireCenskaia kazakTa respublika; zabaikalskaia kazakTa respublika. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, yvela es kazakebi, aseve rogorc ruseTis iperiaSi

myofi sxva xalxebi, ruseTSi momxdari revoluciis dros da sabWoTa kavSiris Camoyalibebis dRidan, ganicdidnen devna-Seviwroebas.

kazakebisaTvis saxeli, rom gaetexaT da kazakebi daemcirebinaT, bolSevikebi yovel xerxs xmarobdnen. Jurnal-gazeTebSi iwereboda yovlad usafuZvlo werilebi da mowodebebi: `mokali kazakebi _ adamianebi ar arian!~ da sxv...

mxolod 1936 wels gauqmda wiTel armiaSi kazakebis samsaxuris SezRudvebi. Camoyalibda axali cxenosanTa diviziebi~. (21, gv.31). kazakebis samxedro nawilebi monawileobas Rebulobdnen sabWoTa jarTan erTad sxvadasxva adgilebSi.

cnobilia, rom 1936 welsve damtkicda kazakebisaTvis saaRlumo forma, rom-liTac kazakebi unda gamosuliyvnen amave wlis 1 maiss, magram sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo kazakebis am formiT gamosvla gauqmda.

meore msoflio omis dros, kazakebis mudmivi samxedro nawilebi da moxaliseebic, ibrZodnen germanel-faSistebis winaaRmdeg.

unda aRiniSnos, rom am omis dros, 1942 wlis oqtomberSi, germaniis SeiaraRebul ZalebSi (`vermaxti~) Camoyalibda sazRvargareT myofi kazakebisagan, sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg mebrZoli kazakTa samxedro nawilebi. SemdegSi, maT SeuerTdnen samxedro tyveebi da germanelebis mier dakavebuli miwebidan mcxovrebi da sabWoTa kavSiridan gaqceuli kazakebi. 1943 wlis 10 noembers Camoyalibda kazakTa samxedro organizacia e. w. `kazaCi stan~, romelic `vermaxt~-Si aerTianebda kazakebs. germa-

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nelebi kazakebs endobodnen, radgan isini guladi da erTguli meomrebi iyvnen. kazakebs imedi hqondaT, rom germanelebis daxmarebiT, ruseTSi, Camoayalibebdnen Tavisufal damoukidebel saxelmwifos.

1945 wlis aprilSi Camoyalibda samxedro qvedanayofi _ kazakTa calke korpusi, romelic Sevida `rusebisagan xalxTa ganTavisuflebis komitetis~ SeiaraRebul Zalebis SemadgenlobaSi. is Sedgeboda samxedroebisagan da ltolvilebisagan.

omis damTavrebis Semdeg, sabWoTa kavSirs gadasces, faSistur germaniaSi monawile samxedro kazakebi da is kazakebic romlebic arasdros ar yofilan sabWoTa moqalaqeni. sabWoTa sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, kazakTa generlebi sikvdiliT dasajes, danarCenni, ojaxebianad gada-asaxles aRmosavleTSi sxvadasxva vadiT.

1955 wlis 17 seqtembris umaRlesi sabWoTa prezidiumis dadgenilebiT, gadasaxlebulTa kazakTa nawils sasjeli mouxsnes. amis Semdeg TandaTan daiwyo e. w. `kazakebis aRorZineba~ da warmoiqmna e. w. axali kazakebi (neokazakebi).

1989 wlis 14 noembers ssrk-is dadgenilebiT, `xalxTa winaaRmdeg represiul aqtebis arakanoniurad da danaSaulad aRiareba, romliTac ganxorcielda Zaldata-nebiT gadasaxleba da maTi uflebebis dacva~, ganmtkicda ruseTis kazakTa reabili-tacia. xolo, 1992 wlis 16 ivliss, ruseTis federaciis umaRlesma sabWom gamosca dadgenileba, romliTac gaauqma yvela adrindeli aqtebi kazakTa represiebis Sesaxeb.

1989-1991 wlebSi nacionaluri moZraobis wevrebma TxovniT mimarTes rsfsr-is xelmZRvanelobas, rom SeeqmnaT CerqezeTis, yaraCais, abazebis da zemoyubanis kazakebis avtonomiuri olqebi, magram maTi Txovna ar daakmayofiles.

1990 wlis 28_30 ivniss, moskovSi Sekrebil didi wris kazakTa damfuZnebel Sekrebaze, Camoyalibda `ruseTis kazakTa kavSiri~. miiRes atamanTa sabWos wesdeba da atamanTa mmarTveloba. amave wlis 1 dekembers miiRes `ruseTis kazakTa dekla-racia~, droSa da sxva. unda aRiniSnos, rom kazakTa didma wrem gamoTqva survili, rom ruseTs SeerTeboda CrdiloeT yazaxeTi, samxreT oseTi, odindeli ruseTis miwebi da daeTanxma ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi kazakTa respublikebis Camoyalibebas.

1991 wlis 17 noembers did kazakebis atamanebis donis kazakTa jarebisa da sxva samxreT ruseTis kazakTa sazogadoebebis sabWoze gamocxadda `samxreT ruseTis kazakTa sabWos~ Camoyalibeba. miiRes wesdeba da dawesda sabWos aRnagoba. amave wlis noemberSive Camoyalibda samxreT ruseTis kazakTa sabWo novoCerkaskSi.

1993 w. moskovSi Seiqmna _ ruseTisa da sazRvargareTis ̀ kazakaTa jaris kavSiri~. amave welsve Camoyalibda saqarTvelos kazakTa kavSiri. romelsac warmomadgenlebi hyavs niujersSi, moskovSi, ukrainaSi da sxv.

cnobilia, rom jer kidev 1947 wels rogorc sazogadoebrivi organizacia `kazakebis msoflio asociacia~ registracia gaiara aSS-i, niu-jersis StatSi. misi mTavari mizani aris kazakTa aRorZinebis daCqareba ruseTSi, ruseTSi myofi kazakebisaTvis yovelmxrivi daxmareba da sazRvar-gareT kazakebis saxelis amaRleba.

1991 wels ssrk-s daSlis dros warmoiqmna TviTgamocxadebuli ramdenime kazakTa `saxelmwifoebi~: donis kazakTa respublika da Tergis kazakTa respublika; arma-

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viris kazakTa respublika da zemo-yubanis kazakTa respublika, romlis Semadgenlo- baSi ganixileboda kidev 2 respublika: zelenCuk-urupiis kazakaTa sabWoTa socialisturi respublika da batalpaSis kazakTa respublika. (batalpaSi _ 1939 wlidan Cerkaski).

1991 wlis 20 noembers yvela zemoT dasaxelebuli respublikebi gaerTiandnen erT respub-likad: samxreT ruseTis kazakTa respublikad (srkr). dedaqalaqad gamocxadda novoCerkaski. aseTi wodebiT unda Sesuliyvnen axal Camoyalibebul saxelmwifoTa kavSirSi, (dsT-Si, rus. sng). maT Camoayalibes xelisuflebis dawesebulebebi, moskovSi elCic hyavdaT daniSnuli. magram, sabWoTa wyobilebis daSlis Semdeg srkr-m Sewyvita arseboba, xolo ruseTis federaciaSi kazakTa respub-likebis Camoyalibebis sakiTxi, saerTod ar ganxilula.

1994 wlis 22 aprilis gamocxadebuli dadgenilebiT, kazakebs neba darTes emuSavad ruseTis saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi.

1995 wlis ianvarSi rf-Si Seiqmna kazakuri jarebis mTavari sammarTvelo. rf-Si moqmedebs 11 kazakebis jarebis sazogadoebebi: `vsevelikoe voisko dons-

koe~, centralnoe, volgis, eniseis, irkutskis, yubanis, orenburgis, cimbiris, Tergis, usuris da zabaikalis.

`2000 wels moskovSi, ruseTis kazakTa didi wris Sexvedraze, gamocxadda sazogadoebriv-politikuri gaerTianeba `ruseTis kazakebi~ (`kazaki rosii~). masSi gaerTienebulia axlo mdebare kazakTa sajariso nawilebi da olqebi: cimbiris kazakTa kavSiri, aRmosavleT cimbiris kazakTa kavSiri da Soreul aRmosavleTis kazakTa kavSiri~. (139).

2003 wels 25 Tebervals SemoRebul iqna, kazakebis sakiTxebSi rf-is prezidentis mrCevlis Tanamdeboba da sxv. rogorc vxedavT, XX saukunis bolos daiwyo ruseTis xelisuflebis mier, kazakebis ganaxlebis da aRorZinebis xelis Sewyoba, romelic dResac grZeldeba.

cnobilia, rom Sesatyvisebi ̀ aRorZinebuli kazakebi~, aseve ̀ Tanamedrove kazakebi~, gamoiyeneboda momavali sazogadoebis aRniSnisaTvis samoqalaqo omis Semdeg. pirvelad Sesatyvisi àRorZinebuli kazakebi~ gaCnda sazRvargareT myofi kazakebis mier. ase uwodebdnen Tavis Tavs meore msoflio omis dros, faSistur-germaniis jarebSi myofi kazakebi. aseve uwodebdnen isini momaval kazakTa sazogadoebas sabWoTa kavSiris damarcxebis Semdeg. (139).

XX saukunis II naxevarSi kazakebis moZraobis Sesaxeb, a. kozlovi aRniSnavs: `farTovdeba kazakebis gaerTianebis mimdinareoba. erTiandebian, didi xnis win

ganlagebul mZlavri mdinareebis auzebSi _ volgis, donis, yubanis uralis obis, eniseis, amuris, kazakebis ruseTis sazogadoebebi~. (95, gv.11).

`warmoiqmna kazakTa moZraoba da gamalebiT gafarTovda siganeSi da sigrZeSi. 80-iani wlebis bolos gadaiqca mniSvnelovan mamoZravebel Zalad da rogorc ki cot-cota Semcirda SiSi, atyda mxurvale qariSxali. es moZraoba momdinareobs peres-troikidan~. (95, gv.17).

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unda aRiniSnos, rom dRevandel dRes kazakebis jaris aRorZineba da erTiani kazakebis Camoyalibeba SeuZlebelia, vinaidan kazakebi rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo, gabneulebi arian araTu mTels ruseTSi, aramed sazRvargareTac. saerTod neokazakebi warsulis miTebiT sazrdoobs, romelic erT dros, maT winapreps ruseTis imperiaSi, uZlieresi laSqari yavdaT. neokazakebs erTis mxriv, samoqalaqo omis droidan dawyebuli bolSevikebi sZulT, romlebmac kazakebs didi ziani miayenes, xolo, meores mxriv, meore msoflio omSi sabWoTa kavSiris gamarjvebas adideben, radgan am omSi, sabWoeTis mxares kazakebic monawileobdnen, agreTve ixseneben im dros, rodesac moqmedebda `kazaCi stani~.

ruseTis xelisufleba, rogorc uwin, exlac iyenebs kazakTa sajariso nawilebs, sagangebo mdgomareobis dros, gansakuTrebiT maSin rodesac TviT ruseTs ar unda, rom gamoCndes da oficialurad ar monawileobs. cnobilia, rom kazakTa SeiaraRebuli Zalebi monawileobdnen dnestrispireTSi, iugoslaviaSi, inguSeTis xocva-JletaSi, CaCneTSi, saqarTveloSi da sxva adgilebSi. a. kozlovi wers:

`dRevandel dRes axali bolSevikebi, neodemokratebi, aTamaSeben kazakur kartebs gamwvavebul brZolebSi xelisuflebis ganStoebebs Soris. sxdomaTa darbazebSi, yofil ruseTis federaciis umaRlesi sabWos, saprezidento mTavrobis organiza-ciebSi, sxvadasxva gvar opoziciebs Soris, iSviaTad, magram mainc gaielvebs gamoclili gamosaxuleba atamanis aRnagoba, usaTuod TavsaburiT (`kazaki quds ar texs~). yofili vice-prezidenti imeds aZlevda kazakebs oqros mTebs. man SeZlo aeRorZinebina municipalitetis sakuTreba miwaze, magram, azradac ar mosdioda Tu ra Sedegi mohyveboda aseT aqciebs, dnestrispireTSi, karabaxSi, afxazeTSi, CrdiloeT oseTSi, inguSeTSi da tajikeTSi. aseTi mobruneba gamoCndeba ubralo sxivad gavarvarebul politikur atmosferoSi. ali SeiZleba moedos sxva dsT-es regionebs, vinaidan kazakoba represirebuli bolSevikebis mier, mimofantulia mTel yofil kavSirSi, centris CaTvliT, sadac aqamde kazakebis gaerTianebebi ar arsebobda. samo-qalaqo omma SeiZleba gamoiwvios didZali maStabebi~. (95, gv.22).

rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, kazakebs droTa ganmavlobaSi Taviseburi wes-wyobileba gamoumuSavdaT. miuxedavad imisa, rom kazakebi sxvadasxva erovnebebisa da sarwmuneobebisagan Sedgebodnen, maT yofa-cxovrebis wesi erTnairi CamouyalibdaT. sarwmuneobis mxriv qristianebi gaxdnen. Tumca, `sabWoTa reJimis damyarebis Semdeg, komunistebisagan devnis gamo, mravali kazaki, Tavis gadarCenis mizniT, religiuri seqtis wevri gaxda~. (21, gv.91). TandaTan mebrZoli, Tavze xel-aRebuli kazaki, mxvnel-mTesvelobas, vaWrobas, meurneobasac mihyo xeli. swavla-ganaTlebas da xelovnebasac daewafa. kazakebi Cacma-daxurviTac gamoirCeodnen, Taviseburi fafaxiT, CeqmebiT, xmliT da maTraxiT. kazakebis Sesaxeb a. kozlovi aRniSnavs:

èxla, ise rogorc arasdros uwin, yovelSemTxvevaSi sabWoTa epoqaSi, maTze warmoudgenlad bevrs laparakoben, weren, gadacemen, aCveneben maT sxvadasxva yaidaze da Taviseburad. kazakebi warmogvidgeba xan rogorc mamacebi, keTilSobilni raindebi, romlebmac ar ician Tu ra aris SiSi. rogorc ruseTis mSeneblebi da slavebis

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mxsnelni. xan rogorc ZvelisZveli xelSemwyobi da reaqciis damcveli. yovelive winsvlis gamanadgurebeli da progresis mteri; xan ubralod rogorc maTraxis mqone, loTi, ayalmayalis amtexi da Tavgadasavlis moyvaruli~. (95, gv.3).

`kazakebis garegnoba asocirdeba yaCaRebTan ayalmayalis amtexTan, CxubisTavTan, avarasTan da avanturisTan. kazakebze _ mSeneblebze, mxvnel-mTesvelze, Semomqmedze, ar mogviTxroben, an saerTod arafers gviyvebian. ruseTis prezidentis brZanebu- lebac ki kazakebis Sesaxeb, kerZod `samxedro struqturis reformirebis sasazRvro da Sinagani SeiaraRebuli Zalebis, ruseTis federaciis CrdiloeTis kavkasiis regionis da saxelmwifos dacva kazakebisa~. 1991w. 15 marti. iwvevs gaocebas da gaugeblobas~. (95. gv.15).

* * * * * * kazakebis Sesaxeb, sabolood SeiZleba iTqvas, rom rogorc zemoT araerTxel

aRvniSneT, kaza-kebi, romlebic adre warmoadgendnen Tavisuflebis moyvare xalxs da droTa ganmavlobaSi iZule-bulni gaxdnen sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo mimxrobodnen moskovis samTavros, romlisagan miiRes sakuTar mflobelobaSi, ruseTis samxreTi dausaxlebeli miwebi da samagierod icavdnen ruseTis ganapira sazRvrebs, maT TandaTan Seqmnes SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, romlebic monawileobas Rebulobdnen ruseTis imperiis SeiaraRebul nawilebSi da icavdnen ruseTis imperias rogorc sagareo mtrebisagan, aseve Sin momxdari areulobisas. ruseTSi mimdinare samamulo omis Semdeg, sina-mdvileSi moxda kazakebis garuseba. omis Sedegad ganadgurebuli, gadarCenili kazakebi da Tavisufali `stanicebi~ gadaaqcies kolmeurneobebad, sadac warmoebda monuri Sroma, vidre mefis ruseTis dros iyo. sabWoTa kavSiris dros, iseve rogorc masSi myofi sxva eris warmomadgenlebi, kazakebmac ganicades Zaladoba da genocidi. cnobilia, rom marto Tergis 3 stanicidan, 1920 wlis 27 marts 72 000 gadaasaxles, aqedan 35 000 gzaSi daxvrites. Tergis kazakebi, daRupuli Taname-mamuleebis xsovnis dRes, 27 marts, yovel wels aRniSnaven.

1980-iani wlebidan daiwyo kazakebis àRorZineba~. mTavroba kazakebis aRorZinebas yovel mxriv xels uwyobs. magram, rogorc TviTon kazakebi aRniSnaven, erT-erTi mTavari gadauWreli sakiTxia, kazakebis dayofa reestrebad da arareestrebad. radgan reestrirebulT mTavroba exmareba, Ziri-TadaT mainc samxedro nawilebSi myof kazakebs. reestrirebul kazakebs SeuZliaT gaxdnen jaris maRali wodebis warmomadgenlebi. radgan isini yovelTvis ZvelTaganve gamoirCeodnen mebrZoli suliT da amitomac dRevandeli saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelebi, exmarebian maT, rom Seqmnan kadetTa msxvili sajariso nawilebi da sportuli samxedro daniSnulebis skolebi. `2010 wlisaTvis, gadmocemiT, ruseTSi moqmedebs 24 kazakTa kadetTa korpusebi, aTasze meti kazakTa klasebi saerTo-saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi, sadac swavloben 40 aTasze meti moswavleebi~. (139). xolo meore, araregistrirebul kazakebs, araviTari yuradReba ar eqcevaT da miSvebulni arian Tavis nebaze.

doneli kazakebi moiTxoven, rom volgogradSi, leninis moedans daerqvas, wiTeli

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armiis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli, baltiispireli baronis, ruseTis armiis general-leitenantis petre vrangelis moedani. 1994 wels moskovSi, yvela wmindanis taZarTan, daidga daRupilTa xsovnis ukvdavsayofad memoriali `saerTo sajariso kavSiris meomrebs, rusuli korpusis, kazakTa stanis, me-15-e kavaleriis korpusis, daRupulTa sarwmuneobisa da samSoblosaTvis~ da ruseTis imperatoris armiis generlis, donis jarebis atamanis, samxedro da politikuri moRvawis, mwerlisa da publicistis, meore msoflio omis dros mesame reixTan monawile p e tr e k r a s n o v i s a (1869_ 1947) da sxvaTa Zeglebi. 2006 wlis 4 agvistos, rostovis olqSi gaixsna, bolSe-vikebis da germanelebis winaaRmdeg daRupul kazakTa memorialuri kompleqsi, romlis Sua nawilSi dgas, p. krasnovis Zegli.

donis da yubanis kazakebi moiTxoven adrindeli miwebis dabrunebas, Zveli istoriuli dasaxlebebis saxelebis aRdgenas da am miwebze avtonomiis Seqmnas. agreTve kazakTa calke eTnosis Seqmnas. 2010 wlis 14 oqtombers, ruseTSi Catarebuli mosaxleobis aRweris dros, kazakebi moi-Txovdnen, rom calke yofiliyo aRniSnuli da gamoyofili, saaRricxvo furcelSi erovneba _ `kazaki~.

TandaTan gamoirkva, rom kazakebis aRorZinebam, mavne Sexeduleba miiRo, is gaxda mimsgavseba Zveli kazakebis. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, dRevandel dRes ruseTSi moqmedebs 700-mde sazoga-doebebi, romelTagan 33-s saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi da saerTaSoriso wesdeba aqvT miRebuli. am danawevrebul sazogadoebebs Tavisi atamanebi hyavT, romlebsac aZleven samxedro wodebebs da Cin-medlebs. atamanebi gamowyobilni Zvel kazakur yaidaze, Tavisi SarvlebiT, ukrainuli qoCoriT, fafaxiT, CeqmebiT, xmliT, maTraxiT da romelsac gul-mkerdi damSvenebuli aqvs sxvadasxva sabrZolo jildoebiT, xalxSi uaryofiT zegavlenas axdens da maT TviT kazakebic uwodeben zedmet saxelad `ряжёные~ _ morTulebs.

istorikosi, publicisti da kinokritikosi, dekanozi g io r g i m it rof a n o v i , axali kaza-kebis (neokazakebis) Sesaxeb wers, rom: àm morTuleb kazakebs, me saerTod ar Tvli maT kazakebad. kazaki _ meomari _ miwaT-moqmedia. es xalxi marginalebia, da revoluciamde ar miekuTvnebodnen kazakTa wodebas, maTi cxovrebis wesiT da saqmianobiT. aq isev mimbaZvelobaa, amjerad mimbaZveloba istoriuli tradiciebis gaziarebaa. kazakebi _ es wodeba, TiTqmis mTlianad iyo mospobili da dRes misi aRdgena SeuZlebelia da misi wabaZva ubralod arsebobis wabilwvaa, SebRalvaa~. (139).

5 . q a r T v e l e b i d a k a z a k e b i . qarTvelebsa da kazakebs Soris urTierToba aRniSnulia XVI saukunidan

ZiriTadaT ucxour wyaroebSi. rogorc cnobilia XV saukunis bolodan saqarTveloSi Znelbedobis xana daiwyo.

am droidan kavkasia gadaiqca iran-osmaleTis saTareSo moednad, xolo rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ruseTis gamoCenam, ufro metad daZaba mdgomareoba.

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muslimanuri samyaros mier garemoculi saqarTvelo, Tavdacvis mizniT, kavSirs amyarebs erTmorwmune ruseTTan. xolo, vinaidan qarTul samefo-samTavroebs Soris kaxeTis samefo geografiulad ufro axlos mdebareobda volgisa da kaspiis zRvis savaWro gzasTan, amitom, ruseTTan urTierToba pirvelad kavSiris damyareba daiwyo kaxeTis samefom. aqedan gaxda Sesa-Zlebeli qarTvelebsa da kazakebs Soris daaxloeba.

cnobilia, rom 1563 wels kaxeTis mefem (1518/20_1574) l e v a n m a moskovSi gaagzavna elCebi, romlebic mtrebis winaaRmdeg daxmarebas iTxovdnen. vinaidan moskovis mefe ivane IV mrisxane cdilobda CrdiloeT-kaspispireTis dapyrobas da iq gamagrebas, man amave wels mdinareebis sunjisa da Tergis SesarTavis maxloblad aago cixe-simagre da Sig jari Caayena. xolo, Tergidan, kaxeTSi strelcebisa da kazakTa mcire razmi (daaxl. 500 kaci) gamogzavna, romlebic levanma, Samxalis mxridan Tavis dasacavad, kaxeTis sazRvrispira cixeebSi Caayena. erTxans, es razmi, qarTlis mefes (simon xani) (1619_1630/31) s i m o n II-es (g. 1630/31) hyolia. (46). Semdeg wels, ruseTis xelisuflebam, es razmic ukan gaiwvia. wyaroebidan Cans, rom kazakebTan kavSiri Semdeg drosac grZeldeboda.

`wyaroebidan irkveva, rom qarTvelebs sakmaod gacxovelebuli vaWroba hqoniaT Crdilo kavkasiaSi Tergis kazakebsa da, agreTve, rusTa mflobelobaSi myof mTel rig qalaqebTan~. (21, gv.32).

XVI saukunis II naxevridan, aRmoCnda, rom qarTvelebsa da rusebs erTi saerTo mtrebi hyavdaT, amitom qarTvel mefeebsa da moskovis mefeTa TanxmobiT, Tergis cixe-simgreebis voe-vodebsa da iq myofi kazakTa meTaurebs Soris kargi urTierToba damyarda. isini qarTvel mefeebs elCebis saSualebiT atyobinebdnen TavianTi moqmedebebis Sesaxeb. qarTveli mefeebisaTvis mTavari iyo, rom saqarTveloSi, mtrebis dasanaxad, Tundac mcire ruseTis jari yofiliyo. cnobilia, kaxeTis mefis (1574_ 1605) al e q s a n dr e II-is (1527_1605) gancxadeba rusi elCebis mimarT:

`kaxeTSi, mTebze, saSamxlos sazRvrebis erT-erT ubanze (didoeTSi) saguSago samsaxurs asrulebda yirimis da TurqeTis tyveobidan saqarTveloSi dabrunebuli rusi kazakebi. roca rusma elCebma aRricxes isini im ganzraxviT, rom Tan waeyvanaT, mefe aleqsandrem guliswyroma gamoTqva:

`me im rusi kazakebiT Cems sazRvrebs ver davicav _ ganucxada elCebs aleqsandrem, _ maTi ricxvi oc kacs ar aRemateba. mxolod xma minda dairxes, rom Cemi qveynis sazRvarze rusebi dganan~. (21, gv.25).

XVII saukunis I naxevarSi sagareo da saSinao politikuri viTarebis gauaresebis gamo, kaxeTis mefe (1606_1648) T e i m ur a z I (1589_1663) da imereTis mefe (1639_1660) al e q s a n d r e III (g. 1660), iZulebulni gaxdnen dakavSirebodnen ruseTs. vinaidan imereTis mefe da odiSis samTavros mTavari (1611_1657) l e v a n II d a d i a n i erTmaneTs mtrobdnen, amis gamo ìmereTis mefe ruseTis mfarvelobaSi miRebas da dadianis winaaRmdeg doneli kazakebis gamogzavnas sTxovda. aseT Sem-TxvevaSi, Tu dadiani dakavebuli iqneboda kazakebTan brZoliT, imereTi moisvenebda

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dadianis gauTavebeli gamaCanagebeli laSqrobebisagan da aleqsandres saSualeba eqneboda Teimurazs miSveleboda~. (5, t.III, gv.237).

wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom lixsiqeT saqarTveloSi mcxovreb qarTvelebs axlo urTierToba hqondaT damyarebuli seCi zaporoJiesa da donis kazakebTan.

XVII saukuneSi seCi zaporoJies, donis da Tergis kazakebs gamudmebuli brZolebi hqondaT osmalTa gavlenis qveS myofi yirimis saxanosa da Crdilo-kavkasielebTan, romlebic Tavisufal kazakTa Temebs xSirad Tavs esxmodnen. àmdenad, kazakebi bunebrivi solidarobis grZnobiT iyvnen gamsWvalulni Savi zRvis piras mcxovrebi qristiani xalxebisadmi, romlebsac isini sakuTar moka-vSireebad moiazrebdnen osmalTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. moTareSe razmebs gansakuTrebiT izidavda saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTis xelsayreli geografiuli mdebareoba da gauvali tyis masivebi, sadac maT iolad SeeZloT Tavi daeRwiaT TurqTa sanapiro dacvis xomaldebis devnisagan~. (46). XVII saukunis 40-ian wlebSi, kazakebsa da samegrelos samTavros Soris megobruli urTierToba yofila damyarebuli. cnobilia, rom levan II-es TurqeTis winaaRmdeg gamarTul brZolis dros, kazakebi daxmarebisaTvis, daujildoebia. xolo, 1647 wels, rodesac kazakebi alyaSemortymuli aRmoCndnen, maT megrelebi daexmarebian.

`levan dadians sasiamovnod miaCnda Tu ki kazakebi, TurqeTis sanapiro adgilebis darbevis Semdeg, ukan dabrunebisas, anda maT winaaRmdeg TurqTa katarRebis dadevnebisas, sadadianos farglebSi Semovidodnen. aseT SemTxvevaSi dadiani kazakebs Turqi mdevrebisagan dacvas da mfarvelobas pirdeboda. es garemoeba TavisTavad xels uwyobda maT Soris kargi urTierTobis SenarCunebas.

SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom qarTvelebi donis kazakebTan urTierTobas sasurvelad da xelsa-yrelad miiCnevdnen, aseve, kazakebsac TavisTvis uaRresad sasargeblod miaCndaT qarTvelebTan urTierTobis SenarCuneba~. (21, gv.43).

wyaroebidan Cans, rom kazakebs Soris, qarTvelebic, qarTveli kazakebic, imyofebodnen. isini ZiriTadaT lekTa da TurqTa tyveobidan gamoqceulebi iyvnen. etyoba, rom qarTveli kazakebi sakmarisad mravlad yofilan. Teimuraz I-is dros, cnobili qarTveli politikuri moRvawe da diplomati, pirveli qarTuli nabeWdi wignis erT-erTi gamomcemeli n i koloz C olo y a S v il i (nikifore irbaxi) (daaxl. 1585_1658), cdilobda qarTveli kazakebi samSobloSi daebrunebina. mas amis gamo TxovniT miumarTavs xelisuflebisaTvis. qarTveli kazakebi xSirad kazakebTan erTad monawileobdnen TavdasxmebSic. ̀ isini, rogorc Cans, monawileobas iRebdnen ara marto yirimis ulusebsa da TurqeTis SavizRvispira samflobeloebze TavdasxmaSi, aramed ruseTis mefesTan, im xanebSi megobrul damokidebulebaSi myof Sahis kaspiispira qalaqebsa da soflebze TavdasxmaSic, ris gamo mefis gankargulebiT xSirad sastikad isjebodnen.

XVII saukunis Sua xanebSi erTi aseTi qarTveli kazaki Tavis amxanagebTan, donis 32 kazakTan erTad, iranis kaspiispira qalaqebze Tavdasxmis gamo, sapyrobelSic ki yofila moTavsebuli mos-kovSi. es kazaki ubralo, rigiTi ar unda yofiliyo, radgan

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`krugze~ arCeul kazakTa `stanicis~ SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda, xolo aseTebad yovelTvis im kazakebs irCevdnen, romlebic saxeli da avtoriteti hqondaT mopovebuli kazakTa laSqris farTo masebs Soris~. (21, gv.47).

XVIII saukuneSi qarTla-kaxeTis mefis erekle II-is karze (1778_1781) wlebSi moRvaweobda iakub-xanis saxeliT, rogorc eqimi, ruseTis rezidenti i a ko b r a i n e g s i (kristian-rudol-felixi), romlis gadmocemiT bambakis qedze da mis nayofier velebze, dasaxlebuli yofila `xalxiT, romelic Tavs doneli kazakebidan warmoSobilad Tvlis da amitom mTel mxares, romelSic isini saxloben, yazaxs uwodeben. es xalxi borCalosagan mdinare xramiT gamoiyofa~. (21, gv.62).

cnobilia, rom ruseTis mier qarTl-kaxeTis SeerTebis Semdeg, saqarTveloSi Camoiyvanes donis, yubanisa da Tergis kazakTa sajariso nawilebi, romlebic SemdegSi kazakTa nawili darCa. ruseTis xelisuflebis mier saqarTveloSi Catarebuli samxedro moqmedebis dros, monawileobas Rebu-lobdnen kazakTa nawilebic. amave dros saqarTveloSi xdeboda samxedroebis Casaxlebac.

XIX saukunis dasawyisidan, ruseTis xelisufleba mizanmimarTulad axorcielebda kolonizaciisaTvis kazakebis ojaxebiT Camosaxlebas. am dros àmierkavkasiis rusul provinciebSi, yvela Tanamdeboba kazakebs ekavaT. isini aq sami wlis ganmavlobaSi rCebodnen. es periodi maT samxedro samsaxurad eTvlebodaT. maTi nawili mudmivad rCeboda saqarTveloSi. ojaxis Seqmnis Semdeg kazakebi TandaTan qarTveldebodnen~. (22, gv.74). mosaxleobis aRweridan cnobilia, rom `mxolod guriaSi 500 kazakis ojaxi cxovrobda.... meuRleebi yvelas qarTvelebi hyavdaT. maTma Svilebma erTi ̀ Reri~ rusuli ar icodnen. mxolod gvari SerCenodaT rusuli~. (21, gv.89). gaqarTvelebuli kazakebi monawileobas Rebulobdnen qarTul kulturul, sameurneo da saamSeneblo cxovrebaSi.

cnobilia, rom ruseTSi samoqalaqo omis dros, 1918 wels, cnobilma generalma, im dros afxazeTis general-gubernatorma g i or g i m a z n i a S v il m a (1870_1937) (igi bolSevikebma daxvrites), 500-mde ruseTidan gamoqceuli kazaki (SemdegSi ufro gaizarda) Seifara da Tavis sajariso nawilebSi miiRo. isini qarTvelebTan erTad ibrZodnen wiTlebis winaaRmdeg.

1919 wlis ivnisSi, generalma denikinma Tavis warmomadgenlad amierkavkasiaSi daniSna cnobili qarTveli kazaki, misi TanamebrZoli, kavaleriis generali, n i k o -loz b a r a T a S v il i . ̀ n. baraTaSvilis ZiriTadi mizani iyo amierkavkasiaSi darCnili mefis yofili oficrebis mobilizeba da samxreT ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis armiaSi maTi gagzavna. mas evaleboda agreTve Seecvala is antidenikuri ganwyobileba, romelic saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis xelisuflebaSi sufevda~. (21, gv.54). n. baraTaSvilisa da saqarTvelos warmomadgenlebTan Sexvedris dros `ZiriTadad ganixiles saqarTvelos CrdiloeTis sazRvarTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi....

amierkavkasiaSi qarTveli kazaki generlis vizitma Zalian SeaSfoTa bolSevikebi. maT, cxadia, aranairad ar awyobdaT saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis SeTanxmeba deni-kinTan, swored es gaxda mizezi, rom bolSevikurma organizaciam gadawyvita generlis

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mokvla~. (21, gv.56). da maT kidevac SeZles amis ganxorcieleba. 1919 wlis 13 seqtembers, TbilisSi, veris daRmarTze mimaval saqar-Tvelos samxedro uwyebis manqanas, sadac isxdnen n. baraTaSvili da sxva generlebi, bolSevik-teroristma a r k a d i el b a q i Z e m xelyumbara esrola, romlis Sedegad daiRupnen manqanaSi mjdomi generlebi, n. baraTaSvili mZimed daiWra. Tavdamsxmeli milicielebma mokles. `sabWoTa mTavrobam arkadi elbaqiZe sikvdilis Semdeg, 1928 wels, wiTeli droSis ordeniT daajildova, xolo veris daRmarTs, sadac teraqti ganxorcielda elbaqiZis daRmarTi daarqva~. (21, gv57).

meore msoflio omis Semdegac mravali kazaki darCa saqarTveloSi da dResac eweva qarTvlebTan erTad moRvaweobas. Tumca cnobilia isic, rom rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, CrdiloeT kavkasieli kazakebi, ssrk-s daSlis Semdeg monawileobas Rebulobdnen afxazeTSi da `samxreT oseTSi~ qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg.

Tavi IV. m u h a j i r o b a . kavkasiis dapyrobis Semdeg, ruseTis xelisuflebam daiwyo adgilobrivi xalxis

gadasaxleba, romelic cnobilia `muhajirobis~ saxeliT. xalxTa gadasaxleba erTi adgilidan meoreze saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi xdeboda.

istorikosebi `muhajirobas~ uwodeben ruseT-kavkasiis (1817_1864) omis dros, mkvidri mosaxleobis, iZulebiT kavkasiel xalxTa gadasaxlebas osmaleTis imperiaSi. isini aRniSnaven, rom am dros `muhajiroba~ xdeboda ramdenime nakadad:

1. 1850 wlis II naxevarSi; 2. 1860 wlis I naxevarSi; 3. 1860 wlis II naxevridan _ 1870 wlis dasawyisamde; 4. 1870 wlis bolomde. amis Semdeg, muhajiroba~ Sewyda. magram, Semdgom wlebSi

isev ganaxlda: 5. 1880-ian wlebSi da 1890-iani wlis dasawyisSi; 6. 1890-ani II naxevridan _ 1920 wlebSi. gadasaxlebulTa pirvel nakadSi ZiriTadaT iyvnen adiReelebi da CaCnebis mcire

nawili, (yara–yalfaxelebi mTlianad gadasaxldnen). TurqeTis mTavrobam, muhajirebi, beduinebisagan da qurTebisagan Tavdacvis mizniT, sazRvrebis gaswvriv Caasaxla.

SemdgomSi gadasaxldnen CaCnebi, inguSebi, yabardoelebi, daRestnelebi, afxazebi da aWarlebic.

kavkasielTa gadasaxleba gagrZelda mefis ruseTis imperiis rRvevis drosac, rodesac xalxi gaurboda `wiTel terors~, ZiriTadaT progresulad moazrovne da ganaTlebuli sazogadoeba. maTi wasvla kavkasiidan aRTqmulia darCenili xalxis cxovrebaSi rogorc `TeTri laqa~.

rogorc cnobilia, Semdegi didi gadasaxleba moxda sabWoTa kavSiris dros, rodesac komunisturma mTavrobam, ramdenime dReSi gadaasaxles rogorc CrdiloeT kavkasielebi, aseve saqarTvelodan _ e. w. `Turqi mesxebi~.

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sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, ruseTis federaciis xelSewyobiT afxazeTidan da `samxreT oseTidan~ moxda xalxTa gadasaxleba _ `genocidi~. xolo, 1994 wels ruseTis federaciis mier CaCneTze Tavdasxmis gamo, CaCneT-inguSeTSi da daRestanSi samxedro moqmedebebis dros, daiRupa aTasobiT udanaSaulo xalxi da aTasobiT gadasaxlda sazRvargareT.

sazRvargareT myofma kavkasielebma, Camoayalibes sazogadoebebi _ diasporebi, romlebic cdiloben TavianTi enis da kulturis SenarCunebas da TavianTi istoriis ar daviwyebas. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, TandaTan iwereba, massSi, Semavali, TviTeuli qveynis namdvili istoria.

CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTielTa mkvidri mosaxleobis iZulebiT gadasaxleba xde-boda ZiriTadaT osmaleTis imperiaSi, romelic gagrZelda I msoflio omamde (1914_ 1918). gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda muhajiroba mefis ruseTis dros (1863_1864) wlebSi. gadasaxldnen ZiriTadaT CrdiloeT-dasavleT kavkasiidan, adiReur-Cerqezuli tomebi: yabardoelebi, osebi da balyarelebi, romlebic ruseTis winaaRmdeg omSi ar mona-wileobdnen, maTi umravlesoba adgilebze darCa. (80). cnobilia, rom ruseTi kavkasielTa gadasaxlebisaTvis winaswar emzadeboda.

mTavarsardali da mefisnacvali kavkasiaSi 1860 wels a. bariatinski ruseTis imperators aleqsandre II-es werda:

ùsaTuod saWiro gaxdeba movipovoT TurqeTis mTavrobis Tanxmoba, rom CvenTvis sazRvarze gaixsnas sami adgili, rom gavgzavnoT gasaxlebulTa jgufebi~. (102).

ruseTis mTavroba yovel Rones xmarobda, rom rogorme CrdiloeT kavkasia gaeTavisuflebina adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan. cdilobda sxvadasxva dapirebebiT gadmoebirebina an moesyida cnobili pirovnebebi da saRvTo pirebic _ naibebi. cnobilia, rom ruseTis xelisufleba cdilobda Samilis gamoyenebasac, radgan icodnen, rom mas gadasaxlebaSi gahyvebodnen mravali CrdiloeT kavkasielni.

a. bariatinski 1861 wlis 24 oqtombers samxedro ministrs, graf general-feldmarSals d i m itr i m ilut i n s (1816_1912) moaxsenebda Samilis Sesaxeb:

`SeiZleboda ase Tu ise misgan sargebloba migveRo kavkasielTa gadasaxlebis waxalisebiT... igi usaTuod SeZlebs gadaibiros mraval gadasasaxlebulebs. am azris Sesrulebas eqneboda sami an oTxi mizani: jer erTi ganTavisufldeba kavkasiis zegani yovelTvis mtrulad ganwyobili mosaxleobisagan da amiT CvenTvis ganTavisufldeba SesaniSnavi adgilebi Cveni kazakebis dasasaxleblad~. (102). G

TurqeTTan ruseTis mTavrobis davalebiT, gadasaxlebis Sesaxeb molaparakebas awarmoebda general-maiori m u s a k u nd u xo v i (1818_1889). amave dros igi, ruseTis mTavrobis davalebiT, mouwodebda CaCnebsa da inguSebs, rom masTan erTad gadasaxlebuliyvnen. samagierod, ruseTis mTavroba Tanaxma iyo daekmayofilebina misi yvela moTxovnebi:

`mTavrobas, im SemTxvevaSi Tu igi gadavidoda, unda eyida misTvis gamoyofili miwis nakveTi _ 2 800 desetini da aeSenebina saxli oseTis olqSi 45 aTas maneTad vercxliT. amis garda damatebiT, saxarjavad, unda miecaT misTvis kidev 10 aTasi

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maneTi. es pirobebi miRebul iqna~. (102). sabolood TurqeTis mTavrobasTan molaparakebis Semdeg, ruseTis mTavrobam

daiwyo Tavisi Canafiqris ganxorcieleba. rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, kavkasiaSi ruseTis xelisufleba yovelmxriv cdilobda

mosaxleobis Seviwroebas, rom isini aeZulebina gasclodnen kavkasias. istorikosebi z. n u x a J i e v i da x. u m x a e v i aRniSnaven, rom CrdiloeT kavkasielebs, erTi aulidan meore aulSi gadasvlasac-ki uSlidnen, rac, gansakuTrebiT Tavisuflebis moyvare CaCnebsa da inguSebisaTvis iyo momakvdinebeli. `ra aris es, Tu ara rezervacia, rodesac CaCneTis olqis ufrosis polkovnik belinis brZanebaSi pirdapir aris naTqvami: «aravis CaCnebidan ar SeuZlia gadasvla erTi aulidan meoreSi, mamasaxlisis nebarTvis gareSe... vacxadeb CaCnebisaTvis, rom Cemgan gagzavnilia qaRaldebi: yabar-doSi, nazranSi, yumuxeTis dablobSi masze, rom Tu CaCnebi iq ubileToT aRmoCndebian, isini unda Seipyrnan da borkildadebulni guSagis TanmxlebiT gamogzavnon CemTan. ubileToT im adgilebSi gamovlenilni, iqnebian gasaxlebulni cimbirSi». rusi kacisaTvis, miCveuli batonymur monamorCilebas, aseTi mdgomareoba iyo, albaT, bunebrivi, magram ara Tavisuflebis moyvare CaCnebisaTvis. maTTvis aseTi cxovreba warmoadgenda sikvdilze uaress~. (96, gv.35).

mefis ruseTis mier yovelmxriv Seviwroebulma CaCnebis mcire nawilma (1858_59) wlebSi datova TavianTi sacxovrebeli adgilebi da gadasaxlda TurqeTis sazRvarTan axlos, siriaSi, ras-al-ainis raionSi. es iyo muhajirobis dros CaCnebis pirveli nakadi.

cnobili istorikosisa da publicistis l e C i s al i go v i s gadmocemiT `«kavkasiis omi» gagrZelebulma Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi 1859 wlamde, waiRo 200 aTasi CaCnebis sicocxle. XIX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi dawyebuli omi, CaCnebma, TiTqmis 200 aTasi mosaxleobiT, 25 wlis Semdeg 130 aTasi xalxTa raodenobiT daamTavres». mospobili iyo CaCneTis mosaxleobis TiTqmis yvela mozrdili mama-kaci. da es mxolod 25 wlis aqtiuri fazis kavkasiuri omis dros~. (96, gv.35).

XIX saukunis II naxevarSi, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ruseTis imperiis mier warmoebul omSi, yvelaze metad daiCagra mTiel ubixTa da erT dros Zlieri baris jiqebis (abaZexTa) tomi.

cnobilia, rom `1855 wlis samxedro kampaniaSi: omar-faSas maSvel jarSi gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobdnen rusuli mmarTvelobis moZule ubixi mxedrebi, romel-Tagan sakmaod cnobili ubixi Tavadi Cui sxva mxedrebTan erTad abaSasTan brZolaSi daiRupa kidec~. (31, gv.53). afxazi mwerali da poeti b a gr at S i n k u b a (1917_2004) romanSi ùkanaskneli ubixi~, aRwers TurqeTSi gadasa-xlebulTa, `mdidari da gmiruli warsulis mqone~, ubixebis tragikul istorias. cnobiliა, rom ukanaskneli ubixi t e vf i k e s e n C i gardaicvala TurqeTSi XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi da masTan erTad moispo ubixuri enac.

CrdiloeT kavkasiidan TurqeTSi gadasaxlebul muhajirTa saerTo raodenoba 1780_750 aTass aRwevda.maTi nawili TurqeTis mTavrobam, bulgareTSi daasaxla.

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xolo, rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, nawili sazRvris dasacavad, siriaSi da sxva arabul qveynebSi Caasaxla. ruseTis xelisufalni yovelmxriv xels uwyobdnen muhaji-robis ganxorcielebas. `muhajirobam moicva abazebi, abaZexebi, bJeduRebi, yubanis-pireli noRaelebi, Cerqezebi, ubixebi, CaCnebi, yaraCaelebi, yabardoelebi, osebi, afxa-zebi da samxreT saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi mahmadiani qarTvelebi. osmaleTi cdilobda muhajirebis dasaxlebas imperiis dausaxlebel adgilebSi. agreTve ruseT-osmaleTis sazRvarze. ruseTs surda mTielTa osmaleTSi gadasaxlebiT mieRwia politikuri simSvidisaTvis am mxareSi. ganTavisuflebuli miwebi gamoeyenebina farTo koloni-zaciisaTvis, esargebla mxaris xelsayreli samxedro-strategiuli mdgomareobiT... muhajirobas xeli Seuwyo agreTve omis Sedegad Seqmnilma mZime ekonomiurma pirobebma da carizmis antixalxurma politikam. ruseTi materialur da moralur daxmarebas aRuTqvamda TurqeTs gadasaxlebulTa miReba-dabinavebis sanacvlod....

saqarTveloSi muhajirobam farTo masStabebi miiRo 1877_78 omis Semdeg. 1878 berlinis kongresis gadawyvetilebiT saqarTvelos SeuerTda istoriuli qarTuli provinciebi. am teritoriis mosaxleobas ufleba eZleoda 3 wlis ganmavlobaSi gaeyida Tavisi qoneba da TurqeTSi gadasaxlebuliyo. muhajirobis Sedegad TiTqmis mTlianad daicala murRulis xeoba, bevri gadasaxlda qvemo guriidan, gonios ubnidan, qvemo aWaridan. sul wavida 150 aTas sulze meti qarTveli... qarTveli muhajirebi dasaxldnen Savi zRvis sanapiroze (WaneTis teritoriaze), dasavleT TurqeTSi, marmarilos zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze, nawili ki _ stambolSi da sxva qalaqebSi. maTma nawilma dRemde Semoinaxa mSobliuri ena da zogierTi zne-Cveuleba... bevri umiwod da ubinaod darCa. muhajirebi male mixvdnen TavianT Secdomas da ukan dabruneba moindomes, magram ruseTis mTavrobam maTi ruseTSi SemoSveba akrZala~. (8, t.7, gv.234).

m. lorTqifaniZe aRniSnavs, rom `ruseTis xelisufleba Tavisi miznebisaTvis iyenebda iseT tragikul movlenebs afxazi xalxis istoriaSi, rogorc iyo muhaji-roba, faqtobrivad axdenda ra mahmadiani afxazebis TurqeTSi gadasaxlebis provoci-rebas, Semdeg dabrkolebebs uqmnida muhajirTa im nawils, romelic samSobloSi dabrunebis survils gamoTqvamda. igive xelisufleba ar aZlevda afxazeTSi dasax-lebis uflebas qarTvelebs da xels uwyobda muhajirTa miwebze somxebis, rusebis da sxva erovnebaTa warmomadgenlebis dasaxlebas. rogorc SesaniSnavad Cans imdroin-deli presidan, mowinave qarTveli inteligencia, ilia WavWavaZiT saTaveSi, yovel-nairad cdilobda afxazTa TurqeTSi gasaxlebis procesis SeCerebas da mxarSi edga afxaz xalxs am mZime dros. es movlenebi saTanadodaa asaxuli cnobili afxazi istorikosis giorgi ZiZarias naSromSi, romelic muhაjirobis istorias eZRvneba. albaT, isic saTqmelia, da niSandoblivia, rom demokratiuli saqarTvelos mTavrobas 1920 wels muhajirTa sakiTxi gansaxilvelad Seaqvs antantis sabWos sxdomaze.

afxazeTis rusebiT da somxebiT dasaxlebis procesi aqtiurad grZeldeboda sabWoTa epoqaSic, razec naTlad miuTiTebs 30_50-iani wlebis aRwerebis monacemebi. sabWoTa xelisuflebis politika aSkarad iyo mimarTuli mkvidri mosaxleobis,

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qarTvelebis da afxazebis winaaRmdeg~. (33, gv.31).

cnobilia, rom 1878 wels, ruseTis xelisuflebisadmi daumorCileblobis gamo, soxumis olqis samxedro mmarTvelma p. a r a k i n m a , afxazuri mosaxleoba `damnaSave xalxad~ gamoacxada. maT akrZaluli hqondaT iaraRis tareba da ar iwvevdnen samxedro samsaxurSi. samagierod Seaweres fuladi damatebiTi gadasaxadebi. afxazebs es wodeba moexsnaT mxolod 1907 wels.

ruseTis xelisufleba yovelnairad cdilobda rogorc `saqarTvelos~, aseve àfxazeTis~ saxelwodebis amoZirkvasac. 1864 wels afxazeTis samTavro gaauqma da ewoda soxumis samxedro ganyofileba. xolo Semdeg, 1883 wlidan ki _ soxumis olqad gamocxadda. emorCileboda quTaisis general-gubernators.

`1918 wels, rodesac saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika daarsda, afxazeTi mis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgenda. maSin aRsdga saxelwodeba àfxazeTi~, romelic avtonomiis uflebiT Sevida masSi da es ruseTis federaciis xelisuflebamac cno 1920 w-is 7 maisis xelSekrulebiT~. (33, gv.32).

aWaris, afxazeTisa da mTeli CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxis istoriaSi, yvelaze ufro mZime kvali datova muhajirobam. XIX saukunis I naxevarSi, rodesac kavkasiaSi myarad fexi moikida TurqeTma, afazeTSi daiwyo muhajiroba da gagrZelda I msoflio omamde. rogorc aRvniSneT, muhajirobas xels uwyobda ruseTis imperiac. is dainteresebuli iyo, rom daumorCilebeli adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan gaewminda dapyrobili miwa-wyali da es adgilebi gamoeyenebina kolonizaciisaTvis.

afxazeTSi muhajiroba daiwyo jer kidev adre, yirimis omis dros (1853_1856) wlebSi, rodesac osmaleTi gabatonda afxazeTSi, daamarcxa ajაnyebuli feodalebi da saxalxo ajanyebebi, rasac mohyva gadasaxlebebi TurqeTSi. gansakuTrebiT farTo xasiaTi miiRo muhajirobam afxazeTSi, ruseTis imperiis mier afxazeTis samTavros gauqmebisa da saxalxo ajanyebebis CaxSobis Semdeg. erT-erTi sababi iyo, rom afxazebs ZiriTadaT, Turqebis zegavleniT, mahmadianuri sarwmuneoba hqondaT miRebuli. istorikosi b e J a n xo r a v a aRniSnavs, rom: `carizmis mizans dapyrobili qveynis kolonizacia da mosaxleobis asimilacia warmoadgenda yovelTvis~. cnobili rusi istorikosi v a s il i kl iu C e v s k i (1841_1911) `kolonizacias `ruseTis istoriis ZiriTad faqtorad~ miiCnevda~. (34, gv.1).

`1866 wlis afxazTa antirusuli ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg mefis xelisuflebam 1867 wlis april-ivnisSi afxazeTidan osmaleTSi iZulebiT 3 358 ojaxi (19 342 kaci) gaasaxla. SemorCenilia maTi saxelobiTi sia.

1867 wlis statistikuri monacemebiT afxazeTis mosaxleoba 64 933 kacs Sead-genda. (aqedan 22 aTasi samurzayanos 9 samurzayanos okrugis) qarTuli mosaxleoba iyo. qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen afxazeTis sxva mxareebSic.

1877 wlis muhajirobisas afxazeTidan daaxloebiT 32 aTasi kaci gadasaxlda osmaleTSi. Tuki adre mTis Temebi daicala, axla TiTqmis mTlianad dacarielda afxazeTis sanapiro zoli.

XIX s. 60-iani wlebidan afxazeTSi damkvidrdnen osmaleTidan gadmosaxlebuli

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somxebi da berZnebi; agreTve rusebi, ukrainelebi, moldavelebi, estonelebi, germanelebi, bulgarelebi da sxv. am droidan afxazeTSi mravlad gaCnda axali geografiuli saxelebi. Seicvala Zveli adgilobrivi saxelwodebebic. imavdroulad, afxazeTSi saxldeboda miwis simciriTa da simwriT sulSexuTuli dasavleT saqarTvelos qarTuli mosaxleoba, rasac xelisufleba gansakuTrebiT ewinaaRm-degeboda~. (34, gv.45).

`ruseTis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs ukve mzad hqondaT winadadebebi afxazeTis samTavros gauqmebis Semdeg misi miwa-wylis mkvidri mosaxleobisagan gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb. d. sviatopolk-mirski kavkasiis armiis mTavari Stabis ufross, general a. karcevs 1864 wlis 27 ivniss werda: «Tu afxazebis nawili samTavros gauqmebis Semdeg TurqeTSi gadasaxlebas moisurveben, vfiqrob, Cven amas xeli ar unda SeuSaloT».

xelisuflebas surda, rac SeiZleba Cqara Sedgomoda afxazeTis kolonizacias. «Tu SeviZendiT mTavris mamulebs, romlebic metad vrcelia da mniSvnelovani,

Cven axlave SegveZlo SevdgomodiT afxazeTis kolonizacias kazak-rusebis meSveobiT», aRniSnavda quTaisis general-gubernatori. misi winadadebiT yubanis olqsa da quTaisis gubernias Soris sazRvrad unda dadgeniliyo gagris qedi da esec mxolod erTi mizniT: «Tu Cven xelT iqneba carieli adgilebi bzifis orsave mxares, _ werda d. sviatopolk-mirski 1864 wlis 6 ivnisis werilSi general a. karcevs, _ SevZlebT safuZveli CavuyaroT rusul mosaxleobas afxazeTSi»~. (34, gv.65). rogorc vxedavT, zemoT moyvanil da sxva wyaroebidanac Cans, rom ruseTis xelisuflebas didixania dagegmili hqonda afxazeTsa da saerTod kavkasiaSi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ayra da ganTavisuflebul adgilebSi rusuli mosaxleobis Casaxleba.

`1867 wlis 13 Tebervals mefisnacvali mixeil romanovi aleqsandre II-s werda, rom kavkasiis administraciam gadawyvita ZaliT ar gandevnos afxazebi TurqeTSi. magram yovelmxriv Seuwyos xeli maT gadasaxlebas. amasTan, xelisuflebas gadawyvetili hqonda pirvel rigSi gaesaxlebina webelda-dalis muslimani mosaxleoba am mxaris strategiuli mniSvnelobis gamo. xelisufleba iTvaliswinebda, rom am Temebis mosaxleoba cxovrobda mTis Znelad misadgom adgilebSi da kavkasionis qedis uReltexilebiT kavSiri hqonda yaraCaelebTan da yabardoelebTan. amasTan, xeli-sufleba maT reformis winaaRmdeg gamosvlaSic sdebda brals da misi survili iyo pirvel rigSi im xalxis gadasaxleba, romelic metnaklebad dakavSirebuli iyo ajanyebasTan~. (34, gv.69).

magram, etyoba, rom mTavrobam Secvala adre miRebuli gadawyvetileba da amave wlis bolos àfxazTa gadasaxleba ZiriTadad ZaldatanebiT xasiaTs atarebda. rac aSkarad Cans imdroindeli dokumentebidan~. (34, gv.70).

`yvelaze ufro didi gadasaxleba moxda ruseT-TurqeTis 1877_78 omis dros (daaxloebiT 50 aT.). muhajirobis Sedegad afxazeTis teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawili gaveranda da gaukacri-elda. gadasaxlebulTa ZiriTadi masa dResac cxovrobs

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TurqeTSi, nawili _ siriaSi, iordianasa da sxva.; mcire nawili _ CrdiloeT saberZneTSi. muhajir afxazTa raodenoba TurqeTSi 100 aT. aRwevs, arabeTis qveynebSi _ daaxloebiT 15 aTass. isini cxovroben umTavresad soflad, SenarCunebuli aqvT sakuTari ena da zne-Cveulebebi, tradiciebi~. (8, t.7, gv.234).

aseTive dRe daadgaT, ruseTis xelisuflebis mier, lixsiqeT saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebsac. zeviT aRvniSneT, rom muhajirobis dros gadasaxldnen guriidan, aWaridan, goniodan. xolo mTli-anad daicala murRulis xeoba. unda aRiniSnos, rom TurqeTSi moxvedrili qarTvelebi, cdilobdnen saqarTvelosTan kavSiri ar daekargad, ena da adaT-wesebi SeenarCunebinad.

T a v i V. C r d i l o e T - k a v k a s i e l T a t o m e b i . 1 . a f s u e b i . `kvlav dRis wesrigSi dadga `bedi qarTlisa~. qarTveli xalxis mtrebi ver

itanen saqarTvelos damoukideblobas, cdiloben amisTvis sastikad dasajon saqar-Tvelo, _ waarTvan afxazeTi da Sida qarTlis didi nawili, cxinvaljavis regioni. amitom yoveli qarTveli valdebulia gaicnobieros aRniSnuli kuTxeebis saqarTve-losagan ganuyofloba, rogorc misi ZirZveli miwa-wylisa. sxvagvarad igi ver moixdis patriotul vals samSoblos winaSe saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis dacvis saqmeSi.

sabWoTa ideologiuri samsaxurebi mecnierebs aiZulebdnen eweraT sicrue, partiis politikisaTvis misaRebi sicrue. centridan modioda direqtiva, rom ssrks teritoriaze yvela xalxi adgilobrivi, avtoqtonuri warmoSobisaa. es sWirdebodaT imisTvis, rom 100-ze meti erisa da erovnebis konsolidaciis (garusebis) procesi umtkivneulod, yovelgvari eTnokonfliktebis gareSe warmarTuliyo. amiT isargebles aramkvidrma xalxebma (afsuebma, osebma) da Tavis Zvel aborigenul mosaxleobad gamoacxades, teritoriebi miisakuTres da damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Camoyalibebac ganizraxes, cxadia didi ruseTis uSualo daxmarebiT. qarTvelma mecnierebma sxva rom veraferi moaxerxes, afsuaTa monoaborigenobis cru Teorias oraborigenobis cru Teoria daupirispires, aqaoda, afxazeTSi afsuebTan erTad qarTvelebic cxov-robdneno. cru Teoriebis `jiriTma~ sabolood yvelaze metad mainc qarTuli mxare daazarala.; igive iqneboda gveTqva: qarTul-kaxuri, qarTul-imeruli, qarTul-megruli miwa da a.S.

es miTi saTaves iRebs ideafiqsidan àfxazeTi _ saqarTvelo ar aris~. amitom dRevandeli viTareba aiZulebs qarTvel mkvlevarebs yeradReba miaqcion `qarTul-afxazuri~ urTierTobis WeSmarit istorias. dokumenturi wyaroebis analizis safuZvelze gaeces pasuxi afxazi separatistebisa da maTi demagogi apoligetebis absoluturad usamarTlo `Teoriebs~. (20, gv.3).

saqarTvelos, kavkasiis da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoriul wyaroebs Tu

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gadavxedavT, Cven SevamCnevT, rom am mxareSi myofi qveynebis da tomebis istoriuli warsuli, sinamdvilesTan erTad, moTxrobilia aTasgvari zRaprebi da legendebi. antikur da Sua saukuneebis wyaroebSi, qarTveli tomebis Sesaxebac gvxvdeba uamravi ara swori Sexedulebebi.

XX saukunis dasawyisidan gavrcelebuli iyo mosazreba, rom qarTveluri da CaCnur-daRe-stnuri tomebi, romlebic adre samxreT kavkasiaSi da mcire aziaSi imyofebodnen, daaxlobiT Zv. w. XIII_VII saukuneebSi sxvadasxva viTarebis gamo, iZulebulni gamxdaran CrdiloeT mxareSi gadasaxlebuliyvnen.

afxazur-adiReuri tomebi, romlebic adre samxreT mxareSi imyofebodnen, Zv. w. XIII_XII saukuneebSi, CrdiloeTisaken gadmounacvlebiaT da Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroebis gavliT, kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedis dasavleT mxareSi damkvidrebulan. am tomTa nawili darCenila Tanamedrove afxazeTis mxareSi. xolo, adiReelebi kavkasiis qedis dasavleTiT da Cerqezebi kavkasiis CrdiloeT kalTebze dasaxlebulan. droTa ganmavlobaSi, afxazeTSi myofi afxazur-adiReel tomTa nawilma afxazeTidan gadainacvla CrdiloeTSi. afxazeTis miwa-wyalze darCenilan afxazuri (qarTveluri tomebi), maT Soris mcire nawili afsuebis tomebic. Tanamedrove afxazeTis mxareSi mosaxle xalxTa nawilis TviTsaxeli aris àfsua~.

mecnierebi Tvlian, rom maTi winaprebi warmoadgenen Crdilo-dasavleTSi mcxov-rebi momTabare abazebis erT-erTi tomi aSxarelebi, romlebsac Skaraulebsac uwo-deben. afxazeTSi myofi afsuebi da md. yubanis saTaveSi mcxovrebi abazebi erTmaneTis naTesavebi arian. maT erTnairi adaT-wesebi aqvT da erTmaneTis enac esmiT. afxazeTis miwa-wyalze darCenili afsuebi, romlebic eTnikurad ara qarTveli tomebi iyvnen, TandaTan, saxelmwifoebrivad qarTvelebad (afxazebad) gardaiqmnen. maT SeiTvises qarTveluri adaT-wesebi, qarTuli kultura da rac mTavaria maTTvis qarTuli ena saxelmwifoebrivi ena gaxda. rogorc cnobilia afxazeTi da aq mosaxle Zveli qarTveluri tomi afxazebi, iseTive saqarTvelos nawili gaxda, rogorc qarTli, kaxeTi da sxva kuTxeebi. istoriul wyaroebSi (l eo nt i m ro v el i , XI saukunis moRvawe da sxv.) sadac-ki ZvelTaganve qarTvelTa tomebi: qarTlelebi, afxazebi, herebi, kaxelebi, svanebi, megrelebi, Wanebi da sxv., yovelTvis erT eTnokulturul cnebiT moixsenebian da sabolood Camoyalibebul feodalur saxelmwifoSi, afxazeTi erT qarTul feodalur qveynad aRiTqmeboda. magram, XIII saukunidan dawyebuli ukuRmarTi JamTa siavis, qarTuli saxelmwifos daqveiTebisa da dacemis gamo, qarTvelTagan naxevrad daclil afxazeTSi daiwyo Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiidan afsuebis da CerqezTa mcire tomebis Camosaxleba. istorikosebis [vasili tatiSCevis, al e q s a n d r e d i a C ko v -t a r a so v i s (1867_1929 w-is Semdeg) da sxv.] mtkicebiT, afxazeTSi XVI_XVII saukuneebSi yubanispireTidan tomTa nawili Camosaxlebula.

wyaroebidan mtkicdeba, rom afsuebi jer kidev XVI saukuneSi cxovrobdnen yubanispireTSi, Semdeg isini gadmosaxlebulan yubanis saTaveebSi, xolo ramdenime xnis Semdeg Camosaxlebulan afxazeTSi. aseve cnobilia, rom soxumi (cxumi), romelic

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warmoadgenda soxumis saerisTavos mTavar qalaqs, XVIII saukunis bolos gaxda SarvaSiZeTa ZiriTadi adgil-samyofeli. rogorc istorikosi g e ro nt i g a s v i a n i wers, Tavdapirvelad àfsuebi mTebSi da gorakebze dasaxldnen naTesaur gvarebad. farRalala facxebi aaSenes. jgufur dasaxlebas Rrma ormo da Robe Semoavles da primitiul cxovrebas mihyves xeli. istorikosTa da misionerTa gadmocemiT, isini qalaqebsa da cixeebSi ar dasaxldnen, eklesia monastrebs ar gaekarnen, ar loculobdnen, micvalebuls dasaflavebis nacvlad xis gobSi debdnen da xeze hkidebdnen, mahmadianobas da warmarTobas aRiarebdnen~. (40). ZiriTadaT meomari da mekobre tomebi yofilan, romlebic eweodnen marbielobas da mZarcvelobas. cnobilia, rom Camosaxlebulma tomebma ramdenime èklesia-monastrebi da saeklesio soflebi daarbies (marto erT saeklesio sofel naJaneulSi 60-mde komli daxoces da daatyveves da gayides). droTa viTarebaSi afsuebma TandaTan agresia gaaqtiures adgilobriv qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg. Tumca arc ise mravalricxovani iyvnen (maTi raodenoba arasdros 30 aTasamde suls ar aRemateboda)~. (40).

gansakuTrebiT, afsuebis mier saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg gamos-vlebi daiwyo XV saukunidan, rodesac CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTsa da afxazeTs jer osmaleTi daeufla, xolo Semdeg XVIII saukuneSi ruseTis imperia gabatonda.

rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, XVI saukuneSi afxazeTi daipyro TurqeTma da iq daiwyo mahmadi-anuri sarwmuneobis gavrceleba da qristianuli sarwmuneobis Seviwroeba. pirvel rigSi mahmadi-anoba aRiares afxazeTis afsuebma, afxazeTis xelisuflebam da zogierTma feodalebma. amave dros afxazeTis feodalebma tyveTa syidvasac mihyves xeli. TandaTan afxazeTSi afsuebi mTebidan barSi Camovidnen da Turqebis xelis SewyobiT imdenad momZlavrdnen, rom afxazeTSi myofi qarTvelebi iZulebulni iyvnen an afxazeTs gasclodnen, an da afsuebis wes-Cveulebani da mahmadianoba mieRoT.

àfsuebis eqspansiis Sedegad afxazi warmarTad an mahmadianad iqca, afxazeTi _ adrefe-odaluri urTierTobis qveynad. ase warmoiSva àxali afxazeTi~, romlis mkvidri mosaxle qar-Tveloba (ZiriTadad megreloba) gaaqcies an gaaafsues, romelTac zurgs umagrebdnen, raode-nobrivad avsebdnen da sulierad asazrdoebdnen Crdiloeli Cerqezebi: ubixebi, jiqebi, bJeduxebi, SafsuRebi, abaZexebebi, yabardoelebi, yirimeli TaTrebi, Turqosmalebi da sxva rjulisa da sulis xalxi. ase warmoiSva qristiani saqarTvelos moZule da dauZinebeli mteri _ mahmadianuri afxazeTi, romelic TurqeTis Semdeg ruseTis qveSerdom da strategiul punqtad iqca. maTma mTavrebma daikaves teritoria kodoridan enguramde. am teritoriaze mospes adgilobrivi mosa-xleobis nawili. vinc SimSils, maxvilsa da avadmyofobas gadaurCa, osmaleTSi gayides, xolo maT adgilas afsuebi daasaxles~. (20, gv.59).

Tumca, afxazeTSi darCenilma qarTvelobam da afxazTa feodalTa nawilma, mainc SeZlo Tavis gadarCena da axlad Camosaxlebulma afsuebma TandaTan qarTuli kultura SeiTvises da qris-tianobac miiRes. unda aRiniSnos, rom am xanebSi xdeba afsuebis gvar-saxelebis Secvla da qar-Tulad gadakeTeba. mecnierTa nawilis azriT, afsuebis gvar-saxelebis Secvla xdeboda mRvdlebis mier naTlobis dros.

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àfxazTa 450 gvaridan 300-ze meti qarTulia da 100-ze naklebi Crdilo kavkasiuri, dana-rCenebi zogi Turqia, zogi sparsi, zogi rusi~. (20, gv.60).

afsuebis Camosaxleba, rom gvian momxdara, sxvaTa Soris imiTac mtkicdeba, rom adrindel Suasaukuneebisa da antikur xanaSic afxazeTis miwa-wyalze moxsenebuli toponimebi yvela qarTu-lia. dRevandeli afxazeTis toponimebic, arcerTi ar ganekuTvneba afsuaadiReurs. es ki imas cxadyofs, rom afsuebs adre rom ecxovraT afxazeTSi, `maSin isini erT Tavis toponims mainc datovebdnen afxazeTSi antikur da adre Sua saukuneebis xanaSi. ama Tu im teritoriis uZvelesi toponimika ki, es aris arqaul epoqaSi aq mcxovrebi eTnosis enobrivi anabeWdebi. es kidev erTxel imas mowmobs, rom dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoriaze uZvelesi mkvidri _ aborigeni mosaxleoba mxolod qarTulkolxuri tomebi iyvnen~. (20, gv.116). aqve isic aRsaniSnavia, rom mecnierTa mtkicebiT, afsuebis salaparako ena ZiriTadaT qarTuli sityebisagan Sedgeba da masSi mravali qarTuli sityvebi damkvidrda. amave dros afsuebi enobrivad enaTesavebian Crdilokavkasielebs _ Cerqezebs.

mecnieri da mogzauri io h a n a nto n g i uld e n St edt i (1745_1781) gadmogvcems, rom: àbazuri~ (afsuuri) da Cerqezuli erTi dedaenisagan aris warmomdgari, magram iseT gansxvavebul dialeqtebad iqcnen, rom maT Soris naTe-saobas adamiani yvelaferSi veRar ipoviso. amave dros mas miaCnda, rom Cerqezebs afxazebs garda arc erT sxva erTan araviTari naTesaoba ar hqondaT. Tumca afxazebi da Cerqezebi ZiriTadad erTsadaimave enas laparakoben gansxvavebuli dialeqtiT~. (20, gv.121).

rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, rodesac ruseTis imperiam 1864 wels afxazeTi daipyro, daiwyo adgilobrivi mosaxleobis garuseba. ruseT-kavkasiis omis dros (1817_1864) afxazeTSi myofi afxaz-afsuebi cdilobdnen SeZlebisdagvarad daxmarebodnen CrdiloeTSi myof moZme mebrZolebs. cnobilia, rom 1866 wels afsuebma ruseTis samxedro jaris nawilebic ki gaanadgures. zeviT aRvniSneT, rom ruseTma afxazeTis mosaxleobis winaaRmdegobis gamo, afxazeTis mosaxleoba `damnaSave xalxad~ gamoacxada. xolo, muhajirobis dros ki, 1867 wels, ruseTis xelisuflebam daaxlobiT 20 aTasamde gamahmadianebuli afxaz-afsuebi aiZules, rom TurqeTSi gadasaxle-buliyvnen. xolo Zala-gamoleuli afsuebi da afxazebi ruseTisaTvis aRaraviTar saSiSroebas aRar warmo-adgenda. afxazeTSi darCenili mosaxleobidan, erTaderTni qarTvelebi aRmoCndnen, romlebic rusebs winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen. amitom, ruseTis imperiam afxazebs damnaSavis wodeba mouxsna da isini qarTvelebs daupirispira. es iyo rusuli politika _`gaTiSe da ibatone~.

g. gasviani wers, rom: ùnda iTqvas, rom rusma samxedro moxeleebma da sagangebod mowveulma statis-

tikosebma orjer aRweres afxazeTis mosaxleoba (1886 da 1897) wlebSi da orivejer uwyalod daamaxinjes afxazeTis eTnikur-erovnuli suraTi _ xelovnurad Seamcires afxazeTis qarTvelTa raodenoba. qarTvelTagan Zveli gvartomobrivi niSnis mixedviT calke erovnebad gamohyves megrelebi, megrelebisagan lazebi da

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`samurzayanoelebi~, aseve imerlebi da a. S.~. (40). miuxedavad amisa, ruseTis imperiam mainc ver SeZlo afxazebis garuseba da rac ver gaakeTa mefis ruseTma, is SeZlo bolSe-vikebma, miT umetes sabWoTa xelisuflebam. afxazeTSi momqmedi qarTuli kultura da qarTuli ena, Seicvala rusuliT da sabolood afxazeTs SemorCa mxolod saxelwodeba _ àfaxazeTi~.

XX saukuneSi daiwyo afxazeTis `gaafxazeba~ da sabWoTa xelisuflebis dros, miT umetes stalinis xanaSi, afxazebma Tavisi warsuli, Tavisi `me~ daiviwyes da rusuli aRiares, qarTuli kultura rusuliT Seicvala. daiwyo afxazeTis saTaveSi, sabWoTa mTavrobis xelSewyobiT moqceuli afxazebisa da afsuebis mier qarTvelebis devna-Seviwroeba. `gansakuTrebiT 1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciisa da oqtombris bolSevikuri gadatrialebis Semdeg, roca amierkavkasia da kerZod saqarTvelo ruseTis imperias gamoeyo. sabWoTa ruseTma, pirvel rigSi, afxazeTis xelSi Cagdeba gadawyvita, radgan is erT-erTi forposti iyo Sav zRvaze da saerTod samxreTSi. am mizniT saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas ara marto bolSevikebi ebrZodnen, aramed TeTr-gvardieli generlebi _ denikini, kolCaki, vrangeli da sxvebi. afxazeTis koziriT sabWoTa ruseTi aTasgvar provokacias iyenebda saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis winaaRmdeg: afxazeTs xan SavizRvispireTis olqs uerTebda, xan yubanis respublikas, xan uSualod rsfsr-Si Seyvana moi-wadina. garda amisa, ruseTma afsua-afxazebis droSiT afxazeTSi Seqmna afsuuri saxalxo sabWo da komisariati, riTac afxazeTis calke gamoyofas anu separatizms Cauyara safuZveli. bolos yvelaferi imiT damTavrda, rom 1921 wlis Teberval-martSi sabWoTa ruseTma mTeli saqar-Tvelos aneqsia da okupacia moaxdina. amasTan, afxazeTs 1931 wlamde calke xelSek-rulebiT respublikis statusic mianiWa (rac faqtobrivad qaRaldze darCa _ ar ganxorcielda)~. (40). am dros qarTvelebi iZulebulni iyvnen an damorCilebuliyvnen afxaz-afsuebs, an daetovebinad afxazeTi da gadasaxlebuliyvnen. ara saimedo pirebs arTmevdnen kar-midamos, partiuli xaziT samsaxuridan iTxovdnen, ukrZalav-dnen qarTulad saubars, qarTul enaze swavlas, ixureboda qarTuli skolebi da qarTuli dawesebulebebi. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi vai-vaglax gamovlili afxazeTis qarTuli kultura icvleboda rusuliT. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom afxazebis garusebas xels uwyobda, nebiT Tu uneblied, saqarTvelos mTavrobac, saqarTvelos partiuli muSakebic. XX saukunis II naxevarSi afxazeTSi gaixsna damoukidebeli televizia, damoukidebeli universiteti da sxva. rodesac afxazeTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi raime sayvedurs gamoTqvamdnen, saqarTvelos mTavroba araviTar yurad-Rebas ar aqcevda da sinamdvileSi xels uwyobda afxaz separatistebs. afxazeTis rusifikacia gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda 1990-ian wlebidan, rac 1993 wels afxazeTSi qarTvelTa genocidiT damTavrda da dRevandel dResac ruseTis imperia yovelive Rones xmarobs sabolood mis dasapyrobad.

biologi da istorikosi b i Z i n a T a v a Z e afsua-afxazTa aborigenobis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs, rom:

`saqarTveloSi samwuxaroa, magram faqtia, rom adiReuri modgmis erT-erTi

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tomisaTvis _ afsuebisaTvis _ istoriuli qarTuli satomo saxelis àfxazis~ Serqmevam, xolo afsuuri eni-sadmi ̀ afxazuris~ wodebam, qarTul saxelmwifoebriobas da qarTvelologias, uamravi usiamovneba da gaugebroba moutana, rac istoriuli qarTuli kuTxis afxazeTis _ dakargvad dagvijda.

dRes aSkaraze aSkaraa, rom istoriuli da Tanamedrove afxazoba ori gansxva-vebuli eTnikuri jgufia. kerZod: istoriuli afxazebi qarTveluri tomebi iyvnen da istoriuli sabuTebi mowmoben, rom isini megrulad laparakobdnen, anu is afxazebi, romelTac kontaqti daamyares jer CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, xolo Semdeg saqarTveloSi _ afxazeTSi _ Semosul afsuebTan, iyvnen megrul enovani qarTvelebi.

Tanamedrove afxazebi ki adiReuli modgmis afsuebisa da qarTveli afxazebis narevia, afsuuri eniT da aseve araqarTuli afsuuri cnobierebiT.

marTalia, Tanamedrove afxazebis ZiriTadi birTvi (80%-ze meti) gaafsuebuli (da ara gaafxazebuli, rogorc SecdomiT xmaroben samecniero literaturaSi) qar-Tvelia, magram isini eniTa da cnobierebiT ukve araqarTul samyaros warmoadgenen da maT araviTari pretenzia ar unda hqondeT saqarTvelos istoriul warsulze. marto is rad Rirs, rom afsuebsac da gaafsuebul qarTvelebsac TavianT moZmeebad miaCniaT Crdilo kavkasieli tomebi adReelebi, Cerqezebi, yabardoelebi da a. S. vuwodeT ra araqarTul elements qarTuli tomis saxelwodeba _ afxazi, termi-nogiulma aRrevam is gamoiwvia, rom me-16-17 saukuneebidan saqarTveloSi _ afxazeTSi _ infiltraciiT Semosul 2 ucxo modgmis toms, qarTvelTa nawilis asimilaciis gamo, gauCnda abori-genobis pretenzia da sxvis istorias, teritorias da istoriul monapovrebs iTvisebs, imperiuli Zalebis yovelmxrivi da mZlavri mxardaWeriT.

afsuebi rom saqarTvelosa da misi istoriuli kuTxis afxazeTis aborigenebi ar arian, amas uamravi pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri faqti adasturebs, amitom yovelgvari gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad, umjobesi iqneboda dRevaneli afxazebisaTvis gvewodebina àfsua-afxazi~, an àfsua~, namdvili afxazis anu qarTveli afxazisagan gasamijnad.

zRva istoriuli masala mowmobs, rom afxazeTi afsni araa, xolo afsua afxazi araa.

miuxedavad wyaroTa da faqtTa RaRadisa, imperiuli ZalebiT waqezebuli afsua da rusi vai-mecnierebi, da maT gverdiT zogierTi qarTveli vai-istorikosic, amtkiceben, TiTqos afsuebi afxazeTSi cxovroben axali welTaRricxvis pirveli saukuneebidan mainc.

es vai-mecnierebi qadageben oraborigenobis absurdul Teorias, romelsac analogi ar moepoveba msoflio istoriaSi~. (41).

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2. a b a z e b i . abazebi (sakuTari saxelwodeba abaza, afxazurad aSvi) ekuTvnian afxaz-

adiReelebis monaTesave ers, romlis erT-erTi tomi aSxarelebi (Skaraulelebi), arian (dRevandel afxazeTSi Casaxle-buli afsuebis winaprebi). abazebis meore jgufs ekuTvnian tapanTelebi.

abazuri ena ganekuTvneba kavkasiur enaTa afxazur-adiReur (Crdilo-dasavlur) jgufs. istorikosi da eTnologi rol a nd Tof C i S v il i abazuri enis Sesaxeb wers:

àbazur enas aqvs ori dialeqti: tapanTuri da aSxaruli, Sesabamisad iyofian or eTno-grafiul jgufad _ tapanTelebad da aSxarelebad. literaturul enas safuZvlad udevs tapanTuri dialeqti. abazuri dawerloba Seiqmna 1932 wels. mis safuZvlad gamoyenebuli iqna laTinuri grafiki. 1939 wels is rusuli grafebiT Seicvala. 1938 wels gamovida abazuri gaze-Tis pirveli nomeri. abazebi floben agreTve yabardoul-Cerqezul enas. afxazur enasTan axlos dgas abazuri enis aSxaruli dialeqti. samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom abazuri enis tapanTur dialeqtze metyvel mosaxleobas afxazuri ena ar esmis~. (14, gv.13).

abazebi eTnikurad axlos iyvnen, ufro afxazebTan, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva politikuri viTarebis gamo, ganicades adiReelebis zegavlena da amis gamo, maTSi mcirea SemorCenili qarTuli Tvisebebi.

rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, mecnierTa erTi nawilis azriT, afxazur-adiRuri tomebi daaxloebiT Zv. w. XIII_XII saukuneebSi, mcire aziidan TandaTan gadmoinacvles Savi zRvis sanapiroebiT CrdiloeTisaken. sabolood damkvidrdnen kavkasiis qedis dasavleTSi: abazebis nawili darCnen afxazeTSi, xolo adiReelebi da Cerqezebi ki dasaxldnen kavkasionis qedis CrdiloeT-dasavleT mxareSi. afxazeTSi darCenil abazebs mWidro urTierToba hqondaT qarTul enovan tomebTan. TandaTan isini qarTvelebad, anu afxazebad gardaiqmnen. iseve rogorc qarTuli eTnosis (megrelebi, svanebi) warmomadgenlebma, saerTo gaxda qarTuli kultura da saxelmwifoebrivi ZiriTadi ena qarTuli gaxda.

kavkasiis CrdiloeT mxareSi dasaxlebuli dRevandeli abazebis winaprebi, sax-lobdnen Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi, Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroebze, `mdinareebis labas, urupis, didi da mcire zelenCukisa da yubanis saTaveebSi.

mkvlevarTa, varaudiT, abazinebi aqtiurad monawileobdnen im eTnikur procesebSi, romelic mimdinareobda Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze... XIV_XVI saukuneebSi abazinebi kompaqturad Camosaxlebulan tuafsesa da bzifs Soris mdebare teritoriaze (maT ewodebodaT xakuCebi da ekavaT Sav zRvaSi Camavali mdinareebis: aSes, fsezuafses da Saxes saTaveebi). paralelurad abazi-nebi garkveul rols TamaSobdnen adiReelTa eTnikur formirebaSi, radganac isini labas, urupisa, zelenCukisa da sxva mdinareTa xeobebis dayolebiTac Cadiodnen barSi da ereodnen sxvadasxva adiRel tomebs.

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abazinTa sulier da materialur kulturaze gansakuTrebuli zegavlena moaxdines

yabar-doelebma, besleneelebma da abaZexebma~. (31, gv.13). lixsiqeT saqarTvelos bedukuRmarTobis gamo, afxazeTis barSi mosaxleobisagan

daclil adgilebSi, xdeboda mTieli abazinebis Camosaxleba da iq damkvidreba. afaxazeTSi myofma abazebma, I aTaswleulSi TandaTan daiwyes adgilobriv

mcxovreb afxazTa tomTan Serwyma, magram, vinaidan am tomebs erTmaneTTan sxvadasxva politikuri da ekonomikuri viTarebis gamo susti kavSiri hqondaT, am tomebis mTlianad Serwyma ar moxda.

XIV saukunidan abazebma daiwyes Casaxleba, dRevandel yaraCai-CerqezeTis, adiRes, yabardo-balyareTis da kislovodskis midamoebSi.

`mTian xeobebSi dasaxlebamde abazebi SavizRvispireTis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze _ tuafsedan afxazeTamde _ cxovrobdnen. samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom XIX s-is 40_50-ian wlebSic ki abazebs eTnikuri teritoria, gansaxlebis areali ar hqondaT gamokveTili. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi rusebis Semosvlis Sendeg rogorc tapanTelma, ise aSxarelma (Skaraua) abazebma gansaxlebis areali Seicvales~. (14, gv.14).

kavkasiis omis dros (1817_1864) abazinebis umetesni nawilni iZulebulni gaxdnen TurqeTSi gadasaxlebuliyvnen. xolo darCenili nawili, romlebic saxlobdnen mdinareebis: Tergsa da labas Soris, da nawili, romlebic cxovrobdnen mTebSi, 1860-ian wlebSi, iZulebulni iyvnen Camosaxlebuliyvnen zelenCukis barSi da isini Seerivnen adiReelebsa da noRaelebs. 1883 wlis monacemebiT, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, abazinebi, daaxloebiT 10 000 iyvnen darCenili.

(1862_1864) wlebSi muhajirobis dros gadasaxlebuli abazebi, afxazebsa da adiReelbs Seerivnen. abazebis STamomavlebi cxovroben TurqeTSi, siriaSi, iordaniasa da libanSi. 2002 wlis monacemebiT sazRvargareT abazebi daaxloebiT cxovroben: TurqeTSi _ 11 000; siriaSi _ 2 000; iordaniaSi _ 1 500; arabul samyaroSi _ 29 500.

`dRevandel teritoriaze abazebi XIV s-dan cxovroben. fiqroben, rom maTi winaprebis SavizRvispireTidan gadasaxleba XIV_XVI ss-is ganmavlobaSi moxda. Tumca aq abazebis nawili, ubixebis, saZebis saxiT kvlav agrZelebda mkvidrobas. sabolood es mosaxleoba SavizRvispireTis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi nawilidan muhajirobis dros gaqra~. (14, gv.14).

2002 wlis monacemebiT CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi abazebi cxovroben: yaraCai-CerqezeTSi _ 32 346; stavropolis mxareSi _ 3 300; yabardo-balyareTSi _ 514; xolo afxazeTSi _ 2 138.

XVII saukunidan TandaTan daiwyo abazinebSi islamis (sunitobis) gavrceleba. r. TofCiSvili wers, rom: àbazebma islami SavizRvispireTidan CrdiloeT

kavkasiaSi damkvidrebis Semdeg miiRes. iqamde isini warmarTebi iyvnen. abazebma mahmadianoba noRaidelebisagan miiRes, romlebTanac urTierTSexeba hqondaT. Tavda-pirvelad es sarwmuneoba zedafenam, Semdeg _ danarCenma mosaxleobam miiRo. abazebSi

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islamma ZiriTadad XVII_XVIII ss-Si SeaRwia. amasTanave, abazebSi SemorCenilia pirvelyofili rwmena-warmodgenebic. XIX s-is Sua xanebSi mTaSi, gansakuTrebiT aSxarelTa eTnografiul jgufSi, warmarTul rwmena-warmodgenebTan erTad, qristianuli elementebic gvxvdeba~. (14, gv.17).

3. k i m e r i e l e b i . kimerielTa warmoSobis sakiTxi dRemde gaurkvevelia da mTlianad Seswavlili

ar aris. werilobiTi wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom kimerielTa tomebi, CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi imyofebodnen. kimerielebma garkveuli zegavlena moaxdines kavka-sielebze da samxreT kavkasiis saxelmwifoebze. mecnierebi fiqroben, rom kimerielebma daamarcxes centralur aziaSi mcxovrebi skviTuri tomebi da Semdgom, Zv. w. VIII saukunis II naxevarSi, CrdiloeT kavkasiidan, Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroebis gavliT, Seesivnen mcire azias, romlebmac walekes da gadaTeles samxreT kavkasiis da mcire aziis araerTi saxelmwifo da ra Tqma unda, maT pirvel rigSi unda daeZliaT SavizRvispireTSi myofi Zlieri kolxeTis samefos winaaRmdegoba.

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi aRmoCenili arqeologiuri ZeglebiT, mecnierebi adastureben, rom kimerielebi adreul xanaSi eweodnen soflis meurneobas da mesaqonleobas. SemdegSi, rkinis xanis dasawyisSi, bunebis cvalebadobis gamo, rodesac amindi gaxda cxeli da mSrali, maT dauwyiaT momTabareoba. brinjaodan rkinis gardamaval xanis epoqis kulturas, arqeologebi uwodeben `kimerielebis epoqas~.

antikuri drois berZeni istorikosebis mixedviT, kimerielebi cxovrobdnen CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTis zemoT TrakiaSi, kavkasiidan akiamde. saidanac gamoudevniaT skviTebs. Zv. w. VI saukuneSi, berZnebma qerCis srutes uwodes kimeriis bosfori.

Zveli berZeni poeti h o m e r o s i (daaxl. Zv. w. VIII s-Si) ̀ odiseia~-Si aRniSnavs, rom kimerielebi cxovrobdnen skviTebze adre CrdiloeT kavkasiis velebSi da isini warmoadgendnen legendarul xalxs, romelic cxovrobs okeanis dasavleT mxareSi, sadac arasdros mzis sxivi ar aRwevs.

mecnierTa varaudiT, skviTebisa da kimerielebis Semosevebi xdeboda drogamo-SvebiT, Savi zRvis aRmosavleTi sanapiroebis gavliT. dasaxlebulan mcire aziis aRmosavleT da amierkavkasiis samxreT mxareebSi.

homerosis garda kimerielebs axseneben: `filologebi aristarqe da krateti homerosis mier daweril kimerielebs aswo-

rebdnen `korberiize~. `kimeriis qalaqze~ mogviTxrobs hekateosi, efore aTavsebs maT italiaSi averis tbasTan~. (148).

nawili mecnierebisa Tvlis, rom Zvel wyaroebSi moxsenebul kimerielebs eZaxdnen yvela im tomebs, romlebic imyofebodnen CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi Zv. w. I aTaswleulSi

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jer kidev skviTebamde. xolo, TviT kimerielebis winaprebi iyvnen erT-erTi Trakiuli tomi _ dakebi, romlebic cxovrobdnen dRevandel rumineTis, yirimisa da yubanispireTis midamoebSi. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi kimerielebis yofnas arqeologiuri Zeglebic adastureben.

uZvelesi cnobebi kimerielebis Sesaxeb mocemulia asureTis mefis s a r go n II-is (Zv. w. 722_Zv. w. 705) istoriul ZeglebSi, egreT wodebul àlanebSi~. sadac moTxrobilia, rom Zv. w. 714 wels, urartus (asurelebi uwodebdnen ùrartus~, xolo TviTon urartelebi Tavis qveyanas `biainils~ eZaxdnen) mefes ru s a I-es (Zv. w. 735/730_Zv. w. 714) gaulaSqria kimerielebis wina-aRmdeg, magram sastikad damarcxebula da yvela cnobili pirovnebebi tyved Cavardnilan. amave xanebSi kemerielebs gaulaSqriaT urmispira raionSi mdebare, xeTur-subarul samefos (Zv. w. 680 _Zv. w. 669) manas winaaRmdeg. kimerielebi SeiWrnen siria-palestinaSi daipyres urartu, frigia, lidia, kapadokia da egviptesac miaRwies. amis Semdeg kimerielebi dasaxlebulan mcire aziis aRmosavleTisa da samxreT amierkavkasiis zogierT adgilebSi, asureTis aRmosavleT mxareSi.

istorikosi g io r g i m el i q i S v il i (1915_2002) werda, rom kimerielebs gavlena moux-deniaT adgilobriv mosaxleobaze. ̀ amis Sesaxeb metyvelebs is, rom Zvel somxur wyaroebSi kapa-dokia kimerielTa saxels (`gamirq~) atarebs. saqarTvelos erT-erTi olqis TrialeTis (somx. Trel-q) saxelic erT-erTi kimeriuli tomis _ trerebis (Trerebis) saxelidan unda iyos warmomdgari~. (6, t.I, gv.393).

wyaroebidan irkveva, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi kimerielebis siZliere Sesustebula da isini ukve sxvadasxva adgilobriv tomebTan erTad, rogorc daqiravebulni, xan rogorc mokavSireebi, ebrZodnen manas, asurelebs da urartelebs.

asureTis warwerebidan irkveva, rom Zv. w. 679 wels asureTis mefem (Zv. w. 680_669) a s a r x a do n m a (asur. aSur-axe-iddin-na) daamarcxa kimerielTa mefe t eu S p a (brZolis dros daiRupa). magram, am damarcxebas maTze raime zegavlena ar mouxdenia. Zv. w. 676 wels kimerielebma da urartelebma gailaSqres centralur da aRmosavleT mcire aziaSi Zlieri saxelmwifos frigiis winaaRmdeg, gaanadgures da rogorc berZnuli wyaroebi gadmogvcemen, frigiis samefos naxe-vrad legendarul damaarsebels, frigiis mefes (Zv. w. VIII s. bolo _ VII s. dasawy.) m i d a s s , `kimerielebTan da urartuelebTan damarcxebis Semdeg midass xaris sisxli daulevia da Tavi mouklavs~ (8, t.6, gv.678).

cnobnilia, rom II saukunis aTaswleulSi, mcire aziis naxevarkunZulze, evropidan gadmo-saxlebulma frigielebma Seqmnes frigiis samefo, romelmac SeZlo erT dros Zlieri xeTebis samefos ganadgureba. frigiis samefos asurelebi da urartelebi muSqebis saxeliT moixsenebian.

istoriul wyaroebSi, samxreT kavkasiaSi da mcire aziaSi myofi kimerielebi moxsenebulni arian rogorc aRmosavleT da dasavleT kimerielebad.

wyaroebis Tanaxmad, aRmosavleT kimerielebs monawileoba miuRiaT Zv. w. 673 w. erT-erTi midieli beladis k a St ar it i s , asureTis winaaRmdeg ajanyebaSi. mas

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ukavSirdeba damoukidebeli midiis samofos Camoyalibeba. etyoba, rom amis Semdeg, aRmosavleT kimerielebma TandaTan siZliere dakarges da Seerivnen adgilobriv mosaxleobas.

dasavleT kimerielebi, Zv. w. 660 wels, Tavs esxmian dasavleT mcire aziis erT-erT Zlier da mZlavr saxelmwifos lidias. lidiis mefe g i g e s (Zv. w. 692_654) (asur. gugus), daxmareba uTxovia asureTisaTvis. am brZolis dros kimerielebi damarcxebulan. magram, es yofila droebiTi. rogorc wyaroebidanMCans, male kimerielebs daupyriaT asureTis dasavleTi mxare. asureTis mefes (Zv. w. 668 _ Zv. w. 626) a s u r b a n i f al s uxdeboda kimerielTa gamudmebuli Tavdasxmebis moge-rieba. Zv w. 654 wels kimerielebi kvlav Tavs esxmian lidias. amarcxeben da iReben mis dedaqalaq sardisac. am brZolis dros iRupeba lidiis mefe gigesi. amave xanebSi, dasavleT kimerielebi Tavs esxmian mcire aziis, Savi zRvis dasavleT sanapiroebze mdebare ioniis berZnul qalaqebs. daipyres da daangries didi savaWro-xelosnuri qalaqi efeso da meandrosis magnesia. ar gasula didi dro da kimerielebma isev asurelebs Seuties, magram erT-erTi brZolis dros Zv. w. 640 w. kimerielTa mefe d u gd a n i (tugdamme, ligdami) avadmyofobis gamo gardaicvala da kimerielemba brZola Sewyvites. misi memkvidre s a n d a k ur i (sandakurru, Sandakurru) asurbani-falis warweraSi moxsenebulia rogorc àsureTis mteri~. amis Semdeg, wyaroebSi kimerielebi aRar Canan. rogorc etyoba, CrdiloeT kavkasiidan gadaxvewilma skviTurma tomebma da lidielebma, isini gaanadgures da TandaTan mcire aziis adgilobriv mcxovreblebs Seerivnen. (148).

4. s k v i T e b i . mecnierebis mier dadgenilia, rom skviTebi warmoadgendnen uZveles iranulenovan

tomebs, romlebic momTabare cxovrebas eweodnen. skviTebis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva mosazreba arsebobs. zogierTi mecnieris azriT, skviTebi daxetialobdnen dRevandeli ukrainis, moldaveTis, samxreT ruseTis, yazaxeTis da dasavleT cimbiris velebze. nawili mecnierebisa am debulebas ar eTanxmeba.

èlinizmis epoqaSi eTnonims `skviTi~ SavizRvispireTidan TiTqmis Sua aziamde gansax-lebul momTabare tomebsac miusadagebdnen~. (13, gv.62).

Zveli berZnebi, zemoT dasaxelebul miwa-wyalze yvela mosaxles, uwodebdnen skviTebs. mogvianebiT, berZnebi da bizantielebic, yvela tomebs, romlebic cxovrob-dnen evropul velebze da CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi, miuxedavad maTi warmoSobisa, moixseniebdnen rogorc skviTebs. Cv. w. III_IV saukuneebSi, germanulenovan tomebs, berZnebi da mogvianebiT, bizantielebic, aRmosavleT slavebs (rusebs), Turqulenovan xazarebsa da alanebsac uwodebdnen skviTebs.

herodotes gadmocemiT Zv. w. VII saukuneSi skviTebma kimerielebi TavianTi miwa- wylidan gaaZeves da maTi miwa-wyali daikaves. zogierTi mecnieri Tvlis, rom herodotes mier moxsenebuli skviTebi, movidnen sirdariis dablobebidan, tuvidan, an

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romelime centraluri aziidan. nawili mecnierebisa amtkicebs, rom skviTebi, jer kidev adre, ramdenime saukunis win, rodesac xdeboda gareuli cxenis moSinaureba, ukve CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi imyofebodnen. xolo, mecnierTa nawili Tvlis, rom aTasi wlis win, ZiriTadi skviTebis tomebi wamovidnen Sua aziidan da Semdeg Seerivnen adgilobriv, CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi mcxovreb tomebs.

herodote wers, rom skviTebi saxlobdnen md. dneprisa da md. donis velebSi da skviTebma, Zv. w. IV saukuneSi Camoayalibes skviTebis saxelmwifo, romlis dedaqalaqi iyo `neapoli skviTebis~. skviTebi iyofodnen ramdenime msxvil tomebad: ZiriTadaT iTvleboda ̀ samefo skviTebi~ _ aRmoavleTis skviTebi, romlebic cxovrobdnen yirimis velebze da esazRvrebodnen md. donis savromatebs; dasavleTiT imyofebodnen, egreT wodebuli, moxetiale-skviTebi; CrdiloeTiT _ diazonebis tomebi da ufro CrdiloeTiT ki _ miwaTmomqmedi skviTebi.

cnobilia, rom Zv. w. VIII saukuneSi samxreT kavkasias da mcire azias Semoesivnen skviTebi. gadaiares kolxeTi da rogorc mecnierebi fiqroben, maT monawileoba miuRiaT urartus damxobaSic. Zv. w. VII saukunis 70-ian wlebSi SeiWrnen midiaSi, siriaSi da palestinaSi. erT xans mcire aziaSi Camoayalibes saxelmwifo _ iSkuza. Zv. w. VI saukuneSi mcire aziidan skviTebi gandevnes, xolo darCenili nawili Seeria adgilobriv mosaxleobas.

(Zv. w. V saukunis bolo _ IV saukunis I naxevari) CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi myofma skviTebma TandaTan Camoayalibes saxelmwifo. IV saukunis 40-ian wlebSi, skviTebis erT-erTi tomis mefem a T e i m (Zv. w. 429_Zv.w. 339), daimorCila yvela sxva skviTuri tomebi da misi samflobelo gaxda azovis zRvidan (yirimidan) md. dunaimde. Zv. w. 339 wels, aTei daiRupa, makedoniis mefe f il i p e II-Tan (daaxl. 352_336) brZolis dros. cnobilia, rom Zv. w. 331 wels skviTebis dasavleT mxares Semoesivnen Trakielebi, magram damarcxdnen. Zv. w. III saukunis bolos, md. dunais mxridan gadmosulma maTive monaTesave tomebma sarmatebma, skviTebi Seaviwroves da iZulebulni gaxdnen dedaqalaqi gadmoetanaT samxreT mxareSi, yirimSi da md. salgirze aaSenes qalaqi neapoli (skviTebis). yirimSi, skviTebis samefos ayvavebis xana iyo Zv. w. II saukune. am dros maT emorCilebodaT xersonesi da antikuri qalaqi md. dneprobugis limanis sanapiroze agebuli qalaqi olvia (borisfeni). Cv. w. I saukunis II naxevarSi ebrZodnen bosforis samefos.

Cv. w. III saukunis II naxevarSi, skandinavielma germanulma tomebma, goTebma, gaanadgures skviTebi da xolo gadarCenilni skviTebi, xalxTa didi gadasaxlebis dros Seerivnen adgilobriv mosaxleobas. dRevandel dRes SemorCenilia arqeologiuri Zeglebi (yorRanebi, naqalaqevebi). (153).

5. s a r m a t e b i . sarmatebi _ saerTo saxelwodebaa CrdiloeT momTabare iranulenovani tomebisa,

romlebic (Zv. w. IV _ ax. w. IV) saukuneebSi cxovrobdnen md. dunaisa da md. tobols

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Soris velebSi. mecnierebi Tvlian, rom sarmatebSi, Sediodnen antikuri avtorebis mier moxsenebuli sxvadasxva dros tomTa mZlavri kavSirebi (aorsebi, sirakebi, roqsalenebi, iazigebi da alanebi), romlebsac aerTi-anebdnen evropiel skviTebTan da aziel sakebTan erTad. ZiriTadaT sarmatebis Camoyalibeba xdeboda md. volgisa da uralis velebze. strabonis gadmocemiT CrdiloeT aziaSi, okeanis mxareze sax-lobdnen `romeliRac skviTebiT, nomadebiT, romlebic kibitebSi cxovroben; Semdeg qveynis siRrmeSi _ sarmatebi (aseve skviTebi), aorsebi da sirakebi, romlebic vrceldebian samxreTiT kavkasiis mTebamde; maTi nawili momTabarea, nawili ki _ miwaTmoqmedTa karvebSi cxovrobs~. (15, gv.27).

herodote gadmoscems legendas, rom sarmatebi, legendaruli mebrZoli qalebis amazonebis da skviTebis axalgazrdebis qorwinebas ukavSireben TavianT warmoSobas. amitomac aris, rom sar-mati qalebi mgzavroben cxeniT, floben sabrZolo iaraRs, nadiroben, mamakaciviT icvaven, brZolaSi monawileobas Rebuloben da ar Txovdebian manam, sanam mters brZolis dros ar moklaven. qalebs SeeZlod gamxdariyvnen tomis beladebi, SeesrulebinaT qurumis movaleobac. mecnierebi Tvlian, rom sarmatebi adre ganekuTvnebodnen matriarqatul dros. xolo Semdeg, rodesac warmoiSva sarmatis sazogadoebebi, gaxda patiarqatuli. herodotes gadmocemiT, amazonebs mainc ver SeuswavliaT srulyofilad skviTuri ena. amitom, sarmatebi laparakoben damaxinjebul skviTur enaze. (151).

mecnierebi fiqroben, rom sarmatebi Zvel dros gamoeyvnen skviTebs. sparselebi maT uwodebdnen `sairimas~ da moxsenebulni arian rogorc msxemi tomebi. Zv. w, VII_V saukuneebSi isini ganicdidnen gvarovnuli wyobilebis (Temis) daSlas, TviTeuli sagvareulos beladi eyrdnoboda samxedro razms.

Zv. w. V_IV saukuneebSi sarmatebi cxovrobdnen skviTebis mezoblad da monawileobas Rebu-lobdnen skviTebTan erTad omebSi da emsaxurebodnen skivTebis mefes. wyaroebidan Cans, rom Zv. w. III saukuneSi sarmatebi momZlavrdnen da skviTebsa da sarmatebs Soris Camovardnila uTanxmoeba. sarmatebma daiwyes Tavdasxmebi skviTebze. Zv w. IV saukunis bolos, skviTebs Seuties Trakielebma da keltebma (romaelebi maT galebs uwodebdnen, mogvianebiT maT galatebi daerqvaT), Trakiis mefem l i s i m a q e m (Zv. w. 306_281) skviTebi daamarcxa. am omebis Sedegad skviTebi dasustdnen da sarmatebma TandaTan daikaves skviTebis miwebi. sarmatebi gadasaxldnen evropul skviTedSi, CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTsa da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. amieridan aRmosavleT evropasa da CrdiloeT kavkasias istorikosebi uwodebdnen saramatias. amis Semdeg sarmatebma daiwyes mSvidobiani TanamSromloba mezobel SavizRvispireTSi mcxovreb miwaTmomqmed xalxTan da berZnul qalaqebTan. am droidan, istoriul wyarobSi aRniSnulia dasavleT da aRmosavleT sarmatebi.

dasavleT sarmatebSi Sediodnen: roqsolanebi, iazigebi da sxv. xolo, aRmosavleT sarmatebs ekuTvnodnen: aorsebi, sirakebi da alanebi.

dasavleT sarmatebma, ax. w. I saukuneSi gadalaxes md. dunai da dasaxldnen romis imperiis sazRvrebTan. maT gamudmebiT omebi hqondaT romis imperiasTan, romelic

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xSirad icvleboda mSvidobiani SeTanxmebiT. SemdegSi, sarmatebi TandaTan dasaxldnen da daikaves TiTqmis dasavleTi evropa, romaelebis mier dapyrobil mxareebSi: dRevandel ungreTSi, rumineTSi, bulgareTSi, yofil iugoslaviaSi, safrangeTSi, italiaSi da did britaneTSi.

aRmosavleT sarmatebi saxlobdnen CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da azovis zRvidan kaspiis zRvis velebSi.

ax. w. I saukuneSi sarmatebi Seesivnen amierkavkasias. isini ebrZodnen amierkav-kasiis saxelmwifoebs da romaelebs. maT, garkveuli kvali datoves saqarTvelos istoriaSic.

ax. w. II_IV saukuneebSi CrdiloeTidan Camowolilma goTebma da aziis tramalebidan wamosulma TaTarTa tomebma, hunebma, SeierTes sarmatebi da IV sau-kuneSi Seesivnen dasavleT evropas, daiwyo egreT wodebuli `xalxTa didi gada-saxleba~. darCenili nawili sarmatebisa Seerivnen CrdiloeT kavkaksiis adgilobriv, ZiriTadaT Turqulenovan tomebs.

zogierTi mecnierTa azriT, saramatebis nawili Seeria aRmosavleT slavebs, kazakebs, ukrainelebs da rusebs.

mecnierebi fiqroben, rom dasavleT slavuri modgmis xalxebis, serbebisa da luJicielebis (serboluJicielebi) sakuTari saxelwodeba `Serbja~ da `Serby~, warmomdgari aris sarmatTa saxelwodebisagan, romlebic moxsenebulia mwerlis da istorikosis p u bli u s k or n eli u s t a c itu s i s (daaxl. 55_116) da mweralis, swavlulis da saxelmwifo moRvawis g a i u s pl i n i u s i s (ufrosi) (23/24_79) SromebSi, romlebSic aRniSnulia, rom SavizRvispireTSi da kavkasiaSi imyofebodnen saramati tomebi. aseve fiqroben, rom poloneTisa da litvis gabatonebuli feodalebi Sliaxtebi warmoiSvnen sarmatebisagan. dadasturebulia, rom dRevandeli osebis da iasebis winaprebi iyvnen, sarmatebis erT-erTi tomi alanebi. osurma enam SeinarCuna sarmatuli enis TviTmyofadoba.

`XVI saukunis Sua wlebSi poloneli humanistebi iwyeben azris gamoTqmas masze, rom poloneli Sliaxtebi (aznaurebi) warmoiqmnen sarmatebisagan, uZvelesi velis xalxebisagan, romlebic cnobilni iyvnen berZnul da romael eTnografebisaTvis. XVII saukuneSi es debuleba gaxda ZiriTadi ideologia polonelTa didebulebisaTvis _ sarmatizmi (Taviseburi socialuri rasizmi: didgvarovnebi iTvlebodnen sarmatebis STamomavlebad, xolo mdabionni _ slavebi da litvelebi). xelovnebaTmcodneobaSi aris gansakuTrebuli termini «sarmatiis portreti»: XVII da XVIII saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, polonel didebuleebs surdaT, rom mxatvrebs isini gamoesaxaT «sarmatebad»~. (151).

dasavleT sarmatulma tomebma, roqsolanebma da iazigebma, aRmosavleT sarmatel tomebTan Sexla-Semoxlis dros, Zv. w. 125 wels Sehqmnes mZlavri, magram ara myari gaerTianeba. romelic Zv. w. I saukuneSi daiSala da warmoiqmna cal-calke, damoukidebeli erTeulebi.

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6. r o q s o l a n e b i . roqsolanebi iyvnen erT-erTi sarmatuli mesaqonle tomi. romlebic, rogorc

wyaroebidan Cans, Zv. w. IV_II ss-Si momTabareobdnen md-is: dneprsa da qvemo volgis Soris velebze. Zv. w. II saukuneSi sarmatTa erT-erTi momTabare tomebis, aorsebis, Camowolis Sedegad, roqsolanebi iZulebulni gaxdnen mietovebinaT TavianTi adgilebi da gadasaxlebuliyvnen Savi zRvis Crdilo-eTis velebze, sadac imyofebodnen iazigebi. aq imyofebodnen hunebis Semosevamde (IV s.). roqso-lanebs samxreTiT esazRvreboda meotiis tba (azovis zRva), xolo CrdiloeTiT _ ukacrieli velebi.

eTnonimis `roqsolani~-s Sesaxeb, mecnierTa nawili Tvlis, rom is warmomdgaria iranuli enidan `roqs-alan~ da iTargmneba rogorc `TeTri alani~. xolo nawili Tvlis, rom eTnonimi ufro gvagonebs Zvelindur gamoTqmas _ `ruqsa~-s (`ruxsa~), romelic bizantielebi da goTebis mwerlebi aRniSnavdnen (VI_VII) saukuneebSi mcxovreb yvela slavur tomebs. mecnier-bunebismetyveli, mwerali da istorikosi m i x e i l l o m o n o s o v i (1711_1765) àigiveebda `roqsolan~-s `rusa~-sTan _ rusebTan. igi amtkicebda, rom variagebs _ rossebs Zvelad erqvaT roqsolanebi anu rossolanebi (radgan rossebi iyvnen SeerTebulni alanebTan), igi Tvlida, rom saxelwodeba rossolanebi ufro swori iyo, radgan roqsolanebi warmoadgenda berZnebis mier damaxinjebas. amis garda, igi rosomonovs eZaxda roqsomalebs~. amave azris iyo istorikosi da publicisti d i m i t r i i l o v a i s k i (1832_1920). igi amtkicebda, rom: `ros anu rus da roqsolanebi aris erTi da igive saxelwodeba, erTi da igive xalxia~. (150).

mecnierebi Tvlian, rom roqsolanebis mefe h a t a p i (Zv. w. II s. I nax.) amave dros iyo `sarmatTa mefec~. wyaroebidan Cans, rom qersonelebs (berZnebis mier daarsebuli Zv. qalaqi yirimSi. SemdegSi `xerson~) yirimeli skviTebisagan Tavi rom daecvaT, hatapisaTvis daxmareba uTxoviaT. Zv. w. 179 wels hatapis SemweobiT momxdara, pontos mefe farnaksa da qersonelebs Soris dazaveba. Zv. w. (110_109) wlebSi roqsolanebis mefe T a s i m (tasi) yirimel skviTebTan erTad Seecada qersonesis dapyrobas, magram pontos mefis miTridate VI-is evpatoris sardalma d i o f a n t e m orjer daamarcxa roqsolanebi (skviTebi) da yirimidan gandevna. amis Semdgom, wyaroebidan Cans, rom roqsolanebsa da pontos samefos Soris momxdara SeTanxmeba da roqsolanebis mxedrebi monawileobas Rebulobdnen Zv. w. 107 wels miTridate VI-is mier bosforis samefos dapyrobaSi da pontos samefos mier, romaelebis winaaRmdeg gamarTul brZolebSi.

Cv. w. I saukunis I naxevarSi, roqsolanebma gadaiwien ufro CrdiloeTiT da daikaves md. dunaisa da tisas midamoebi. nawili dasaxlda dRevandeli rumineTis miwa-wyalze. dauaxlovdnen romis imperiis sazRvrebs. I_II saukuneebSi ebrZodnen romis imperias.

berZen, romael da aRmosavleT istorikosebs Soris, pirvelad, strabonma mogvawoda cnobebi, sarmati tomebis: roqsolanebis, aorsebis, iazigebis, sirakebisa da

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alanebis Sesaxeb. aRwera maTi gansaxlebis adgilmdebareoba da cxovrebis wesebi. igi, mogviTxrobs maT brZolebs romis imperiis winaaRmdeg. r. TofCiSvili wers, rom berZeni istorikosi da geografi s t r a b o n i (daaxl. Zv. w. 64/63_ax. w. 23/24) `roqsolanebs, aorsebsa da iazigebs kibitebSi mcxovreblebad moixseniebs. roqsolanebis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs, rom isini yvelaze Crdiloelebi [skviTebi] arian da mosaxleoben tanaissa da borisfens Soris mdebare velebSi. isini momTabareoben saZovrebis ZiebaSi, izamTreben meotidis irgvliv dablobSi, zafxulSi ki _ velebSi (alemani 2003: 155). yvela mecnieri, romelic strabonis cnobas roqsolanebis Sesaxeb komentars ukeTebs, aRniSnavs, rom berZen avtors roqsolanebi lokalize-buli hyavs Coris CrdiloeTiT, dneprsa da dons Soris. maTi monawileoba taisis meTaurobiT omebSi, romlebsac pontos mefe miTridat VI evpatori awarmoebda skviTebis winaaRmdeg, damadasturebelia skviTebis samxreTisaken moZraobisa, rodesac is maT azovis zRvis sanapiroze aTavsebs~. (15, gv.25).

tacitusi gadmogvcems, ax. w. (67_68) wlebSi, zamTarSi, roqsolanebis gamanad-gurebel Tavdasxmebs, romis imperiis mier dapyrobil md. dunais miwa-wyalze. maT gaunadgurebiaT romaelTa legionerebis 2 kohorta (qvedanayofi). xolo, imerato-ris m a r k u s s a l v i u s o t o n i s (gar. 69) dros, 69 wels, romaelebs gaunad-gurebiaT meoziaSi (mezia. md. dunaisa da balkaneTis mTebs Soris mdebare Zveli saxelmwifo. mosaxleobdnen Trakieli tomebi) SemoWrili roqsolanebi, maTi gadar-Cenili nawili daRupula WaobSi, sicivisa da Wrilobebisagan. cnobilia, rom romis imperatoris (98_117) m a r k u s u l p i u s t r a i a n e s (53_117) dros, roqsola-nebi monawileobas Rebulobdnen romis imperiis mier (101_102) warmoebul dakiis (rumineTis miwa-wyalze, romis administraciul-teritoriuli erTeuli) pirvel omebSi. wyaroebis Tanaxmad, romis imperatoris (117_138) p u b l i u s e l i u s a d r i a n e s (hadriane) (76_138) dros, meoziaSi sarmatebsa, roqsolanebsa da romaelebs Soris dapirispirebisas, imperatori iZulebuli gamxdara maTTan xeli moewera xelSekrulebas, romlis Tanaxmad roms wliuri xarki unda exada maTTvis.

IV saukuneSi hunebma daipyres sxva tomebTan erTad roqsolanebic. IV s-is goTebis istorikosi i o r d a n i s i aRniSnavs, rom roqsolanebi imyofebodnen dakiis aRmosavleTiT. amis Semdeg, maT Sesaxeb cnobebi aRar gvxvdeba, etyoba isini gaiTqvifnen evropis sxva tomebSi. dRevandel dRes, ukrainaSi SemorCenilia erT-erTi soflis dasaxeleba `roqsolani~. (150)

7. i a z i g e b i . iazigebi ekuTvnodnen erT-erT iranulenovan sarmatTa toms, romlebic Zv. w. IV_II

saukuneebSi momTabare cxovrebas eweodnen azovis zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi md-s: dneprsa da dons Soris. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Zv. w. II saukuneSi aorsebis, Camowolis Sedegad, roqsolanebi gadasaxldnen Savi zRvis CrdiloeTis velebze, sadac imyofebodnen iazigebi. iazigebis nawilma gadainacvla dasavleT mxareSi, qveda

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md. dnepris velebze, xolo nawili, dasaxlda md. dunais Sesa-rTavis midamoebSi. cnobilia, rom Zv. w. I saukuneSi romis imperiis sazRvrebSi moeqca md. dunais dinebis qveda mxareebi. iazigebi cdilobdnen md. dunais gadalaxvas da amis gamo romaelebTan uxdebodaT dapirispireba. Zv. w. 69 wlis zamTarSi, iazigebi, roqso-lanebTan erTad SeiWrnen meoziaSi, rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT damarcxdnen. Semdeg welsac daexsnen romaelebs, isev damarcxdnen. iazigebi miTridate VI evpatorTan erTad ebrZodnen romaelebs. Zv. w. 78_76 wlebSi romaelebma SeZles iazigebis damarcxeba da isini gandevnes CrdiloeTSi. ax. w. 20-ian wlebSi iazigebi gadavidnen karpatebze da dasaxldnen ungreTisa da samxreT slovakiis dablobebSi. `xalxTa didi gadasaxlebis~ dros, iazigebi goTebTan erTad darCnen TavianT adgilebze da ar Rebulobdnen monawileobas alanebis laSqrobebSi dasavleT evropaSi. roqsolanebTan erTad iazi-gebi xan romis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen, xan mokavSired da xSirad Rebulobdnen monawileobas romis imperiis SinaomebSic. rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, ax. w. I saukunidan iazigebi, xolo, II sau-kunis dasawyisidan roqsolanebi, xelSekru-lebis Tanaxmad, imperiis sazRvrebis dacvisaTvis romi, yovelwliurad maT uxdida gadasaxads. rodesac romma ar Seasrula xelSekruleba, iazigebi da roqsolanebi 117 wels SeiWrnen dunais olqebSi da or wliani omis Semdeg, romis imperia iZule- buli gaxda ganeaxlebina xelSekruleba. SemdegSi, iazigebis mxedrebis nawili miiRes romis jarSi. xolo nawili, msaxurobda britaneTis romis sajariso nawilebSi. mec-nierTa nawili Tvlis, rom britaneTSi gavrcelebuli kelti miTiis, mefe a rtur i s a da mrgvali magidis Sesaxeb, Tavdapirvel wyaros warmoadgenda swored es sarmati tomebi. II saukuneSi iazigebi dasaxldnen romis imperiis mier dapyrobil olqSi, panoniaSi (axland. ungreTis dasavleTis nawili, avstriis CrdiloeTis nawili, sloveniisa da serbeTis miwa-wylis nawilebi). TandaTan, iazigebis xseneba istoriul literaturaSi Sewyda. rogorc etyoba isini Seerivnen Sua evropis adgilobriv tomebs. (155).

8. s i r a k e b i . sirakebi, mecnierTa azriT iyvnen sarmatTa momTabare tomebi, romlebic Zv. w. II

saukuneSi amierkavkasiidan gadmosaxldnen md. yubanis CrdiloeTiT azovis zRvis velebze da CrdiloeT kavkasiis dablobebSi. maT mosvlamde, Zv. w. IV-dan da maT drosac, am adgilebSi cxovrobdnen miwaTmomqmedTa meotTa tomebi. maT Seqmnes TavianTi saxelmwifo, romlis dedaqalaqi iyo uspa. romelic mdebareobda maRlob adgilas, azovis zRvasTan, bosforis saxelmwifosTan axlos. qalaqi yofila gamag-rebuli damcavi kedlebiT, ormag wnelebs Soris Cayrili miwiT da TxrilebiT. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi damkvidrebul sirakebs, etyoba, rom Tavdapirvelad eqvemde-barebodnen TavianT xelmZRvanelebsa da didebulebs, xolo Semdeg emorCilebodnen bosforis mefes. strabonis TqmiT: `xalxebi, romlebic Semdeg modian, meotids da kaspiis zRvas Soris, ukve momTabareni arian: namianebi, pagianebi da maSinve maT Semdeg

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sirakebi da aorsebi. es aorsebi da sirakebi, rogorc Cans, warmoadgenen gandevnilebs (gamoZevebulebs)~. istorikosi a u gu st al e m a n i wers, rom `sirakebi ki, aseve sarmatuli xalxi, rogorc Cans, cxovrobdnen stavropolidan Crdilo-dasav-leTiT, mdinare egorlikis dablobSi (maniCis Senakadi), romelic Tavis mxriv, dons qvemo welSi uerTdeba~. (15, gv.28).

arqeologebis mier aRmoCenili ZeglebiT damtkicda, rom sirakebma ganicades berZnuli kulturis gavlena (elinizmi). ax. w. I saukuneSi md. yubanis velebze mcxovrebi sirakebi iyvnen erTaderTi ukanaskneli sarmatTa tomebi, romlebic SemorCenilan Tavis Zvel miwa-wyalze. etyoba, rom sirakebi arc TuUise mraval-ricxovanni yofilan, radgan strabonis gadmocemiT, sirakebis mefes a b e a k m a s , Zv. w. 66_63 wlebSi, SeeZlo mxolod 20 000 meomris gamoyvana. am dros-ki, mis mezoblad CrdiloeTiT myof aorsebs SeeZlod 200 000 mxedris gamoyvana.

tacitusis gadmocemiT, ax. w. 35 wels sirakebma da iberiis mefe farsmanma gailaSqres, parTiisa da somxeTis winaaRmdeg.

ax. w. 49 wels sirakebi Rebulobdnen monawileobas bosforis samefos mier warmoebul omebSi. sirakebis mefe zor s i n i miemxro bosforis samefos mefe m i Tr id at e VIII-es (g. ax. w. 68), romelic Seecada romisagan ganTavisuflebas. magram mis winaaRmdeg gamovida dedinacvalis Svili, k ot i s i , romelic miemxro romaelebs da misi gegmebi gasca. amis gamo, yubanispireTsa da Crdilo-azovispireTSi gamarTul brZolebSi miTridate VIII da zorsini ramdenimejer damarcxdnen. erT-erTi brZolis dros miTridate VIII tyved Cavarda. xolo zorsinis, rom gadaerCina Tavisi samefo, romaelebTan zavi dado da xarkis gadaxdazec SeuTanxmda. sirakebis dedaqalaqi uspa romaelebma gaanadgures. arqeologiuri gaTxrebi mowmoben, rom sirakebis samefo TiTqmis II saukunis bolomde arsebobda. md. donis SesarTavTan mdebare Zvel berZnul q. tanaisSi (rostovis olqSi) arqe-ologebis mier aRmoCenili warweridan irkveva, rom 193 wels, bosforis samefos mefes (174_210) s a v r o m at II-es daupyria sirakebi da maTi dedaqalaqi uspac auRia. ax. w. III saukunis dasawyi-sidan, werilobiT wyaroebSi sirakebi aRar Canan. etyoba, rom sirakebis nawils dauwyiaT miwaT-moqmedebisa da soflis meurneobis damuSaveba da sirakebi TandaTan Seerivnen adgilobriv mosaxleobas.

mecnierTa nawili fiqrobs, rom sirakebis nawili Zv. w. I saukuneSive Seerivnen adgilobriv meotTa tomebs da maT, meotebis kulturaze da enaze, araviTari zegavlena ar mouxdeniaT. isini Seerwymnen meotebs. (162).

9. a o r s e b i . aorsebi momTabareobdnen md. donsa da kaspiis zRvis velebze, md. volgis qvemo

da aRmosavleT kavkasiis mxareSi, samxreT uralisa da Sua aziis velebze. mdinareebis volgasa da dons Soris. CrdiloeT kaspiispireTisa da samxreT uralis velebze momTabare aorsebs uwodebdnen `zemo aorsebs~. `qvemo aorsebi~ imyofebodnen

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sirakebis aRmosavleTiT, dRevandeli stavropolis maRlo-bze, Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi da aRwevdnen kavkasiis qedamde. Zv. berZeni mecnieri kl a v d i u s ptole m e (g. daaxl. 168) ùSvebs aorsTa ori mTavari jgufis arsebobas, Tumca isini gancalkebulni ar iyvnen~. (15, gv.28). wyaroebidan irkveva. rom aorsebi iyvnen sarmat tomebs Soris yvelaze ufro mravalricxovanni da Zlierni. strabonis gadmocemiT, erT-erTi omis dros (Zv. w. I saukunis Sua wlebi) aorsebis mefem s p a d i n m a _ 200 000 mxedari gamoiyvana. xolo, zeviT myofma aorsebma, ufro meti mxedari gamoiyvana, vinaidan isini ufro met olqebs flobdnen, CrdiloeT da dasavleT kaspiis zRvispireTis midamoebs. aq myofi aorsebi zedamxedvelobas uwev-dnen am mxareebSi gamaval yvela savaWro gzebs. romlebic miemarTeboda kavkasiaSi da Sua aziaSi. àorsebi, Tumca, cxovroben tanaisis (Zv. berZ. md. doni) dinebaze, xolo sirakebi _ axardeias (Zv. berZn. md. yubani) dinebaze~. (141).

straboni gadmogvcems, rom: ̀ xalxebi, romlebic Semdeg modian, meotids da kaspiis zRvas Soris, ukve momTabareni arian: nabianebi, pagianebi da maSinve maT Semdeg sirakebi da aorsebi, es aorsebi da sirakebi, rogorc Cans, warmoadgenen gandevnilebs (gamoZevebulebs), amave saxelwodebis tomebidan, romlebic ufro CrdiloeTiT imyofebian, Tanac maTgan aorsebi yvelaze CrdiloeTisani arian da batonobdnen TiTqmis kaspiis sanapiros did nawilze, amasTan awarmoeben vaWrobas aqlemebiT, induri da babilonis saqonliT, rasac iRebdnen somxebisa da midielebisagan. aorsebi, garda amisa, cxovroben tanais dinebaze~. (15, gv.27).

cnobilia, rom Zv. w. I saukuneSi, aRmosavleT sarmatebi, sirakebi da aorsebi, romlebic imyofebodnen yirimisa da bosforis zRvispireTSi, exmarebodnen bosforis mefe (Zv. w. 190_Zv. w. 159) f a r n a k e I-es. xolo, amave saukunis Sua wlebSi, sirakebi da aorsebi erTmaneTs daupi-rispirdnen. rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, ax. w. 49 wels sirakebi miemxrnen bosforis mefe miTridate VIII-es, xolo, aorsebi da romae-lebi mxars uWerdnen miTridate VIII-is Zmas kotiss, romelic mefes aujanyda. kotisma da misma momxreebma daamarcxes miTridate da sirakebi.

SemdgomSi, etyoba, rom aorsebis adgilsamyofeli daikaves aorsebis monaTesave tomebma _ alanebma, romlebmac TandaTan daipyres mezobeli tomebi. romaeli istorikosi a m i a n e m a rc eli n u s i (daaxl. 330_400) gadmogvcems, rom `TandaTan gamudmebuli mogebebiT daauZlu-res mezobeli xalxebi da maTze Tavisi saxeli gaavrceles~. III saukunis Sua wlebidan aorsebis Sesaxeb cnobebi wyaroebSi aRar gvxvdeba. xolo maTi yofili samflobeli, romaul da Cinur werilobiT wyaroebSi moxsenebulia, rogorc àlania~. aRsaniSnavia, rom amdagvari saxelwodeba vainaxebis orstebis (inguS. _ orstxoi) umravles nawils dRemde SemorCaT. orstebi istoriulad cxovrobdnen inguSebisa da CaCnebis CrdiloeTiT, varaudiT aorsebis binadrobis midamoebSi~. (141).

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10. a l a n e b i . mecnierebis mier aRiarebulia, rom alanebi warmoadgendnen aRmosavleTis

iranulenovan sarmatebis naxevrad msxemi tomebis, Zv. w. II saukunidan erT-erTi cnobili roqsanebis tomis saxelwodebiT, romlebic Zv. w. I saukunidan cxovrobdnen samxreT ruseTis velebze, azovispireTSi, Crdilo-dasavleT SavizRvispireTSi da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, mdinareebis: dnepris, donis, yubanisa da volgis velebze. droTa ganmavlobaSi alanebma TandaTan TavianTi samflobelo gaafarToves da md. uralis velebic maT xelSi aRmoCnda. wyaroebSi aRniSnuli àlanTa mTebi~, erTi da igive samxreT uralis mugodjaris mTebis dasaxelebaa. Tumca, mecnierTa nawili Tvlis, rom alanebi erT-erTi Turquli modgmis momTabare tomebi iyvnen. Cinur wyaroebSi alanebi moxsenebulni arian, jer kidev Zv. w. II saukuneSi, erT-erTi xanis dros rogorc àlania~. Cinur wyaroebSi moxse-nebulia mxolod is tomebi, romlebic imyofebodnen, CineTis dasavleTiT kaspiis zRvis aRmosavleT mxaremde. xolo, am wyaroebSi ki, arc erTi kavkasieli tomebi ar arian naxsenebi. mecnierebi aRniSnaven, rom alanebi sxvadasxva eTnikuri tomebisagan Sedgebodnen.

alanebi, laTinur, berZnul da romaul wyaroebSi, pirvelad moxsenebulni arian ax. w. I saukunida CrdiloeT kavkasiel tomebs Soris, romlebic erTmaneTTan mWidrod iyvnen dakavSirebulni. `yvela saistorio wyaroTi, romaelebTan kontaqtSi Sesvlis momentisaTvis, ekavaT alanebs stepebi Savi, kaspiisa da aralis zRvebis CrdiloeT monakveTebs Soris~. (15, gv.9).

antikuri mwerlebis gadmocemiT, alanebi sxva sarmati tomebidan gamoirCeodnen saomari suliskveTebiT, SesaniSnavi mxedrobiTa da mSvildosnobiT. momTabareobdnen, daTareSobdnen da Tavs irCendnen mxolod mezobel xalxTa Zarcva-rbeviT. alanebi monawileobas Rebulobdnen bosforis samefos politikur cxovrebaSic. cnobilia, rom alanTa tomebi, darialis karis da derbendis gadasasvlelebiT, Tavs esxmodnen da aoxrebdnen somxeTs, atropatens (berZn. azeirbaijani) da mcire aziis Sua nawi-lis erT-erT olqs kapadokiasac. ax. w. III saukunidan gaxSirda alanebisa da CrdiloeT kavkasielTa mTiel tomebTan erTad Semosevebi amierkavkasiaSi. rac asaxulia antikur, qarTul da somxur matianeebSi. cnobilia, rom am xanebSi alanebma monawileoba miiRes da aaoxres mcire aziis saxelmwifoebi parTiac da kapadokiac. romaeli istorikosis k a s i u s d io n k o q c e i a n u s i s (daaxl. 153_235) gadmo-cemiT, ax. w. 134 wels, alanebi Semoesivnen romisa da parTiis samflobeloebs. Tavs daesxnen albaneTsa da midias, armenias da kabadokias. parTiis mefe v olo g e s II-es (105_147) Tavi dauxsnia `saCuqrebiT~. romis imperatoris (117_139) p u bli u s a d r i a n e s (hadriane) (76_138) dros, alanebs ebrZoda kabadokiis romaeli mmar-Tveli (131_137) Zv. berZeni istorikosi da filosofosi fl a v i u s a r i a n e (daaxl. 95 _ 175). cnobilia, rom romis imperatorma (270_275) luc i u s do m i - c i u s a v r el i a n e m (214/215_275) sparselebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad daiqi- rava alanebi. misi sikvdilis Semdeg alanebma kidev erTxel moaoxres mcire azia.

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276 wels romis imperatorma (275_276) kl a v d iu s t a c it u s m a daamarcxa, romis imperiaSi Semoseuli alanebi da goTebi da aRkveTa maTi TareSi.

ax. w. IV saukuneSi alanebs, Sua aziis tramalebidan wamosuli TaTarTa tomebi, hunebi Semoesivnen. gaanadgures da amoxoces baris mosaxleobis didi nawili, xolo, momTabare alanebis tomTa nawili SeierTes. amis Semdeg, IV saukunis 70-ian wlebSi, alanebma da hunebma, gailaSqres dasavleTisaken da monawileoba miiRes xalxTa did gadasaxlebaSi. dasavleT evropaSi myofi tomebi zogi gaanadgures, nawili daimorCiles an gandevnes, zogierTi tomebi SeierTes da evropaSi Camoayalibes didi da mZlavri gaerTianeba at il a s (etceli) (434_453) meTaurobiT, romelic ebrZoda romis imperias. atilas sikvdilis Semdeg, evropaSi, alan-hunebis gaerTianeba swrafad daiSala. xolo, meore nawils, V saukunis dasawisSi, hunebsa da alanebs SeuerTda skandinaviis naxevarkunZulidan Camosaxlebuli aRmosavleT germanelTa tomebi vandalebi da ganagrZo msvle-loba dasavleTisaken. gadaTeles dasavleT evropa da pirenes naxevarkunZulis gavliT, CrdiloeT afrikaSi aRmoCndnen. aq, 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi ebrZodnen roms da sabolood daipyres romis imperiaSi Semavali olqi afrika. 429 wels aiRes, romis imperiis mier aRdgenili q. karTageni da iq Camoayalibes samefo. romelmac iarseba mcire xans. 534 wels bizantiam daipyro da Seiqmna karTagenis saergaqoso. droTa ganmavlobaSi am samefos mcxovreblebi Seerwymnen adgilobriv mosaxleobas. xolo, 698 wels karTageni aiRes arabebma.

alanebis meore nawili, romelic CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi md. Tergis dinebis samxreT mxareSi gadarCa, adgilobriv tomebTan erTad, qmnian Zlier tomTa kavSirs da yalibdeba saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmni, romelic cnobilia alaniis (alaneTis) saxelwodebiT.

katalonieli istorikosi a g u st i al e m a n i , ase axasiaTebs alanebs: `samyaros or nawilSi ganawilebuli alanebi mraval tomad arian dayofili,

romelTa Camo-Tvlis saWiroebas ver vxedav. Tumca isini rogorc nomadebi momTabareoben vrcel teritoriaze, romlebic erTmaneTisagan Sori manZiliT aris daSorebuli, magram, droTa ganmavlobaSi, isini erTi saxelis qveS erTiandebian da yvelas ewodebaT alanebi wes-Cveulebebis erTgvarovnebis, cxo-vrebis veluri wesis da erTnairi SeiaraRebis gamo. ara aqvT maT qoxebi, aravin maTgan ar xnavs, ikvebebian isini xorciT da rZiT, cxovroben kibitebSi, romlebic gadaxurulia xis qerqis moRu-nuli naWrebiT da gadaadgildebian usasrulo stepebSi. miaRweven ra balaxiT mdidar adgilebs, isini TavianT kibitebs wreSi aCereben da ikvebebian rogorc mxecebi, da rodesac saZovars gamo-sWamen, TavianTY`qalaqebs~ kibitebze tvirTaven da agrZeleben moZraobas. kibitebSi xvdebian (eyre-bian) erTmaneTs kacebi da qalebi, aqve ibadebian da izrdebian bavSvebi, esaa maTi mudmivi sacxo-vrebeli, da saiTkenac ar unda wavidnen, iqaa maTi mSobliuri saxli~. `yvela, vinc asakiTa da sqesiT omisaTvis gamousedagaria, kibitebis irgvliv arian Tavmoyrili da isini dakavebuli arian saojaxo saqmianobiT. axalgazrdebi ki adreuli asakidan cxenTan arian Sezrdili. mamakacebisaTvis sircxvilad Tvlian fexiT siaruls~. (15, gv.15).

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r. TofCiSvili wers, rom: àlanebma miwaTmoqmedebaze gadasvla mxolod IV_V saukuneebis mijnidan daiwyes mas Semdeg, rac isini CrdiloeT kavkasiis velebis mkvidrni gaxdnen. rogorc sxva momTabareebs, bunebrivia, alanebsac mudmivi salocavi adgili, nageboba ar hqondaT; maTi salocavi iyo miwaSi CarWobili maxvili. binadrobaze gadasuli alanebi droTa ganmavlobaSi qristianobas iReben, magram formalurad. mTebSi Sexizvnis Semdeg ki maTSi warmarTobis faqto-brivi reanimacia moxda~. (15, gv.16).

XIII_XIV saukuneebSi Camoyalibda alanTa sazogadoebebi: Tagauris, qurTaTis, alagirisa da digoris. alanebi amyareben urTierTobas bizantielebTan, erT dros alanebi bizantielebis vasalebic ki iyvnen.

VIII saukuneSi xazarebma daimorCiles CrdiloeT kavkasieli alanebi. rogorc cnobilia 1222 wels CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi SeiWrnen monRolebi. `JamTaaRmwereli~ mogviTxrobs, rom monRoluri saxelmwifos damaarsebelma, mxedarTmTavarma, Cingis-yaenma Tavis oTxive Svils `misca laSqari~ da gaagzavna sxvadasxva mxares, qveynebis dasapyrobad. mis ùxucess~ Svils èrqua TuSi, romelsa qarTvelni juCid uwodes... uxucessa TuSis misca laSqrisa naxevari da waravlina didsa sayivCayeTsa zeda, xazareTs, ruseTs, ovseTsa, vidre bneleTamde. da ese yoveli amas misca~. (3, gv.531). 1238 wels monRolebma daiwyes alaniis dapyroba. vinaidan, am dros alanebma ver moaxerxes ZalTa gaerTianeba, radgan, alanTa calkeuli tomebi erTmaneTs ebrZodnen, monRolebma 1239 wels daamarcxes alanebi da aiRes erT-erTi gamagre-buli qalaqi magasa, ramac alanTa bedic gadawyvita da monRolebma daipyres baris alania da alaniam, rogorc politikurma erTeulma, sabolood Sewyvita arseboba. monRolebisa da gansakuTrebiT Suaazieli gaTurqebuli monRoli mxedarmTavris Temurlengis Semosevebis Semdeg, romelmac alanebis mosaxlebis umravlesoba amowyvita, alanTa baris mosaxleobis nawilma, Tavi Seafara, maRalmTian kavkasiis xeobebs da iqedan ganagrZobda brZolas. dRevandel dRes alanebis mxolod mcire nawilia gadarCenili CrdiloeT oseTSi, erT-erTi tomis axoxebis saxelwodebiT. swored isini iTvlebian dRevandeli osebis winaprepad. alanebi, rom osebis winaprebi iyvnen, dadasturebulia mecnierebis _ agusti alemanis, rusi filolog-ori- entalistis, folkloristis da eTnografis v s e v olod m il er i s (1848_1913) da sxv. mier.

`germaneli mecnieri i ud i g e r S m it i xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom hunebis da Semdeg, monRo-lebis SeteviT, alanebi TandaTan Serekil iqnen kavkasiis mTebSi:

«xalxTa SeteviT, romlebic moZraobdnen dasavleTis mimarTulebiT (jer hunebi, mogvianebiT monRolebi da sxvebi), droTa ganmavlobaSi alanebi miswies kavkasiis mTian mxareebSi, sadac isini dResac cxovroben osebis saxelwodebiT~. (15, gv.10).

cnobilia, rom rusul adrindel wyaroebSi, alanebi, moxsenebulia iasebis saxelwodebiT, xolo, SedarebiT axlo warsulis wyaroebSi, alanebs uwodeben òsetini~-is (osebi), iseve rogorc ZiriTadaT qarTul wyaroebSia moxsenebulni: alania, alaneTi _ òsebi~, alanebi _ òvsebi~.

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Tavad rusi mecnierebi aRniSnaven, rom: `qarTul qronikebSi alanebs yovelTvis erqvaT òsebi~ an òsi~ _ rogorc

dRevandeli osebi. TviT saxelwodeba òsebi~ rusul enaSi Semovida qarTulidan me-17_18 s., maSin

rodesac pirvelad daiwyo osur-rusuli urTierToba. es saxelwodeba warmosdga qarTulidan òvseTi~ _ òvsebis miwa (alanebis)~. (140).

mecnierTa nawilis azriT, alanebis salaparako ena iyo sarmatul-yivCaRuri ena da alanebis nawili gaiTqvifa aRmosavleT slavebTan da Seeria rusebis ers.

X_XI saukuneSi berZnuli anbanis zegavleniT warmoiSva alanuri damwerloba. alanebi urTierTobas amyarebdnen mezobel saxelmwifoebTan da tomebTan. wyaro-

ebidan Cans, rom alanebs saqarTvelos saxelfwifosTan xangrZlivi urTierToba hqondaT.

wyaroebidan Cans, rom alaniaSi qristianobis gavrcelebas bizantiis imperia VI saukunidan cdilobda egris-afxazeTis mTavrebisa da mefeebis meSveobiT. konstan-tinepoleli patriarqi (895_905, 911_925) wmida n i koloz m i st i ko s i (mis-tikosi _ saidumlo sabWos umaRlesi moxele) afxazeTis mefes (922_957) g i or g i II-es sTxovda mfarveloba gaewia alanTa arqiepiskoposisaTvis. Tavis mxriv TviTon egris-afaxazeTis mesveurebic cdilobdnen qristianobis gavrcelebas alaniaSi. VIII saukunis bolodan, miT umetess IX_X saukuneebSi, egris-afxazeTis mefeebi qris-tianobasTan erTad cdilobdnen qarTuli enis gavrcelebas CrdiloeT kavkasiis tomebs Soris, gansakuTrebiT CerqezeTsa da alaneTSi. rasac didi mniSvneloba qonda orivesaTvis. amis utyuari sabuTebia SemorCenilni, lixsiqeT saqarTvelodan oseTSi gadasasvlel gzaze qarTuli xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebi: taZrebi, monastrebi da cixe-simagreebi (erT-erTi aseTi cixea SemorCenili alaneTSi gadasasvlel gzaze sobRisis cixe) da osur enaSi xmarebuli, dadasturebuli qarTuli qristianuli sityvebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, TandaTan qarTuli ena da qarTuli kultura Sedioda, fexs ikidebda da ukve XI saukuneSi qristianuli kulturis garda, vrclad iyo gavrcelebuli saerTod qarTuli kultura. `rodesac qarTuli stiliT da qarTuli warwerebiT eklesiebi Sendeboda... safuZveli eyreboda sakaTalikosos daRestanSi an oseT-alanebSi (Txabaerdi), amas aSenebdnen ara qarTveli misionerebi, ara saqarTvelos samefo xelisufleba, aramed adgilobrivi feodaluri sazogadoeba, romelic am niSniT qarTvelobas iCemebda. magram maT aq am qarTvelobaSi axla ukve, upirveles yovlisa, qarTuli feodaluri kultura igulisxmeboda~. (6, t.III, gv.370).

alaneTSi qristianobis gavrcelebas, win gadaeRoba TurqeTis saxelmwifo, romlis meSveobiTac XVII_XVIII saukuneebSi daiwyo gavrceleba islamma, Tumca islami alanebis mxolod mcire nawilma miiRo.

wyaroebidan Cans, rom alanebs axlo urTierToba hqondaT rogorc lixsiqeT, aseve lixsaqeT qarTvelebTan. qarTul wyaroebSi da `qarTlis cxovreba~-Si alanebi ZiriTadaT moxsenebulni arian rogorc òvsni~. `qarTlis cxovreba~-sSi, leonti

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mrovelis `cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa~-Si aRniSnulia, rom makedoniis mefem (Zv. w. 336-idan) al e q s a n d r e m a k e do n el m a (Zv. w. 356_Zv. w. 323) qarTlis dapyrobis Semdeg (sinamdvileSi aleqsandres qarTli ar daupyria da saerTod saqarTve- lo ar daulaSqravs), mcxeTis mmarTvelad daniSna berZeni a z o n i (azo). romelmac daimorCila qarTli, hereTi, egrisi da miaRwia md. berdujidan (dRev. debeda) `speris zRvamde~ (Sav zRvamde). mas xarki daudvia osebisaTvis (ese igi alanebisa-Tvis), lekebsa da xazarebisaTvisac. mis winaaRmdeg amxedrebula mcxeTis mamasax- lisi f ar n a v a z i (farnavaz I, Zv. w. IV s-is bolo_Zv. w. III s-is I naxevari), romelsac miemxro egrisis mmarTveli (erisTavi) q uj i . maT gadmouyvaniaT osebi (e. i. alanebi) da lekebi da daamarcxes azos mier moyvanili romaelTa aTasi laSqari, azo mcxeTidan gaiqca. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT farnavazs mWidro urTier- Toba daumyarebia CrdiloeT kavkasiel tomebTan: òvsni~ da `lekni~. mas colad SeurTavs durZuki tomis qali. `qarTlis cxovreba~ òsebs~, CrdiloeT kavkasiel tomebs (`lekebs~, `durZukebs~, `didoelebs~, `dvalebs~) Soris, ufro gvian Camosaxlebulad miiCnevs da `xazarTa~ (skviTebi) tomebis STamo-mavlebad Tvlis. wyaroebSi aRniSnulia, rom ax. w. I saukuneSi somxeTis gamo atexil brZolaSi (parTiasa, romsa da iberias Soris), iberiis mokavSire iyo alaneTi. iberisa da alanebis winaRmdeg, 68 wels, romis imperatorma (54-dan) n e r o n m a (nero) (37_68), rom daecva romis sazRvrebi alanebis Semosevebisagan, apirebda maT wina-aRmdeg didi laSqrobis mowyobas, magram ver moaxerxa. àlanebi ki amasobaSi ara-erTxel SeiWrnen somxeTsa da mezobel mxareebSi. gansakuTrebiT grandiozuli iyo maTi Semoseva, romelic I s. 70-ian wlebSi moxda. am laSqrobis Sesaxeb cnobebi Semoinaxa I s. ebraeli avtoris i o s e b fl a v i u s i s Txzulebam, agreTve Zvel- qarTulma da Zvel-somxurma wyaroebma. ioseb flaviusi ambobs, rom alanebma, ganiz-raxes ra midiassSi SeWra, molaparakeba gamarTes pirkaniis mefesTan, romelic flobda Tavis droze aleqsandre makedonelis mier rkinis karebiT Caketil gadasasvlels. pirkanis mefem gaatara isini da alanebis didi laSqari SeiWra midiaSi. daiwyo aqau-robis uwyalo Zarcva-rbeva. ase miaRwies maT somxeTs. somxeTis mefe tiridati gamo-vida maTTan SesabrZoleblad, magram cota gawyda brZolaSi tyved ar Cavarda: viRacam mas kiserze qamandi moaba da mzad iyo ukve miezida, rom moaswro xmliT Tokis gadaWra da gaqceva. alanebma sastikad aaoxres qveyana da uamravi nadavliTa da did-Zali tyveebiT gabrudnen Tavis qveyanaSi~. (6. t.I, gv.517). `qarTlis cxovreba~-Si gadmocemulia, rom rodesac iberiasa da somxeTs Soris gamwvavda mdgomareoba, iberi-is samxreTi miwa-wylis gamo, (somxeTi cdilobda am mxaris dapyrobas), iberebi SeuTanxmdnen alanebs, romlebmac Tan Camoiyvanes paWanikebi, jiqebi, durZukebi da didoelni, SeiWrnen somxeTSi da aaoxres. Semdeg didi nadavliT da tyveebiT CrdiloeTisaken gaeSurnen. `moqcevaÁqarTlisa~-Si moTxrobilia, qarTlSi òrme-fobis xanis~ dros, Zv. w. II saukuneSi (zogierTi mecnierTa azriT ax. w. I s. 70-ian wlebSi), qarTlis mecamete mefeebis a z or k i s a da a r m a z eli s da alanTa (ovsTa) mefeebis somxeTSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb. maT somxeTi daurbeviaT da nadavliTa da

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ùricxvi tyve~-ebiT dabrunebulan. cnobilia, rom iberiis mefem (II s. 30_50-ian wlebSi) f a r s m a n II-em alanTa daxmarebiT gailaSqra romisa da parTiis samflo-beloebze. alanebi SeiWrnen alvaneTSi (kavkasiis albaneTi), midiaSi da somxeTSi. `qarTlis cxovreba~-Si vrclad gadmocemulia, qarTlis mefis a m a z a s p i II-is (III saukunis Sua xanebi), brZolebis Sesaxeb, qarTlSi SemoWril osebTan (alanebTan). qarTveli istorikosi ju a n S e r i (XI s.) mogviTxrobs, rom qarTlis mefis (V saukunis 40-iani w-dan _ 502) v a xt a n g I g o r g a s al i s dros, misi gamefebisas, misi mcirewlovanebiT usargebliaT alanebs (ovsebs) da qarTli daulaSqravT. `viTar iqmna vaxtang wlisa aTisa, gardmovides ovsni, spani uricxuni, da motyuenes qarTli TaviTgan mtkurisaÁT vidre xunanamde da moaoÃrnes velni, aramed cixe-qalaqni darCes TÂnier kaspisa, xolo kaspi qalaqi Semusres, tyue-yves, da wariyvanes vaxtangis daÁmiranduxt, samisa wlisa qali. romel darCes warutyuenelad Ãevni qarTlisani, kaxeTi da klarjeTi da egrisi, warhvles ransa da movakansa, wartyunnes iginica, da ganvles kari darubandisaÁ, rameTu TÂT gza-sces darubandelTa, da Sevides ovseTs gamarjuebulni~. (3, gv.158). sapasuxod vaxtangma didi jariT, dalaSqra alanebi (ovsebi) da kavkasionis gadasvleli, dariali, daiWira, Tavisi dac gaanTavisufla, uamravi tyve qarTlSi gamogzavna, xolo TviTon ki CrdiloeTidan lixsiqeT saqarTveloSi SeiWra da mcxeTaSi dabrunda. wm. n i n o s erT-erTi redaq-ciis cnobis Tanaxmad, `vaxtangma, `daimorCila ovsni da yivCaRni da Seqmna karni ovseTisani da aRaSena mas zeda godoli da daayena mas zeda mcvelni maxlo- belni mis adgilisani da uwoda mas karad darialisa, da aq TÂnier brZanebisa mefisa ver Ãelewifebis gamosvlad ovsTa da yivCaRTa~. (6, t.II, gv.100). istoriuli wyaroebidan Cans, rom alanebi Tavs esxmodnen rogorc lixsaqeT, aseve lixsiqeT saqarTvelos, kerZod afxazeTs. istorikosi m a r i k a lorT q i f a n i Z e wers, rom: `marTalia, afxazeTma bizantielTagan damoukidebloba VIII s. dasasruls moipova, magram brZola damoukideblobis mopovebisaTvis ufro adre daiwyo. niSandob-livia, rom ganze gamdgari afxazeTis winaaRmdeg bizantielebi alanebis daxmarebas da mokavSireobas iyenebdnen.

alanTa Semotevebisagan Tavdasacavad unda aegoT afxazTa mTavrebs bzifisa da kodoris xeo-bebSi cixeebi, romelTa nangrevebi dRemdea moRweuli. bzifis xididan daaxlovebiT 8 km-ze, riwis gzaze koSkia aRmarTuli, romelsac garSemo kedeli aqvs Semovlebuli. am cixes unda Caeketa Crdilo kavkasiidan Semosasvleli gza. aseTive daniSnulebis unda aegoT (VIII s.), rodesac CrdiloeT kavkasiidan utevdnen dasavleT saqarTvelos, xolo IX_X saukuneebSi, egris-afxazeTis Zlieri samefo TviTon utevda Crdilo kavkasias da Semdeg ki oseTi Tavis mokavSired gaixada.

rogorc Cans, IX s. Sua wlebSi osebi ukve egris-afxazeTis samefos mokavSireebi iyvnen da zurgs umagrebdnen mas mtrebTan brZolaSi~. (6, t.II, gv.441).

`matiane qarTlisa~-Si gadmocemulia, rom VIII saukunis II naxevarSi, arabTagan devnili qarTlis erisTavi n e r s e , ovseTis (alanebis) gavliT gadavida xazareTSi da iqedan Cavida afxa-zeTSi. Cans, rom qarTlsa da alanebs Soris, am dros, kargi

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urTierToba iyo damyarebuli. amave matianidan irkveva, rom IX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, afaxazebis mokavSireebi iyvnen alanebi (ovsebi). `888 w. egris-afxazeTis samefos mier qarTlisaTvis warmoebul brZolebSi osebi dasavlur qarTuli saxelmwifos mokavSireebad gamodian. qarTveli istorikosis cnobiT, `movides gurgen da adarnase, Ze daviTisi, uSveles somexTa, Seibnes mtkuarsa zeda, iZlivnes afxazni, mokles nasra da bayaTar, mTavarni ovsi, da erisTavi afxazTa~. (6, t.II, gv.442).

arqeologiuri Zeglebi, rogorc qarTuli ise ucxouri werilobiTi wyaroebi da enaTmecnierebi amtkiceben, rom saqarTvelosa da CrdiloeT kavkasiel tomebs Soris da maT Soris ala-nebTan, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi yovelTvis mimdinareobda urTierT kavSiri. xSirad iyo mtruli damokidebuleba. xolo rodesac qarTuli saxelmwifo momZlavrda, mtruli damokidebuleba Seicvala da alanebi da CrdiloeT kavkasieli tomebi, monawileobdnen qarTvelebTan erTad laSqrobebSi da rogorc g. meliqiSvili wers, `qarTlis aristokratiaSi gzas ikvlevdnen nawilobriv ucxoelebic. kerZod, Crdilokavkasiuri warmoSobis warCinebuli mxedrebi. ukve iTqva, Tu ra did rols asrulebdnen qarTlis mefeTa samxedro politikaSi alan-osTa mokavSire Tu daqiravebuli razmebi. unda vifiqroT, qarTlis mefeebs ucxoelTa es kontingentebi marto gareSe mtrebis winaaRmdeg rodi sWirdebodaT, aramed maT iyenebdnen agreTve Sinauri mtris _ adgilobrivi zedafenis winaaRmdegac. zogierTi am ucxoelTagan axerxebda albaT adgilobriv `warCinebulTa~ wreSi moxvedras da adgilobriv aristokratias erwymoda. xSiri unda yofiliyo agreTve qorwinebebic qarTlis samefo dinastiisa da umaRlesi aristokratiis warmomadgenlebisa, erT mxriv, da kavkasiel mTielTa da alanur-sarmatuli gaerTianebis samxedro-gvarovnuli aristokratiis warmomadgenelTa Soris meore mxriv. amis Sesaxeb cnobebi Semogvinaxa qarTulma saistorio tradiciamac, gansakuTrebiT pirveli farnavaziani mefeebis xanis mimarT.

am mWidro kontaqtis Sedegs warmoadgens sarmatul-alanuri (Crdilo-iranuli) saxelebis siuxve qarTlis zedafenebSi (samefo sagvareuloSi, samxedro-samoxeleo aristokratiaSi). Crdi-loiranuli (skviTuri da sarmatul-alanuri) elferisaa mefeTa saxelebi saurmag, xsefarnug, qarZam da sxv., ufliswuli radamistis, qarTlis did moxelebisa da maTi ojaxis wevrebis aspa-guris, zevaxis, iodmanganis, Saragasis, bevrazurias da sxva saxelebi. skviTur-sarmatuli saxelebi sakmaod gvxvdeba Cven agreTve antikuri xanis dasavleT saqarTvelos mmarTvelTa Sorisac (quji, savlaki, resmaga, spadaga).~ (6, t.I, gv.657). unda aRiniSnos, rom araerTi sityvebi gvxvdeba dRevandel osur metyvelebaSic, romlebic SeiTvises alan-osebma qarTulidan. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom àraqarTuli warmoSobis osebs, CaCnebsa da qistebs prin-cipulad iseTive soflebi da saxlebi aqvT, rogorc qarTvel fSav-xevsurebs, svanebsa da mTa-raWvelebs~. (6, t.I, gv.259). Tumca, rogorc g. meliqiSvili wers, es SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos socialur-politikurisa da sameurneo viTarebisa da mxaris geoklimaturi Taviseburobis gamo.

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1 1 . o s e b i dRevandeli osebis, sakuTari saxelwodebaa ironi, xolo, CrdiloeT oseTis

dasavleT mxareSi myofi osebi, TavisTavs uwodeben digoron-s. cxovroben ruseTSi, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, CrdiloeT oseTis respublikaSi, saqarTveloSi, muhajirobis droidan TurqeTSi, diasporebia safrangeTSi, kanadaSi da aSS-Si.

sarwmuneobis mxriv ZiriTadad arian marTlmadideblebi da agreTve suniti musulmanebi.

CrdiloeT oseTi 1920 wlis noemberSi Sevida mTis respublikis SemadgenlobaSi; 1921 wlis ianvarSi Seiqmna vladikavkazis (oseTis) okrugi mTielTa assr-is SemadgenlobaSi; 1924 wlis 7 ivlis gaxda CrdiloeT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi rsfsr-is SemadgenlobaSi. 1936 wlis 5 dekembers gardaiqmna CrdiloeT oseTis avtonomiur sabWoTa socialistur respublikad rsfsr-is SemadgenlobaSi; sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, 1990 wlis dekemberSi ewoda CrdiloeT-oseTis sabWoTa socialisturi respublika rsfsr-is SemadgenlobaSi; 1993 wels _ CrdiloeT oseTis respublika. xolo 1995 wlis ianvridan misi saxelwodeba gadakeTda da ewoda `CrdiloeT oseTis respublika-alania~. dedaqalaqi _ 1933 wlidan vladikavkazi. dRevandel dResac darCa ruseTis federaciaSi.

nawili osebisa, XIII saukuneSi mcire raodenobiT Camosaxldnen CrdiloeT saqarTveloSi. XVIII saukuneSi didi raodenobiT Camosaxldnen dRevandel egreT wodebul `samxreT oseTSi~, xolo aqedan gadasaxldnen saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxareebSi. `1989 wels Catarebuli sabWoTa kavSiris mosaxleobis bolo aRweriT, saqarTveloSi 164,055 osi cxovrobda. aqedan 64 aTasi cxinvalis regionSi, danarCeni _ saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi~. (11, gv.4).

1924 wels osebis mosaxleoba Seadgenda _ 280 000 kacs; 1940 wels _ 406 000; 1959 wels _ 451 000; 1970 wels _ 552 000; 1985 wels _ 612 000. (9, t.11, gv.162).

1979 wlis mosaxleobis aRricxvis mixedviT, CrdiloeT oseTsa da e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ ZiriTad mosaxleobas warmoadgendnen osebi da raodenobis mxriv Seadgendnen 542 000 kacs. àqedan saqarTveloSi cxovrobda 162 000. (maTgan samxreT oseTis ao-Si _ 65 000. danarCenni dResac imyofebian saqarTvelos sxvadasxva raionebsa da qalaqebSi. (8, t.7, gv.592). amave monacemebiT CrdiloeT oseTis respublikaSi cxovrobdnen: osebi _ 299 000 (50,5%); rusebi _ 201 000; inguSebi _ 24 000; somxebi _ 13 000; ukrainelebi _ 11 000; qarTvelebi _ 11 000; yumuxebi _ 7 600 da sxvebi.

2002 wlis monacemebiT respublikaSi cxovrobdnen: osebi _ 445 300 (62,7%); rusebi _ 164 000 (23,2%); inguSebi _ 21 400 (3,0%); somxebi _ 17 100 (2,4%); yumixebi _ 12 700 (1,8%); qarTvelebi _ 10 800 (1,5%); ukrainelebi _ 5 200 (0,7%); CaCnebi _ 3 400; adiReelebi (yabardoelebi) _ 2 800; Turqebi _ 2 800; azerbaijanelebi _ 2 400; berZnebi _ 2 300; TaTrebi _ 2 100; kazakebi _ 0,7 da

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sxvebi. mosaxleobis 48% cxovrobs vladikavkazSi. (81). 2011 wlis monacemebiT CrdiloeT oseTis respublikaSi cxovrobda 712 378 kaci. `laparakoben osur enaze. romelic Sedgeba ironuli da digoruli

dialeqtebisagan da ganekuTvneba indoevropul enaTa ojaxis iranul enaTa Crdilo-aRmosavlur jgufs~. (8, t.7, gv.592). rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, osebis saxelwodeba evropul da rusul enebSi, qarTuli òsidan~ (ovsi) aris Sesuli. CrdiloeT oseTis saxelmwifo enaa rusuli da osuri.

r. TofCiSvili osebis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs: òsebs XX s-mde erTiani endoeTnonimi arc hqoniaT. aRmosavleT oseTis sam

xeobaSi mcxovrebi osebi TavianT Tavs ìrons~ uwodebdnen, xolo dasavleTiT, digoris xeobaSi mcxovrebni _ `digoron~-s. miuxedavad amisa, es imas ar niSnavs, rom mezobeli xalxebi osuri eTnosis am or nawils sxvadasxva xalxebad aRiqvam- dnen. amave dros, samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom erTiani TviTsaxel- wodebis ararsebobis miuxedavad, CrdiloeT kavkasiis centralur nawilSi mcxovreb am iranulenovan xalxs erTiani TviTSegneba mainc hqonda. rac Seexeba eTnonims òsi~ da dRevandeli ruseTis federaciaSi Semavali teritoriuli erTeulis saxelwodebas _ òseTi~, osebi arasdros ar icnobdnen. jer rusul enaSi da Semdeg sxva xalxebSi eTnonimi (egzoeTnonimi) òsi~ qarTvelTagan gavrcelda. am egzoeTno- nimiT osebs qarTvelTa garda, faqtobrivad, aravin ar icnobda. osebi antikuri periodis saistorio wyaroebSi CrdiloeT kavkasiis stepebSi mosaxle alanebis narCen xalxad miiCneva, Tumca samecniero literaturaSi isic xazgasmulia, rom osebi alanebis pirdapiri da uSualo STamomavlebi ar arian. osuri eTnosi Crdi- loeT kavkasiis mTebSi, XIII s-is Semdeg, adgilobriv kavkasielebTan Serevis Sedegad Camoyalibda~. (14, gv.85). A

arqeologiis mier aRmoCenili ZeglebiT, cxadi gaxda, rom CrdiloeT oseTis miwa-wyalze paleoliTis dros ukve cxovrobda xalxi. xolo, eneoliTis xanaSi ukve misdevdnen miwaTmoqmedebas da mesaqonleobasac.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, cnobilia, rom Zv. w. VIII_VII saukuneebSi, Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi mosaxleobdnen kimerielebi. Zv. w. VII saukuneSi, Crdi- loeT kavkasiaSi SemoWrilma Zveliranulma tomebma, skviTebma, isini gandevnes da maTi miwa-wyali daikaves. Zv. w. IV saukunidan CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, SemoiWrnen iranulenovani tomebi sarmatebi. romlebic SemdgomSi orad gaiyvnen: dasavleT da aRmosavleT sarmatebad. aRmosavleT sarmatebs gamoeyvnen alanebi. dRevandel dRes mecnierebis mier dadgenilia, rom osebis winapari tomebi iyvnen iranulenovani alanebis is msxemi tomebi, romlebic binadrobdnen ax. w. I saukuneSi Crdilo kavkasiis mxareSi, azovisa da kaspiis zRvebs Soris gadaWimul velebze. rogorc r. TofCiSvili wers: `CrdiloeT oseTs damatebiT àlaniac~ uwodes. Tumca xazgasmiT unda iTqvas, rom osebisaTvis eTnonimi àlani~ mTlad ucnobi iyo. am terminiT maT arc sxva xalxebi icnobdnen. amave dros, mecnierebaSi isic xSiradaa aRniSnuli, rom alanebi eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT erTgvarovani ar iyvnen... rac Seexeba klasikur

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avtorTa naSromebs, alanebi mxolod ax. w. I saukunidan ixseniebian romis imperiis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT momTabare barbaros tomebs Soris. winaswar unda iTqvas, rom yvela saistorio wyaroTi, romaelebTan kontaqtSi Sesvlis momentisaTvis, alanebs ekavaT stepebi Savi, kaspiisa da aralis zRvebis CrdiloeT monakveTebs Soris. yuradReba-misaqcevia, rom wyaroebSi aRniSnuli stepebis zolSi mravali sxva eTnosic moixseneba, romelTa Soris dasaxelebuli arian agreTve sxva iranulenovani eTnosebi (tomebi Tu tomTa gaerTianebebi): skviTebi, sarmatebi, aorsebi, roqsolanebi, romlebTanac alanebi mWidro kontaqtSi imyofebodnen~. (15).

zeviT aRvniSneT, rom ax. w. IV saukuneSi alanebs Seesia Sua aziis velebidan wamosuli TaTarTa modgmis tomebi, hunebi, romlebmac alanebis nawili gaJlites, gadarCenili nawili, Camoiwia samxreTisaken da dasaxlda CrdiloeT kavkasiis dablobebSi, xolo mTebSi mcxovrebi alanebi SeuerTdnen da Seerivnen hunebis erT-erT toms savirebs da dasaxldnen CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTe-bSi, svanebisa da afxazebis mezoblad. swored, rom dRevandel osebis winaprebad miiCneven am aziel alanebs. XI saukuneSi alanebs Semoesivnen Turqulenovani tomebi yivCaRebi, romlebmac alanebis gansaxlebis CrdiloeTi mxaris miwa-wyali daikaves. wyaroebidan Cans, rom jer kidev XIII saukunis dasawyisSi alanebi saxlobdnen CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTsa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis barSi. am xanebSi, X_XIII saukuneebSi, CrdiloeT kavkasiis Sua nawilSi Camoyalibda alan-oseTis feodaluri saxelmwifo. XIII saukuneSi, jer TaTar-monRolTa, xolo Semdeg, gansakuTrebiT Temurlengis Semosevebis Sedegad, ganadgurda da TiTqmis mTlianad amowyda alanebi. xolo, gadarCenilma yivCaR-alanTa tomebma Tavi Seafares Sua kavkasiis mTianeTsa da xeobebs da aqedan didxans uwevdnen TaTar-monRolebs wiaaRmdegobas. kavkasiis mTebSi gaxiznuli alanTa tomebi Seerivnen adgilobriv mosaxleobas da `nawilobriv monRoluri modgmis noRaelebs, ris Semdegac, faqtobrivad, axali eTnosi Camoyalibda. ganxorcielebuli eTnosi eTno-genetikuri procesebi kavkasiis mTebSi dasaxlebis Semdeg karga xnis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda~. (15). alanTa Casaxleba kavkasiis qedebze XV saukuneSic grZeldeboda da aq, kavkasiis mTianeTis xeobebSi, XVI_XVII saukuneebSi, TandaTan Camoyalibda, axali eTnosis (osebis), Tagauris, qurTaTis, alagirisa da digoris sazogadoebebi.

XIII_XIV saukuneebSi, `xdeba alan-osebis binadrobis adgilis kidev erTxel Secvla. CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTebSi Sesuli alan-osebi adgilobriv kavkasiur tomebs Seerivnen. eseni iyvnen qarTuli wyaroebis `kavkasianni~ da inguSTa winapari tomebi. osebis adrindeli sacxovrisi CrdiloeT kavkasiis barSi yabardoelebma daikaves da mTidan barSi gamosasvlel adgilebSi Seqmnes mtkice simagreebi, raTa mTebSi Sere-kili osebi CrdiloeT kavkasiis barSi sacxovreblad aRar gasuliyvnen.

XIII_XIV ss-mde osebi CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTebSi saerTod ar cxovrobdnen... XIII_XIV ss-dan moyolebuli, vidre sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebamde, osebs

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raime saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmni ar hqoniaT. maT ar hyoliaT saerTo mmarTveli. isini aq xeobebSi erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebiT teritoriuli Temebis saxiT cxovrobdnen~. (14, gv.90).

XIII saukunis II naxevarSi, Temurlengis mier Seviwroebulma osebma daiwyo mcire raodenobiT Camosaxleba kavkasionis samxreT qedebze, saqarTveloSi. SemdegSi, gansakuTrebiT XVIII saukunidan, osebma, didi raodenobT iwyes dasaxleba zemo qarTlSi da TandaTan warmoiqmna osi xalxis samxreTi Sto.

àrc erTi saistorio wyaroTi, sabuTiT, arqeologiuri masaliT ar dasturdeba osebis saqarTveloSi migracia da aq sabinadrod gadmosvla arc Zveli welTaR- ricxvis sxvadasxva monakveTSi da arc ax. w-is IV s-Si hunebis Semosevas alan- osebis saqarTveloSi dasaxalkareba ar mohyolia. am dros osebi donispira da azovispira velebidan SedarebiT samxreTiT, CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTiswina velebSi wamoiwies.

ar dasaxlkarebulan osebi saqarTveloSi arc VII da arc XIII ss-Si, rogorc es zogierT avtors warmoudgenia. XIII s-Si osebma mxolod CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTian xeobebSi daiwyes Sesvla. rac karga xans gagrZelda da dasrulda es migraciuli procesi XVI s-is dasawyisSi. am periodSi mxolod osebis erTma jgufma scada Sida qarTlSi dasaxleba.... osebis monRolTa es faqtobrivad sapolicio razmebi, gar-kveuli xnis Semdeg, mefe giorgi brwyinvales mier ganadgurebuli da gaZevebuli iqnen saqarTvelodan. osTa am razmebis ganadgurebisa da gaZevebis Semdeg, saqar- Tvelos saxelmwifos mesveurebma karga xniT mtkiced Caketes oseTis xeobebidan saqar- TveloSi Semosasvleli orive kari (dariali, kasriskari) da karga xniT SeaCeres osTa saqarTveloSi migracia~. (14, gv.93).

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, XV saukunis II naxevarSi, CrdiloeT kavkasiis dapyrobas iwyebs osmaleTi. 1475 wels yirimis naxevar kunZulis dapyrobis Semdeg, TurqeTi Seudga CrdiloeT kavkasieli tomebis damorCilebas da iq islamis gavrcelebas. xolo, XVI saukuneSi osebi moeqcnen yabardoelTa gavlenis qveS. xolo, amave saukunis II naxevarSi, CrdiloeT kavkasias, CrdiloeTis mxridan, gamouCnda axali dampyrobeli _ moskovis samTavro. romelic 1552 wels yazanisa da 1556 wels astraxanis saxanoebis dapyrobis Semdeg, CrdiloeT kavkasiis tomebs daupirispirda.

iran-osmaleTis omebis dros, orive saxelmwifo cdilobda CrdiloeT kavkasiis damorCilebas da is maTi saTareSo adgilad gadaiqca. TurqeTisagan Tavdacvisa da mZime ekonomikuri pirobebis gamo, osebi cdilobdnen dakavSirebodnen ruseTis imperias da 1774 wels osebi iyvnen pirvelni, CrdiloeT kavaksiis tomebs Soris, vinc nebayoflobiT SeuerTda ruseTis imperias da is gaxda ruseTisaTvis erT-erTi mTavari dasayrdeni adgili.

1784 wels, md. Tergis napirze, sofel Zaujiyaus axlos, rogorc saqarTvelos samxedro gzis damcveli, rusebma aages pirveli cixe-simagre vladikavkazi (kavkasiis mflobeli). romelic 1860 wels gardaiqmna qalaqad. 1863 wels is gaxda Tergis

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olqis maTavari qalaqi. (1921_24) wlebSi, vladikavkazi gaxda, mTielTa avtonomiuri sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis, xolo, 1924 wlidan _ CrdiloeT oseTis (vladikavkazis) avtonomiuri olqis dedaqalaqi. 1931 wels uwodes orjonikiZe. (1944_1954) wlebSi _ Zaujiyau. (1954_1990) wlebSi _ isev orjonikiZe. xolo, 1990 wlidan, daubrunes Zveli saxelwodeba, vladikavkazi.

1783 wels, yirimis saxanosa da qarTl-kaxeTis SemoerTebis Semdeg, ruseTi Seudga CrdiloeT kavkasiis dapyrobas. Seecada Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasiis xelSi Cagdebas, gansakuTrebiT mas Sem-deg rodesac iq aRmoCnda mTis simdidreebi da mis Sesaswavlad saidumlod gaigzavna razmebic. ruseTis mTavrobis mier ganxorcielebulma koloniurma RonisZiebebma CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gamoiwvia (1802_1842) wlebSi ajanyebebi. osebi Rebulobdnen monawilebas Samilis ajanyebaSic. ruseTis mTavrobam, rom gaetexa osi xalxis winaaRmdegoba, XIX saukuneSi mTaSi mcxovrebi osebi gadaasaxla CrdiloeT kavkasiis dablobebSi, mozdokis midamoebSi. 1918 wels gamocxadda Tergis sabWoTa respublika (rsfsr-is SemadgenlobaSi). 1919 wels oseTSi Sevida denikinis jari. 1920 wels vladikavkazis wiTelma jarma da osma partizanebma aRadgines sabWoTa wyobileba. 1921 wels Camoyalibda vladikavkazis (oseTis) okrugi mTielTa assr-is SemadgenlobaSi. 1924 wlis 7 ivliss gadakeTda avtonomiur olqad rsfsr-is SemadgenlobaSi. 1936 wlis 5 dekembers sabolood gardaiqmna CrdiloeT oseTis assr-d.

1937_1938 wlebSi, rogorc mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi, aseve CrdiloeT oseTSic Catarda sadamsjelo moqmedebebi. im dros sabWoTa literaturaSi iwereboda, rom:

ùzarmazari warmatebebi socialisturi mSeneblobisa CrdiloeT oseTSi miRwe- uli iyo bolSevikebis partiis sastiki brZolebiT, sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier burJuaziuli nacionalistebisa da xalxis sxva mtrebis winaaRmdeg, romelTa mizani iyo kapitalisturi wyobilebis aRdgena, kapitalistebis, memamuleebis da kulakebis mier muSaTa da glexTa damoneba. 1937_38 xalxis mtrebi iyvnen gamoaSkaravebulni da amoZirkvnilni~. (113, t.50, gv.609).

meore msoflio omis dros 1942 w-s CrdiloeT oseTSi Sevidnen germanelTa sajariso nawilebi da vladikavkazis misadgomebTan gaimarTa Seupovari brZolebi. 1943 wels CrdiloeT oseTi ganTavisuflda germanelebisagan da iq, isev damyarda sabWoTa wyobileba. (1943_44) wlebSi sabWoTa mTavrobam gadaasaxla inguSebi Sua aziasa da yazaxeTSi da ganTavisuflebuli miwa-wyali gadasces CrdiloeT oseTs da iq Caasaxles CrdiloeT oseTidan da e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ ao-dan, agreTve saqar-Tvelos sxvadasxva adgilas mcxovrebi osebis nawili. 1950 wels rodesac daabrunes inguSebi, maT daubrunes adrindeli inguSeTis miwa-wylis nawili, xolo, CrdiloeT oseTSi moqceuli inguSeTis miwebis samagierod, gamouyves adgilebi stavropolis mxareSi da ufleba misces iq Casaxlebuliyvnen. magram, inguSebma, ruseTis mTavrobas moTxoves TavianTi dakarguli miwebi da amis Taobaze 1992 wels daiwyo samxedro Sexla-Semoxla CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, romelic dRemde grZeldeba. unda aRiniSnos, rom is adgilebi, romlebic inguSebis gadasaxlebis Semdeg saqarTvelos gadaeca,

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maTi ukan Camosaxlebis dros, saqrTvelom maSinve ulaparakod daubruna da kidevac sxavadasxva saxis daxmarebac gauwia.

dRevandel dRes CrdiloeT oseTSi ganlagebulia ruseTis federaciis ramdenime msxvili samxedro nawilebi, aerodromebi da sxvadasxva samxedro SenaerTebi, romle-bic moqmedeben, damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZoli, CrdiloeT da samxreT kavkasielTa xalxis, (CaCnebis, inguSebis, adiReelebis, saqarTvelos da sxv.), daTrgunvisa da gasanadgureblad. rogorc cnobilia, dReva-ndel dResac xdeba, òsebisa da ruseTis moqalaqeebis dasacavad~, e. w. `samxreT oseTSi~ samxedro nawilebis Semoyvana.

r. TofCiSvili aRniSnavs, rom: `mecnieri xSirad SecdomaSi SeiZleba Seiyvanos Zvel wyaroTa Cvenebebma. gviandeli istorikosebi zogjer, rodesac aRweren daaxloebiT, aTasi wlis winandel movlenebs ama Tu im teritoriul erTeulze da aq Tu eTnosi Secvlilia, Zveli eTnosis saxelwodebis aRsaniSnavad mis dros mcxovrebi xalxis eTnonims gamoiyeneben. magaliTad, `qarTlis cxovreba~, rodesac aRwers CrdiloeT kavkasiis movlenebs V saukunisaTvis, xSirad axsenebs osebs. sinamdvileSi ki hunebi igulisxmeba~. (13, gv.63).

Zvel qarTul wyaroebSi aRniSnulia, rom qarTlis (iberiis) mefe farnavaz I-ma Tavisi da miaTxova òvsTa mefes~ da mtrebTan brZolaSi mas exmarebodnen òvsni da lekni~. `qarTlis cxovreba~-Si moTxrobilia, rom ax. w. I saukuneSi iberielni, alanebi da sxva mTielebi erTad ibrZodnen somxeTis winaaRmdeg. etyoba, rom sxva drosac, drodadro alan-osebi da sxva CrdiloeTis tomebi moqiravneTa saxiT, monawileobas Rebulobdnen iberielTa laSqrobebSi.

qarTlis mefe a m a z a s p i II (III s-is Suaxanebi) romis winaaRmdeg gamarTul omSi, mas mxars uWerdnen sparselebi, somxebi, megrebi anu lixsiqeT qarTvelebi da alanebi (`qarTlis cxovrebis~ TqmiT osebi).

i. javaxiSvili werda, rom vaxtang gorgaslis dros, `hunebis~ saxeliT cnobili CrdiloeT-kavkasieli~ tomebis `moulodneli Semosevebisagan uzrunvelsayofad sazRvris dasacavad saWiro xazis ufro win waweva aucilebeli gamxdara~ da amitomac vaxtang gorgasals CrdiloeTSi gaula-Sqrnia. `romlis moqmedebis aRweriloba j u a n S e r s srulebiT zRapruli suraTebiT aqvs Seferadebuli da daCrdiluli, magram mokled da mkafiod, Tumca mainc yivCayT SecdomiT CarTviT. es ambavi e. w. `saeklesio matianeSi~ aris moTxrobili. am Zeglis avtors naTqvami aqvs: `vaxtangma «d a i mo r C il n a o v s n i da yivCaRni da S e q m n a k a r n i o v s e T i s a n i d a a R a S e n a m a s z ed a g odol i d a d a a y e n n a m a s z e d a mc v el n i m a xlo b el n i m i s a d g il i s a n i d a u wod a m a s k a r a d d a r i al [ a n } i s a [ d ] d a a w T Â n i e r b r Z a n e b i s a m e f i s a v e r Ã el e w if e b i s g a m o s vl ad o v s - T a da yivCayTa»-o (1, t.I, gv.272).

saqarTvelosaTvis yovelTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda, CrdiloeTis mxridan, mTavari gadmosasvlelis, darialis gzas. amitomac iyo, rom vaxtang gorgaslis Semdegac, jer kidev, XI saukunidan dawyebuli, gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefe-mTavrebi cdilobdnen am gzis xelSi Cagdebas da gamagrebas. cnobilia, rom saqar-

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Tvelos mefem (1027-dan) b a g r a t IV-em (1018/20_1072) keTilmezobluri urTierToba daamyara osebTan. man colad moiyvana oseTis mefis dorRol eli s da bo r e n a da osebi xSirad exmarebodnen mas brZolebis dros. 1068 wels rodesac SedadianTa mmarTveli (ganZis amira) (1067_1073) f a dl i b n S a v u r i 33 aTasiani laSqriT saqarTvelos Semoesia, bagrat IV-es colisZma dorRoleli daexmara da ufliswul giorgis (SemdegSi g i o r g i II saqarTvelos mefe 1072_1089) meTaurobiT qarTvel-oseTis laSqarma fadli sastikad daamarcxa da ganZac daarbia. fadlic tyved Cavarda da iZulebuli gaxda dapyrobili cixe-simagreebic ukan daebrunebina. SemdegSi, selCukTa sulTnis CareviT fadlma cixe-simagris gagis sanacvlod tyveobidan Tavi daixsna. saqarTvelos mefem (1089_1125) d a v i T IV (1073_1125) a R m a S e n e - b el m a 1118 wels gailaSqra CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da osebi, lekebi da CrdiloeT kavkasiis sxva tomebi, ymadnaficebi gaxada. i. javaxiSvili wers, rom `daviT aRamaSeneblis Crdilo kavkasiis sazRvarze gamoCenisTanave, masTan osTa yvela samflobeloebis ufrosebi mividnen morCilebisa da erTgulebis gamosacxadeblad. mefem maT yivCayebTan ficisa da zavis wigni daadebina da sityva CamoarTva, rom yivCayebs saqarTveloSi gadmosasaxleblad mSvidobiT gamoatarebdnen. rogorc gamo-cdil politikoss, daviT aRmaSenebels kargad esmoda, rom marto es sakmarisi ar iyo, am xelSe-krulebis asrulebis uzrunvelsayofad, man osTa mTavrebs mosTxova, rom gzaze mdebare yvela mniSvnelovani cixeebi saqarTvelosaTvis yofiliyo gadmocemuli. es piroba maT ausrules da daviT aRmaSenebelma yvela am cixeebSi saqarTvelos mecixovne jari Caayena: amis Semdgom osebi TavianT sityvas ver daarRvevdnen da saqarTveloSi momaval yivCayebs ver daecemodnen~. (1, t.II, gv.355). ès didi politikuri gamarjveba iyo: marto is rada Rirda, rom CrdiloeTis yvela karTa cixeni amieriTgan saqarTvelos saxelmwifos xelSi iqmneboda? amasTanave os-yivCayTa Serigeba da qarTvelTa mefis ymad gaxdoma saqarTvelos CrdiloeTiT zurgs umagrebda da uzrunvelhyofda ise, rom daviT aRmaSenebels SeeZlo mTeli Tavisi yuradReba da saqarTvelos SeerTebuli mxedroba mxolod samxreT-aRmosavleTisaken miemarTa~. (1, t.II, gv.199). man darialis gza gaamagra, aaSena cixeebi da sasaxleebi. istorikosis g i o r g i To go S v il i s cnobiT, daviT aRmaSenebeli osebis naTesavic yofila, mas Tavisi qaliSvili oseTSi gauTxovebia. daviT aRmaSe-nebelma Seqmna uZlieresi saxelmwifo. daviT aRmaSenebeli Tavis Svils demetres, SemdgomSi mefe d e m et r e I-es (1125_1156), `samemkvidreod utovebs misi RvawliT mogebul mamuls `nikofsiiTgan darubandisa zRudemde da ovseTidgan _ soerad da arega-wamde~. amave anderZSi daviTi ambobs, rom Svils demetres `mivec droSa Cemi sviani, abjarni Cemni samefoni da saWurWleni Cemdi zemoni da quemoni~. (6, t.III, gv.261).

rogorc i. javaxiSvili aRniSnavs, `qarTvelebis maSindel mTels siZlieres is Seadgenda, rom samxedro Zlevamosilebis garda maT TavianT saxelmwifoSi sxva erTaTvis iseTi xelSemwyobi pirobebi Sehqmnes, rom isinic, rogorc mag. somxebi, osebi, TviT mahmadiannic, qarTvelTa meT-aurobiT saqarTvelos saxelmwifos gaZlierebisaTvis da keTildReobisaTvis qarTvelebTan erTad TavgamodebiT iRvwodnen.

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swored aq da am xanaSi gamoiCines qarTvelebma did-saxelmwifoebrivi azris Segnebisa da misi ganxorcielebis utyuari niWi~. (1, t.II, gv.307).

wyaroebidan irkveva, rom daviT aRmaSenebelis Semdegac, demetre I-is drosac saqarTvelos ymadnaficebi iyvnen CrdiloeT kavakasieli tomebi, maT Soris osebic.

ìstoriani da azmani SaravendadTani~-dan Cans, rom saqarTvelos mefis giorgi III-is drosac osebi isev yadnaficebi iyvnen. am matianeSi moTxrobilia, rom sparseTis aTabagma ild i g uz m a Sekriba ìslemobisaTa~ didi laSqari da `Seiyarnes rans da momarTes quemokerZosa queyanasa somxiTisasa da moadges cixesa gagisasa. aiRes igi da moaoÃrnes yovelni sazRvarni.

cna ese saxelganTqmulman, uZlevelman mÃedarman da uebroman Wabukman giorgi mefeman da mswrafl Semyrelman SÂidTave misTa samefoTa, imerTa da amerTaman, gamoaxsna ovsni da queyanani didZalni da momarTa sultansa, myofsa auracxeliTa da uamraviTa laSqriTa. rameTu iyvnes aqeTca sikeTe da sidide dausrulebeli, da momarTes da gavides adgilTa maT laSqarTasa. da viTarca cna ese sultanman, aTabagman da yovelTa falavanTa da didebulTa maTTa, Tques, viTarmed: àra ars kaci dRes pirispir Sembmeli giorgisi da misTa laSqarTa queyanaTa zeda, mivridoT, Tavi davifaroT!~ (3, gv.387).

wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom mefem (1156_1184) g i o r g i III-em 1150 wels colad moiyvana osTa mefis xu dd a n i s asuli b u rdu x a n i (bordoxani) (g. 1180-iani wlebis dasawyisSi). am moyvrulma kavSirma ufro metad ganamtkica saqarTvelosa da CrdiloeT tomebTan urTierToba.

saqarTvelos mefis (1184-dan) T a m a r mefis (daaxl. 1160_1213) istorikosi da politikuri

moRvawe b a s il i e zo s mo Z R v a r i (XII_XIII ss.) gadmogvcems: `dajda nebiTa RmrTisaTa Tamar mefed dasabamiTganTa welTa equsi aTas equsas

oTxmocdaequssa, qoronikonsa oTxas da samsa, Svili mefeTmefisa giorgisi, didisa daviTis Zisa demetres Zisa, colisagan burduxan ovsTa mefisa asulisa, romeli hmatda sikeTesa dedaTasa sxÃTa yovliTa, garna Tamaris dedobiTa. sZali sxua misebri maSin ara exilva qarTlisa Temsa, da SemdgomiTi-Semdomad aqon~. (3, gv.484).

Tamar mefis drosac, osebsa da qarTvelebs Soris kargi urTierToba iyo damyarebuli. didebulebma, miuxedavad Tamaris winaaRmdegobisa, mas SerTes erTmorwmune ruseTidan Camoyvanili, suzdalis mTavris Svili, novgorodis mTavari (1172_1175) i u r i (`giorgi rusi~, ùbeduri rusi~). rogorc ìstoriani da azmani SaravendedTani~ gadmogvcems, qarTvelobam Tamars didebuli qorwili gadauxades, qorwilSi mosulni yofilan alanebis (oseTis) warmomadgenlebic.

`mosrul iyvnes ovsTa mefeTa Svilni, Suenierni da saxekeTilni moymeni, mohajeni da mTxo-velni, Rirsni da mindobilni Wabukobisani~. (3, gv.412).

giorgi rusTan ganqorwinebis Semdeg, 1187 wels Tamaris qmari gaxda, oseTis bagrationTa Stos warmomadgeneli, d a v i T s o sl a n i (g. daaxl. 1203/4), romelic `gazrdili~ iyo Tamaris mamidis, r u s ud a n i s (daaxl. 1194_1245) mier. (SemdegSi saqarTvelos mefe 1223_1245) ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~-s daxasiaTebiT

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alanebi (osebi) iyvnen: `kacni mZleni da Zlierni brZolasa Sina~. (3, gv.419). TviTon daviTi ìyo ukue Svili ovsTa mefisa, gazrdili rusudan dedoflisa,

yrma friad Suenieri asakiTa, viTarca Suenis mefeTa Svilsa... amisi inebes yovelTa SeerTeba Tamarisi da saqme RmerTsa miandves. Tamarca miemorCila nebasa maTsa mecnierebisaTÂs yrmisa. arRara yovnes, aramed Seiyarnes didubes da SerTes daviT Tamars~. (3, gv.488.).

amave matianeSi moTxrobilia, rom àmas Jamsa Sina~ adarbadaganis (azerbaijani) a m i r - b u b a q a r i (amir-bubqari) Sirvans (Sarvani, azerbaijanis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi, kaspiis zRvis dasavleT sanapiroze) `daesxa~ da SirvanSahi `gaaqcivna da TÂT darCa galaRebuli da gadidebuli Jamadme~. (3,gv.434). radgan Sirvani saqarT-velos ymadnafici iyo da `SarvanSa~ da misi siZe ùRono iqmnes~, amitom SirvanSahi da a m i r - m i r m a n i daxmarebis saTxovnelad saqarTve-losaken gamoemarTnen.

`da Seiyarnes zariTa miT gonebisa zarganmÃdeliTa, da Seiqmna darbazoba..... pirvelad, ra gamovides tfilisiT…qalaqiT, miegebnes wina ovsni da yivCayni

axalni ~. (3, gv.436). `basili ezosmoZRvari~-s gadmocemiT, Tamaris dros, SemoerTebuli da ymadnafici

qveynebi, maT Soris osebic, imyofebodnen udardelad da yovelmxriv daculni. `Tamaris qebaTa ityodian. esreT yoveli sofeli savse iyo mismieriTa qebiTa, da

yoveli ena adidebda, romelsaca oden saxeli misi asmiodes. xolo saqmeTa misTaTÂs radRa saÃmar ars Tqmad? rameTu kidiT kidedmde ganismnes,

viTarca TÂT mowame ars yoveli Cuen mier xiluli.... saxli SarvanSe[lTa] da darubandelTa, RunZTa, ovsTa, qamagTa, karnu-qalaqelTa

da trapizo-nelTa, romelni TavisuflebiTsa cxovrebasa amis mier iyvnes da mterTagan uzrunvelobasa~. (3, gv.518_519).

wyaroebidan Cans, rom Semdeg wlebSic, saqrTvelosa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis tomebsa (maT Soris osebTanac), ar Sewyvetila keTilmezobluri da moyvruli damokidebuleba. `JamTaaRmwe-reli~ mogviTxrobs, rom rodesac xvarazmSahi (1220-dan) j al al ed i n i (g. 1231), 1227/28 wels ̀ dauteva adarbadagani~ da wamoemarTa meored tfiliss~, saqarTvelos mefem rusudanma `mouwoda yovelsa spaTa TÂsTa, imerTa da amerTa... ganuxuna karni darialisani da gardamoiyvanna osni, durZukni, amaT Tana yovelni mTiulni. Sekrbes naWarmagevsa simravle uricxÂÕda waravlina mefeman brZolad xuarazmelTa~. (3, gv.544).

rogorc viciT, XIII saukunis II naxevarSi, qarTlSi daiwyo Sinapolitikuri rRveva. rodesac CrdiloeT kavkasias da Semdgom, saqarTvelosac Semoesia monRol-TaTarTa tomebi da saqarTvelos mdgomareoba Seicvala, saqarTvelom Zlevamosileba dakarga da am Semosevebis gamo misi mosaxleoba, gansakuTrebiT barSi, Semcirda da zogierT adgilebSi saerTod gawyda, saqarTvelosa da oseTs Soris urTierToba Seicvala da istoriuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, TviT monRolTa xelis SewyobiT, is mtrul damokidebulebaSi gadaizarda. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, monRolebisa da Semdgom, oqros urdos brZaneblis, Temurlengis mier Seviwroebuli alanebi, iZule-

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bulni gaxdnen, gadasaxlebuliyvnen da Tavi Seefarebinad, CrdiloeT kavkasiis xeobebsa da mTebs. SemdegSi, am adgilebSi Camoyalibebulma osTa tomebma, daiwyes marbieli laSqrobebi da TandaTan CrdiloeT qarTlSi Casaxleba. Tumca, saqarTvelos mefeebi drodadro mainc axerxebdnen alan-osebTan urTierTobis gaumjobesebas da damoyvrebasac.

cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos mefem (1247-dan) d a v i T VII ulu m (g. 1270), rodesac igi imyofeboda monRoleTSi, 1247 wels, rogorc etyoba politikuri mosazrebis gamo, colad moiyvana monRoli qali, j i gd a - x a Tu n i . magram, igi ise gardaicvala (daaxl. 1250), rom Svili ar gasCenia. rodesac cxadi gaxda, rom jigda-xaTunma àra Sva Svili~, daviT ulum colad moiyvana osi qaliSvili alTu n i (g. 1270), romlisganac SeeZina g i o r g i da T a m a r i .

`JamTaaRmwereli~ aRniSnavs, rom: àmaT JamTa Sina mwuxare iyvnes warCinebulni mefisani, rameTu jigdaman ara Sva

Svili. amisTÂs ineba mefeman moyvaneba, Svilierebis ZliT alTun, naTesaviT ovsi, meuRled, aRmTqmelman, ukeTu mieces yrma wuli, arRara Seiwynaros, aramed ganuteos. da viTar gamoÃda mcire Jami, muclad-iRo alTun Ze da Sva, da uwodes saxeli giorgi, romeli aRiqua da Seiyvana Svilad dedofalman jigda-xaTun. da Semdgomad mciredisa miudga da Sva asuli, da uwoda saxeli Tamar. da aqa Sina ganiSora sayuareli TÂsi alTun, naTesaviT ovsi, romeli friad qmnulkeTili iyo. da Semdgomad mciredisa gardaicvala dedofali jigda-xaTun, da wariyvanes samarxosa dedofalTasa mcxeTas da dakrZales~. (3, gv.581).

amave xanebSi, `saqarTvelos qalaqebsa da samiwaTmoqmedo mesaqonleobis teritoriebs ikaveben CrdiloeTis urdosagan devnili Crdilo kavkasiis tomebi, romlebic ilxanTa samsaxurSi Sedian~. (6, t.III, gv.581).

daviT VII-is dros oqros urdos yaenis b e r q a s a g a n (berqa-yaeni) (1209_1266) otebuli alanebis nawili, erTi didi Temi, darubandis gadmosasvlelis gavliT saqarTveloSi Camosula. mefes isini Cingiz-yaenis SviliSvilis h ul a gu - x a n T a n (1217_1265) gaugzavnia. ùlu yaenman Seiwynara friad da uboZa xaraja da molaSqred da TanamebrZolelad ganaCina~. molaSqreebad qce-uli osebi yaens isev saqarTveloSi, daviT mefesTan gamougzavnia (`da esreT mefes Tanave warmo-avlina~). romelsac maT yaenisave brZanebiT, mudmiv sacxovreblad da saxarajod gadasca adgilebi: q. TbilisSi, q. Jinvansa da mis midamoebSi (aragvis xeobaSi), q. dmanissa da mis midamoebSi (qvemo qarTlSi, taSiri).....

mosuli osebis mravalricxovnobas mowmobda maTTvis didi da Tanac Semosavliani adgilebis gamoyofa....

osebi monRolTa mxardaWeriT afarToeben TavianT uflebebs da samflobelo teritoriebs, cdiloben samudamod gamodevnon adgilobrivi mflobelebi (wvrili da saSualo miwismflobe-lebi)~. (6, t.III, gv.581-582).

TandaTan Camosaxlebuli osebi ise gaZlierebulan, rom maT daukavebiaT qalaqi gori da mis garSemo mdebare miwebic. ovsTa mTavrebi ise gaTamamebulan, rom àox-

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rebda qveyanaTa da xocTa kacTa~. ̀ maTi moqmedeba saqarTveloSi (miwebisaTvis brZola) politikurad SezRudveli da umaRlesad sanqcirebulic ki iyo. swored aseT viTarebaSi mosulebTan damxdurTa brZolas mwvave da masobrivi xasiaTi hqonda: TviTmxilveli istorikosic kargad amCnevda, rom ibrZoda `yoveli qarTveli~ da ìyo Wiri didi mkvidrTa qarTlisaTa~. (6, t.III, gv.612).

`jamRaaRmwereli~-s Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos mefis (1293_1311) d a v i T VIII-is (daaxl. 1273/74_ 1311) drosac ovsni da yivCaRebi isev saqarTvelos ymadnaficebi iyvnen. magram, miuxedavad amisa, `daviT VIII-is ajanyebis Jams, roca mTiuleTi da qarTli monRolTagan rbevaTareSiT iyo aklebuli da mefis urC feodalebsac Tavi wamoeyoT, osma feodalebma bayaTaris meTaurobiT xeli mihyves Sida qarTlis, TrialeTis Seviwroebas; qarTvel aznaurobas mamapapeuli mamulebidan aZe-vebdnen, samagierod TviTon jdebodnen feodalebad. amjeradac dasustebuli bari winaaRmdegobas unarmoklebuli aRmoCnda~. (6, t.III, gv.613).

umefobis xanaSi, `JamTaaRmwereli~-s gadmocemiT, 1292 wels, darubandis gadmosasvleliT, qarTlSi SeiWrnen osebi da ̀ iwyes ovsTa oÃrebad, Ãocad, da rbevad, da tyuenvad qarTlisa, da qalaqi gori wartyuenes da TÂsad daiWires ovsTa. maSin Sekrbes qarTlis erisTavisa begas Zesa. hamadas, winaSe yovelni qarTvelni da moadges gorsa. da mravalgzis Seebnes qalaqsa Sina, mravali kaci mokuda, ovsica da qarTvelica, da dawues gori sruliad. da viTar misWirda ovsTa, cixedame gardmouSves sabliTa kaci da waravlines muxrans mdgomTa TaTarTa Tana, raTa Seewivnen. viTarca esma, Camodges Sua, Suela qmnes da zavi. mieriTgan Seiqmna mteroba Soris qarTvelTa da ovsTa~. (3, gv.631).

`JamTaaRmwereli~-s gadmocemiT v a xt a n g III-is (1298/99_1308) drosac, gorSi osebi imyofebodnen. rodesac iranis ilxanad oljaitu dasves, `romelsac mahmadianurad xudabanda erqva, e. i. ùflis mona~, magram xalxi mas eranSi dacinviT xarbanda, e. i. mevire uwoda~, (1, t.III, gv.393), 1303 wels mravalricxovani jariT gilanelebis (kaspiis zRvis samxreT sanapiroze mcxovrebi xalxi) winaaRmdeg gailaSqra, man saqarTvelodanac vaxtang III da samcxis aTabagic moixmo TavianTi jarebiT. xarbandas jari oTx nawilad gauyvia da erT-erT nawilSi yofilan òvsni gors msxdomni~. (3, gv.648).

`TaTar-monRolTa uRlis gadagdebis Semdeg XIV s. pirvel naxevarSi saqarTvelos politikuri sazRvrebi aRmosavleTiT, dasavleTiTa da CrdiloeTiT Zvelebur farglebSi aRsdga: niko-fsiidan darubandamde. am sazRvrebis aRdgena samefo xelisuflebas brZoliT mouxda: kavkasni (igulisxmeba osebi, durZuk-RunZni da sxv.), rani, yarabaRi da Sirvani lekebiTurT `kualad moxarked aqunda da arRara iyo winaaRmdegi da urCi misi~. (6, t.III, gv.663).

istorikosis TqmiT, qarTvelTa da osTa mtroba gagrZelebula saqarTvelos mefe (1314_1346) g i o r g i V brwyinvalemde. `vidremdis mefeTa Soris brwyinvaleman, didman saxelganTqmulman giorgi, ganaxsna da aRfxurna~ (3, gv.631) ovsni, waarTva maT ̀ cixeni da dabebi~, romlebic ̀ daepyraT adgil-adgil~. (4, t.IV, 256). amis Sesaxeb

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i. javaxiSvili wers, rom giorgi mefem `saqarTveloSi Sinauri myudroebis dasamyareblad, yvelaze saSurs amocanas misi Sua Temis, qarTlis, uSiSroebisa da mSvidobiani saqmianobis uzrunvelyofa Seadgenda. imisda miuxedavad, rom osTa TareSs qarTlSi araerTxel SehbrZolebian, mainc monRolTa daxmarebiTa da ufro ki qveynis sruli aSlilobis wyalobiT, maTi mekobruli Tavdasxma arc SemdegSi Sewyvetila. isini gorSic ki mZlavrobdnen winandeburad. amitom giorgi brwyinvalem Tavis upirveles miznad saqarTvelos osTa TareSisagan ganTavisufleba daisaxa. amisaTvis jer q. goriTgan maTi gandevna iyo saWiro, sadac maT ukve sakmaod kargad moaswres gamagreba. amitomac, rodesac giorgi brwyinvale «moadga ovsTa gorsa myofTa», mas iqiTgan mTlianad gandevnad «sam wel» mouxda brZola....

raki osebi gandevnilebi da TavianTi kadnieri TavaSvebulobisaTvis mkacrad dasjilni iqmnen, giorgi brwyinvales, rasakvirvelia, saqarTvelos mTianeTis mcxovrebTa Soris wesierebisa da myudroebis damyarebazec zrunva unda daewyo. amas ki winaswari samzadisi da mofiqrebac sWirdeboda da es Tavisi movaleobac mefem.... pirnaTlad aasrula kidec~. (1, t.III, gv.261). istoriul wyaroebSi moTxrobilia, rom `brZolebSi centraluri xelisuflebis mxareze monawileobda mTis mosaxleobac: `cxraZmis~ (qsnis) saerisTavos laSqari (virSeli erisTavis meTaurobiT) da ̀ mTielni aragvisani~. CrdiloeTidan mSvidobianobis garantiis mizniT giorgis imierkavkasiaze gamosasvleli gzebic mtkiced dauWeria~. (6, t.III, gv.626).

z. WiWinaZe werda: vaxuSti batoniSvilis gadmocemiT, giorgi brwyinvale «Sevida da Semusrna kavkasiasa Sina myofni mosrna da daimorCila da moxarke hyvna yvela igi damSvidda qarTli osTa-gan, vinaiTgan gzani yovelni TviT daipyrna».

amis Semdeg giorgi brwyinvale ewvia TuS-fSav-xevsur-moxevebs... mas Semdeg giorgi brwyinvale TfilisSi dabrunda da mTielebmac xsenebul gzebzed daayena mcvelebi, mis Semdeg anu 1330 w. TiTqmis gavida ori saukune da qarTlSi erTi osis fexi aRar Semosula, erTs kacs ar Semoudgams fexi, arc imereTSi da kaxeTSi~. (19, gv.7).

wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom giorgi brwyinvalis Semdgom, saqarTvelos mdgomareoba TandaTan gauaresda. saqarTvelo aRmoCnda yovelis mxridan garSemortymuli mtrebiT. amave dros, am gauaresebas xels uwyobda Sina aSliloba, rac gamowveuli iyo feodalTa urTierT gautanlobiT da RalatiT. am mdgomareobiT isargebles CrdiloeTSi myofma alan-osebma da iwyes TandaTan zemo qarTlSi Camosaxleba, gansakuTrebiT XV saukunis Semdeg. amas aRniSnaven TviT osi istorikosebic.

1936 wels osi istorikosi z a q ar i a v a n e e v i c (1888_1963) aRniSnavda, rom òsuri dasa-xlebani qarTlis mTianeTSi Camoyalibda XV_XVI saukuneebSi~. (6, t.IV, gv.429).

XVII saukuneSi saqarTverlos mdgomareobis gauaresebis gamo, mefe-mTavrebi winaaRmdegobas veRar uwevdnen osTa Camowolas CrdiloeT qarTlis mTianeTSi (samaCabloSi), qarTvelTagan dacarielebul adgilebSi. istorikosi a n z or ToT a Z e wers, rom: `gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom qarTul da ucxour weri-

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lobiT wyaroebSi daculi cnobebis garda, enobrivi masala, osuri folklori, Sida qarTlis mTianeTis xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebi, epigrafika da toponimebi, cxadad adasturebs osebis Camosaxlebas ZiriTadad XVII saukunidan. magaliTad, cnobili osi mecnieri v. abaevi aRniSnavs: ìstoriuli da enobrivi faqtebi mowmoben, rom qsnis osebis dasaxleba qsnis xeobis axlandel adgilebSi moxda arc Tu ise didi xnis winaT, daaxloebiT ukanaskneli 200 wlis ganmavlobaSi~. marTlac, osuri kulturis kvali Sida qarTlSi arsad Cans. kerZod, xuroTmoZRvrebis yvela Zegli qarTulia. p. zaqaraia miuTiTebs: `Sida qarTlis im nawilSi, romelsac `samxreT oseTi~ erqva, yvelaferi, rac miwidan arqeologebma amoiRes da rac miwis zemoT Zegli dgas, qarTulia. es TavisTavad imaze migviTiTebs, rom aq yovelTvis qarTveli mkvidrobda da Tu vinme rames qmnida da aSenebda, isev qarTveli iyo. sxva eris warmomadgenlis xeli aq mxolod ngrevaSi, qveynis waxdenaSi Cans~. (25, gv.15).

r. TofCiSvilis TqmiT: `dRevandeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze osTa pirveli dasaxlebebi Cndeba Trusosa (md. Tergis saTave) da maRran-dvaleTSi (md. didi liaxvis xeobis saTave). osebis aq dasaxleba CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTiani xeobebidan XVII s-is pirvel naxevarSi moxda. XVII s-is pirvel naxevarSi osebs jer kidev ar hqondaT dakavebuli Sida qarTlis mTianeTis mniSvne-lovani nawili. isini aq mxolod didi liaxvis xeobis saTaveSi (maRran-dvaleTSi) iyvnen migri-rebuli. mTeli rigi saistorio monacemebiT, XVII s-is pirvel naxevarSi Sida qarTlis mTianeTi (didi da patara liaxvebis xeobebi) nasoflarebiT iyo mofenili. adgilobrivi qarTuli mosa-xleoba aqedan ayrili da barSi iyo sacxovreblad wasuli.

Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi, kerZod, mdinareebis didi liaxvisa da patara liaxvis zemo welSi, osTa migracia xdeba XVII s-is meore naxevridan. isini TandaTan moiweven samxreTisaken da XVIII s-is 30-iani wlebisaTvis iTviseben dasaxelebuli ori xeobis mTian zols mTlianad. aq, aRniSnul periodSi, zogierT mTian sofelSi osebi Tanacxovrobdnen adgilze darCenil mcirericxovan qarTul mosaxleobasTan erTad.

XVIII s-is mTel manZilze osebi Sida qarTlis mTiswineTSi, faqtobrivad, arsad ar iyvnen gansaxlebuli. osTa mier Sida qarTlis mTiswineTis soflebSi (ufro xSirad, nasoflarebSi) Casaxleba iwyeba XVIII s-is bolosa da XIX s-is dasawyisSi~. (14, gv.97).

cnobilia, rom TandaTan osebi ise gaTamamdnen, rom isini Zalasac iyenebdnen miwebis dasakaveblad. Tavs esxmodnen dasaxlebul adgilebs, mosaxleobas anadgurebdnen da ikavebdnen qarTlis soflebs. (1621-1650) wlebis erT-erT sigelSi `naTqva- mia: amoswyda zemo java da daukacurda osTagan, RmerTi iyos mowme ase amoswyda, rom kacis naSeni aRar iyo-ra~. amrigad, osebs sofel zemo javaSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi mTlianad amouwyvetiaT.~ (25, gv.14).

lixsaqeT saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqi (1723, 1725 _ 1737) da sasuliero mwerali b e s a r io n i (baraTaSvil-orbeliSvili) (g. 1737) aRwers Tu rogor

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aviwroebdnen, Tavs esxmodnen soflebs, atyvevebdnen da xocavdnen, Camosaxlebuli osebi adgilobriv mkvidr mosaxleobas.

droTa ganmavlobaSi, mTebidan Camowolili osebi, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ikaveben qarTlis barSi qarTvelTagan dacarielebul adgilebs, xolo amis Semdeg, gadadian saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxareebSi. wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom XVI saukuneSic, qarTlis samefos omebis Sedegad naxevrad ganaxevrebuli mosaxleoba, ganagrZobda brZolas iranis, osmaleTis da qarTlis barSi gadmosul osur da CrdiloeT kavkasiel mTielebis winaaRmdeg.

rusi elCi m i x e il t at i S C e v i (g. 1609) romelic saqarTveloSi imyofeboda (1604_1605) wlebSi, aRniSnavs, rom `zaxa da maRran-dvaleTi (didi liaxvis saTave) maSin ukve dasaxlebuli iyo osTa mier~. (6, t.IV, gv.431).

`didi liaxvis saTaveebidan osebi TandaTanobiT vrceldebian samxreTisaken, gadadian mdinareebis mc. liaxvisa da qsnis viwroebSi. cnobili vaxuStis aRweri- lobis mixedviT, XVIII s. pirvel aTeul wlebSi maT ukaviaT miwebi sof. gufTadan didi liaxvis gaswvriv mis saTaveebamde. geris xeoba, vanaTs rom ekvris, mc. liaxvis zemo dineba, Jamuri (qsnis saTave); osTa calkeuli dasaxlebani Canan WurTas, isrolis-xevis, qoloT-qviTkiris xeobebSi da sxv. amave dros nawilobriv ukaviaT osebs kudaroc. rogorc Cans, qsnis saTaveebSi maT SeaRwies SedarebiT ufro gvian, vidre mc. liaxvis saTaveebSi... aRniSnuli raionebis rig soflebSi osebi adgilobriv mkvidr qarTul mosaxleobasTan SereviT cxovrobdnen, romlebic ewafebodnen da iTvisebdnen qarTvelTa ganvi-Tarebul sameurneo da samwerlobo kulturas~. (6, t.IV, gv.432).

saqarTveloSi osebis Camosvla-Camosaxleba da SemdgomSi, qarTvelebsa da osi xalxis urTierToba xdeboda, Crdilo kavkasiisa da amierkavkasiasTan damakavSire- beli, ZvelTaganve arsebuli, sauReltexilo gzebiTa da bilikebiT. am gzebs Soris umTavresi iyo darialisa da aragvis xeo-bebze gamavali, saqarTvelos samxedro gza, romelic Zvel qarTul da ucxour wyaroebSi moxse-nebulia, rogorc `darialani~, `dariela~, àragvis kari~. ìberiis kari~, `kavkasiis kari~, `sarma-tiis kari~, òvsTa kari~ da sxv.

a. ToTaZe wers, rom kavkasiis qedze gamavali gzebi Seiswavla istorikosma d a v i T g v r it i S v il m a (1915_1969). romlis `mosazrebis Tanaxmad, romelic istorikos-mogzaurTa cnobebsa da uSualod pirad dakvirvebas emyareba, gza-bilikebi CrdiloeT kavaksiidan umTavresad aragvis, asnis, patara liaxvisa da didi liaxvis xeobaSi gadmodioda da aqedan qarTlis velebSi miemarTeboda. aRniSnul xeobaSi mTavari gadmosasvlelebi iyo:

1. rokis gadmosavali, romelic didi liaxvis xeobas oseTTan akavSirebda; 2. bax-fandagis gadmosavali, romelic rokis gadmosavlis dasavleTiT iemarTe-

boda. am gzas osebi ùrmis gzis~, `marxilis gzis~, `sacalfexo bilikis~ gzebisagan gansxvavebiT `cxenis gzas~ uwodebdnen. radgan osurad `bax~ cxens, xolo `fandag~ _ gzas niSnavs. bax-fandagis gadmosavalis dasavleTiT mdebareobda zekaris gadmosa-

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vali, romelic uerTdeboda rokis gzas; 3. Zedos gadmosavali, romelic ramdenime ganStoebad iyofa. erTi xelasTan

uerTdeba rokis gzas, xolo meore java-onis, e. w. `Casavlis gzas uerTdeba, igi onSi gadadis;

4. mamisonis gadmosavali, romeliTac oseTis samxedro gza ardonis xeobaSi gadadioda. am gzaze gacxovelebuli mimosvla iyo da igi qarTvelebs sagangebod hqondaT gamagrebuli;

5. sbis gadmosavali, romelic sxvadasxva xeobebis gavliT sabolood rokisa da kobis gzebs uerTdeba.

am mTavari samimosvlo gzebis garda sxva bevri mcire gadmosavalic iyo. am gzebiT osebs SeeZloT saqarTvelosTan urTierToba hqonodaT. vis xelSic iyo es gadmosasvlelebi da gza-bilikebi, mas ekuTvnoda am teritoriis kontrolic. amitom iyo, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifos mesveurebi mudmivad zrunavdnen gadmosasvle-lebis gamagrebaze, `raTa ar vidodnen Tvinier maTsa ovsni~, da roca saqarTvelom veRar SeZlo CrdiloeTis am sazRvris dacva, Sedegic Sesaferisi mohyva, man dakarga zemoT dasaxelebuli raionebi, sadac CrdiloeTidan mosuli osebi dasaxldnen~. (25, gv.26).

rogorc vxedavT, qarTvelebsa da CrdiloeT kavkasielebs urTierT dasakavSireb-lad, sakmarisad sauReltexilo gadasavlel-gadmosasvleli gzebi hqondaT.

g. TogoSvili wers, rom: ̀ SemTxveviTi araa is faqti, rom ZiriTad sauReltexilo gzebis auzebSi mcxovrebi osebi gvevlinebian qarTul samyarosTan mamoZravebel Zalad. rac Seexeba samxreTel osebs, isini qarTvelebTan ufro metad iyvnen dakavSirebulni rogorc ekonomikurad, aseve socialuri da kulturuli TvalsazrisiT. samxreTeli osebis ZiriTadi masa politikurad qar-Tlisa da nawilobriv, imereTis samefoebis qveSevrdomebaT iTvleboda da bevrgan uSualod qar-TvelebTan Sereulad cxovrobda. aseT pirobebSi maT qarTvel xalxTan dasakavSireblad speci-aluri gzebis Zieba saWiro ar iyo da maTi urTierTobac erTi miwa-wylis mosaxleobis urTi-erTobis bunebriv kalapotSi mimdinareobda~. (38, gv.52).

XVII_XVIII saukuneebSi, `xangrZlivi procesis Sedegad Sida qarTlis CrdiloeT ganapira teritoriaze damkvidrda osi xalxis nawili. osebis ZiriTadi nawili qarTlis, mcire nawili ki imereTis samefoSi Sedioda. es ukanasknelni _ kudaros osebi _ drodadro raWis erisTavebis, Tavad wereTlebis xelqveiTni xdebodnen. maTze batonobis pretenzias acxadebdnen qarTlis mefe-ebic. qarTlSi gadmosuli osebi ZiriTadaT qarTveli feodalebis _ aragvisa da qsnis erisTavebi, Tavad maCablebis samflobeloebSi moxvdnen. osTa mcire jgufebi muxranbatonebis, favleniSvi- lebis, falavandiSvilebis, xerxeuliZeebisa da sxv. samflobeloebSic cxovrobdnen.~ (9, gv.337).

rogorc ki saqarTvelos mterTagan mcire àmosunTqvis~ SesaZlebloba miecemoda, saqarTvelos mefeebi cdilobdnen CrdiloeTis sazRvris gamagrebas. XVIII saukunis istorikosisa da sazogado moRvawis p a p u n a o r b el i a n i s gadmocemiT, vaxtang

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V-Tvis (Sah-navazi) osebs begara Seuwyve-tiaT. ̀ arRara mosces dvalTa mefesa begarani. amisTvis movida spiTa qecxinvals Sesvlad oseTad, msmenelni dvalni SeSindnen da moerTvnen Tavni maTni qrcxinvals, mosces da daemorCilnen, viTarca pirvel~. Sah-navazis damsjeli laSqari cxinvalamde mivida da iqedan oseTSi SesaWrelad emzadeboda. osebs (vaxuStis cnobiT, _ dvalebs) winaaRmdegobis gaweva uimedoT sCvenebiaT, Tavis Tavkacebi uaxlebiaT misTvis cxinvalSi da Zveleburad begara ukisriaT. konkretulad ras gulisxmobda es begara ar Cans~. (40, gv.108). cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos mefeebi g io r g i XI (1676_1709) da a r C il II (1647_1713) CrdiloeT oseTTanac cdilobdnen kargi urTierToba daemyarebinad. arCil II-es àramarto samxreTis osebTan hqonia mWidro urTierToba, aramed Crdi-loeTis osebTanac. amiT aixsneba is faqti, rom rogorc dvaleTi iyo misi mudmivi TavSesafari, aseve digoric. xolo roca raWidan digoriaSi gadasvla didi Tovlis gamo SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda, arCili Tavisuflad gavida liaxvis xeobiT da darialis karebiT TagaurSi, sadac osebs Soris mTeli zamTari gaatara da gazafxulze ruseTs gaemgzavra~. (38, gv.117). erT-erTi wyaros cnobiT giorgi XI-es Tavisi vaJiSvili òvsTa mTavris asulze dauqorwinebia~. èWvs gareSea, rom osTa dasaxelebuli `mTavari~ osTa socialuri zedafenis iseTi warmomadgeneli iyo, romelsac didi gavlena hqonda Tavis Tanatomelebze da, amdenad, masTan danaTesaveba osebis politikuri mxar-daWeris miRebis realur pirobebsa hqmnida... giorgisa da misi Zmis arCilis xSiri yofna oseTSi da oseTis gziT ruseTSi maTi mimosvla kargad mowmobs maTsa da osebs Soris loialuri urTi-erTobis arsebobas. oseTi Tavis mdebareobiTa da meomari mosaxleobiT qarTvel mefeTaTvis gaWirvebis Jams karg TavSesafarsa da mokavSires warmoadgenda~. (38, gv.111). istorikosi, geografi da kartografi v a x u S t i b a t o n i S v i l i s (bagrationi) (1696_1757) gadmocemiT, vaxtang VI-sac orjer (1707, 1711) osebis winaaRmdeg gaulaSqria, daumarcxebia da Semoumtkicebia.

g. TogoSvilis TqmiT: `vaxtang VI kargad icnobda osebs. igi Tavis biZa arCilTan erTad wlebis manZilze TavSefarebuli iyo xan zaramagSi, xanac digoriaSi da osebze Tavis batonobis gavrcelebas qarTlSi Tavis mdgomareobis ganmtkicebisaTvis did mniSvnelobas aniWebda. saamisod 1711 wels mas oseTze ulaSqria: àRimxedra spiTa Sesvlad ovseTs da Sevida da Semusrna p (80) koSkni, mowva da mostyvevna urCni, Cavlo zramaga da Semovlo JRelis-xevi, da kudarodam qarTls gamarjvebuli qs, CRia (1711)... daipyra dvaleTi da dasdva xarkni~.....

samxreTel osebis damorCilebiT vaxtangis xelisufleba ganmtkicda. aman Seafiq-riana centraluri xelisuflebis mowinaaRmdege feodalebi... osTa damorCilebiT vaxtangma maT zurgSi dasyrdeni gaiCina da urC erisTavTa winaaRmdeg warmatebiT brZolis SesaZlebloba moipova~. (38, gv.117).

mecnierebis mier damtkicebulia, rom qarTlis Sida mxareSi, osebis didi raodenobiT Camosaxleba, ZiriTadaT XVIII saukunis dasasrulidan daiwyo da grZel-deboda SemdegSic. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, isini ikavebdnen dacarielebul adgi-

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lebs. zogjer mosaxleobisagan dacarielebul soflebSi osebs asaxlebdnen feodalebi da memamuleebi, `xiznoba-ymobis wesiT~. wyaro-ebidan Cans, rom qarTlSi Camosaxlebuli osebi, ajanyebebsac awyobdnen. papuna orbulianis gadmo-cemiT, saqarTvelos mefis (1744_1762) T e i m u r a z II-is (1700_1762) da erekle II-is dros, (1745_1746) wlebSi, qsnisa da aragvis osebi ajanyebulan. òrsav saerisTaoni diaR avkacobdnen, arc begaras aZlevdnen da arc moxele SeuSves~. àragvis osebi ganudgnen~ da `dauwyes cema zemo qarTlsa~. mdgomareoba ise garTulebula, rom Temuraz II da erekle II iZulebuli gamxdaran, iq jari gaegzavnaT da sastikad daesajaT ùrCebi~. èrekle meorem aragvis erisTavis jari, romelsac jimSer TuST mouravi uTava, win gauSva. urCi Trusoelebi, romlebsac aragvis osebs uwodebdnen (radgan administraciulad aragvis saerisTavoSi Sediodnen), daimorCiles. SeSinebulma `qsnis erisTavis osTa~ (romlebic maSin mxolod qsnis xeobis saTaveebSi _ JamurSi mkvidrobdnen) mefe Teimurazs xvewna dauwyes, rom maTac igive dRe ar dasdgomodaT, rac Trusoel osebs da mosces sruli begara~. mefem saerisTavoSi arsebul Sida dapirispirebasac (aragvis saerisTavos glexTa ajanyeba, ajanyebulTa mier beJan aragvis erisTavis mokvla), romlis gamoc Trusoeli osebi begaris gadaxdazec uars ambobdnen, bolo mouRo~. (16).

g. TogoSvili wers, rom: `qsnis saerisTavos samefo xelisuflebisadmi damorCileba umtkivneulod ar momxdara. saerisTavos osebi ar damorCilebian axal xelisuflebas da zemo qarTlze Tavdasxmebic mouwyiaT~. papuna orbelianis gadmocemiT, osebis winaaRmdeg erekle II-es ànwuxelni, Tebelni da yirazelni lekni, romeli monebdes kaxbatons~ mouwvevia `da gausives ukumdgar osTa. aaoxres oseTi... Camovidnen naSovriT gors lekni~....

magram qsnis saerisTavos osTa darbevas maTi damorCileba ar mohyolia. isini arc begaras iZleodnen da arc mefis moxeleebs uSvebdnen TavisTan.... ereklem da Teimurazma gadawyvites maTi saboloo damorCileba~. da `wabrZanda kaxi batoni kaxeTis jariT~...

osebs energiuli winaaRmdegoba gauweviaT da erekles Tavis Zalebis zedmeti daZabvis Sedegad miuRwevia warmatebisaTvis. osebs am laSqrobisas 40 koSki daungries, gansakuTrebiT ki Trusos xeoba (Tursi wyaros cnobiT) daarbies. osebs, sxva gamosavali ar darCeniaT Tu ara is, rom morCileba da begara-gadasaxadebis gadaxda ekisraT.

saaragvos osTa damorCilebam didi STabeWdileba moaxdina qsnis saerisTavos osebzec. aragvis da Trusos osebis damorCilebam isinic morCilebis gunebaze daayena da qarTlis mefes Teimurazs nebayoflobiT morCileba aRuTqves: `ra es ambavi da aragvis osis waxdenis ambavi Seityes qsnis erisTavis osTa, _ gvamcnobs papuna orbeliani, _ movidnen maSinve vanaTs da Semoexvewnen mefes Teimurazs, yovlis keTilis safuZvelsa da mosTxoves danaSaulis farvani da misces sruli begari~.

aragvisa da qsnis saerisTavoebis damorCilebas uaRresad didi mniSvneloba hqonda samefo xelisuflebis ganmtkicebisaTvis qarTl-kaxeTSi~. (38, gv.131_134).

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erekle II-is dros, qarTl-kaxeTSi `qarTveli mosaxleoba imdenad Semcirda gamudmebuli brZolebisa da ufro metad lekianobis gamo, rom mefe erekle meore iZulebulia CrdiloeT kavkasiidan Camoiyvanos osebi, aq maT cxovrebis saTanado pirobebs uqmnis. vinme oss Tujuki kuduxaSvils aznaurobac ki uboZa osebis saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebisaTvis~. (25, gv.18).

cnobilia, rom Teimuraz II-esa da erekle II-es brZolebi hqondaT mezobel saxanoebTan da erT-erTi am brZolis dros 1750 wels, papuna orbelianis gadmocemiT, mefeebs CrdiloeT kavkasi-idan, mouwveviaT `Cerqezni, osni da kavkazisani~. mtris damarcxebis Semdeg, mefeebs `kavkazisani~ dausaCuqrebiaT da ise gaustumrebiaT isini. Teimurazma `daiTxova batonma Cerqezis batoni, uboZa mravali, agreTve jarsa maTsa da osisa piriqiT jarsa, aRavso yoveli saboZvriT da gaistumra qveyanasa Tvissa~.

moyvanili cnobidan sayuradRebo daskvnebis gamotana SeiZleba. Crdilo kavkasiis xalxebi qiris safuZvelze monawileobdnen saqarTvelos samxedro RonisZiebebSi. Teimurazisa da erekles droSis qveS mdgaran rogorc piraqeTi _ samxreTeli osebi, aseve piriqiTa _ Crdilo osebi. mefe saboZvars swored Crdilo osebs aZlevs, romlebic CerqezTa msgavsad, qiris pirobiT emsaxurebian qarTvel mefeebs. rac Seexeba samxreTel osebs, isini, kavkasiis mTianeTis sxva mcxovrebTa Tana-brad, qarTvel mefeebs qveSerdomobis pirobaze emsaxurebodnen da amisaTvis SemTxveviTi nadavlis garda specialur gasamrjelos ver miiRebdnen~. (38, gv.136). unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebuli osebi, erekle II-is droSis qveS, monawileobas Rebulobdnen TiTqmis yvela warmoebul omebSi.

wyaroebidan Cans, rom gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT osebis Camosaxleba saqarTveloSi daiwyo 1860 wlidan. a. ToTaZe aRniSnavs, rom: àmis Sesaxeb sando wyaroebze dayrdnobiT utyuar cnobebs gvawvdis brokhauzisa da efronis enciklopedia. kerZod, 1860 wels CrdiloeT oseTSi mcxovrebi osebis raodenoba 46 802 kacs udrida, xolo saqarTveloSi, kerZod, qarTlis mTi-aneTSi 19 324 osi cxovrobda. ase rom, am periodSi CrdiloeT oseTSi 2,5-jer meti osi cxovrobda, vidre saqarTveloSi.....

saqarTveloSi osebis sacxovreblad gadmosaxlebasTan dakavSirebiT CvenTvis sainteresoa imave enciklopediaSi motanili cnoba 1880 wlisaTvis osebis raode-nobis Sesaxeb. kerZod, 1880 wels CrdiloeT oseTSi, kavkasiis statistikuri monacemebiT, 58 926, xolo saqarTveloSi ukve 51 988 osi cxovrobda. ase rom oci wlis ganmavlobaSi _ 1860 wlidan 1880 wlamde _ CrdiloeT oseTSi osebis raodenoba 12 aTasiT, anu mxolod 1,2-jer gaizarda, xolo saqarTveloSi 33 aTasiT, anu 2,7-jer. aq isaa sayuradRebo, rom CrdiloeT oseTSi mcxovrebi 47 aTasi osi 20 wlis ganma-vlobaSi mxolod 12 aTasiT gaizarda, xolo saqarTveloSi gacilebiT mcire raodenobiT mcxo-vrebma osebma, kerZod, 19 aTasma, 33 aTasiT moimata. mosaxleobis aseT bunebriv matebas esoden mcire periodSi ar SeiZleboda adgili hqonoda. es mxolod imaze miuTiTebs, rom swored am periodSi CrdiloeT oseTidan

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saqarTveloSi sacxovreblad osebi didi raodenobiT gadmodian~. (25, gv.18). osebis, Sida qarTlSi, Casaxlebis Sesaxeb, aRniSnaven, TviT `cnobili rusi

mecnierebi g. Cursini, v. pfafi, n. dubrovini, l. zagurski da sxv~. (25, gv.21). wyaroebidan Cans, rom Tu erekle II-is dros, saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebul

osebidan mxolod erTs miuRia aznauris wodeba, 1780 wels osi aznurebi momravlebulan, xolo erTs, vinme yaiss TuaSvils Tavadobac ki miuRia.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, CrdiloeT oseTidan Camosuli osebi, dasaxlebulan kavkasionis samxreT ferdobebze, zemo qarTlis, samaCabloSi, qsnisa da aragvis saerisTavoebSi, xolo aqedan, SemdgomSi, TandaTan gadasulan saqarTvelos sxva adgilebSi. kritikosi, xelovnebaTmcodne, publicisti da sazogado moRvawe a k a k i b a q r a Z e (1928_1999) aRniSnavs, rom:

ùnda giTxraT is, rom qarTuli presa aramarTebulad xmarobs cnebas ̀ samaCablo~. yofil samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqs gacilebiT didi teritoria eWira, vidre samaCabloa. samaCablo ramdenime sofelia cxinvalTan. yofili samxreT oseTis ao ki Sedgeboda oTxi raionisagan _ cxinvalis, leningoris (axla Zveli saxeli daubrunda da isev axalgori hqvia), znauris (axla yornisis) da javis raionebisagan. arc axalgoris, arc yornisis, arc javis raionebi samaCabloSi ar Sedis. xedavT, ra Tavzardamcemia Cveni umecreba? isic ki ar viciT, ra gvekuTvnis da risTvis vibrZviT. amaze bevrjer vTqvi da davwere, magram yursa bambisasa, aravin ainunSi ar agdebs. Tu gvinda, rom Zireuli, mama-papeuli qarTuli teritoria ar davkargoT, cnebebi mainc vixmarod sworad~. (35, gv.308).

wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom Zveli qarTuli saTavado samaCablo, Camoyalibda XV saukunis dasawyisSi md. liaxvis Sua da zemo welze, istoriuli aCabeTis (md. liaxvis marjvena napirze) xevSi. samaCablos mTavari adgili iyo aCabeTi. saTavados saxelwodeba warmosdga Tavad maCabelTa gvaridan. samaCablos aRmosavleTis mxridan esazRvreboda qsnis saerisTavo, samxreTidan _ amila-xvrebisa da favleniSvilebis, xolo samxreT-dasavleTidan _ sayaflaniSvilos mamulebi, Crdilo-dasavleTiT _ raWis saerisTavo da CrdiloeTiT _ dvaleTi. ruseTis xelisuflebam 1850 wels samaCablos saTavado gaauqma, samaCablos 2 000 osi yma-glexoba saxazino uwyebas gadaeca.

r. TofCiSvili aRniSnavs, rom: `saistorio wyaroebi, miwiszeda da miwisqveSa materialuri kulturis Zeglebi, toponimebi cxadyofen, rom sabWoTa periodis e. w. samxreT oseTi saqarTvelos Suaguli iyo da aris da rom e. w. eTnopolitikuri gaerTianeba, warmonaqmni aq osebs rusebma Seuqmnes~. (15, gv.309). misive TqmiT, is vai `mecnierebi~, romlebic amtkiceben, rom saqarTveloSi e. w. `samreT osebi~ mkvidr mosaxleobas warmoadgendnen, `saqarTvelos arqivebis Tu ar sjeraT... iqneb ruseTis arqivebSi dagviZebnon imis damamtkicebeli sabuTebi, rom saqarTvelos SuagulSi _ Sida qarTlSi rodesme arsebobda teritoriuli erTeuli, romelsac samxreT oseTi erqva~. (16).

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, ruseTis imperiis gamoCenisTanave,

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ruseTis xelisuflebam gamoiyena, CrdiloeT kavkasielTa tomebs Soris dapirispireba da ruseTis mier warmoebuli kavkasiis omis (1817_1864) Sedegad, mohyva CrdiloeT kavkasiis dapyroba, Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasielTa zogierTi tomebis ganadgureba da CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxTa nawilis iZulebiT TurqeTSi gadasaxleba, xolo ganTavisuflebuli kargi adgilebi, gansakuTrebiT mTis-pira da zRvispireTi, ruseTidan Camosaxlebulebs gadaecaT.

kavkasiis dapyrobis Semdeg, ruseTis xelisuflebis xelSewyobiT xdeboda osebis didi raodenobiT (gansakuTrebiT 1860 wlidan), Camosaxleba saqarTveloSi. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, manamde osebi, mcire raodenobiT, saxlobdnen CrdiloeT qarTlis mTebSi. cnobilia, rom mosa-xleobis aRwerebis sxvadasxva sabuTebidan Cans, rom XVIII saukunis bolos saqarTveloSi sul cxovrobda 2 130 komli osi. xolo XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan, osuri dasaxlebebi mtkvris marjvena sanapiroze Cndeba, axlandeli qarelisa da borjomis raionebSi (magaliTad, bakurianSi 1885 wels 71 osi cxovbrobda) da sxva. `saTanado dokumentebi cxadyofen, rom XIX saukunis damlevs osuri soflebi kaxeTSic iqmneba. amis Sesaxeb osi mecnieri b. kaloevi miuTiTebs: `XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi osebis didi raodenoba damkvidrda saqarTvelos duSeTisa da goris raionebSi, XIX saukunis dasawyisSi zeda da qveda kaxeTis teritoriaze 30-ze meti osuri dasaxlebuli punqti warmoiqmna. es osebi dafuZdnen Tavadebis miwebze~. (25, gv.25).

ruseTis xelisufleba araviTar yuradRebas ar aqcevda adgilobriv mcxovreb-lebs, romlebmac kavkasiis dapyrobis Semdeg, moeqcnen koloniur marwuxebSi. rusi moxeleebis sisastikis gamo, araerTxel ajanyebulan osebic. cnobilia, rom 1803 wels daiwyo axali saqarTvelos samxedro gzis gafarToebis mSenebloba. am gzis momsaxureobam, rusi moxelebis Tavxedobam da begaram gzispira mosaxleoba saSinel pirobebSi Caagdo. 1804 wels ganawamebi mTieli mosaxleoba, maT Soris osebic, ajanydnen. rusTa jarma, saqarTvelos mTavarmarTeblis, ruseTis mTavrobis poli-tikis gamtarebeli da ruseTis mTavrobis monamorCili, p. cicianovis (ciciSvili) meTaurobiT, aragvelebi daamarcxes. àragvelTa ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg cicianovi rusTa jariT liaxvis xeobaSi gaeSura. iq osebi ajanyebuliyvnen da morCilebaze uars acxadebdnen. cicianovma brZoliT aiRo sofeli kroJi da mTlianad daangria igi. osebma iaraRi dahyares. rusTa jarebi sastikad gauswordnen ajanyebulebs~. (6, t.IV, gv.920). (1810_1812) wlebSic, koloniuri xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg osebi xelaxla ajanydnen, romelic aseve CaxSobil iqna. 1830 wels qarTlis CrdiloeTi mxare, e. w. dRevandeli `samxreT oseTi~ ajanyda. monawileobas Rebulobdnen axlad Casaxlebuli osebic. ruseTis sadamsjelo jarma, romelsac `nabrZanebi hqonda umowyalod amoewyvita yvela, vinc iaraRs ar dayrida da morCilebaze uars ityoda. ufro metic, damsjeli eqspediciis ufross arc winaaRmdegobis gamwevTa saxlebi unda daendo da isini sul erTianad unda gadaebuga `sxvebis samagaliTod da dasaSineblad~. (6, t.V, gv.183). sisxlismRvreli brZolebis Sedegad, sadamsjelo razmma, bolos da bolos CaaxSo ajanyeba da aqac sastikad gauswordnen ajanye-

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bulebs. gansakuTrebiT didi ajanyeba moxda 1850 wels. didi liaxvis osebi moiTxvndnen qarTlis Tavadebis maCablebisagan xelqveiTobidan ganTavisufrlebas da saxazino uwyebaSi gadasvlas. sabolood ruseTis xelisuflebam osebis moTxovnas daeTanxma, xolo maCablebs yovelwliuri memkvidroebiTi pensia daeniSnaT.

rogorc zeviT, ara erTxel aRvniSneT, ruseTi, kavkasiis dapyrobisTanave, cdilobda aq, Tavisi uflebebis ganmtkicebas da mas miaCnda, rom kavkasia misi iyo da mas aravis ar dauTmobda. rogorc adre, dRevandel dResac igive meordeba.

istorikosi a v T a n d il so n Rul a S v il i aRniSnavs, rom ruseTis istorikosi, p a vl e k o v al e v s k i (1849/50_1930) werda:

`kavkasia iyo mTlianad dapyrobili da gaxda ruseTis sakuTreba. magram ramdeni sisxli, ramdeni sicocxle, ra fasad daujda ruseTs. da vin SeZlebs Tqvas, rom is misi sakuTreba araa... Cveni valia CvenTvis SevinaxoT kavkasia mTlianad, srulad, da dauSlelad.... misi valia eris Zlevamosilebis winaSe Cveni cxovrebisaTvis. da Cven amas SevasrulebT miuxedavad utifari ararusi sityvebisa~.

ra davarqvaT amas, Tu ara zexisti imperiuli azrovnebis klasikuri gamovlineba, qsenofobiis daufaravi apologia, romelic asimilaciis usastikes `skviTur logikazea~ dafuZnebuli. am ̀ logikiT~ ki kavkasiis dapyrobisaTvis daRvrili rusuli sisxli Zvirad fasobs, xolo rusuli koloniuri uRlis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli ùsircxvilo ucxotomelebis~ mier gaRebuli msxverpli saTvalavSi saerTod arc miiReba. rusi uflebamosili yofila cecxliT da maxviliT gadauaros kavkasias, vinaidan es mis `derJavas~ sWirdeba. xolo kavkasielebs sakuTar miwawyalze gancdil ubedurebaze uaryofiTi reagirebac ekrZalebaT!!! isini, viTarca ubadruki ̀ inorodebi~ an `tuzemcebi~ xom iotisodena adamianuri TanagrZnobisa da sixarulis Rirsnic ar arian~. (22, gv.11).

amave dros, ruseTis xelisufleba Tavisi uflebebis gamtkicebisaTvis, cdilobda erTmaneTs daepirispirebina ruseTis imperiaSi (xolo Semdeg sabWoTa kavSiris dros) Semavali xalxebi. amitomac iyo, rom vinaidan samxreT kavkasiaSi rusul koloniur wyobilebis damkvidrebas qarTve-lebi did winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen, vinc ki saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg xmas amoiRebda, yvelas mxars uWerda da cdilobda saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi erebi qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg aemxedrebina. SemdegSi ki, bolSevikebma da komunistebma, sabWoTa imperiaSi Semavali erebi, sxvadasxva mowodebebiTa da Sefaruli moqmedebebiT ise gadakides erebi erTmaneTs, rom isini sisxlis Rvramde miiyvanes. xolo TviTon-ki `daCagruli erebis~ damcvelebad moevlinen. rogorc moxda afxazeTsa da e. w. `samxreT oseTSi~, azerbaijanSi (yarabaRSi) da sxv. sadac ruseTis `damcvelTa samSvidobo moqmedeba~ dRemde grZeldeba.

a . s o n Rul a S v il i ruseTis xelisufalTa moqmedebis Sesaxeb wers: `cnobili politikuri da sazogado moRvawe gr. lorTqifaniZe aRniSnavda, rom

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ruseTis carizmi, misi moxeleebi mfarvelad evlinebodnen imperiis batonobis qveS moqceuli istoriuli erebis teritoriebze mosaxle mcire erovnebebsa da tomebs. `TavgamodebiT zrunavdnen, magaliTad, osebsa da afxazebze... yvelasaTvis cxadi iyo, rom rusul kaciWamia Sovinizms marTla is ki ar ainteresebda, rom afxazuri, osuri da sxvaTa erovnuli mwerloba da kultura Seeqmna. misi sanukvari mizani iyo saqarTvelos erovnulkulturul ojaxSi Sinagani daSla, gaxrwna da aforiaqeba Seetana. rusul policiasa da rusul sinods iseve ezizReboda afxazoba da osoba, rogorc qarTveloba da Tu afxazur da osur samwerlo kulturis Seqmnaze `zrunavda~, es ra Tqma unda, mxolod droebiTi da provokaciuli fandi iyo saqarTvelos kulturis Sesasusteblad da dasaqcevad, erovnuli ganTvisebisa da SuRlis Camosagdebad da ai swored am asparezze gaSala Tavis ìnternacionaluri~ frTebi rusulma komunisturma okupaciam, romlis xelSi saqarTvelo gadaiqca im sanTlad, romelsac orive Tvalidan waukides cecxli~. am sanTlis zemodan wvis gamoxatuleba iyo, saqarTvelos amierkavkasiis federaciaSi CarTva, misi sruli gaTqvefa da Semdeg ruseTis kavSirSi Caricxva. qarTuli sanTlis qvemodan wva ki imaSi mdgomareobda, rom afaxazeTi damoukidebel afxazur, sinamdvileSi ki rusul respublikad gamoacxades da mxolod Semdeg daukavSires saqarTvelos. àmave mizniT, xelovnurad gamoWres saqarTvelos cocxali sxeulidan oseTis avtonomiuri olqi, romelic rokisa da mamisonis uReltexilebze rusuli imperializmis politikur da strategiul dasayrdenad iqna gamiznuli~. (22, gv.5).

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, qarTul-osuri urTierT damokidebuleba ormxrivi xasiaTis iyo, erTis mxriv mtruli, romelic gamoixateboda qarTuli miwa-wylis darbeviT da qarTuli soflebis ganadgurebiTa, qarTvelTa Zarcva-mkvlelobiT (rasac rusi generlebic aRniSnavdnen TavianT moxsenebebSi) da qarTvelTa tyved wayvaniT, xolo meores mxriv _ kulturul-saganmanaTlebo urTierTobiT.

qarTveli da osi xalxis kulturuli urTierTobis Sesaxeb, g. TogoSvili aRniSnavs, rom:

òsi xalxi mTeli Tavisi istoriis manZilze mWidro kulturul urTierTobaSi imyofeboda mezobel da moZme qarTvel xalxTan. uZvelesi droidanve qarTuli maRal-ganviTarebuli kultura cxovelmyofel gavlenas axdenda mezobeli qveynebis xalxebze, maT Soris osebze. ukve kavkasiaSi alanebis _ osebis winaprebis _ damkvidrebis droidan (axali welTaRricxvis damdegidan) isini kavkasiuri kulturis garemocvaSi moeqcnen, sadac tonis mimcemi qarTveluri tomebis kultura iyo. alanurma tomebma kavkasiuri kulturis iseTi didi gavlena ganicades, rom enis mxriv indo-evropuli modgmis osebi kulturis mxriv tipiur kavkasielebad iqcnen~. (38, gv.225).

`motanili masalebi sruli ueWvelobiT mowmoben, rom.... osi xalxis kultura qarTveli xalxis kulturasTan mWidro kavSirSi viTardeboda, am ukanasknelis cxovelmyofel gavlenas ganicdida~. (38, gv.256).

istoriuli wyaroebidan Cans, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi qarTuli kultura

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zegavlenas axdenda rogorc saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebul kavkasiis mTianeTis xalxebze, aseve CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi myof tomebze. saqarTvelodan xdeboda CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi qristianuli religiis, qarTuli enisa da damwerlobis gavrceleba.

zemoT aRvniSneT, rom VI_X saukuneebSi oseTSi bizantiidan da saqarTvelodan qristianoba gavrcelda.

`qristianobis gavrcelebas kavkasiis mTielTa Soris dadebiTi mniSvneloba hqonda, radganac mosdevda damwerlobis, saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis sawyisebis gansaz-Rvruli zomiT gavrceleba am xalxebSi. qristianul religiasTan dakavSirebuli terminologia farTod gavrcelda mTi-elebSi, gansakuTrebiT osebSi~. (22, gv.189).

cnobilia, rom ruseTSi mcxovrebma qrTvelma sasuliero moRvaweebma, i o s e b s a m e b el m a (1676_1750), arqimandritma n i k oloz T b il elm a (1672_1732) da sxvebma, ruseTis imperators 1741 wlidan el i s a b e d s (1709_1761) mimarTes TxovniT, vinaidan CrdiloeT oseTSi qristianebi Semcirebulan, saWiro iyo qarTveli sasuliero moRvaweebi gaegzavnaT yizlarSi, rom osebi gaeqri-stianebinad. ìsini moaxsenebdnen, rom isini adre marTlmadidebeli qristianebi iyvnen da qarTvel mefeebs emorCilebodnen. maTi qristianobis maCvenebelia qviTkirit nagebi eklesiis naSTebi. isini axlac icaven marxvas da amJRavneben did survils qristianobis aRsadgenad.~ (38, gv.235). es Txovna ruseTis xelisuflebis miznebs emTxveoda, CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTielTa Soris qristi-anobis gavrcelebiT, advilad moxdeboda mTielTa tomebis damorCileba da ruseTis gabatoneba kavkasiaSi. 1744 wlis dasawyisSi elisabedis brZanebulebiTa da ruseTis sinodis gadawyvetilebiT, Seiqmna òseTis sasuliero komisia~, samisienero organizacia, romelsac dasawyisSi uZRvebodnen qarTveli sasuliero moRvaweebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom komisiis wevrTa mxardaWeriT, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, (1768_1774) wlebSi ruseTis mTavrobam, CrdiloeT oseTSi, madneulebis Seswav-lisa da misi gamoyenebis mizniT, gaagzavna sami samTo jgufi. cnobilia, rom komisiis xel-mZRvanelis p a x o m i s saSualebiT, xdeboda CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi qarTvelTa tyveebis dabruneba. maT gamosasyidaT igi saqarTvelodan fulad saxsrebs Rebulobda. SemdgomSi mas wauyenes braldeba, rom igi cdilobda osebis saqarTvelos qveSerdomobaSi Seyvanas. paxomi da am komisiis wevri gr i g ol ro m a n i S v il i os bavSvebs qarTul wera-kiTxvas aswavlidnen. unda aRiniSnos, rom òseTis komisiis~ davalebiT xdeboda saeklesio literaturis gavrceleba qarTuli anbanis gamoyenebiT, qarTulidan iTargmneboda saeklesio literatura. komisiis wevrebi cdilobdnen, rom osTa Soris qarTuli literatura gaevrcelebinad. radgan werilobiTi wyaroebidan mtkicdeba, rom oseTSi gavrcelebuli iyo qarTuli ena.

òsTa mier qarTuli enis codna garkveul farglebSi qarTuli damwerlobis codnasac gulisxmobda. mTeli, saqmiani mimowera qarTlis da imereTis mmarTveli wreebisa osebTan, Tu piriqiT, qarTul enaze sruldeboda. XVIII saukuneSi Seqmnilia mdidari dokumenturi masala osebis Sesaxeb qarTul enaze. es imas niSnavs, rom qarTuli ena da damwerloba sakmaod fexmo-kidebuli iyo osTa Soris. is ki-ara,

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xSirad ruseTis administraciisadmi mimarTuli osTa werilebic qarTul enazea Sesrulebuli....

XIX saukunis dasawyisSi osi mwerlebi sargeblobdnen qarTuli anbaniT. amis safuZvelze iwereboda osuri wignebi. gamocdilebam yovelmxriv daadastura osebisaTvis qarTuli anbanis upiratesoba yvela danarCen anbanTan SedarebiT~. (22, gv.194). òseTis komisiis~ xelSewyobiT 8 199 osi gaqristianda.

òseTis komisiam~ scada oseTSi wera-kiTxvisa da ganaTlebis Setana. 1751 wels qarTvelma moRvaweebma ruseTis mTavrobas warudgines oseTSi skolebis gaxsnis proeqti. am proeqtiT 30 bavSvisaTvis gaxsnil skolaSi swavla qarTul enaze unda yofiliyo. es imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom maSin osur enaze ganaTlebis miReba saTanado saxelmZRvaneloTa uqonlobis gamo, SeuZlebeli iyo. sinodis davalebiT qarTvelebi ukve Targmnidnen osur enaze sasuliero wignebs. 1764 wels qarTvelma misionerebma pirveli skola gaxsnes osi bavSvebisaTvis q. mozdokSi~. (6, t.IV, gv.791).

òseTis sasuliero komisiis~ saqmianobas didi amagi dasdes Teimuraz II-em, erekle II-em, a n t o n I (1720_1788) kaTalikosma da sxvebma. maTi xelSewyobiTa da daxmarebiT saqarTvelos skolebSi aRizardnen araerTi mTieli bavSvebi, romlebmac SemdgomSi Tavisi kvali datoves TavianTi xalxebis mexsierebaSi. èrT-erTi maTgani iyo erekles mier gaaznaurebuli osi ioane ialRuziZe. ioane ialRuzisZem garejis samonastro skolasa da Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi safuZvliani ganaTleba miiRo da TvalsaCino wvlili Seitana osuri damwerlobisa da mwignobrobis gavrcelebis saqmeSi. ialRuziZis mier qarTulidan osurad Targmnilma da qarTuli anbaniT dawerilma wignebma safuZveli Cauyara osur damwerlobasa da literaturas~. (6, t.IV, gv.792).

i o a n e i alRuz i s Z i s `Semoqmedeba osi xalxis ganaTlebis interesebs emsa-xureboda. amiT aixsneba misi didi avtoriteti osTa Soris. ruseTis administracia sargeblobda misi avtori-tetiT osebTan urTierTobis mowesrigebis saqmeSi. igi TavgamodebiT icavda os xalxs calkeuli rusi moxeleebis Cagvrisagan. ioane òseTis sasuliero komisiaSi~ mTargmnelad muSaobda. man qarTuli enis safuZvelze Seadgina osuri damwerloba, qarTulidan osurad Targmna ciskrisa da mwuxris locvebi, katexizmo da kurTxevani, romelic moskovSi daibeWda. aRniSnuli literaturis meSveobiT, misioner mRvdlebs saSualeba miecaT liturgia osur enaze SeesrulebinaT. ioane komisiis sasargeblod sxva mxrivac iRvwoda. igi osur da qarTul enebs aswavlida Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi. aRniSnuli saswavleblis kurs-damTavrebuli pirebi igzavneboda samisi-onero moRvaweobisaTvis~. (22, gv.192).

1771 wels òseTis sasuliero komisiis~ xelmZRvanelad dainiSna ruseTis sasuliero piris warmomadgeneli, romelmac komisiis wevrebi rusi misionerebiT Secvala da komisia gadaiqca ruseTis politikis gamtareblad. oseTSi gavrcelebuli qarTuli anbani, Seicvala rusuli _ kirilicas grafikiT. òsuri komisiis~ saqmianobaSi, (1784_1793) wlebSi, unda aRiniSnos qarTveli mecnieris, literatoris,

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mTargmnelis, pedagogisa da diplomatis g a i oz r e q tor i s (1746_1821) (baraTaSvili, baraTaSvil-TayaiSvili), moRvaweoba, romelmac TvalsaCino kvali datova osuri kulturis sarbielze. misi SemweobiT ganxorcielda osuri damwerloba da xeli Seuwyo osur ganaTlebis ganviTarebas. man Seqmna osuri anbani da osur enaze pirvel gamocemul wignSi aRbeWda osuri metyveleba, safuZveli Cauyara osur damwerlobas. (38, gv247). SemdegSi, ruseTis sinodis mier daniSnulma axalma rusma arqimadritma, òseTis sasuliero komisia~ Tbilisidan q. mozdokSi gadaitana. 1792 wels òseTis sasuliero komisia~ gauqmda.

`1815 wlis 15 seqtembers sinodis gankargulebiT TbilisSi aRsdga òseTis sasuliero komi-sia~, romelsac winamorbedis funqciebi daekisra. mxolod 1817_1821 wlebSi komisiis energiuli muSaobis Sedegad 28 592 osi gaqristianda, aSenda da aRdgenil iqna 29 marTlmadidebluri taZari~. (22, gv.191). komisiis xelmZRvanelad daniSnes d o s i T e o s f i c x el aur i . igi, os glexebs, gaqristianebis SemTxvevaSi pirdeboda, rom maT mebatoneebisagan gaanTavisuflebda da saxazino uwyebaSi Caricxavda. mis dros 13 aTasamde osi gaqristianda. SemdegSi, adgilobrivi xeli-suflebisa da mebatoneebis moTxovniT, igi Tanamdebobidan daiTxoves da òseTis sasuliero komisia~ saqarTvelos egzarxoss dauqvemdebares. 1861 wels arsebuli òseTis komisia~ gaauqmes. 1863 wels SemoRebul iqna `marTlmadidebluri qristianobis aRmdgeneli sazogadoeba kavkasiaSi~.

XVIII saukunidan dawyebuli, kavkasiaSi administraciul-kulturul mTavar qalaqad iTvleboda Tbilisi. aq cxovrobdnen da moRvaweobdnen kavkasiis yvela xalxis warmomadgenlebi. wyaro-ebidan Cans, rom Tbilisma, osi xalxis kulturul cxovrebaSi waruSleli kvali datova. Tbili-sis saswavleblebSi aRzrdilma osi xalxis Svilebma SemdegSi Tavi gamoiCines rogorc saqarTveloSi, aseve oseTSic. qarTveli xalxi da sazogado moRvaweebi cdilobdnen osebs daxmarebodnen sxvada-sxva mecnierebis da kulturis ganviTarebaSi. zogierTni TviT oseTSi cxovrobdnen da sasuliero da saganmanaTleblo moRvaweobas eweodnen. cnobilia, rom XIX saukunis bolos Tbilisis sasuliero saswavleblis kursdamTavrebulebi moRvaweobdnen CrdiloeT oseTSi sxvadasxva dargSi, sasuliero, pedagogiur samecniero, literaturul da sxv.

1906 wels TbilisSi daarsda osuri saxalxo Teatri. 1906 wlis 7 oqtombers TbilisSi Camoyalibda osuri sagamomcemlo sazogadoeba ìr~-i (òseTi~). 1907 wlis 8 marts gamovida osuri gazeTi `nog cards~ (àxali cxovreba~). 1909 wels TbilisSive Camoyalibda osuri kulturul-saganmanaTleblo sazogadoeba `ruxs~ (sinaTle) da sxv. (22, gv.197).

zeviT aRvniSneT, rom 1830 wels CrdiloeT osebis sabolood damorCilebis Semdeg, ruseTis xelisuflebam osebiT dasaxlebuli miwa-wyali Taviseburad daana-wila da dahyo: àdministraciulad misi erTi nawili Caricxa goris mazraSi, xolo nawili ki mTis xalxTa mmarTvelobaSi, romelic Seiqmna jer kidev 1817 wels. igi rogorc calke administraciuli erTeuli aerTianebda saqarTvelos samxedro gzis

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gaswvriv mcxovreb mTis xalxebs. osebiT dasaxlebul xeobebs mouravebis nacvlad daeniSnaT boqaulebi, romelTac

daegzavnaT specialuri instruqciebi. boqaulebi dainiSnen javis, koSkrokis, maRran-dvaleTis da qsnis xeobebSi. aqedan maRrandvaleTis xeobis boqauli daeqvemdebara mTis xalxTa mmarTvels, xolo danarCeni sami _ goris saokrugo ufross. aseTi gardaqmnebi ZalaSi darCa 1834 wlamde~. (22, gv.81).

ruseTi XIX saukunis I naxevarSi saqarTvelos dapyrobisTanave, Seudga misi saxelmwifoebriobis yovelgvari niSnis mospobas. pirvel rigSi man saqarTvelo dahyo or nawilad da saqar-Tvelo gadaaqcia ruseTis imperiis or Cveulebriv guberniad: Tbilisis da quTaisis guberniebad. magram ruseTis mesveurebma icodnen, rom kavkasiis da miT umetes saqarTvelos sabolood dasamor-Cileblad saWiro iyo maTTvis sxvadasxva saSualebebiT istoriuli miwa-wylis xelidan gamocla. saqarTveloSi Semoxiznul da mcxovreb sxvadasxva erebis warmomadgenlebs, rusebis saxiT, viTomda maTi meurve moevlina. amitom iyo, rom ruseTi Seecada, saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze mWidrod dasaxlebul erebis warmomadgenelTa erTgvari saxelmwifoebi Camoeyalibebina. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi ara qarTveli warmoSobis xalxTa mWidroT dasaxlebuli jgufebi iyvnen: afxazeTis miwa-wyalze myofi e. w. àfxazebi~, osebi, somxebi da azerbaijanelebi. amaTgan, swored am dros xdeboda àfxazebisa~ da osebis erovnebebad Camoyalibeba. ruseTis xelisuflebam swored es afxazebi da osebi gamoiyena qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg dasapirispireblad.

rusul sabuTebsa da uwyisebSi, 1865 wlidan 1917 wlamde, javis raioni, moxsenebulia rogorc Tbilisis guberniis goris mazris osebis ubani (òsetinski uCastok~). es iyo gamolaSqreba da osebis amxedrebis pirveli niSani saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg.

1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg, peterburgSi Camoyalibda muSaTa da jariskacTa deputatebis sabWo da droebiTi mTavroba. xolo amave wlis 9 (22) marts, TbilisSi Seiqmna amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebuli komiteti (ozakom _ osobis zakavkazski komiteti), amierkavkasiis droebiTi mTavroba. SemdegSi, òzakomi~ 1917 wlis 15 (28) noembers daiSala da Secvala amierkavkasiis komisariatma da seimma.

1864 wels ruseTSi Catarda saerebo reforma _ èroba~ (adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi). romelic `miznad isaxavda TviTmpyrobiluri wyobis Serwymas kapitalizmis ganvi-Tarebis moTxovnebTan~. (8, t.4, gv.199).

saqarTveloSi erobis SemoRebas mxars uWerdnen liberalebi da revolucioner demokratebi. maTi araerTi moTxovnisa, saqrTveloSi erobis Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb, ruseTis mTavroba dumiliT pasuxobda.

unda aRiniSnos, rom ruseTSi iyvnen moRvaweebi, romlebic mouwodebdnen xelisuflebas, rom ruseTisaTvis da rusi xalxisTvis ukeTesi iqneboda SeecvalaT TavianTi agresiuli damokide-buleba saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis mimarT. mag. `rusi moRvawe i. kanadpevi, romelmac 20 weli icxovra kavkasiaSi, 1902 wels peterburgSi gamocemul Tavis wignSi werda: `burJuazia, rogorc istoria gviCvenebs, yovelTvis

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imarjvebs TavadaznaurTa klasze. es sworia, magram unda davumatoT, rom ekono-mikuri evolucia arsad ar damTavrebula ise savalalod TavadaznaurobisaTvis, rogorc aq... gana mTavrobam unda dauSvas, rom daiRupos qarTveli Tavadaznauroba, romelmac didi samsaxuri gauwia ruseTs masTan saqarTvelos SeerTebis droidan? ar unda daviviwyoT is faqti, rom igi iyo ori erTmorwmune xalxis erTianobis ideis matarebeli da erTi samefos meore samefosTan nebayoflobiT SeerTebis mTavari mizezi... saqarTvelos SeerTebam... udidesi sargebloba moutana ruseTs im mxriv, rom misi sazRvrebi uSualod TurqeTTan da sparseTTan movida SexebaSi, ramac saSualeba misca ruseTis mTavrobas, uSualod gavlena moexdina orive saxelmwifoze. amas garda, saqarTvelos SeerTebiT kavkasiis mTielebi yovel mxriv garSemortymuli aRmoCndnen, ramac gardauvlad gamoiwvia maTi damorCileba da, Sesabamisad, CrdiloeT kavkasiis mSvidobiani kulturuli ganviTarebis xelis Sem-Sleli pirobebis mospoba. dasasruls, ar SeiZleba, uyuradRebod davtovoT is gare-moeba, rom ruseTma saqarTvelos saxiT SeiZina qveyana, romelic araCveulebrivad mdidaria bunebrivi resursebiT, rac rusi xalxis gamdidrebas SeiZleba emsaxuros~. (25, gv.34). xolo, cnobili rusi mwerali, mogzauri, literaturis kritikosi da eTnografi e v g e n i m a r k o v i (1835_1903) 1887 wels `peterburgSi gamoqveynebul wignSi ̀ kavkasi-uri narkvevebi~ werda: ̀ Cven rusebma, ar unda daviviwyoT Tavis dReSi, rom saqarTvelo xmliT ar dagvipyria, rom Cven imaTi Tanaswori Zmani varT da ara mZlavri mebatoneni. Cven ar unda daviviwyoT, rom qarTvelni Semovidnen Cvens ojaxSi misTvis, rom qarTveladve darCnen. amitomac yovelsave qarTvels, istoriiT mopo-vebuls, yovels qarTvelTagans, yovelsave salocavs erisas da wmindad aRiarebuls, yovelsave Tvisebas maTsa _ imodenad pativi unda vceT, imodenad mxari mivceT da xeli SevuwyoT, ramodenadac yovlisfers Cvens sakuTars. kavSiri ZmaTa Soris imaSi mdgomareobs, rom erTi meores Zmurad Seeweodes, erTi meores SeemsWvalos, da ara imaSi, rom erTma meore Caylapos~. (25, gv.96). magram, eseni iyvnen metad mcireni.

1917 wels ruseTis droebiTma mTavrobam, ganapira mxareebSi SemoiRo saerebo dawesebulebebi. ruseTis xelisufleba moiTxovda, rom saqarTveloSi myof erebs, afxazeTsa da oseTs, ebrZolad `TviTgamorkvevisaTvis~ da maTi erovnul-ganmaTa-visuflebeli moZraoba miemarTaT saqarTvelodan gamoyofisaken da cal-calke erTeulis Seqmnisaken, oRond, ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi unda yofiliyvnen.

1918 wels saqarTveloSi saerebo reforma Catarda. Camoyalibda samazro saerebo dawesebulebebi. zogierT mazraSi Seiqmna saTemo erobis organoebic. eroba warmo-adgenda adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobis damoukidebel dawesebulebas, romelsac marTva-gamgeobis yovelgvari uflebebi hqonda. ruseTis xelisuflebaSi moxvedrilma bolSevikebma da SemdegSi saqarTvelos komunistebma, swored es saerebo reforma gamoiyenes saqarTvelos erTianobis daSlisaTvis.

1918 wels, saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublikis dros, ruseTisa da qarTveli bolSevikebis waqezebiT, cxinvalSi myofma bolSevikebma wamoiwyes damoukideblobis moTxovna ruseTTan SeerTebis mizniT.

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`samxreT oseTis pirvelma erovnulma yrilobam SeimuSava gegma-proqti `samxreT oseTSi erobis SemoRebis da misi gansakuTrebul administraciul erTeulad gamoyofis Sesaxeb~, es exeboda goris, duSeTis da raWis mazris (ufro gvian Sorapnis mazris) `mTiani nawilebisagan~ osi mosaxleobis gamoyofas calke saerebo erTeulad.

àmierkavkasiis osTaTvis, naTqvamia gegma-proeqtSi, aucilebelia oseTSi administraciuli aparatis Seqmna, romelic SeZlebs osTa msofgagebasTan ufro axlos misvlas~, xolo sadac osebi kompaqturad cxovroben, gamoiyos administraciuli erTeuli calke mazriT da olqiT. Semdeg naTqvamia: `CvenTvis ueWvelia mxolod is debuleba rom mTis raioni romelic dasaxlebulia osebiT, aucileblad gamoiyos damoukidebel samazro-administraciul erTeulad... mTel am raionSi gaismis osuri ena da amitom mosaxleobas ufleba aqvs TavianT dawesebulebebSic mxolod osuri ena esmodeT~... osi separatistebis da maTi wamqezeblebis mier momzadebuli proeqti niSnavda saqarTvelos teritoriul daSlas da osebisaTvis calke saxelmwifos Seqmnas.....

saqarTvelos xelisufleba iZulebuli gaxda mxari daeWira samxreT oseTis TviTmmarTvel erTeulad gamoyofis uflebas.

miuxedavad amisa, osma separatistebma gadawyvites, rom saqarTvelos gamoyofodnen da sabWoTa ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Sesuliyvnen, rac oficialurad acnobes ruseTis mTavrobas. yovelive amas osTa bolSeviki liderebi gegmavdnen~. (48).

cnobilia, rom ruseTSi momxdar 1917 wlis oqtombris revolucias da amis Sedegad Seqmnil rusul xelisuflebas, saqarTveloSi momqmedma partiebma (garda bolSevikebisa) da mosaxleobam undobloba gamoucxades.

1917 wlis 11 noembers TbilisSi amierkavkasiis droebiTi mTavroba Camoyalibda. xolo amave wlis 15 noembers, politikurma partiebma Seqmnes àmierkavkasiis komisariati~. ès iyo pirveli SemTxveva amierkavkasiis xalxebis istoriaSi roca maT Seqmnes amierkavkasiis sazRvrebSi sruli saxelmwifoebrivi uflebamosilebis mqone sakuTari mTavroba ruseTis diqtaturisagan damoukidebeli. magram aRniSnul organos didxans ar uarsebia. 1918 wlis 22 ianvars ruseTis damfuZnebeli krebisaTvis arCeuli amierkavkasieli deputatebisgan Camoyalibda àmierkavkasiis seimi~, romelic muSaobas Seudga 10 Tebervals.....

amierkavkasiis komisariatis da seimis Seqmna warmoadgenda didmniSvnelovan nabijs ruseTis yofili ganapira mxareebis _ guberniebis _ saqarTvelos, somxeTis da azerbaijanis mier damoukideblobis miRebis gzaze.

ruseTis sabWoTa mTavrobam amierkavkasiis axlad Seqmnili xelisufleba kontrevoluciur Zalad gamoacxada da brZola daiwyo mis winaaRmdeg, is yvela momxreebs kerZod amierkavkasiel bolSevikebs mouwodebda SeiaraRebul ajanyebis gziT daemxoT amierkavkasiis mTavroba, risTvisac ̀ saxelisuflo~ organizacia Seqmna~. (48). ruseTis sabWoTa mTavroba, yovelgvar xerxs iyenebda am respublikebSi mTavrobebis dasamxobad. 1917 wlis germaniasTan dadebuli zavis Semdeg, rodesac

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kavkasiis brZolis velidan brundebodnen damSeuli, Caucmel-dauxuravi sajariso nawilebi, rusi bolSevikebi mouwodebdnen maT, rom aeRoT Tbilisi, daemxoT mTavroba da saqarTvelo gaenadgurebinad.

g. mazniaSvili ruseTis jaris Sesaxeb werda: `seqtembris bolo ricxvebSi 1917 wels, rusis jari, romelic idga kavkasiis

frontze, imdenad gaixrwna, rom mTeli gundebi jariskacebisa Tavis nebiT stovebdnen poziciebs da garbodnen Sinisaken. SemdegSi es jgufebi gaizarda da saqme iqamdis mivida, rom mTeli diviziebi ixsne-boda poziciebidan, mters utovebda sursaTsa da sakvebis auarebel marags, tyvia-wamlis sawyobebs, ase gasinjeT artileriasac ki, da gamorboda rkinis gzebisaken saxlSi dasabruneblad. TavisTavad igulisxmeba, rom qarTvelebi da somxebi, romlebic jariskacebad iyvnen am gamoqceul diviziebSi, Tavis mazrebsa da soflebs rom miaRwevdnen, Tavs anebebdnen samsaxurs da midiodnen TavianT saxlebSi.

Seiqmna iseTi mdgomareoba, rom amierkavkasiasa da kerZod saqarTvelos orive mxridan moeloda safrTxe. erTi safrTxe iyo osmaleTi, romlis jarebi ukan daxeul Cven jarebs fexdafex mosdevdnen da gadmolaxavdnen Cvens sazRvrebs. magram sanam osmalebi Cvenamde moaRwevdnen, Sinisaken momavali ruseTis jarebi gvawvebodnen da suls gvixuTavdnen. am ukan daxeul rus jarebs gza tfilisze hqondaT. moaRwevdnen tfilisamde, gaCerdebodnen navTluRSi da, rogorc mteri alya-Semortymul qalaqs, gvidgendnen sxvadasxva moTxovnilebebs. Txoulobdnen auarebel tansacmels, iaraRs, da moiTxovdnen yvela amis dauyovnebliv Sesrulebas, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi qalaqs uqa-dnen ganadgurebas da daqcevas. erTxel isic ki moiTxoves, rom amierkavkasiis mTavroba gadamdgariyo da xelisufleba Caebarebina saolqo yrilobisaTvis~. (23, gv.10).

aseT gaWirvebis dros, `saqarTveloSi imdenad mZime da tragikuli mdgomareoba Seiqmna, rom qarTvelma bolSevikebmac ki (romlebsac ajanyebasTan unda exelmZRvanelad) uari Tqves Zalauflebis asaRebad ruseTis armiis gamoyenebaze. moxerxda saqarTvelos dasapyrobad gamiznul jariskacT eSelonebiT Tbilisis gverdis avliT gaegzavnaT ruseTSi. aseve, SesaZlebeli Seiqmna TbilisSi, eliaze, ganlagebuli arsenalis (romelsac bolSevikurad ganwyobili garnizoni icavda) qarTuli erovnuli nawilebis xelSi gadasvla. qarTvelma xalxma 1917 wlis dekemberSi, Tavganwi-ruli RonisZiebebis Sedegad, qveyana gadaarCina aboboqrebuli, agresiuli ruseTis okupacias. ruseTis sabWoTa xelisuflebam TbilisSi arsenalis dakargva mZime marcxad CaTvala, amis gamo v. lenini aRSfoTebas ver malavda _ rogor Tu arsenali mterma Caibarao.~ (48).

amasobaSi 1917 wlis 19-23 noembers Seiqmna saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo. xolo 1918 wlis 4 ianvars, qarTlis mTian mxareSi Camosaxlebulma osebma Camoayalibes `samxreT oseTis~ erovnuli sabWo, romelmac òficialuri baraTiT acnoba saqar-Tvelos erovnul sabWos, rom igi ukve Seudga muSaobas da amieridan yvela sakiTxze, romelic or ers exeba, Cven mogvmarTeTo. baraTSi isic iyo naTqvami, rom samxreT

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oseTis erovnuli sabWo oseTis saqmeTa umaRles xelmZRvanel centrs warmoadgenda. 1918 wlis 10 ianvars ki samxreT oseTis erovnulma sabWom amierkavkasiis

komisariats waru-dgina proeqti, romelSic naCvenebi iyo, Tu ra formiT da ra sazRvrebSi unda Camoyalibebuliyo samxreT oseTis erToba.

proeqtis avtorebi ukve am dros Tvlidnen, rom arsebobda `samxreT oseTis xalxi~, rom aq saxlobda Tavisi warmoSobiT, eniT da kulturiT erTgvarovani samxreT oseTis mosaxleoba; unda Seqmniliyo mazra, an olqi erovnuli adminis-traciiT da dawesebulebebSi saqmis warmoeba yofiliyo `mSobliur osur enaze~.

im dros, 1918 wlis damdegs, ufro Sors ar midiodnen, amaze ufro farTo avtonomiis sakiTxs jer ver ayenebdnen. cxinvals ki Tavidanve samxreT oseTis avtonomiur erTeulSi gulisxmobdnen~. (22, gv.93). magram, ar gasula didi xani da `samxreT oseTis~ erovnulma sabWom, imave ̀ wlis maisSi, ivnisSi da agvistoSi aSkarad gamoTqva ruseTTan SeerTebis survili. magram imis gamo, rom maSin CrdiloeT kavkasia ekavaT denikenelebs da praqtikulad mouxerxebeli iyo am Roni-sZiebis ganxorcieleba, maT Secvales Tavisi pozicia da moiTxoves saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis farglebSi farTo politikuri avtonomia `samxreT oseTisaTvis~. (22, gv.94). cnobilia, rom amave dros, osebis garda, bolSevikebis mier waqezebuli saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi sxvadasxva erovnuli umciresobebic saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi Txoulobdnen avtonomias. es iyo bolSevikebis mier aSkarad gamoxatuli survili saqarTvelos respublikis daSlisa da danawevreba cal-calke erTeulebad, rom Semdgom saqarTvelos advilad daipyrobdnen da is gaxdeboda sabWoTa ruseTis erT-erTi olqi.

bolSevikebma 1918 wlis 29 marts oseTSi ajanyeba moawyves da ajanyebulebma cxinvali daikaves. cxinvalSi Zalaufleba sabWoebis xelSi gadavida. maSindelma saqarTvelos mTavrobam, ajanyebis Casaqrobad, gagzavna cnobili generlebi: v al er i a n (valiko) juR eli (?_1924) da al e q s a n d r e k o n i a S v il i , romlebmac ajanyebulni cxinvalidan gandevnes.

1918 wlis 26 maiss seimma Tavi gauqmebulad gamoacxada. saqarTvelos erovnulma sabWom 1918 wlis 26 maiss gamoacxada `saqarTvelos damoukidebloba~ da Seiqmna droebiTi mTavroba. amave welsve saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo saqarTvelos parlamentad gadakeTda. saqarTvelos damo-ukideblobam v. lenini aRaSfoTa, rac erT-erT yrilobaze Tavis sityvaSi kidevac gamoxata. rogorc cnobilia saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis winaaRmdeg dairazmnen sabWoTa ruseTi da qarTveli bolSevikebi, romlebic amieridan yovelgvari xerxiT cdilobdnen saqarTveloSi demokratiuli raspublikis damxobas da mis damonebas. cdilobdnen raime mizeziT, saqarTveloSi saomari moqmedebebi ganexorcielebinaT. maTi SemweobiTa da xelmZRvaneleobiT daiwyo saqarTve-loSi bolSevikuri organizaciebis Camoyalibeba, ajanyebebi da glexTa gamosvlebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom osebis erovnuli sabWoc ar scnobda saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikis mTavrobas, daupirispirda mas da moqmedebda Tavisi Sexedulebis mixedviT. im droindeli werilobiTi sabuTebidan Cans,

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rom oseTis erovnuli sabWo cdilobda `samxreT oseTis~ SeerTebas ruseTTan da Sida qarTlis mosaxleobas mouwodebda ajanyebisaken. 1918 wlis 30 ivliss, samxreT oseTSi, javaSi, Seiqmna `samxreT oseTis~ saolqo komitetis organizaciuli biuro, romelsac unda samxreT oseTSi Seeqmna bolSevikuri biuroebi. cota xniT adre, bolSevikebis xelSewyobiT, 1918 wlis TebervalSi TiTqmis erTsa da imave dros glexTa ajanyebebi daiwyo oseTSi, afxazeTSi, leCxumis, zugdidis, senakis da goris mazrebSi. oseTSi, ajanyebulebma daikaves cxinvali da sabWoTa xelisufleba gamoacxades. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, mTavrobam gvardielebi gaagzavna da ajanyeba damarcxda. amis Semdegac, bolSevikebi, sabWoTa xelisuflebis dasamyareblad, gamudmebiT awyobdnen ajanyebebs, magram es ajanyebebi marcxiT mTavrdeboda, miuxedavad imisa, rom am ajan-yebebSi monawileobas Rebulobdnen CrdiloeT kavkasiidan gadmosuli bolSevikebi da sxvadasxva razmebi da kazakebic.

`1918 wlis martSi samxreT oseTSi ruseTisa da rkp(b) samxareo komitetis mier mowyobil glexTa ajanyebis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra samxreT oseTis pirvelma erovnulma sabWom, romelmac aRniSna, rom ajanyeba ucxo Zalebis mier aris provocirebuli da mTelma qarTvelma da osma xalxma unda ibrZolos mis winaaRmdeg. marTlac, pirveli erovnuli sabWos mTeli Semadgenloba ibrZoda osi da qarTveli xalxis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli ajanyebis likvidaciisaTvis.~. (48).

cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublikis sabWos, 1918 wlis 13 seqtembers miRebuli kanoniT, saqarTveloSi mcxovreb erovnul umciresobebs sabWoSi ekavaT 26 adgili: somxebs _ 10, azerbaijanelebs _ 4, afxazebs _ 3, rusebs_3, osebs _ 2, qarTvel ebraelebs _ 1, ebraelebs _ 1, berZnebs _ 1 da germanelebs _1.

`1919 wlis damdegs rkp(b) samxareo komiteti vladikavkazidan TbilisSi gadmovida da saTaveSi Caudga saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis winaaRmdeg axali ajanyebis mowyobas. aRniSnuli komiteti saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi amzadebda glexTa gamosvlebs, gansakuTrebiT Sida qarTlSi, afxazeTSi da aWaraSi, magram aWaraSi ver miaRwia sasurvel miznebs _ aWarelma mSromelebma ar dauWires mxari bolSevikur avantiuras _ e. w. glexTa ajanyebis mowyobas. bolSevikebi erTgvar gavlenas axdendnen afxazur da osur mosaxleobaze. isini nacionalur SuRls aRvivebdnen qarTvel, afxaz da os mosaxleobas Soris~. (48).

saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg gamosvlebi oseTSi ar wydeboda da yvela es ajanyebebi igegmeboda ruseTisa da kavkasieli bolSevikebis mier da rac mTavaria, ruseTis mTavrobis dafinansebiT. 1920 wlis aprilSi sofel rokSi daiwyo ajanyeba romelic gavrcelda mTel oseTSi. ajanyebulebis dasaxmareblad CrdiloeT oseTidan gadmovidnen moxaliseTa razmebi. 7 maiss daikaves cxinvali. 8 maiss saxalxo mitingze gamocxadda oseTis sabWoTa xelisufleba, xolo oseTi ruseTis Semadgenel nawilad. oseTSi axlad Seqmnili revkomi sabWoTa ruseTisagan iTxovda daxmarebas, radgan maTi TqmiT: `saqarTvelos mTavroba xelyofs ruseTis nawils~. unda aRiniSnos, rom ajanyebaSi monawileobas Rebulobdnen adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mxolod mcire nawili. am dros saqarTvelosa da sabWoTa ruseTs Soris daido samSvidobo

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xelSekruleba. amis gamo ruseTis sabWoTa mTavrobas aRar SeeZlo ajanyebul osebisaTvis daxmarebis gaweva da qarTveli bolSevikebic iZulebulni gaxdnen TavianTi gamosvlebi SeeCerebinaT. ajanyeba damarcxda da gadarCenilma ajanyebulebma Crdi-loeT oseTs Seafares Tavi. 1921 wlis martSi, bolSevikebma isev moaxdines ajanyeba oseTSi da partizanuli razmebisa da wiTeli armiis nawilebis TanamoqmedebiT, ajanyebulebma sabolood daikaves cxinvali da samxreT oseTSi sabWoTa xelisuf-leba damyarda.

zeviT aRvniSneT, rom jer mefis ruseTi, xolo Semdeg sabWoTa ruseTi, cdilobda saqar-Tvelos saerTod mospobas da amisTvis yovelive xerxs mimarTavda, rom rogorme saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi erovnebebi erTmaneTs waekidebina.

ìngliseli J. stokes mixedviT _ `bolSevizmi aris simarTlis yvelanairi ideis, patiosnebis, zneobrivi qcevisa da humanurobis sruli uaryofa~ (r. diuges wignis `moskovi da wamebuli saqarTvelo~, 1928)~. (49).

1921 wlis 21 aprils ruseTis samxedro diplomatiis warmomadgeneli (ataSe) generali p. sitini saidumlo barTSi werda:

`xeli unda SevuwyoT CrdiloeT da samxreT oseTs Soris urTierTobis ganmtkicebas, aWaraSi separatistuli tendeciebis stimulirebas, koridoris gaWras... rac uzrunvelyofs somxeTis pirdapir kavSirs ruseTTan... adgilobrivi Sovinistebis sawinaaRmdegod saqarTveloSi unda dav-tovoT wiTeli armiis Zlieri razmebi... unda gadavwioT ruseTis sazRvari md. bzifis marjvena sanapiromde e. i. afxazeTis sazRvramde da xeli SevuwyoT afxazeTis gamoyofas... yuradReba mivaqcioT samegrelosac~. (49). SemdegSi, sabWoTa ruseTma Seasrula winaswar dasaxuli gegma.

saqarTvelos gasabWoebisTanave, 1921 wlis seqtemberSi, oseTis revkomma, saqarTvelos mTavrobas da sabWoTa xelisuflebas mosTxova, rom `samxreT oseTi~ calke politikur erTeulad gamoyofiliyo da igi unda federaciulad dakavSirebuliyo saqarTvelos ss respublikas. 1921 wlis 31 oqtombers prezidiumis sxdomaze ganixiles oseTis revkomis Txovna da msjelobis Semdeg gadawyda, rom unda Seqmniliyo samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi da dadgeniliyo misi sazRvrebi. es iyo sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier Cadenili pirveli danaSauli qarTveli xalxis winaSe, `romelmac saTave daudo saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis rRvevas, ZirZveli qarTuli miwis òseTad~ saxeldebas; qarTveli da osi xalxebis keTilmezobluri urTierTobis gaucxoebas.

rogorc ki cnobili gaxda 1921 wlis bolos, rom Sida qarTlis teritoriis nawils osebisaTvis avtonomiur erTeulad gamocxadebas upirebdnen, qarTveloba aRsdga am gaugonari usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg. es iyo kidev erTi saSineli dartyma erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis mospobis gzaze. ZirZvel qarTul miwaze `qarTuli mTavroba~ saxelmwifoebriobas uqmnida sxva ers.

cxinvalis raionis TiTqmis yvela qarTul sofelSi Catarda krebebi, sadac erTsulovnad dagmes es aqti. saprotesto aqciiT gamovidnen soflebis: dicis, ergneTis, dvanis, avnevis, nulis, qordis, meRvrekisis, eredvis, TamaraSenis, tirZnisis,

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browleTis, sveris, qeSertis, monastris, zemo niqozis, qvemo xeTis da sxva mravali soflis mcxovrebni~. (22, gv.106). miuxedavad amisa, maSindelma saqarTvelos ssr centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis Tavmjdomarem f il i p e m a x a r a Z e m (1868_1943) da saqarTvelos ssr saxalxo komisarTa sabWos Tavjdomarem s e r go q a v T a r a Z e m (1885_1971) leninis brZanebis Tanaxmad xeli moaweres (arasamarTlebrivi) dadgeni-lebas, pirvelad saqarTvelos istoriaSi, e. w. `samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis~ Seqmnis Sesaxeb, rogorc saqarTvelos ssr-is Semadgeneli nawili, romelic gamocxadda 1922 wlis 20 aprils. romlis mTavari qalaqi gaxda cxinvali. xolo ori wlis Semdeg, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, bolSevikebma, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi 1924 wlis 7 ivliss, Camoayalibes CrdiloeT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi rsfsr-is SemadgenlobaSi da am dRidanve iwyeba mcdeloba òri oseTis~ gaerTianebis Sesaxeb. `samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqis~ sazRvrebSi moeqca àramarto im dros osebiT dasaxlebuli javis, znaurisa da zogierTi sxva xeobebi, aramed, qarTveli mosaxleobis winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, goris, duSeTisa da raWis mazrebis mTeli rigi qarTuli soflebi~. (22, gv.109).

e. w. `samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi~, romelic Seqmnes bolSevikebma, 1922 wlis 20 aprils ̀ mdebareobda centraluri kavkasionis samxreT kalTaze. CrdiloeTiT sazRvari iyo kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedis Txemi, aRmosavleTiT _ alevis qedi, dasavleTis sazRvari kveTda lixis, raWisa da kedelas qedebs. mdinareebis Zirulis, yvirilis, jejorisa da Rarulis zemo dinebis xeobebs da mTavrdeboda mamisonis uReltexilTan. samxreT sazRvari Sida qarTlis vakis Crdilo periferiaze gadioda. samxreT oseTis ao-s CrdiloeTiT esazRvreboda CrdiloeT oseTis assr, aRmosavleTiT yazbegisa da duSeTis, samxreTiT _ kaspis, goris, qarelisa da xaSuris, dasavleTiT _ saCxerisa da onis raionebi.

farTobi 3,8 aTasi km (saqarTvelos teritoriis 5,4%). mosaxleoba 97,4 aTasi kaci (1981). centri _ q. cxinvali. samxreT oseTSi iyo 4 administraciuli raioni: znauris, leningoris (amJ. axalgori), cxinvalis da javis. erTi saolqo daqvemdebarebis qalaqi (cxinvali), oTxi daba (znauri, kvaisa, leningori, java)~. (82).

kavkasiologi jo n i k v i c i a n i aRniSnavs: `faqtobrivad, sabWoTa kavSiris òsurma proeqtma~ daRupa qarTul-osuri urTi-

erTobebi, gansakuTrebiT uaryofiTad imoqmeda man cxinvalis regionSi mcxovreb osebze. sabWoTa kavSiris erovnuli politika gansazRvravda politikuri, teritori-uli da administraciuli cxovrebis formas, romlis CarCoebSic mimdinareobda sabWoTa xalxebis socialuri ganviTareba. e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri ol-qis Seqmna gamowveuli iyo ufro kremlis geopolitikuri interesebiT, vidre xalxTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebis samarTlianobis moTxovniT (cnobilia, rom am miznis ganxorcieleba Crdilo kavkasiaSi mcxovreb osebTan aris dakavSirebuli)~. (11, gv.5).

`qarTuli istoriografiis mixedviT Cans, Tu ramdenad usamarTlo iyo Suagul saqarTveloSi `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis warmoqmna. osuri mxaris Tval-sazrisiTac moxda usamarTloba, rodesac osebi, mcxovrebni kavkasionis qeds gaRma,

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CrdiloeTiT, da qeds gamoRma, samxreTiT, gaiyvnen or nawilad... erTi SexedviTac ki Cans, rom cxinvalis regionSi xelovnurad Seqmnili `samxreT

oseTis~ avtonomia realurad xels ver Seuwyobda saqarTveloSi osebis sociokul-turul adaptaciasa da integracias. am kuTxiT, samwuxarod, es Tema ar gaanalizebula. ar gaanalizebula istoriaSi is sakiTxic, rom `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiam, romelic kremlis geopolitiokur miznebs emsaxureboda, SeiZleba Segnebulad ara, magram realurad am regionSi mcxovrebi osebic da qarTvelebic katastrofamde miiyvana~. (11, gv.8).

sabWoTa mTavrobam, rodesac SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebi Sewyvita, daiwyo qarTveli mosaxleobis ganiaraReba. sabWoTa istorikosebi, didis ambiT acxadebdnen da werdnen, rom: `1921 wlis Tebe-rvalSi sayovelTao SeiaraRebulma ajanyebam saqarTveloSi erTobliv brZolaSi Caaba samxreT oseTis mSromeli masebic, romelTac wiTeli armiis daxmarebiT daamxes saqarTvelos menSevikuri mTavroba da daamyares sabWoTa xelis-ufleba. saqarTveloSi gamarjvebulma sabWoTa xelisuflebam sruli Tavisufleba da farTo uflebebi mianiWa samxreT oseTis mSromelebs~. (9, gv.338).

`bolSevikebisagan frTa Sesxmuli osebi, kerZod, avtonomiuri olqis cakis prezi-diumi 1923 wlis 14 ivliss iRebs dadgenilebas òsuri enis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis SemoRebis Sesaxeb~. (22, gv.111). cxadia, samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis Seqmna, istoriulad da iuridiuladac sruliad gaumarTlebeli iyo. radgan, am dros saqarTveloSi cxovrobdnen CrdiloeT kavkasiidan gadmosaxlebuli xiznad myofi osebi da avtonomiur olqSi Semavali miwa-wyali arasodes yofila osebis samSoblo. saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Semdeg, komunistebis mier, mizanmimarTulad xdeboda Crdi-loeTidan samxreTSi osebis Camosaxleba. bolSevikebma `saqarTveloSi Seqmnes sami avtonomiuri warmonaqmni. avtonomiuri erTeulebis Seqmnisas garkveuli roli Seas-rula lozungma _ komunizmis dros sulerTia mainc waiSleba sazRvrebi urTi-erTSoriso. antipartiulad ganwyobili qarTveli bolSevikebis mier ganxorcielebul am uaRresad mtkivneul aqts sruli gulgrilobiT Sexvda `komunizmisa~ da ìnternacionalizmis~ demagogiuri lozungebiT motyuebuli eris erTi nawili.

saqarTveloSi _ erT fiora teritoriaze sami avtonomiis arseboba internacionalizmis orjonikiZiseuli gegmis nayofad unda CaiTvalos. an unda miviRoT, rom igi oqtombris gada-trialebis WeSmarit miznebSi Cinebulad erkveoda _ `dayavi da ibatone~.

qarTveli eris damoukidebloba rus bolSevikebs burJuaziul nacionalizmad hqondaT mona-Tluli, ase iyo saWiro maTi saxelmwifosaTvis. orjonikiZes aqtiurad uWerda mxars qarTveli bolSevikebis umravlesoba da, ra Tqma unda, TviT stalinic bolSevikuri partiis xelmZRvanelobiT. qarTvelTa damoukideblobisaken swrafvis aRmosafxvrelad, panacead iqca Cveni erovnuli energiisa da teritoriis daqucmaceba, erTa Soris winaaRmdegobaTa gamwvavebisaTvis xelis Sewyoba....

verc sabWoTa kavSiris konstituciaSi da verc sabWoTa iuridiul literatu-raSi ver ipoviT ganmartebas _ rodis, rogor, ra pirobiT, ra uflebiT SeiZleba

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miiRos ama Tu im xalxma avtonomiuroba. yvela sabWouri avtonomia Seqmnilia ssrkis imdroindel mmarTvelTa gunebaganwyobilebis Sesabamisad~. (22, gv.157).

Semdeg wlebSi, is vinc maT mxars ar uWerda (gansakuTrbiT pirvel pirs) da maT Soris qarTveli bolSevikebic, yvela Tavidan moiSores, zogi daxvrites da zogic gadaasaxles.

cnobilia, rom `jer kidev 1921 wels cxinvalis garSemo 26 sofelSi mxolod qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen. sabWoTa reJimis damyarebidan osebi intensiurad saxldebian qarTlisa da kaxeTis teritoriaze. 1922 wels TbilisSi cxovrobda 1 446 osi. 1925 wlisaTvis yofil olqSi aRri-cxulia 82 aTasi kaci. maTgan osebi iyvnen 54 aTasi. danarCen 28 aTass Seadgendnen qarTvelebi, somxebi da ebraelebi. 1926 wels saqarTveloSi osebis raodenoba 113 aTass udridda da aqedan 60 aTasi yofili olqis teritoriaze cxovrobda, xolo 53 aTasi mis farglebs gareT. gamodis, rom erT weliwadSi olqSi mcxovrebi osebi 6 aTasi suliT gazrdilan? bunebrivia es iyo jayoebis _ CrdiloeTidan axali talRis gadmosrola, rac bolSevikebis demogra-fiuli politikiT iyo ganpirobebuli.

aRniSnul periodSi osTa kompaqturi dasaxlebebi yvelaze metad SesamCnevi iyo goris, duSeTis, raWisa da Sorapnis mazrebSi~. (25, gv.47).

mosaxleobis aRweris monacemebidan Cans, rom 1800 wels saqarTveloSi cxov-robda 29000 osi. 1939 wels _ 148680, 1979 wels _ 162100, 1989 wels _ 164055.

egreT wodebul `samxreT oseTis~ `1979 wlis aRweriT samxreT oseTSi mudmivi mcxovrebi iyo 98 000 kaci. ZiriTad mosaxleobas osebi Seadgendnen, maT garda cxovrobdnen qarTvelebi _ 28 000 (28,8%), rusebi _ 2 000 (2,1%), somxebi _ 1 000 (1%), sxva erovnebebi _ 2 000-mde (1,7%). oseTis ao mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi 1,9%-s Seadgenda....

osebi ZiriTadad olqis CrdiloeT nawilSi cxovrobdnen, 70-ian wlebSi maTma raodenobam samxreTSic moimata (umTavresad mosaxleobis meqanikuri zrdis Sedegad). qarTvelebi umTavresad samxreT nawilSi saxlobdnen. saqalaqo centrebSi cxovrob-dnen rusebi, somxebi, qarTveli ebraelebi~. (82).

1989 wlidan saqarTveloSi nacionaluri moZraobis zrdis dros, daaxloebiT 100 000-mde osebma datoves saqarTvelo da `samxreT oseTi~. 2002 wlis aRweris monacemebiT saqarTveloSi aRiricxa 38 038 osi. TbilisSi cxovrobda 10 268 osi.

wyaroebidan dadasturebulia, rom saxelwodeba `CrdiloeT oseTi~ da `samxreT oseTi~ XIX saukunemde (1830-mde), rogorc qarTul, aseve rusul da ucxour wyaroebSi ar arsebobda. `termin `samxreT oseTs~ ar icnoben ucxoeli mecnierebi da mogzaurebi. mxolod germaneli profesori k koxi afiqsirebs termin `samxreT oseTs~ qarTuli istoriuli provinciis dvaleTis aRsaniSnavad da isic XIX saukuneSi... aRsaniSnavia, rom rusi mecnierebi CrdiloeT oseTs uwodeben istoriul oseTs~. (25, gv.34). `CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi òseTis samxedro okrugis~, xolo Tbilisis guberniaSi òseTis okrugis~ (SemdegSi òseTis ubani~) Seqmna axali saxelwodebebis _ `CrdiloeT oseTisa~ da `samxreT oseTis~ safuZveli gaxda.

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pirveli gamoqveynebuli oficialuri dokumenti, sadac es terminebi gamoiyeneba, aris kavkasiaSi marTlmadidebeli qristianobis aRdgenis sazogadoebis momwyobi komitetis 1860 wlis angariSi, masSi naTqvamia: komitetma daaskvna, rom mTeli yuradReba unda iqnes gadatanili qristianobis aRdgenasa da ganmtkicebaze... samurzayanoSi, svaneTSi, samxreT oseTSi, TuSebSi da xevsurebSi, saidanac qristi-anobis Suqi SemdgomSi miaRwevs afxazeTSi, balyarelebSi da yaraCaelebSi, CrdiloeT oseTSi, qistebSi da sxva CaCnur tomebSi~. (25, gv.35_36). manamde, ruseTSi, kavkasiis CrdiloeT mxareSi, is adgili, sadac cxovrobdnen osebi, moxsenebuli iyo, rogorc òseTi~ (òsetia~). xolo samxreT mxareSi mcxovrebi osebi, moxsenebulni iyvnen adgilmdebareobis mixedviT: `saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi osebi~, `saqarTvelos osebi~, `CrdiloeT qarTlis osebi~, ìmereTis osebi~ da sxv. 1830 wlidan TandaTan presaSi da mimoweraSi Cndeba ìuJnaia osetia~ da `severnaia osetia~ saxelwodebebi.

a. ToTaZis TqmiT: `termini `samxreT oseTi~ ruseTis carizmis mier gamiznulad mkvidrdeba XIX saukunis meore naxevridan da am periodidan gamosul enciklopediebsa Tu leqsikonebSi oseTis ganmartebis dros termin ̀ samxreT oseTsac~ xmaroben, Tumca iZulebulni arian miuTiTon imis Sesaxebac, rom osebi gadmosaxldnen Crdilo kavkasiidan da dasaxldnen jer qarTlis mTianeTSi, xolo Semdeg TandaTanobiT qarTlis barsa da mTel saqarTveloSi~. (25, gv.49).

1917 wels saqrTvelos erovnulma sabWom osebs isev daubruna Zveli saxel-wodebebi. Sida qarTlSi mcxovreb osebs uwodes `qarTlis oseTi~. magram, rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, qarTvelma da rusma bolSevikebma isev monaTles `samxreT oseTad~ da dedaqalaqad cxinvali gamoacxades. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom Tu mefis ruseTis dros `samxreT oseTi~ `moicavda didi da patara liaxvis xeobebis zemowylis garda mdinareebis qsnisa, mejudas, lexuris da fcis xeobebis mTian monakveTebs~, exla, bolSevikebma, TiTqmis orjer gauzardes `samxreT oseTs~ sazRvrebi da qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli adgilebic: `didi da patara liaxvis, qsnis, lexuras, mejudasa da fronebis xeobebis mTiswina da baris~ midamoebic osebs ufeSqaSes. (22, gv.86_89).

samxreT oseTis dedaqalaqad cxinvalis gamocxadebiT, bolSevikebma kidev erTi danaSauli Caidines qarTvelebis winaSe.

cxinvali _ mdebareobs md. didi liaxvis napirebze. saxelwodeba cxinvali warmos-dgeba Zveli qarTuli mcenaris saxelidan rcxilidan (qrcxila). qarTul istoriul wyaroebSi moxsenebulia qrcxinvalis saxeliwodebiT. arqeologiuri Zeg- lebiT mtkicdeba, rom cxinvali dasaxlebuli yofila eneoliT-adrindel brinjaos xanaSi. XIV saukuneSi, istoriul wyaroebiT, is moixseneba dasaxlebul adgilad. dasaxlebuli yofila samonastro (sveticxovelis) ymebiT. `1344 wlis erT-erT dokumentSi is moixseneba vaWrebiT dasaxlebul punqtad, rasac xels uwyobda misi mdebareoba. cxinvali rogorc qalaqi pirvelad dafiqsirebulia 1392 wlis mcxeTis sigelSi~. (22, gv.90). vaxuSti batoniSvilis gadmocemiT is `mcire qalaqi~ yofila da iTvleboda samefo qalaqad.

ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg, saqarTvelos administraciul-

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teritoriul erTeulad dayofisas, cxinvalis mxare SeuerTes Tbilisis guberniis goris mazras. cxinvali ki sapolicio ubans warmoadgenda. rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, gasabWoebis Semdeg es mxare gaxda `samxreT oseTi~, romelic xelovnurad iyo Seqmnili da bolSevikebis mier saqarTvelos mTlianobis dasaSlelad gamiznuli.

1931 wels bolSevikebma uZveles qarTul qalaqs qcxinvals Seucvales saxelwodeba da daarqves staliniri, rac osurad stalinis oseTs niSnavs (ìr~ _ oseTi). 1961 wlis 24 noembers isev daubrunes qalaqs Zveleburi saxeli _ cxinvali.

unda aRiniSnos, rom oseTSi `XX saukunis 30-ian wlebidan cxinvalis regionSi e. w. `samxreT iseTSi~ daiwyo da, samwuxarod, saqarTvelos maSindel xelmZRvanelTa TanxmobiT mimdinareobda qarTuli saxelebis osurad Secvla. saerTod, osebi an Targmnian qarTul toponimebs, anda fonetikurad ise cvlian, rom saqmeSi Cauxedav mkiTxvels maTi Semqmneli osi xalxi eCveneba.

osur mosaxleobaSi zogi qarTuli toponimi osuri leqsikis mixedviT gamo-iTqmoda, xolo nawils TavianT enazed eZaxdnen ama Tu im saxels. miuxedavad amisa, dResac naklebad aris gardaqmnili toponimebi da TviT araqarTuli dasaxelebebis saxelwodebaTa umravlesoba qarTu-lia. SeiZleba davasaxeloT _ winubani, mamuliani, cixis sofeli, monasteri, msxlebi, nadarbazevi da sxva saxelebi.....

toponimTa Secvla umTavresad Sida qarTlis Crdilo nawilSi momxdara.... qarTul toponimebze gansakuTrebuli ieriSi miitanes yovlad dausabuTebeli

egreT wodebuli `samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis~ xelovnurad Seqmnis Semdeg (1922 wlis 20 aprili), roca osTa erTma nawilma TavianT istoriul samSoblod warmoidgines samaCablosa da qsnis saerisTavos teritoria; pirveli da aucilebeli am mizniT unda gakeTebuliyo istoriuli qarTuli topo-nimebis amoZirkva da maT nacvlad oficialurad osuri da osuri JReradobis toponimebis dam-kvidreba. cxadia, is aRar gaiTvaliswines, rom am teritoriis Zveli qarTuli toponimebi SemorCenilia uZveles da mogviano periodis wyaroebSi.

XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi osebma miznad daisaxes òlqis teritoriaze~ arsebuli 986 qarTuli toponimidan 411 osuriT SeecvalaT..... amdenad, erTi xelis mosmiT surdaT gaenadgurebinaT mTeli istoria da gamogonili saxelebi ewodebinaT maTTvis~. (22, gv.32).

a. sonRulaSvilis gadmocemiT, Zvel qarTul oqonis raions, osebma uwodes znauris raioni. xolo amave raionis (borjomis raionSi) sofel tyisubans 1931 wels ewoda znaurkau. (znaur aidarovis saxelis mixedviT). znaur aidarovi dabadebula CrdiloeT oseTSi. ganaTleba miuRia mxolod ori klasis. samxedro samsaxuridan ganTavisuflebis Semdeg Camosula TbilisSi da dauwyia muSaoba samWedloSi uros-mcemlad. aqve, monawileoba miuRia `Tbiliseli osebis revoluciuri komitetis~ SeqmnaSi. 1918 wels TbilisSi Camoyalibda osi bolSevikebis organizacia `Cermeni~. 1919 wels gujareTis xeobis mcxovreblebs mouwodebda ajanyebisaken. is monawileobas Rebulobda qarTlis mraval soflebis darbevaSi.

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`1919 wlis 7 noembers osebis SeiaraRebulma razmma aidarovis meTaurobiT ieriSiT aiRo sofeli xcisi, Camoagdo adgilobrivi xelisufleba da gamoacxada sabWoTa xelisufleba. mravali faqtobrivi masala arsebobs, rom znaur aidarovi iyo saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis winaaRmdeg mebrZolTa erT-erTi lideri da aseTi pirovnebis saxeli ewoda ZirZvel qarTul miwas~. aseve Zvel qarTul sofels giorgiwmindas uwodes isak xarebovis saxeli. xolo yornisis aRmosavleTSi mdebare rusTavis axlos mdebare Zvel sofels wunars 1940 wlis 27 ianvars ewoda xeTagurovi da sxv. (22, gv.33).

1770 wlis aRweriT cxinvalSi sul 700 komli cxovrobda. wyaroebis mixedviT, q. cxinvali yovelTvis warmoadgenda qarTul qalaqs sadac Zvel droSic cxovrobdnen qarTvelebi, ebraelebi da somxebi. mosaxleobis aRweris monacemebiT, XIX saukunis bolos da XX saukuneSi cxinvalis mosaxleoba erovnebebis mxriv Semdegnairi iyo:

1886 w. 1922 w. 1926 w. 1959 w. 1979 w. 1982 w. 1989 w. qarTvelebi _ 1 135; 1 436; 1 920; 4 652; 5 475; 5 584; 6 905; ebraelebi _ 1 953; 1 651; 1 772; 1 649; 1 475; 652; 396; somxebi _ 744; 765; 827; 860; 768; 712; 734; osebi _ __ 613; 1 152; 12 432; 20 846; 25 319; 31 537; rusebi _ __ 64; 114; 1 583; 1 280; 1 737; 1 836; danarCeni _ __ 14; 33; 465; 567; 787; 925; sul _ 3 832; 4 543; 5 818; 21 641; 39 311; 34 791; 42 337.

am monacemebidan cxadad Cans, rom cxinvalSi XIX saukuneSi arcerT oss ar ucxovria. rodesac oseTSi sabWoTa wyobileba damyarda da avtonomiuri olqis dedaqalaqad cxinvali gamo-cxadda, amis Semdeg Cndebian osebi da rusebi. 1922 wlidan dawyebuli osebis raodenoba swrafad matulobs da qarTvelebs gadaaWarba kidevac. XX saukunis bolo wlebSi, uZvelesi qarTuli qalaqi cxinvali, gaosda.

cxinvalSi XX seukunis 80-ian wlebSi SemorCenili iyo `qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Zegli _ kavTis wminda giorgis eklesia, romlis uZvelesi samSeneblo fena VIII_IX saukuneebs miekuvneba, SekeTebisa da restavraciis Semdeg SenobaSi CarTulia X_XI saukuneebis fragmentebic. cxinvalSi aris agreTve gviandeli Sua saukuneebis Zeglebi: cixe-galavani (galavans SigniT 1718 wels agebuli RvTismSoblis eklesiaa), RvTismSoblis miZinebis (qaSueTi), kviracxovlisa da zRuderis wminda giorgis eklesiebi~. (8, t.11, gv.253).

wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom e. w. `samxreT oseTSi~, aSenebuli iyo eklesiebi, taZrebi, monastrebi da cixe-koSkebi, romlebmac zogierTma Cvenamde moaRwia:

niqozis bazilika (V s.) _ vaxtang gorgaslis droindeli, Semdeg saukuneebSi gadakeTebuli RvTaebis eklesia. mdebareobda `dvaleTis gzaze~. niqozis saepiskopo mcxeTa-qarTlis eparqiis erT-erT saepiskoposos warmoadgenda da is iyo kavkasionis mTianeTSi qristianobis gavrcelebis mTavari saepiskoposo;

armazi qsnisa (864 w.) _ Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvruli Zegli qsnis xeobaSi

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sof. armazis maxloblad. SemorCenilia IX saukunis moxatuloba, kankeli da warwerebi:

wirqolis (wirqvali) _ Sua saukuneebSi agebuli qsnis xeobis SeviwroebaSi, md. qsnis marjvena mxares, qarafovan kldeze agebuli Zlieri cixe-simagre da eklesia (VIII s.) _ romelic qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis gardamaval dros (VII s. II nax._X s. I nax) ganekuTvneba;

kabenis monasteri (IX s. dasawisi) _ sof. yanCaeTis maxloblad (samx. oseTi), romelic etyoba XIII saukuneSi gadaukeTebiaT. SemorCenilia moxatulobis nawilebi;

TiRvis RvTismSoblis miZinebis taZari (1150_1152) _ mdebareobs samxreT oseTis znauris raionSi. warmoadgens qarTul xuroTmoZRvrul Zegls, romlis napirebi XII saukunis qarTuli CuqurTmis saukeTeso nimuSs ganekuTvneba;

ikoTis eklesia _ md. qsnis marcxena mxares mdebare sof. ikoTSi SemorCenilia Sua feodaluri xanis wm. giorgis eklesia, e. w. àSxadura~, wm. marines eklesia da gviandeli feodaluri drois koSki;

ikorTis taZari (1172) _ warmoadgens qarTul xuroTmoZRvrul Zegls, romlis wina, mTavari mxare da gumbaTi CuqurTmebiTaa damSvenebuli, romelic Sesrulebulia maRali ostatobiT da gamoirCeva XII_XIII saukuneebis qarTul Zeglebs Soris. taZarSi dasaflavebulni arian 1659 wels kaxeTis ajanyebis xelmZRvanelebi: biZina ColoyaSvili, Salva da elizbar qsnis erisTavebi;

xofis eklesia (XIII s. I nax.) _ agebulia qsnis xeobaSi. gareTa mxare moCuqurTmebulia. SemorCenilia nagebobaTa naSTebi da satrapezo;

Tiris monasteri (XIII s. II nax.) _ samonastro nagebobebi, romlebic mdebareobs cxinvalis Crdilo-dasavleTSi. yvelaze adrindeli nagebobaa RvTis mSoblis eklesia, romelic uxvadaa moCuqurTmebuli. nagebobidan SemorCenilia satrapezo, kldeSi nakveTi senakebi, koSki, galavnis nawili, samreklo da saZvale, romelic 1682 wels miuSenebiaT;

ZaRina _ warmoadgens qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrul nagebobas. SemorCenilia cixis (agebulia XVI s-mde) da feodalis (falavandaSvilis) sasaxlis nawili, koSki da eklesiis nangrevebi;

kusireTis eklesia (VIII_IX ss.) _ agebulia md. didi liaxvis xeobaSi sof. kusireTis ganapira mxares da SemorCenilia moCuqurTmebuli kankeli da eklesiis nangrevebi. ganekuvneba qarTul xuroTmoZRvrul Zeglebs. eklesiis axlos aRmarTuli iyo oTxkuTxa koSki (XVIII s.) da sxv. (aseve SemorCenilia TiTo-orola nagebobani CrdiloeT kavkasiaSic da CrdiloeT oseTSic. ix. qvemoT).

a. ToTaZe, `samxreT oseTis avtonomieri olqis~ gamocxadebis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs: `1922 wlis 7 aprils uZvelesi qarTuli provincia cxinvalis regioni

saqarTvelos cakisa da saxalxo komisarTa sabWos dekretis safuZvelze yovelgvari samarTlebrivi normebis ugule-belyofiT `samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqad~ gamocxadda. aRsaniSnavia, rom osebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebuli Sida qarTlis CrdiloeTi teritoriis nawili imdenad patara iyo, rom iq avtonomiur warmonaqmnis

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Sesaqmnelad araviTari safuZveli ar arsebobda. amitom avtonomiuri olqis SeqmnisaTvis gamarTleba rom moeZebnaT, mas miuerTes qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli miwa-wyali, maT Soris qalaqi cxinvalic, romelic olqis dedaqalaqi gaxda. am miwa-wyalze ki osebs arasodes ucxovriaT. amrigad Sida qarTlis teritoriaze `samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi~ xelovnurad iqna Sekowiwebuli, maSin rodesac Sida qarTli istoriulad qarTvel tomTa konsolidaciis centrs warmoadgenda.

es sazRauri gaRebul iqna osi bolSevikebis samsaxurisaTvis _ maT 1918_1920 wlebSi samjer moawyves ajanyeba saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublikis dasam-xobad. garda amisa, `samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis~ SeqmniT ruseTs yovelTvis SeeZlo zewola moexdina saqarTveloze, ramac SesaniSnavad gaamarTla 70 wlis Semdegac ki _ damoukidebeli saqarTvelos arsebobis pirobebSi~. (25, gv.67_68).

zeviTâRvniSneT, rom saerTod, jer kidev adre, mefis ruseTis dros da Semdeg sabWoTa kavSiris drosac, iqmneboda avtonomiuri òlqebi~, `respublikebi~, `nacionaluri okrugebi~ da sxv. romlebic araviTar kanondeblobas ar Seesabameboda. mefis ruseTis dros Seqmnili avtonomiuri olqebi iyo mis mier dapyrobili, zogierT SemTxvevaSi `nebiT SeerTebuli~ qveynebi. xolo sabWoTa kavSiris dros, avtonomiuri olqebis Seqmna damokidebuli iyo ssrk-is xel-mZRvanelze, romelic saerTod erovnebas da mis istorias ar cnobda da SeuZlebelia imis axsna Tu ratom Seiqmna erTi erisTvis avtonomia, xolo meoresTvis ara. irRveoda sabWouri konstituciac da iuridiuli kanonebic. miT umetess saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, sami avtonomiuri respublikis: aWaris, afxazeTis da e. w. ̀ samxreT oseTis~, avtonomiuri respublikebis Seqmna, yovel mxriv gaumarTlebeli iyo. radgan, istoriuli wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom uZveles droidan samive es olqebi, warmoadgendnen qarTul miwa-wyals da Sediodnen saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi. xolo aWarlebi xom uZvelesi erT-erTi qarTveli tomebi iyvnen.

ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos, rom adrec da saqarTvelos sabWoTa xelisuflebis drosac, arasodes ar yofila arc erTi SemTxveva, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi osebis uflebebi raime saxiT SezRuduliyo. qarTvelebTan erTad isini Tanasworuflebianni iyvnen da rac mTavaria, osebis TviTmyofadobis dacva, swored saqarTvelos pirobebSi xdeboda. amitom iyo, rom jer kidev adre, `1925 wlis ianvarSi CrdiloeT oseTis, xolo amave wlis 25 marts samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis sabWoebis yrilobebma miiRes dadgenilebebi, romlebSic gamoTqmuli iyo CrdiloeT oseTisa da samxreT oseTis gaerTianebis survili _ isini erTiandebodnen erT avtonomiur sabWoTa respublikad da Sediodnen saqarTvelos respublikis SemadgenlobaSi. sruliad ruseTis centralurma aRmasrulebelma komitetma (caki) amis Sesaxeb winaswar Tanxmoba ganacxada. saqarTvelos cakis sesiam kenWisyriT erTxmad dadebiTad Seafasa gaerTianebuli oseTis saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi Sesvla da gadawyda es sakiTxi rsfsr-is caks saboloo gadawyvetisaTvis ssr kavSiris centralur aRmasrulebel komitetSi daeyenebina. sakiTxis ganxilvam gamoavlina friad mniSvne-lovani garemoeba _ osebisa da qarTvelebis tradiciulad urRvevi

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kavSirurTierToba. Zalumad iCina Tavi im arsebiTma faqtorma, rom rogorc dokumentebSi ewera, ̀ oseTis xalxi istoriulad dakavSirebuli iyo saqarTvelosTan~. naTlad warmoCnda saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi osebis suli-skveTeba. aRiniSna, rom samxreT oseTi `gadaWriT moiTxovs CrdiloeT oseTisagan, rom... gaerTianeba moxdes saqarTvelos farglebSi~. saqveynod iTqva, rom CrdiloeT oseTi `survils acxadebs rsfsr-s CamoSordes da Sevides saqarTvelos ssr-s SemadgenlobaSi~. am gadawyvetilebas CrdiloeT oseTis olqis Tavjdomare takoevi imiT asabuTebda, rom òseTi arsebobda da mxardaxar vidoda saqarTvelos respublikasTan. CrdiloeT da samxreT oseTis mSromelni, da miT ufro pasuxismgebeli momuSaveni, TvalnaTliv hxedaven, rom saRi nacionaluri politika ise mizan-Sewonilad arsad ar xorcieldeba, rogorc saqarTvelos respublikaSi~. am garemoebam, takoevis TqmiT, yvela daarwmuna, rom CrdiloeT da samxreT oseTis kulturuli da ekonomikuri ganvi-TarebisaTvis saWiroa saqarTvelos soc. sabW. respublikaSi Sesvla. amas garda... samxreT oseTi kategoriulad ayenebs sakiTxs, rom igi mxolod maSin gauerTiandeba CrdiloeT oseTs, ukeTu es ukanaskneli Tanaxma iqneba saqarTvelos s. s. r-s SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlaze~. (25, gv.68).

a. sonRulaSvilis gadmocemiT, ori oseTis gaerTianebis Sesaxeb sakiTxi, dRis wesrigSi ar iyo Setanili. sesiis monawileebs a. takoevi warudgina f. maxaraZem. `kamaTi ar gamarTula~ da `sesiam miiRo rezolucia samxreT da CrdiloeT oseTis gaerTianebis Sesaxeb.

ase haiharad, saswrafod, eqspromtad gadawyvites es umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi~ (22, gv.125). Cans, rom es sakiTxi winaswar dagegmili da ganxiluli iyo. ra Tqma unda gerTianebuli oseTis SeerTeba ruseTTan SemdegSi, advilad moxerxdeboda. zemo organoebSi, xelmZRvanelTa TaTbirebisa da msjelobebis Semdeg, ès gegma ar ganxorcielda. Tumca idea gaerTianebisa (ufro sworad _ qarTuli miwa-wylis mitacebisa) ar Camkvdara~. (22, gv.126).

qarTveli da osi xalxis kulturul-ekonomikuri urTierToba sabWoTa kavSiris drosac TandaTan viTardeboda da myardeboda. magram, isev da isev, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT mefis ruseTis imperiis mier dawyebuli `gaTiSe da ibatone~-s meTodi, sabWoTa wyobilebam ganavrco da umaRles doneze aiyvana. sabWoTa xelisuflebam yoveli xerxi ixmara, rom qarTvelebsa da os xalxs Soris uTanxmoeba Camovar-dniliyo da bolos miaRwies kidevac, rac TandaTan urTierT dapirispirebaSi gadaizarda, miT umetes, rodesac saqarTvelom xelmeored gamoacxada damoukidebloba. sabWoTa mesveurebma daiwyes osi xalxis idilogiur-propagandistuli meTodiT damuSaveba, motyuebiT, istoriuli faqtebis damaxinjebisa da demagogiis gziT. rodesac ruseTis mTavrobis xelSewyobiT `samxreT oseTis~ xelisuflebaSi aRmo-Cndnen separatizmis momxre pirebi, cxinvalis mxareSi, sisxlisRvrac ki gamoiwvia; da am qarTvel da osi xalxis sisxlRvraSi, mTavari damnaSaveni arian `mSvidobis damcveli~ sabWoTa ruseTis xelisufleba da rusi da osi `vai mecnierebi~. cxadia, rom rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, ruseTis xelisuf-

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lebaSi myofi Zalebi yovelmxriv cdiloben SeinarCunon jer kidev ase Tu ise gamoyolili sabWoTa saxelmwifodan Selaxuli da darRveuli siZliere da rogorme aRadginon imperia. amitom, yofil sabWoTa respublikebze sxvadasxva xerxebiT axdenen zewolas TavianTi imperialisturi miznebis gansaxorcieleblad. amisaTvis isini qmnian da iyeneben afxazeTsa da oseTSi separatistulad ganwyobil pirebs. cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos pirvel prezindents z v i a d g a m s a x urd i a s (1939_1993) telefoniT saubris dros, (1985_1991) sabWoTa kavSiris generaluri mdivani m i x e il gor b a C o v i daemuqra, rom saqarTvelos damoukideblobis miRebis SemTxvevaSi, daka-rgavda afxazeTsa da oseTs. z. gamsaxurdiam `televiziiT gamosvlisas ganacxada: gorbaCovma damireka da miTxra: Tuki Tqven savsebiT ar amoukveTavT fexs ruseTs saqarTvelodan, me samagierod, mogixsniT afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis problemebso. me ki ase vupasuxe: araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gadmovabijeb kremlis zRurbls, vidre ruseTi ar cnobs saqarTvelos srul damoukideblobaso~ (36, gv.219).

a. sonRulaSvili wers, rom: `ruseTisaTvis miuRebelia erTiani, demokratiuli, damoukidebeli saqarTvelo. es aris Tavi da Tavi yvela Cveni dapirispirebisa.

saqarTvelos danawilebis proeqti sakmaod adre daigegma. `borotebis imperiis~ _ ssrks daSlis fonze, rogorc ki saqarTvelom daiwyo brZola damoukideblo-bisaTvis `damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis~ Semqmnelma sabWoTa kavSiris liderma mixeil gorbaCovma, maSinve daufaravad da Tavxedurad gamoacxada: `saqarTvelo gava sabWoTa kavSiridan, magram afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis gare-Seo~. amdenad, saqarTvelos ganaxlebuli imperiisadmi _ `damoukidebel saxel-mwifoTa kavSirisadmi~ mijaWvis mTavari instituti unda gamxdariyo da gaxda kidec afxazeTi da e. w. `samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi~ xolo Semsrulebeli _ sabWoTa armia~. (22, gv.216). da maT kidevac Seasrules es danapirebi. saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg amuSavda sainformacio saSualebebi, ibeWdeboda da dResac ibeWdeba `samecniero~ wignebi, sadac yovelgvar zRvars scildeba istoriuli sinamdvilis gayalbeba da damaxinjeba. a. ToTaZe aRniSnavs: ùpir-veles yovlisa, isini TamaSobdnen erovnul grZnobebze, rac istoriaSi sakmaod cnobili xerxia. cdilobdnen daer-wmunebiaT eri, rom osebi gansakuTrebuli xalxia, atyuebdnen TavianT TvistomT, rom qarTvelebi aviwrovebdnen maT enasa da literaturas, TiTqos Sida qarTlis teritoriaze istoriulad mxolod osebi cxovrobdnen da es maTi nawilia.

gansakuTrebiT codavda rusuli media, romelic obieqturi informaciis gavrc-elebis nacvlad, movlenebs uaRresad calmxrivad aSuqebda _ yvelaferSi damnaSaved qarTul mxares miiCnevda. ruseTis mxridan imformaciulma omma mniSvnelovnad gaaRrmava sisxlisRvra.... mis mier warmoebuli informaciuli omi, mxolod sisxlis-Rvras mouxmobda da sabolood imperiuli miznebis ganxorcielebas emsaxureobda. mxolod am poziciidan Suqdeboda `cudi qarTvelebisa~ da `kargi osebis~ proble-mebi, romlebic sinamdvileSi maT aranairad ar aRelvebdaT~ (25, gv.218). amave dros ruseTis xelisufleba da specsamsaxurebi uamrav finansebs xarjavdnen da dResac

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xarjaven, rogorc Sin, aseve sazRvargareT, rom rogorme xalxi daarwmunon TavianT msSvidobis damcvelobaSi, rom afaxazeTi da samxreT oseTi ZvelTaganve afxazeTisa da oseTis miwa-wyali iyo, rom qarTvelebi dampyroblebi da agresorebi arian. magram, ruseTis xelisufalTa da os separatistebis moqmedebas veraviTari `mSvido-bis damcveloba~ ver gaamarTlebs rac maT Caidines XX saukunis bolisa da XXI saukunis dasawyisSi, rodesac maTi SemweobiT da moqmedebiT ltolvili gaxda samxreT oseTSi mcxovrebi mosaxleoba: qarTvelebi, ebraelebi, rusebi da TviT osebic da sxvebi.

cnobilia, rom saerTod, ruseTis mesveurebisaTvis ara Tu sxva eris sicocxles, aramed TavianTi qveynis moqalaqeebis sicocxlesac araviTar yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen, Tundac milionobiT daRupuliyvnen.

2008 wlis agvistos movlenebma mTel msoflios aSkarad daanaxa Tu ras warmoadgendnen ruseTis xelisufalni da osi separatistebi, rodasac maT SeZles saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg omis gaCaReba da viTomcda, osi separatistebis `dasacavad~, rokis gvirabis gavliT, ruseTis federaciis Tavdacvis saministrom didi raodenobiT mZime teqnika da cocxali Zala Semoiyvana. maT imedi hqondaT, rom erT dReSi SeZlebdnen saqarTvelos dapyrobas. Secvlidnen saqarTvelos mTavrobas da saqarTvelos xelaxla daimonebdnen da Caidines is, rac adre lang-Temuri da Sah-abazi Cadioda, Semoseuli rusebi aCanagebdnen, wvavdnen da anadgurebdnen bunebasac. magram xalxis SemarTebam, jariskacTa Tavdadebam da saqarTvelos momxre saxelmwifoebis daxmarebam, aiZula dampyroblebi, rom omi SeewyvitaT da ukan daexiaT, Tumca isini dResac ikaveben saqarTvelos miwa-wyals _ afxazeTsa da ̀ samxreT oseTs~ da zogierT mis mimdebare miwebs. romlebsac placdarmad iyeneben da xdeba afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis cocxali ZalebiT da samxedro teqnikiT SeiaraReba. ageben sazRvarze saguSagoebs, sangrebs, mavTul-xlarTebs da aSeneben afxa-zeTsa da saqarTvelos Soris, `berlinis kedelis~ msgavss, àfxazeTis kedels~. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi, adgilobrivi mcxovrebni, TiTqmis aRar aris darCenili. sayuradReboa, rom rusebis mier dRevandel dResac xdeba e. w. saqarTvelosa da oseTs Soris sazRvris TandaTan gadmoweva.

rokis gvirabi _ satransporto gvirabia, romelic akavSirebs ruseTis federacias saqarTvelosTan, ufro sworad, CrdiloeT oseTsa da egreT wodebul `samxreT oseTs~.

gvirabis sigrZea 3 660 metri. zRvis donidan daaxloebiT 2 000 metrzea gaWrili kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedis Sua nawilSi.

cnobilia, rom ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris dasakavSireblad, kavkasionis qedis gvirabis gaWriT, arsebobda ori gegma: pirveli gegmis mixedviT gvirabi unda gaWriliyo mamisonis uRel-texilze, daaxloebiT 7 km-is sigrZeze, romelic bunebrivi pirobebis gamo ufro martivi iyo da meore _ rokis uReltexilze, romlis gayvana, bunebrivi pirobebis gamo ufro rTuli iqneboda.

1838 wels, osebs miumarTavT TxovniT, e v g e n i g olov i n i s a T v i s (1782_

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1858), romelic (1838_1842) wlebSi kavkasiis samoqalaqo administraciis mmarTveli iyo, kavkasiis korpuss meTaurobda da amave dros xelmZRvanelobda kavkasiis gzaTa mSeneblobas da cixe-simagreebis agebas CaCneTsa, daRestanSi da saqarTvelos samxedro gzaze, rom gaeyvanaT gza kavkasionis qedze im adgilas sadac dRes rokis gvirabia gayvanili. dauwyiaT kidevac mSenebloba, magram, rTuli bunebrivi pirobebis gamo Tavi daunebebiaT.

1873 wels, kavkasiaSi mineraluri resursebiTa da TixafiqalebiT dainteresebul mewarmeTa moTxovniT, daiwyes ganxilva kavkasionis sauReltexilo qedze rkinigzis gayvanis SesaZlebloba.

XX saukunis dasawyisSi, gansakuTrebiT saaqcio sazogadoebis àlagiri~-s moTxovniT, romelic vercxlisa da tyviis madnebis mflobeli iyo, daiwyes xelaxla ganxilva kavkasionze rkinigzis gayvanis Sesaxeb. xolo 20-ian wlebSi ganixilavdnen saavtomobilo gzis gayvanasac. cnobilia, rom `rokze samanqano gvirabis gaWra jer kidev leninis sicocxleSi igegmeboda. arsebobda aseve osi erovnebis inJinris ruten gagloevis proeqti, romelSic aRwerili iyo 5,5 km. sigrZis gvirabis teqnikuri parametrebi. metic, 1930 wels saqarTvelos teritoriidan dawyebuli yofila samxreT portalis mSeneblobis mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi~. (83). cnobilia isic, rom 1917 wlis ivnisSi oseTis erovnulma sabWom Seqmna komisia, rom gamoeZebna saxsrebi rokis gzis mSeneblobisaTvis. 1922 wels moskovma rokis gzis mSeneblobisaTvis 100 000 maneTi gamoyo da 1925 wels daiwyo kidevac samSeneblo mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi da dazustda samSeneblo gegmebi. 1927 wels damatebiT moskovma kidev 100 000 maneTi gamoyo. 1930 wels saSvidnoembrod daiwyo rokis uReltexilis orive mxridan gzis mSenebloba. magram, meore msoflio omis gamo mSenebloba Sewyda. omis damTavrebis Semdeg, 1961 wels CrdiloeT oseTis olqis saolqo komitetis pirvelma mdivanma bilar kabaloevma da generalma issa plievma (1903_1979) moskovs mimarTes TxovniT, rom CrdiloeT da samxreT oseTis gaerTianebisaTvis, mamisonis nacvlad rokis gvirabi gaeyvanaT, ssrk kp centralurma komitetma da ministrTa sabWom mxari dauWira Txovnas da `moskovma brZaneba gasca, gvirabi gaeWraT ara mamisonze, aramed rokis uReltexilze~. (83).

1971 wlis 16 noembris ssrk ministrTa sabWos dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, (1973_75) wlebSi unda ganxorcielebuliyo rokis uReltexilze saavtomobilo gzis mSenebloba. 1975 wlidan daiwyo samxreTidan gvirabis mSenebloba.

1975 wlis 31 dekembers sabWoTa kavSiris transportis saministrom, miiRo dadgenileba kavkasionis mTavar qedze rokis sauReltexilo saavtomobilo gzis mSeneblobis proeqtis, romlisTvisac gamoiyo 6,1 milioni maneTi. proeqti daamtkica ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomarem al e q s i k o s i g i n m a (1904_1980). 1976 wels gvirabis gayvanas Seudgnen CrdiloeTidan.

unda aRiniSnos, rom `Tu ra SeniRbuli Canafiqri iyo Cadebuli kavkasionis qedze gvirabis gaWraSi, amas maSindeli saqarTvelos xelisuflebac xvdeboda. 1972 wels saqarTvelos kompa-rtiis pirvelma mdivanma vasil mJavanaZem rokis gvirabis

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mSeneblobis sawinaaRmdego werilic gaagzavna moskovSi, magram aman sasurveli Sedegi ar gamoiRo....

mZime da Seuwyveteli samuSaoebis Sedegad 1983 wels samxreTi da CrdiloeTi gvirabi SeerTda. rokis gvirabi oficialurad 1986 wels gaixsna da maSinve gaxda mzardi separatistuli moZraobis mTavari xelSemwyobi faqtori~. (83).

jer kidev adre, rokis gvirabis gaxsnamde, 1983 wels osma separatistebma skkp centraluri komitetis gen. mdivans (1982_1984) i u r i a n d ro po v s (1914_1984) mimarTes TxovniT, rom vinaidan rokis gvirabis saSualebiT xdeboda dakavSireba CrdiloeT da samxreT oseTisa, amitom es orive mxare unda gaerTianebuliyo da Sesuliyo ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi. Tu ra moutana rokis gvirabis gayvanam saqarTvelosa da oseTs, es yvelasTvis naTelia. rokis gvirabi gayvanisTanave ruseTis zedamxedvelobis qveSaa moqceuli da dRevandel dResac mis gankargulebaSia.

1970 wels gaerom (gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia) miiRo deklaracia, romelic sayove-lTao saerTaSoriso samarTlis umniSvnelovanes principebs exeba da iTvleba mTeli saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi sistemis safuZvlad.

`1970 wlis 24 oqtombris gaeros generaluri asambleis deklaraciaSi saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebze aris Cawerili:

àrcerT saxelmwifos an saxelmwifoTa jgufs ara aqvs ufleba pirdapir Tu iribad, ra mizeziTac ar unda iyos, Caerios meore saxelmwifos saSinao da sagareo saqmeebSi~. anu nebismieri sababiTa Tu mizeziT Careva sxvis saSinao da sagareo saqmeebSi kvalificirdeba rogorc saerTaSoriso samarTlis darRveva da igive agresiaa~. (50).

1975 wlis 1 agvistos fineTis q. helsinkSi gaimarTa euTos (evropis usafrTxoebisa, uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis) TaTbiri, romelSic evropis qveynebis garda monawileobas Rebulobdnen amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da kanada. TaTbiris Semdeg gamoqveynda daskvniTi aqti, sadac aRniSnuli iyo, rom saxelmwifoebma pativi unda scen sxva saxelmwifoebis teritoriul mTlianobas, Tavisuflebasa da politikur damoukideblobas, pativi unda scen erTmaneTis uflebas, TviTeulma Tavisuflad unda airCios TavianTi socialuri, politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli sistemebi; maTi sazRvrebi SeiZleba Seicvalos saerTaSoriso samarTlis Sesabamisad, mSvidobiani gziT da politikuri molaparakebebiT. am aqts sabWoTa kavSirmac xeli moawera.

rogorc vxedavT, orive (1970, 1975) ww-is uflebebis damadasturebeli werilobiTi sabuTebi krZalavs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi Zalis gamoyenebas, sxva saxelmwifos mimarT ZaliT damuqrebas da mis xelSeuxeblobas.

ruseTis xelisuflebis xelSewyobiT, XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi gansakuTrebiT daiZaba mdgomareoba `samxreT oseTsa~ da saqarTvelos Soris. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom ara Tu ruseTis xelisuflebis mmarTvelebi, aramed ruseTis kulturuli wris warmomadgenlebic da adamianis uflebebis damcvelebic Sepyrobilni aRmoCndnen imperiuli TavmoyvareobiT da ruseTis saxelmwifoSi Semavali sxva eris mimarT

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Sovinisturi ganwyobilebiT. iseTi cnobili fizikosi, rusi disidentic ki rogoric iyo ruseTSi adamianis uflebebis damcveli a n d r i a s a x a ro v i (1921_1989), man da misma momxreebma saqarTvelos `mcire imperia~ uwodes. maTi azriT, Tuki didi ruseTi unda daSliliyo erovnul erTeulebad, maSin saqarTvelos `mcire imperiac~ unda daSli-liyo masSi Semaval eTnikur erTeulebad. aseTi wamqezebluri mowodebebiT frTaSesxmuli samxreT oseTis xelisuflebaSi moqceuli pirebi, ruseTis imediT da xelSewyobiT sul ufro da ufro amwvavebdnen mdgomareobas. sabWoTa kavSiris suk-is daxmarebiT 1979 wels samxreT oseTSi viTomda adgilobrivi erovnuli ZalebiT, Camoyalibda araformaluri jgufi àdamon nixasi~, romelmac CamoyalibebisTanave daiwyo qarTveli mosaxleobis devna da Seviwroveba. 1988 wlidan, yalibdeba politizirebuli, egreT wodebuli cru demokratiuli moZraoba _ àdamon nixasi~ (saxalxo sakrebulo), `samxreT oseTis saxalxo fronti~, romlis warmomadgenlebi patriotuli mowo-debebiT, os xalxs atyuebdnen da qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg aqezebdnen. maTi ZiriTadi mizani iyo, rom gaerTianebuliyo samxreT da CrdiloeT oseTi, Seqmniliyo erTiani saxelmwifo da Sesuliyo ruseTis federaciaSi. amave dros àdamon nixasi~ daupirispirda qarTul erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel Zalebs, romelic ibrZoda saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis.

`1989 wlis 15 agvistos gamoica saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komite-tis, saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis, saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa sabWos dadgenileba qarTuli enis saxelmwifo programis Sesaxeb. am dokuments mohyva daZabuloba. igi gamoiyena sababad osurma organizaciam àdamon nixasma~ Tavisi Semdgomi qmedebebisaTvis. gaimarTa pirveli mitingi, romlis sababi gaxda qarTuli enis saxelmwifo programis damtkiceba. saprotesto aqciis saTaveSi idgnen àdamon nixasis~ wevrebi.

saqarTvelos umaRlesi sabWos mier qarTuli enis qveynis mTel teritoriaze saxelmwifo enad gamocxadebas osebma upasuxes rezoluciiT, romelic osur enas acxadebda regionis oficialur enad. wamoiwyo mitingebisa da saxalxo gamosvlebis talRa....

1989 wlis 26 seqtemberi. saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis winaSe daisva sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, rom saqarTvelos ssr moqmedi konstituciis 75-e muxls damateboda punqti: `samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi saxelmwifo enaa osuri ena~.

mitingebis farTo talRa samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi agorebas iwyebs. 1989 wlis oqtombridan, roca cxinvalSi gaimarTa pirveli mitingebi. es gaxda

sababi imisa, rom qalaqSi Seiyvanes qarTuli miliciis damatebiTi gaZlierebuli razmebi. Tumca, àdamon nixasis~ da, piradad, misi lideris, alan CoCievis, moTxov-nebi am periodSi sakmaod zomieri iyo. is acxadebda: `gaazrebuli gvaqvs, rom mocemul momentSi oseTis statusis aRdgenis sakiTxis dayeneba naadrevi da moumzadebelia~.

àdamon nixasma~ organizeba gaukeTa òsi mSromelebis mimarTvas~ ssrk umaRlesi

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sabWos, ssrk ministrTa sabWos, Sskp centraluri komitetisadmi, romelSic maT _ òsma mSromelebma~ da àdamon nixasma~ _ ukve erToblivi poziciiT gailaSqres saqarTveloSi im dros mimdinare movlenebis winaaRmdeg~. (74).

1989 wlis 10 noembers samxreT oseTSi Catarebulma deputatTa sabWom, mimarTva gaugzavna saqarTvelos umaRles sabWos, rom samxreT oseTisaTvis mieniWebiaT avtonomiuri respublikis statusi. separatistebis am moTxovnam daZaba or ers Soris mdgomareoba; oseTSi daiwyes qarTvelebis devna da Seviwroveba, Tanamdebobidan xsnidnen, TavianT sacxovrebeli adgilebidan, TavianT mamapapur miwa-wylidan aZevebdnen da xdeboda Tavdasxmebi qarTul soflebze da bolos, separatistebisa da ruseTis mesveurTa xelSewyobiT, imdenad garTulda mdgomareoba, rom orive mxridan sisxlisRvra da msxverplic mohyva.

`1989 wlis 23 noembers 15 aTasi qarTveli cxinvalisaken daiZra. qalaqis misadgomebTan maT gza gadauRobes osma SeiaraRebulma pirebma da sabWoTa armiis me-8 polkis samxedroebma. Setakebas mohyva pirveli msxverpli: daiRupa 6 adamiani. 27-ma miiRo cecxlsasroli Wriloba da 140 moTavsebuli iqna saavadmyofoSi~. (63).

1989 wlis dekembridan ruseTis xelisuflebis miTiTebiT `samxreT oseTSi~ mdgomareoba ufro metad daiZaba. separatistulad ganwyobilma Zalebma aSkarad gadaudgnen saqarTvelos. unda aRiniSnos, rom àdamon nixasis~ organizaciis wevrebs Soris aRmoCndnen `samxreT oseTis~ mecniermuSakebic da mwerlebic, romlebic adre zogierTni qarTvelebs Zmobas eficebodnen.

`1990 wlis 9 marts mowveul iqna saqarTvelos ssr meTermete mowvevis uzenaesi sabWos riggareSe XIII sesia. romelmac miiRo dadgenileba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo suverenitetis dacvis garantiebis Sesaxeb.

situaciis eskalaciis Semdegi safexuri iyo 1990 wlis zafxuli, rodesac momavali saparlamento arCevnebis win saqarTvelos umaRlesma sabWom miiRo saarCevno kanoni, romelic regi-onalur partiebs ukrZalavda arCevnebSi monawi-leobis miRebas. osuri mxaris mier es nabiji Sefasubul iqna, rogorc àdamon nixasis~ winaaRmdeg mimarTul qmedebad~. (63). amis Semdeg, oseTSi, moiwvis sesia da 1990 wlis 20 seqtembers samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis saxalxo deputatTa sabWos sesiam miiRo antikonstituciuri deklaracia `samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis~ egreT wodebuli `samxreT oseTis sabWoTa demokratiul respublikad~ gardaqmnis Sesaxeb (es iyo gamoZaxili a. saxarovisa _ `saqarTvelo mcire imperiaa~). amis sapasuxod, 21 seqtembers, saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesma sabWos sesiam gaauqma osebis mier miRebuli deklaracia. samagierod, amave wlis 16 oqtombers oseTis saolqo sabWos sesiam kvlav daadastura Tavisi ukanono gadawyvetileba da airCia aRmasrulebeli komiteti, miiRo arCevnebis droebiTi debuleba da Seqmna centraluri saarCevno komisia. amis safuZvelze 1990 wlis 9 dekembers Catarda e. w. `samxreT oseTis demokratiuli respublikis uzenaesi sabWos~ arCevnebi da 11 dekembersve Caatares ùzenaesi sabWos~ sesia. saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesma sabWom imave dResve (11 dekembers) miiRo kanoni _ `samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri

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olqis gauqmebis Sesaxeb~ da dadgenileba _ `qalaq cxinvalsa da javis raionis teritoriaze sagangebo wesebis gamocxadebis Sesaxeb~. saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWo mimarTavda samxreT oseTSi mcxovreb yvela moqalaqes, gansakuTrebiT osi erovnebis warmomadgenlebs, rom maT gamoiCinon keTilgoniereba, politikuri windaxeduleba da sifrTxile separatistuli Zalebis moqmedebis mimarT, rom ar momxdariyo raime gauTvaliswinebeli moqmedebebi. amave dros respublikis uzenaesi sabWo acxadebda, rom igi daicavda saqarTveloSi Semavali yvela erovnebebis umcire-sobebis uflebebs da igi yovelTvis ibrZolebs saqarTvelos respublikis teri-toriuli mTlianobisa da suverenitetisaTvis. miuxedavad amisa ruseTis mesveurTa waqezebiT, osi separatistebi cxinvalsa da mis midamoebSi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg iwyeben gamoxdomebs da xdeba qarTvelebsa da osebs Soris SeiaraRebuli Setakebebi.

unda aRiniSnos, rom òsi xalxisaTvis sakmaod didma, jansaRma nawilma maSinve igrZno da dagmo erTi muWa osi separatistebis yovlad uazro da daufiqrebeli moqmedeba. saqveynod cnobilma osma mecnierma _ filologma, enaTmecnierma _ iranistma da etimologma v a s il a b a e v m a (1900_2001), romelic moskovSi moRvaweobda, gamoaqveyna statia `samxreT oseTis tragedia~. man istoriul realobebze dayrdnobiT, miukerZoeblad, sinamdviliT asaxa da Seafasa 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi `samxreT oseTSi~ ganviTarebuli mimdinare movlenebi. igi aRniSnavda: `minda viyo obieqturi da gavarkvio iyo Tu ara osebis mxridan raime naCqarevi, moufiqrebeli moqmedebebi, romlebmac provokaciis mowyobiT gaamwvaves dapirispireba da unda gamovtyde, rom aseTi moqme-debebi iyo. mxedvelobaSi maqvs suverenitetis gamocxadeba, romelic mTlianad orientirebuli iyo moskovze perspeqtivaSi samxreTi da CrdiloeTi oseTis gaerTianebiT. samxreTeli osebis miswrafeba Tavis Crdiloeli Tvistomebisaken adamianurad gasagebia. magram geopoli-tikuri planiT es Secdomaa. kavkasiis mTavari qedi _ bunebrivi sazRvaria saqar-Tvelosa da oseTs Soris, da am sazRvris moSlis yovelgvari mcdeloba gamoiwvevs permanentul konfliqtur mdgomareobas qarTvelebsa da osebs Soris. imisaTvis, rom aRvadginoT tradiciuli megobruli urTierTobebi or xalxs Soris, upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa davamTavroT saubari saqarTvelodan samxreT oseTis gamoyofis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos arc erTi xelisufleba amas arasodes Seurigdeba da marTalic iqneba~. misive azriT, samxreT oseTi unda ganTavisufldes butaforuli `suverenitetisagan~ (25, gv.68).

`1991 wlis 7 ianvars, gamoica ssrk prezidentis, mixeil gorbaCovis, brZane-buleba, gorbaCovi acxadebda, rom samxreT oseTis statusis Semcvleli nebismieri gadawyvetileba mxolod ssrk umaRlesi organoebis mier misi dadasturebis Semdeg iRebda iuridiul Zalas~ (63). 1991 wlis ianvarSi, osuri SeiaraRebuli dajgu-febebis gasaiaraReblad, oseTSi erovnuli gvardia Sevida. `rasac mohyva qaosisa da quCuri sabrZolo qmedebebis weliwadnaxevriani periodi. adgili hqonda sporadul Carevebs ruseTis mxridan, rac kidev ufro amZafrebda situacias~. (74). am brZole- bis gamo, samxreT oseTidan ramdenime aTasi eTnikuri osebi da qarTvelebi gaixiznen

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da sinamdvileSi samxreT oseTi saqarTvelosgan damoukidebeli mxare gaxda. `1991 wlis 7 marts, dilis 8 saaTze, os eqstremistTa 100 kaciani banda Tavs

daesxa cxinvalis raionis qarTul soflebs, zemo aCabeTsa da monasters. banditebma mSvidobian mosaxleobas dauSines raketebi, yumbarebi, cecxli gaxsnes avtomaturi iaraRidan. maT mier mokluli iqmna adgilobrivi mcxovrebi tariel xeTagaSvili, banditTa Semoteva, dRis 12 saaTamde grZeldeboda da aRkveTil iqna mxolod saqarTvelos miliciis da soflis mosaxleobis ZalisxmeviT. os eqstremistTa Setevis adgilidan amoRebul iqna erTi raketa, TviTnakeTi yumbarmtyorcnebi da sanadiro Tofebi. yovelive amas mohyva gaWianurebuli konfliqti qarTvelebsa da osebs Soris, romelic saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis (1991 wlis 9 aprili) da ssrks daSlis (1991 wlis dekemberi) Semdegac ar Sewyvetila da kvlav grZeldeba~. (22, gv.161).

samxreT oseTSi momxdari uTanxmoebisa da Sexla-Semoxlis mogvarebis mizniT, 1991 wlis 23 marts saqarTveloSi, yazbegSi, erTmaneTs Sexvdnen rsfsr-es uzenaesi sabWos Tavjdomare b o r i s elc i n i (1931_2007) da saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare z v i a d g a m s a x u rd i a (1939_1993). am Sexvedris Sesaxeb, cnobili inguSi mwerali, sazogado moRvawe, istorikosi da disidenti i s a k o Zo e v i (isa qaZoevi, iisa koazoi), romelic monawileobas Rebulobda am Sexve-dris dros, wers, rom: `1991 wlis 23 da 24 marts, yazbegSi, b. elcini samudamo megobrobas eficeboda zviads. qarTvelebma mas miarTves xmali. aRfrTovanebuli elcini xmliT xelSi yviroda: àba, gamagrdi miSka gorbaCov~. igi Zlivs daamSvides da kvlav magidasTan dasves. am Sexvedras veswrebodiT ori inguSi _ me da salam axilgovi. Cven specialurad migvipatiJa zviadma. mas undoda b. elcinTan inguSeTis sakiTxze molaparakeba. aseve, monawi-leobdnen CrdiloeT oseTis xelmZRvaneli pirebic. ambobdnen, rom imyofebodnen b. elcinis miwveviT. rodesac Cven avdeqiT magididan, zviadma SearCia Sesaferi dro da b. elcini Seiyvana patara kabinetSi, sadac miuxedavad misi Tanxmlebi pirebis winaaRmdegobisa, mec vimyofebodi. Sedga mokle saubari. Cven samni viyaviT: boris elcini, zviad gamsaxurdia da me _ issa koZoevi. me mokled avxseni Cveni Txovnis arsi. zviadma damajereblad daamata: `boris nikolozis Zev, gadawyviteT inguSi xalxis saqme samarTlianad da isini Tqven ar dagiviwyeben. me amas gTxovT mTeli qarTveli xalxis saxeliT~. aRniSnulze b. elcinma upasuxa _ `zviad, me xom ukve dagpirdi, inguSebo, xval me nazranSi Camoval~.

me marTlac davujere mas. zviadma damSvidobebisas miTxra _ ìsa, imedianad iyavi! nuTu didi qveynis prezindeti sityvebs haerSi isvris?!~

aRmoCnda, rom aseTi qveynis prezidentis sityva kapikic ar Rirs. tyuils maTTan `politika~ hqvia. meore dRes, 24 marts, b. elcini marTlac Cavida nazranSi.

Tanxmobis moedanze igi dagvpirda, rom inguSi xalxis bedi `samarTlianad~ gadaw-ydeboda. Cven, yvelam viciT Tu rogor gadawyvita. vxedavT, rogor esmiT samarTlianoba.

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dRes, boris elcini cocxali ar aris. igi gardaicvala da Tan waiRo wyevla Cveni xalxisa, romlis imedic 1992 wlis Semodgomaze sisxlSi Cakla.~ (64).

isa koZoevi: `CvenSi sityva `rusebi~ ukve salanZRavi gaxda. yoveldRiurad inguSeTSi adamianebs klaven. adre Cveni qalebi dakrZalvaze tirodnen, miuxedavad imisa, rom musul-manebisaTvis es daSvebuli ar aris. magram dRes Cveni qalebi ar tirian. radgan yvela Tavis TavSi Seurigda imas, rom male viRacas damarxaven....

inguSis cema ar SeiZleba. es dausjeli ar darCeba... inguSi 20 wlis Semdegac samagieros gadagixdis~. (43).

am Sexvedris da molaparakebis dros saqarTvelosa da rsfsr-s Soris gaformda oqmi, sadac Canda, rom ruseTi cnobda samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqis gauqmebas. am oqmSi yvelgan iyo aRniSnuli: `yofili samxreT olqi~. romelsac xels awerda orive qveynis warmomadgenlebi. am oqmis mixedviT yofil samxreT oseTSi unda Seqmniliyo ruseTisa da saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli miliciis razmi, yvela ukanono formirebis gasaniaraReblad da wesrigis dasamyareblad. ssr kavSiris Tavdacvis saministros, yofil samxreT oseTidan unda gaeyvana sabWoTa armiis nawilebi. orive saxelmwifos unda ezrunaT, rom ltolvilebi daebrunebinaT TavianT sacxovrebel adgilebSi. ruseTis, saqarTvelos da CrdiloeT oseTis assr mTavrobebs unda gamoeyoT saxsrebi ltolvilTa dasaxmareblad da sxva.

Sexvedrisa da molaparakebis oqms xels awerdnen: `saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare: zviad gamsaxurdia. ruseTis sfsr uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare: boris elcini. daba yazbegi, 1991 w. 23 marti. dokumentidan Cans, rom ruseTi scnobs samxreT oseTis, avtonomiur olqs

gauqmebulad. SeTanxmebaSi yvelgan naxmaria `yofili samxreT oseTi~! ufro metic, molaparakebebSi igi saerTod ar figurirebs rogorc arsebuli subieqti _ es iyo erovnuli xelisuflebis udidesi miRweva~. (82).

magram es xelmowera da SeTanxmeba ruseTisaTvis arafers niSnavda. cnobilia, rom ruseTisaTvis saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebac-ki arafers niSnavda, rodesac mas sWirdeboda, msoflios dasanaxad, mas iyenebda, xolo misTvis saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi mas yuradRebas ar aqcevda da moqmedebda ise, rogorc mas surda.

cnobili didi britaneTis saxelmwifo moRvawe, premier-ministri da samxedro kabinetis meTauri (1940_1945) u i n sto n C e r C il i (1874_1965) ase axasiaTebda ruseTs:

`ruseTTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis fasi ar aRemateba im qaRaldis fass, romelzec igia dabeWdili~. (22, gv.218).

ase, rom z. gamsaxurdiasa da b. elcins Soris SeTanxmebac, `faratina qaRaldi~ aRmoCnda, rac SemdgommaAmovlenebma daadastures kidevac. ruseTisaTvis mTavari iyo saqarTvelos daSla, danawevreba da Semdeg misi damoneba, an ganadgureba.

1992 wlis 19 ianvars `samxreT oseTSi~ tardeba referendumi _ `damouki–deblobisa~ da `ruseTTan SeerTebis~ Sesaxeb. gamoqveynebuli SedegebiT, mosax

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leobis umravlesobam mxari dauWira damoukideblobas da ruseTTan SeerTebas. am referendumSi monawileobas ar Rebulobdnen omis Sedegad `samxreT oseTidan~ aTasobiT gadaxvewili ltolvilebi, ase rom referendumi ar asaxavda am mxareSi mcxovrebi moqalaqeebis srul ganwyobas.

`samxreT oseTSi~ saomari moqmedeba mimdinareobda 1992 wlis 24 ivnisamde. am dRes soWSi (dagomisSi) saqarTvelosa da ruseTis prezidetentebma e d u a rd S e v a rd n a Z e m da b. elcinma xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas, ̀ qarTul-osuri konfliqtis mogvarebis principebis Sesaxeb~. SeTanxme-bis Tanaxmad unda Seqmniliyo e. w. Sereuli sakontrolo komisia, ruseTis, saqarTvelos, Crdi-loeT oseTisa da euTos (evropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacia) monawileobiT. romelsac samxreT oseTSi unda moetana mSvidoba. 1994 wlis 14 maisis moskovis SeTanxmebis `cecxlis Sewyvetisa da ZalTa daSorebis Sesaxeb~ Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze, afxazeTsa da zugdidis nawilSi, `samSvidobo Zalebis~ saxiT ruseTis saokupacio jaris nawilebi Sevida. es SeTanxmeba rusis samSvidoebis afxazeTSi yofnis mTavar samarTlebriv safuZvels warmoadgenda.

1994 wlis 15 agvistos euTom ganixila qarTul-osuri konfliqti da orive mxares SesTavaza Tavisi konstituciuri nimuSi, magram orivem uaryves.

1996 wlis 16 maiss moskovSi xeli moewera memorandums `qarTul-osur konfliqtSi mxareTa Soris usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisa da urTierTndobis gasamyarebel RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb~. ̀ garkveul imedebs warmoSobda CrdiloeT oseTis-alaniis prezindetis saSuamavlo saqmianoba dapirispirebul mxareebs Soris urTierTobis misaRwevad. yvelaferma aman garkveuli politikuri stabilizaci-isaTvis pirobebi Seqmna. rigiTi moqalaqis cxovreba SedarebiT mSvidi gaxda.

saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis erovnuli amocana, obieqturi Tu subieqturi mizezebis gamo, Wianurdeboda. ruseTi sul ufro aSkarad avlenda Tavis negatiur damokidebulebas saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis sakiTxisadmi~. (22, gv.220). euTos misiis saxiT oseTSi ruseTis jari Sevida, romelsac mSvidoba unda daemyarebina am mxare-ebSi. magram, ruseTis mesveurTa da samxreT oseTis separatistuli xelisuflebis moqmedebis gamo, oseTSi daZabuloba, osebsa da qarTvelebs Soris Sexla-Semoxla, grZeldeboda da TandaTan matulobda.

2001 wlis 19 ianvars evroparlamentma ganixila `samxreT oseTSi~ Seqmnili mdgomareoba da gamoaqveyna rezolucia, sadac aRniSnuli iyo, rom afxazeTi da samxreT oseTi aRmoCndnen saqar-Tvelodan Camocilebulni (defaqto) da saqarTvelos iurisdiqcias aRar eqvemdebarebian. saerTa-Soriso rezoluciebSi, pirvelad moxda, rom ruseTi moxsenebulia rogorc agresori. misi moqmedeba saqarTvelos mimarT aneqsiad aris miCneuli da amave dros ruseTis yofnas saqaerTvelos am gamwvavebul mxareebSi, rogorc mSvidobis damyarebeli, kiTxvis niSnis qveS aris dayenebuli.

miuxedavad amisa, `samxreT oseTSi~ mdgomareoba TandaTan ufro iZabeboda. 2002 wlis 11 maiss e. w. `samxreT oseTis prezindetma~ moiTxova, rom gaizardos ruseTis samSvidobo Zalebi, vinaidan saqarTvelos amerikelebi exmarebian. xolo 2003 wlis

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27 Tebervals, misive gancxadebiT, am mxa-reSi, mSvidobis damyareblebi arian mxolod ruseTis samSvodobo Zalebi. Tu ra mSvidobas amyarebdnen saqarTvelos mxareebSi rusebis samSvidobo Zalebi, es adrec Canda da Semdgom wlebSic aSkarad gamoCnda.

ruseTis xelisufalni, gansakuTrebiT gaRiziandnen mas Semdeg, rodesac damou–kideblobis mopovebis mere, gansakuTrebiT 2003 wlidan, saqarTvelom gezi aiRo evropisa da aSS-isken da mTeli Tavisi ZalisxmeviT moindoma nato-Si (CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizacia) Sesvla, es ki miuRebeli aRmoCnda maTTvis.

2003 wlis 2 marts unda Semdgariyo, konfliqtis mogvarebis mizniT, saqarTvelos prezidentis e. SevardnaZisa da `samxreT oseTis prezidentis~ Sexvedra, magram òseTis prezidentis~ uaris gamo es Sexvedra CaiSala.

rogorc rf-is prezidentis (2000 w-dan) v. putinis yofili mrCeveli a n d r e i il a -r io no v i gadmogvcems, `2004 wlis 11 Tebervals moskovSi Sedga v. putinisa da m. saakaSvilis pirveli Sexvedra. am Sexvedraze v. putinma sTxova saqarTvelos prezidents, aRar moeTxova rusuli samxedro bazebis saqarTvelos teritoriidan gayvana....

2004 wlis 6 maiss, ruseTis federaciis ss ministrma igor ivanovma aslan abaSiZe Tavisi TviTmfrinaviT baTumidan moskovSi waiyvana. Semdgom satelefono saubarSi, m. saakaSvilma didi madloba gadauxada v. putins im wvlilisaTvis, romelic man Seitana krizisis mSvidobian gadawyvetaSi. sapasuxod v. putinma uTxra: èxla daimaxsovre, Cven ar CaverieT aWaraSi, magram `samxreT oseTSi~ da afxazeTSi Cvengan ar miiReb raime saxis saCuqars~. (65).

amis Semdeg `ruseTis samxedro specialistebma gaaqtiures osi bandformirebebis wvrTna, ramac male Tavisi Sedegi gamoiRo, 2004 wels separatistebis mier iyo warmoebuli Tavdasxmebi didi da patara liaxvis xeobaSi mcxovreb qarTul mosaxleobaze. rokis gvirabi ki xdeba erTad-erTi aralegalurad moqmedi saxmeleTo-satransporto damakavSirebeli adgili saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris, romlis gakontroleba ver xdeba qarTvelTa mier, igi sasicocxlo arteriaa cxinvalis regionSi moqmed os separatistebisaTvis, saidanac maTTvis regularulad miedineboda iaraRi, sakvebi produqtebi da sxva yvela is mniSvnelovani saSualeba, romliTac SeiZleba arsebobdes separatizmi. swored 2004 wlidan moyolebuli, ruseTi Riad Tu SefarviT, acxadebda Tavis samxedro da ekonomikur interesebs afxazeTze da `samxreT oseTze~. amave dros daiwyo ormxrivi urTierTobis damyareba konfliqtur regionebTan, riTac amzadebda samarTlebriv safu-Zvlebs saqarTveloSi Semavali am orive avtonomiis damoukidebel respublikad aRiarebisaTvis. ruseTis saxelisuflo elita yovelnairad xels uwyobda afxazeTisa da `samxreT oseTis~ mxridan agresiul separatizmis waqezebas, waxalisebas. fsiqologiurad da fizikurad (samxedro wvrTnebis CaTvliT) aiaraRebda da amzadebda maT axali eTnowmendisaTvis yvela saerTaSoriso normebis ugulebelyofiT, xelovnurad, yovelgvari dabrkolebis gareSe aZlevda afaxzebsa da osebs ruse-Tis moqalaqeobas, SemdgomSi politikuri spekulaciis sawarmoeblad~. (22, gv.222).

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2004 wlis 5 noembers soWSi, saqarTvelos da oseTis warmomadgenlebma xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas konfliqtis zonis demilitarizaciis Sesaxeb.

2005 wlis 26 ianvars strasburgis evrosabWos saparlamento asambleis sxdo-maze, saqarTvelos prezidentma (2004 w-dan) m i x e il s a a k a S v il m a warmoadgina axali Sexeduleba samxreT oseTis avtonomiis farTo uflebebis Sesaxeb, magram oseTis mxarem uaryo da moiTxova sruli damoukidebloba.

cnobilia, rom 2005 wlis 6 dekembers, ruseTma mxari dauWira liublianaSi gamarTul ministerialze m. saakaSvilis mier warmodgenil samSvidobo gegmas. xolo, 2006 wlis 10 seqtemberis Jurnal ̀ inancial Times~-Si gamoqveynda v. putinis saubari JuranalistebTan:

`SeuZlebelia gamoviyenoT kosovos mimarT damokidebulebis erTi wesebi da sxvebis damokidebulebis mimarT sxva wesebi. riT gansxvavdeba kosovos mdgomareoba afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis mdgomareobidan? isini arafriT ar gansxvavdebian. Cven Tu daviwyebT mdgomareobebis mani-pulacias, Cven dagvxvdeba problemebi. xalxi igrZnobs gulgatexilobas~. `(rac Seexeba gayinul konfliqtebs), Cven mzad varT vimuSaoT Cveni saerTaSoriso TanamonawileebTan da EC-sTan, rom movagvaroT sakiTxebi, rodis da sadac isini ar unda arsebobdes. es exeba afxazeTs, samxreT oseTs, mTian karabaxsa da dnestrispireTs~. (118).

a. ilarionovis gadmocemiT; `2006 wlis dasawyisisaTvis, ruseTis mier afxazeTisa da `samxreToseTisaTvis~ miwodebuli samxedro aRWurvilobis, iaraRis da tyvia-wamlis raodenobam gadaaWarba saqarTvelos samxedro SesaZleblobebs miuxedavad imisa, rom am orive regionSi cxovrobda 250 000 mosaxle, xolo saqarTveloSi 4,5 milioni. 2008 wlis dasawyisisTvis ki am regionebma ufasod orjer meti samxedro aRWurviloba miiRes, vidre saqarTvelos gaaCnda....

2006 wlis 31 ianvars JurnalistebTan saubarSi v. putinma aRniSna, romE`Tu vinme fiqrobs, rom kosovom SeiZleba miaRwios srul damoukideblobas, maSin Cven ratom unda vuTxraT uari afxazebsa da `samxreT osebs~?....

2006 wlis martSi e. w. `saqmxreT oseTis~ prezidentma `kokoiTim TxovniT mimarTa ruseTis sakonstitucio sasamarTlos, ecno `samxreT oseTis~ damouki–debloba....

12 oqtombers, `samxreT oseTis~ parlamentma mimarTa Crdilo oseTis, yabardo-CerqezeTis da yabardo-balyareTis respublikebis liderebs TxovniT, rom eRiarebinaT saqarTvelos `moraluri da politikuri pasuxismgebloba `samxreT oseTis~ 1920 da 1989_1992 wlebis genocidze~.

amave dros afxazeTis parlamentma kvlav mimarTa TxovniT ruseTis xel–mZRvaneleobas, rom eRiarebinaT afxazeTis damoukidebloba. am TxovnaSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom ruseTis moqalaqeebi Seadgenen afxazeTis mosaxleobis 90%-s. 6 noembers, dsT-s samitze moskovSi, m. saakaSvili samjer Sexvda v. putins. maTi komentarebidan gamomdinare es Sexvedrebi uSedegod damTavrda....

2006 w. dekemberi _ 2008 w. aprili: ruseTis saboloo mzadeba didi omisaTvis~.

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(65). 2006 wlis oqtomberSi ruseTis analitikosebi acxadebdnen, rom ruseT-saqarTvelos omi `gardauvali~ iyo.

dsT-s samitze, erT-erTi Sexvedris dros, saqarTvelos prezidentma m. saakaSvilma `putins uTxra, rom mzad iyo uari eTqva natoSi integraciis gegmaze im pirobiT, Tu ruseTi daexmareboda «samxreT oseTis dabrunebaSi».

ruseTis prezindetma ki, saqarTvelos xelmZRvanels Semdegi «sia» warudgina im moqmedebisa, romliTac qveyanas SeeZlo «katastrofa Tavidan aecilebina»......

ara teritoriuli mTlianoba aRedgina, aramed omi da genocidi aecilebina Tavidan:

1) gancxadeba natoSi integraciaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb; 2) dabruneba ruseTis iniciativiT Seqmnil «koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis

organizaciaSi», romlis wevrebi arian tajikeTi, somxeTi, yazaxeTi da belorusia; 3) saqarTvelodan rusuli bazebis gatanaze uaris Tqma; 4) afaxezTTan da «samxreT oseTTan» yvelafris datoveba ise, rogorc iyo

SevardnaZis dros anu, magaliTad, «xelis arxleba» ergneTis bazrobisaTvis, saidanac gamanadgurebeli kontrabanda moedineboda da ase Semdeg;

5) upirobo Tanxmoba ruseTis gawevrianebaze «msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi» da am sakiTxis afxazeTTan da «samxreT oseTTan» problemebTan mibmaze uaris Tqma. samagierod, genadi oniSenkos rusul bazarze SeiZleboda qarTuli Rvino da borjomi daebrunebina.

ai, am pirobebis dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi, ruseTi aRar miscemda os separatistebs Tanxmobas, aResrulebinad mravalwliani ocneba da gaewmindaT qarTvelebisagan liaxvis xeoba, raTa ufro «komfortulad» emgzavraT vladi–kavkazidan _ cxinvalSi~. (66). cxadia, am moTxovnas m. saakaSvili ar daeTanxmeboda da es Sexvedrebi uSedegod damTavrda.

2006 wlis 12 noembers `samxreT oseTSi~ Semavali separatistebis mier daqvem–debarebul mxareebSi tardeba arCevnebi da referendumebi. samxreT oseTis xelmeored arCeuli separatisti prezidenti isev iTxovs saqarTvelosgan damoukideblobas da iTxovs saqarTvelosTan molaparakebebs federaluri SeTanxmebebis Sesaxeb.

`2006 wlis bolos cxadi gaxda, rom veraviTari muqara da zewola ver aiZulebda saqarTvelos xelisuflebas, gadaexvia mSvidobiani gziT teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis, damoukidebeli ganviTarebis, ekonomikuri da iuridiuli reformebis ganxorcielebis kursidan~. (65).

`2006 wlis dekemberSi prezidentma vladimer putinma mixeil saakasvils `pirad saubarSi ganucxada, rom `CrdiloeT kvipross~ Seqmnida saqarTveloSi. mogvianebiT prezidentma putinma msgavsi `gafrTxileba~ mogvca natos generalur mdivanTan saubrisas.

2007 wlis ivlisSi ruseTma gaakeTa gancxadeba evropaSi Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebis xelSe-krulebis (CFE Treaty) SeCerebis Sesaxeb, rac ZalaSi Sevida 2007 wlis

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12 dekembridan. imavdroulad, saqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvris uSualo siaxloves da separatistul regionebSi ruseTi intensiurad zrdida samxedro Zalas.

am periodSi mkveTrad imata rusulma samxedro aqtivobam okupirebul terito–riebze. xolo ruseTis marionetuli reJimebis pozicia uaRresad agresiuli da destruqciuli gaxda. cxinvalis regionSi mcxovrebi praqtikulad yvela mamakaci gasamxedroebul danayofebSi iyo gaerTianebuli. maT aiaraRebdnen rusi instruq–torebi, maT Soris rusuli samSvidobo Zalebis warmomadgenlebi.

afxazeTSi separatistTa SeiaraRebuli danayofebi wvrTnas gadiodnen rusuli armiis moqmedi da gadamdgari oficrebis xelmZRvaneleobiT, romlebic maT imavdro–ulad iaraRiT amaragebdnen.

2007 wels ruseTma ramdenimejer dabomba saqarTvelos teritoriebi, rac qveynis suve-renitetis winaaRdeg qmedeba da aSkara agresiis gamoxatuleba iyo~. (67, Tavi III,).

2007 wlis 6 agvistodan osuri bandebis Tavdasxmisa da ruseTis mier saqarTvelos sahaero sivrcis darRvevis gamo, saqarTvelosa da `samxreT oseTs~ Soris mdgomareoba kvlav garTulda.

2008 wlis dasawyisidan, ruseTis xelSewyobiT, oseTSi dRiTi dRe iZabeboda mdgomareoba. iq myofi separatistebi emzadebodnen javadan da cxinvalidan Sete–visaTvis. mudmivad axdendnen Tavdasxmebs qarTvel samSvidoboebsa da qarTul soflebze.

Tu adre ruseTis xelmZRaneleoba formalurad mainc aRiarebda saqarTvelos erTianobas, 2008 wlis 16 aprils, v. putinma gamosca brZanebuleba `1996 wlis 19 ivnisis xelSekrulebidan gamosvlis Sesaxeb, romelic masSi gaerTianebul qveynebs uwesebda ekonomikuri Tu politikuri saxis urTierTobebis gawyvetas saqarTvelos araRiarebul regionebTan. amis Semdeg mWidro kontaqti damyarda moskovsa da ar-aRiarebul afxazeTsa da ̀ samxreT oseTs~ e. w. respublikebs Soris. es iyo Taviseburi `kartblanSi~ kremlis mxridan. ramac separatistul regionebs Tbilisis centraluri xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg ufro aqtiuri qmedebisaken ubiZga~. (22, gv.226).

2008 wlis 20 aprilidan ruseTi aSkarad gadadis Setevaze da saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, separatistebTan erTad konfliqtis regionebSi (afxazeTsa da `samxreT oseTSi~) anxorcielebs Tavdasxmebs qarTvel samSvidoebebsa da qarTul soflebze. amis garda ruseTis mTavroba acxadebs, rom is daicavs konfliqtis regionSi mcxov–reb Tavis moqalaqeebs. cnobilia, rom ruseTis mTavrobam ramdenime wlis win afxa–zeTisa da samxreT oseTis mcxovreblebs dauriga rusuli pasportebi. ukve ruseTis am moqmedebidan aSkarad Canda, rom is araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar daTmobda afxazeTsa da `samxreT oseTs~ da is yovelmxriv xels SeuSlida mSvidobis damyarebas am mxareebSi. rogorc ruseTis prezidenti acxadebda samxreT oseTis mcxovrebTa 90% ruseTis moqalaqea da samSvidobo misiis farglebSi igi movalea daicvas Tavisi moqalaqeebi.

20 aprils ruseTis samxedro TviTmfrinavma Camoagdo qarTvelTa safreni mowyo–

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biloba, romliTac xdeboda afxazeTis mxaris dakvirveba. `29 aprils, ruseTis Tavdacvisa da sagareo saqmeTa ministrebis gancxadebiT, qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis zonaSi iwyeba rusuli samSvidobo Zalebis kontingentis gazrda. mniSvnelovania, rom es xdeba xelSekrulebis darRveviT da qarTul mxaresTan SeuTanxmeblad. samSvidoboebis egidiT ruseTs Semohyavs sadesanto Zalebi mZime teqnikiTa da aRWurvilobiT. arc jaris saxeoba, arc SeiaraReba ar Seesabameba xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul formats!~ (67, Tavi V).

31 maiss ruseTis Tavdacvis saministrom, saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan SeuTanxmeblad rkinigzis aRdgenis mizniT, afxazeTSi sarkinigzo jarebi Seiyvana. romlis aRdgenis Semdeg afxazeTSi didZali SeiaraReba Seitana.

amave wlis ivlisis TveSi ruseTis samxedro xelmZRvaneleobam, saqarTvelo-oseTis sazRvarTan Crdilokavkasiuri samxedro olqis farTomasStaburi samxedro wvrTnebi gamarTa.

rogorc etyoba kremlsa da separatistebs undodaT qarTuli mxare wonasworobidan gamoeyvanaT. samxreT oseTis mxare uars acxadebda evrokavSiris winadadebaze 21 ivliss briuselSi (belgia) gamarTul qarTul-osuri konfliktis daregulirebis Sesaxeb molaparakebis gamarTvis Taobaze da sxvadasxva mizeziT winaaRmdgobas gamoTqvamda yovelgvar molaparakebas qarTul mxaresTan.

amave wlis 29_30 ivlisidan mimdinareobda srolebi cxinvalis midamoebSi, gansakuTrebiT liaxvis xeobaSi, osebi cdilobdnen liaxvis xeoba, `gaewmindaT~ qarTuli mosaxleobisagan.

1 agvistos oseTSi daiwyo safortifikacio nagebobebis mSenebloba da qarTul soflebze Tavdasxmebi. `2 agvistos samxreT oseTis de-faqto xelisuflebam gamoac–xada cxinvalisa da regionSi separatistebis mier kontrolirebad soflebSi mcxovrebi samoqalaqo mosaxleobis evakuacia, rac 6 agvistomde gagrZelda~. (67, Tavi VI.). amave dResve daiwyes qalebis, bavSvebis da moxucebis gayvana CrdiloeT oseTSi.

òsuri SeiaraRebuli bandformirebebi periodulad cecxls uxsnidnen qarTul soflebs da awyobdnen Tavdasxmebs qarTveli samSvidoboebis saguSagoebze. am Tavdasxmebis dros iyenebdnen iseTi tipis SeiaraRebas, rac miRweuli SeTanxmebis mixedviT, regionSi saerTod ar unda yofi-liyo. es faqti werilobiT daadastura kidevac soWi-dagomisis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze dislocirebuli samSvidobo Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabis ufrosma, generalma kulaxmetovma~. (67, TaviVI.).

Canda, rom rusebi da osebi winaswar emzadebodnen omisaTvis, radgan icodnen, rom bolos da bolos, qarTvelTa mxridan am `wmendas~ aucileblad sapasuxo moqmedeba mohyveboda. saqarTvelos warmomadgenlebsa da Sereuli samSvidobo Zalebis sardalTan Sexvedris dros dadasturda qarTve-lTa eWvi, rom srolebSi monawi–leobas Rebulobda separatisTebTan erTad ruseTis, CrdiloeT oseTSi mdgari batalioni.

4 agvistos `samxreT oseTidan~ ganagrZobdnen mosaxleobis (qalebis da bavSvebis) gaxizvnas `CrdiloeT oseTSi `qarTveli agresorebisagan~ dasacavad, es maSin, rode–

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sac jer aranair samxedro operacias ar hqonda adgili qarTvelebis mxridan, ubra-lod, am aqtiT Cans, rom osebi ukve apirebdnen moqmedebis gaaqtiurebas sabrZolo kuTxiT. Tumca, vladikavkazis gancxadebiT, bavSvebis gagzavna CrdiloeT oseTSi iyo im programis nawili, romelic iTvaliswinebda `samxreT oseTis~ bavSvebis maspin–Zlobas zafxulis ardagebebze CrdiloeT oseTis kurortebze. sul TviTgamocxade–buli regionebidan 534 adamiani (maT Soris 390 bavSvi) gaigzavna.

5 agvistos aSS-is saxelmwifo departamentma rokis gvirabiT regionSi didZali da ukanono SeiaraRebis Semotanis aRsakveTad Tbilissa da moskovs rokis erToblivi gakontrolebisaken mouwoda; samxreT oseTidan grZeldeboda qalebisa da bavSvebis gayvana vladikavkazis mima-rTulebiT (819 adamiani, aqedan 548 bavSvi)~. (22, gv.229).

`7 agvistos dilis 03.41 sT-ze, operatiuli monacemebiT, daaxloebiT 150 erTeuli javSanteqnika da satvirTo manqana rokis gvirabSi Sevida. maleve e. w. `samxreT oseTis Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma~ minZaevma ubrZana yvela osur qvedanayofs, ruseTis reguraluri armiis nawilebTan, daqiravebul mebrZolebTan da sxva bandformirebebTan urTierTqmedebiT ganexorcielebinaT Seteva da Zlieri dartymebiT gaenadgurebinaT yvelaferi, rac win SexvdebodaT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom am droisaTvis konfliqtis zonaSi, arsebuli SeTanxmebebis sruli dacviT, imyofeboda mxolod adgilobrivi policia (romlis monitoringsac regularulad axdendnen qarTuli, rusuli, osuri da euTos erToblivi monitoringis jgufebi) da Sereuli samSvidobo Zalebis qarTuli samSvidobo batalioni, romelic iq iyo ganlagebuli 1992 wlis soWis SeTanxmebis safuZvelze.

7 agvistos, gamTeniisas, fronis xeobaSi nulis saguSagos mimarTulebiT cecxli gaixsna.~ (67, Tavi VII.). oseTis mxridan gamudmebiT grZeldeboda saartelireo cecxli yvela saxis samxedro danadgarebiT, qarTuli samSvidobo saguSagoebis mimarT srolebi da rac mTavaria, mizanmmimarTulad TviT `samxreT oseTi~-is qarTul soflebze, ris Sedegadac sami sofeli mTlianad ganadgurda.

qarTuli mxare iZulebuli gaxda, cecxlis qveS myofi soflebidan (TamaraSenidan da sxv.) saswrafod, evakuacia daewyo. `dRis meore naxevarSi, konstituciuri wesrigis aRdgenis mizniT, qarTulma mxarem sapasuxo cecxli gaxsna. osurma bandformirebebma ukan daxeva daiwyes. amis Semdeg Tbilisma cecxlis Sewyvetis monatoriumi gamoacxada da osur mxares humanitaruli koridoris gakeTeba SesTavaza. separatistebis dacvis motiviT ki, rokis misadgomebTan, ruseTis federaciis Tavdacvis saministros didi raodenobis mZime teqnika da cocxali Zala ukve mobilizebuli iyo. isini swored movlenebis am scenariT ganviTarebas elodnen~ (22, gv.230); SemdegSi, cnobili gaxda, rom saqarTvelom Seecada cxinvalis gavliT SeeCerebina ruseTis satanko nawilebis win svla da amis gamo gaigzavna specdaniSnulebis razmi, rom aefeTqebinad xidebi. es razmi daiRupa mas Semdeg, rodesac aafeTqes xidi da gaanadgures ruseTis 15 samxedro manqana. am moqmedebam TiTqmis 48 saaTiT SeaCera rusi samxedroebis win svla.

8 agvistos dilas, ruseTis premier-ministrma, v. putinma, romelic imyofeboda

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pekinis olimpiur gaxsnaze, Tavis sityvaSi, saqarTvelo moixsenia rogorc agresori da ganacxada, rom ruseTi saqarTvelos am qmedebebs upasuxoT ar datovebda. amave dRes ruseTis prezidentma d. medvedevma saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg `mSvidobis maiZulebeli~ operaciis dawyebis Sesaxeb oficialurad ganacxada~ (67, Tavi VII) ruseTi, dilis daaxloebiT 10 saaTze, oseTis mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg gamarTul am brZolaSi CaerTo da daiwyo `ruseT-saqarTvelos omi~, cnobili rogorc `2008 wlis 8 agvistos samxreT oseTis omi~. es iyo ruseTis mier didi xnis Canafiqris ganxorcieleba _ saqarTvelos swrafi dapyroba. amas adastureben rogorc sazRvar–gareTis, aseve TviT ruseTis warmomadgenlebi.

8 agvistos, ruseTis axali prezidenti dimitri medvedevi afxazeTSi Cavida da saqveynod ganacxada: àfxazeTTan Cven ganvaviTarebT megobrul da ekonomikur urTierTobas. viTanamSromlebT usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi~. iqve aRniSna, rom `zustad ori wlis win samxreT oseTSi cnobili movlenebi ganviTarda. romlebic mTeli rigi politikuri procesebis dasawyisi gaxda. maT Soris afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis aRiarebisa~. (68).

saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros cnobiT ruseTma `samxreT oseTSi~ 6 000, xolo afxazeTSi _ 4 000 jariskaci Semoiyvana. cnobilia, rom ruseTis mTavroba, e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ mTavrobas `yovelwliurad 100 milioni dolaris odenobis daxmarebas uricxavda. (www.ej.ru ru 8 agvisto, 2008 w.). Tu gavi–TvaliswinebT, rom cxinvalis kontrolis qveS myofi mosaxleobis raodenoba 40 aTass ar aWarbebda, rusuli daxmareba sul mosaxleze daaxloebiT 2 500 dolari iyo e. i. saqarTveloze orjer meti~. TviT mosaxleobas es ar ugrZvnia.~ etyoba, rom `ruseTis biojetidan gamoyofili fuli~, nawildeboda `samxreT oseTis~ xelisuf–lebis warmomadgenlebsa da `misi mfarvelebis jibeebSi~. (61).

9 agvistos Tavdasxma grZeldeboda. amave dRes ruseTma gawyvita sahaero kavSiri saqarTve-losTan. q. cxinvali mTlianad datova qarTulma jarma da ruseTis sahaero Zalebis fskovis 76-e da 98-e ivanovos sahaero Zalebis diviziebi da moskovis 45-e sadazvervo jgufi e. w. `specnazi~, cxinvalSi Sevida da Semdeg isini gadaiyvanes rusuli saxmeleTo jarebis gasaZliereblad.

saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma 11:10 saaTze qveyanaSi saomari mdgomareoba gamoacxada. amave dRes 12:30 saaTze m. saakaSvilma mxareebs cecxlis Sewyvetaze mouwoda. magram brZolebi isev grZeldeboda sof. niqozTan, ibombeboda kodoris xeoba, gori da misi midamoebi. `samxreT oseTSi~ ruseTis samxedro xelmZRvanelobam sahaero desanti gadmosxa.

10 agvistos qarTulma jarebma srola Sewyvites da cxinvalis midamoebidan gamosvla daiwyes. ruseTma cecxlis Sewyvetaze uari ganacxada. xolo 11 agvistos ruseTis sajariso nawilebma daarRvia saqarTvelos sazRvrebi da sahaero, sazRvao da saxmeleTo ZalebiT ieriSi miitanes qarTul qalaqebze da samxedro nawilebze. mTelma msofliom dainaxa maTi barbarosuli xasiaTi da qmedebebi, Tu rogor rusi samxedroebi daTareSobdnen dapyrobil qalaqebsa da soflebSi, daxoces udanaSaulo

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mcxovreblebi, enis auwerel sisastikes Cadiodnen mSvidobiani mosaxleobis mimarT, anadgurebdnen da Zarcvavdnen yvelafers rac SexvdebodaT, cecxli waukides borjomisa da waRveris unikalur tyeebs. kidev kargi, rom wvima wamovida da nawili tyeebisa gadarCa. agresorebi iyenebdnen saerTaSoriso konvenciiT sastikad akrZalul tanksawinaaRmdego kasetur Wurvebs da mxtunav naRmebs.

`gaumarTlebeli msxvreplis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, 11 agvistos 17 saaTisaTvis umaRlesi mTavarsardlis brZanebiT saqarTvelos SeiaraRebulma Zalebma daiwyes brZolidan gamosvla da daixies ukan, qalaq Tbilisis mimarTulebiT~. (67, TaviVII.). prezidentis brZanebis Tanaxmad, dedaqalaqis dasacavad, jari mcxeTaSi unda gamagrebuliyo.

11 agvistos TbilisSi Camodis evrokavSiris Tavmjdomare, safrangeTis prezidenti 2007 wlidan n i k ol a s a r k oz i da saqarTvelos prezidentTan m. saakaSvilTan erTad Tanxmdebian cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb. amave dros, cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb, molaparakeba mimdinareobda ruseTTanac. miuxedavad amisa, 12 agvistos ruseTi ganagrZobda saqarTvelos dabombvas da ikavebda soflebsa da qalaqebs. SesvlisTanave separatistebis SeiaraRebuli bandebi, e. w. `moxaliseni~ da ruseTis jariskacebic iwyeben adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Zarcvas da dawiokebas.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom cecxlis Sewyvetaze ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris didi gavlena iqonia, amave dReebSi saqarTveloSi prezidentebis: poloneTis, ukrainis, litvis, latviis da estoneTis Camosvlam.

`saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ruseTma gamoiyena omis warmoebis eqvsi saSualeba: saxmeleTo, sahaero, sazRvao, saraketo Zalebi, kiberSetevebi da mediaomi. es faqti pirdapir miuTiTebs am operaciis winaswar momzadebasa da sxvadasxva uwyebebs Soris koordinaciaze. samxedro eqspertTa SefasebiT, am masStabis samxedro operaciis momzadebas 4-5 Tve mainc sWirdeba~. (67, TaviVII.).

ruseTis mTavrobis Tavxeduri gancxadebiT, ruseTi ebrZoda saqarTvelos prezidents m. saakaSvils da mis xelisuflebas da ara qarTvel xalxs; gaero-s uSiSroebis sabWos sagangebo sesiaze ruseTis warmomadgenlebma Tqves, rom saakaSvili ùnda wavides~.

gaero-s sesiaze ruseTma ganacxada, rom is Tanaxmaa saqarTvelosTan samSvidobo molaparakebebi daewyo da is `mzad iyo omisTvis bolos mosaRebad~. saqarTvelomac mzadyofna gamoacxada ruseTTan daewyo molaparakebebi samxreT oseTidan jarebis gayvanis Taobaze.

12 agvistos, n. sarkozis SemweobiT, miRweul iqna, mebrZol mxareebs (ruseTsa da saqarTvelos), Soris cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb eqvspunqtiani SeTanxmeba. sadac aRniSnuli iyo, rom:

1. mxareebi ar dauSveben Zalis gamoyenebas; 2. sabolood Sewydes yvela saomari moqmedeba; 3. humanitaruli daxmarebis Tavisufali SesaZlebloba; 4. saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi ubrundebian dislokaciis adgilebs;

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5. ruseTis federaciis SeiraRebuli Zalebi unda daubrundnen konfliqtamde arsebul adgilebs. saerTaSoriso meqanizmebis miRebamde ruseTis samSvidobo Zalebi uzrunvelyofen usafrTxoebis damatebiT zomebs;

6. afxazeTis da samxreT oseTis statusze muSaobis dawyeba da maTTvis usafrTxoebis saerTaSoriso garantiebis Seqmna.

saqarTvelos prezidentma, SeTanxmebas, 15 agvistos TbilisSi moawera xeli. xolo moskovSi, nikola sarkozis mier SeTavazebul gegmas, d. medvedevma 16 agvistos moawera xeli. miuxedavad amisa, ruseTi mainc ganagrZobda samxedro moqmedebebs saqarTveloSi. rogorc vxedavT, SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, 1 da 2 punqtebi krZalavs Zalebis gamoyenebas da mouwodebs orive mxares saomari moqmedebebis sabolood Sewyvetas da TviTeuli mxare unda dabrunebuliyo pirvandel mdgoma–reobas (omis dawyebamde). ruseTma, mis mier xelmowerili xelSekruleba (rogorc mas sCvevia) ar Seasrula, rusuli jarebis gaZlierebuli garnizonebi darCa afxazeTSi, `samxreT oseTSi~ da maT mimdebare zogierT adgilebSi, romlebsac omamamde saqarTvelos mxare meTvalyureobda da icavda. maT unda daetovebinad axalgoris raioni da zemo afxazeTi, sofeli perevi da saCxeris raioni. miuxedavad saerTaSoriso institutebis, euTos da safrangeTis mTavrobis mcdelobisa, rom Sesruldes prezidentebis mier xelmowerili SeTanxmeba, jarebis gayvanis Taobaze, `realurad es ar xdeba. SemdgomSi rusuli mxare spekulirebs, rom 18 agvistos gakeTebul gancxadebaSi laparaki iyo jarebis ara gayvanaze, aramed `gadawevaze~. ruseTi ganagrZobs saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi damatebiT gadaadgilebas da maT okupacias~. (67, TaviVIII.). dRevandel dRes, ruseTi am dapyrobil miwa-wyals, afxazeTsa da `samxreT oseTs~ dRiTi dRe, sul ufro da ufro aZlierebs, aSenebs samxedro bazebs cxinvalSi, javaSi, gudauTSi, soxumSi da oCamCireSi, romelic sazRvao bazad gadaaqcia. sinamdvileSi afxazeTi da `samxreT oseTi~ misi mona- morCili gaxda. amis gamo saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris urTierToba ukiduresad daZabuli rCeba. ase, rom d. medvedevis mier xelmowerili SeTanxmeba (rogorc mosalodneli iyo) _ faratina qaRaldi aRmoCnda.

rogorc a. ToTaZe aRniSnavs: `cnobilia, rom ruseTma saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi ruseTis moqalaqeebs pasportebi dauriga da axla, viTomc Tavisi moqa-laqeebis dacvis sababiT, cxinvalis regionSi uamravi jariskaci da samxedro teqnika Seiyvana da daiwyo iq namdvili saomari moqmedebebi. imavdroulad ruseTma cocxali Zala da saomari teqnika Seiyvana qveynis sxva regionebSi, dabomba saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela kuTxe. misi jariskacebi da tankebi daTareSobdnen mTel Sida qarTlSi. faqtobrivad rusebma daangries qalaqi gori, dabombes qveynis infrastruqturis mniSvnelovani nawili. qveynis dedaqalaq Tbi-lisSi, foTSi, marneulSi, senakSi... daxoces udanaSaulo adamianebi.... borjomis xeobaSi cecxli waukides tyeebs. saSineli sisastike gamoiCines mSvidobiani, mosax–leobis mimarT. orasi aTasi adamiani iZulebiT adgil-nacvali piri gaxda. is, rac rusebma Caidines, mas araferi aqvs saerTo sakuTari moqalaqeebis dacvasTan. arc

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msoflio sazogadoebaa dRes ise miamiti, rom winaswarganzraxulad darigebuli pasportebis gamo viTom sakuTari moqalaqeebis dacvis kanoniereba daijeros. am sababiT ruseTs SeuZlia msoflios nebismier qveyanas daesxas Tavs. saerTod ki SeiZleba iTqvas Semdegi: rodesac ruseTma afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi rusuli pasportebis darigeba daiwyo ukve Riad Canda, rom igi yovelmxriv xels SeuSlida konfliqtebis mogvarebas.

saqarTvelo mTeli Tavisi mravalsaukunovani istoriis ganmavlobaSi ase erTbaSad, ase saSinlad da mTlianad aravis auoxrebia. ruseTma SesaniSnavad icis rac da ratom Caidina da axla Tavs ususuri argumentebiT imarTlebs...

msoflio sazogadobriobam ukve Seafasa, rom saqarTvelosTan damokidebulebaSi ruseTis mrwamsi metad Sors dgas WeSmaritebisagan da igi mxolod misi imperiuli mrwamsia~. (25, gv.108).

2008 wlis 25 agvistos ruseTis duma-Si ganixileboda afxazeTisa da `samxreT oseTis~ separatistuli xelisuflebis mier, damoukideblobis moTxovnis ganxilva. dumam daamtkica saqarTvelos am ori mxaris damoukidebloba da dasamtkiceblad prezident d. medvedevs gadaugzavna.

amave dResve, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqma ilia II-m gamoaqveyna gancxadeba, sadac naTqvami iyo, rom:

`saqarTvelos teritoriaze ruseTis aqtiuri saomari moqmedebebi dasrulda. magram, samwuxarod, grZeldeba dapirispireba Cvens qveynebs Soris da igi ufro saSiS fazaSi gadadis, rac dRes, 25 agvistos, ruseTis dumis mier afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis (samxreT oseTis), _ ZirZveli qarTuli miwebis damoukideblobis aRiarebaSi gamoixata.

odiTganve saqarTvelo iyo sxvadasxva kulturebisa da civilizaciebis gadakveTis adgili, amasTan erTad xSirad maTi Sejaxebis arenac.

yvela dapirispirebul mxares Tavisi mizani amoZravebda. Cvens ers ki bunebrivia hqonda Tavisi interesi _ teritoriuli mTlianobis da erovnuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCuneba.

es interesi CvenTvis dResac ucvlelia da Cven Cveni winaprebis msgavsad, SevecdebiT am mizans vemsaxuroT.

gansakuTrebiT samwuxaroa is, rom ruseTi da saqarTvelo orive marTlmadidebeli qveynebia da dapirispireba da omi swored erTmorwmune erebs Soris moxda.

unda gvaxsovdes, eSmaki yofs, RmerTi ki aerTianebs. ruseTis mxridan afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis damoukideblobis cnobiT msoflioSi xeli ewyoba separa–tizms da amitomac saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba valdebulia, xma aRimaRlos amis winaaRmdeg.

separatizmi gadamdebi centridanuli saSineli Zalaa, romelic angrevs saxelmwifos safuZvels da Tu mas seriozuli gasaqani mieca, dedamiwas qaosi moicavs. mcire erebi yvela saxelmwifoSia da maT rom politikuri damoukidebloba moin–domon, bunebrivia, daiwyeba dausrulebuli omebi. mivmarTav ruseTis prezidents,

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baton dimitri medvedevs da premier-ministrs, baton vladimer putins _ saqarTvelodan afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis gamoyofa metad saSiSia TviTon ruseTisaTvis. es miscems biZgs Tqvens qveyanaSic separatizmis ganviTarebas da momavalSi Tqven gacilebiT meti problemebi geqnebaT, vidre es dRes saqarTveloSia. amaze Rirs dafiqreba.

im dros, roca ukve daiRvara osebis, rusebis, qarTvelebis sisxli, Cvens Soris viTarebis kidev ufro gamwvaveba dauSvebelia. dumis dadgenileba yovelgvar samar–Tlebriv safuZvels moklebuli gadawyvetilebaa da Cvenive qveynebis keTildRe–obisaTvis gTxovT, igi ar daakanonoT~. (62). magram, ra Tqma unda, mis mimarTvas yuradReba aravin miaqcia da ainunSidac aravin Caagdo. 26 agvistos ruseTma afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis respublikebis damoukidebloba aRiara.

2008 wlis 26 agvistos satelevizio eTerSi d. medvedevma ganacxada: `viTvaliswinebT ra afxazi da osi xalxebis nebis Tavisufal gamoxatvas,

vxelmZRvanelobT ra gaeros qartiiT, saxelmwifoTa Soris megobruli urTierTobebis da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebis 1970 wlis dekla–raciiT, evropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb helsinkis konferenciis 1975 wlis saboloo aqtiT, da sxva ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT, me xeli movawere ruseTis federaciis mier samxreTi oseTisa da afxazeTis damoukideblobis aRiarebas~....

medvedevis TqmiT, saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma, 7 agvistos samxreT oseTSi ganxorcielebuli operaciiT ruseTs arCevani ar dautova. medve–devma kidev erTxel gaimeora mZime braldeba, romelsac saqarTvelos ruseTis politikuri liderebi Tu sainformacio saSualebebi uyeneben _ `saakaSvilma Tavisi politikuri gegmebis gansaxorcieleblad genocidis gza airCiao~, Tqva ruseTis prezidentma.

medvedevma Tavis gamosvlaSi sxva saxelmwifoebsac mimarTa: `ruseTi sxva saxelmwifoebs mouwodebs, misdion mis magaliTs. es ioli arCevani ar aris _ magram es adamianebis sicocxlis gadasarCenad erTaderTi gzaa~. (51).

misive TqmiT, `ruseTis prezidentma es gadawyvetileba mas Semdeg miiRo, rac 25 agvistos ruseTis sakanonmdeblo organos zeda da qveda palatebma, soxumisa da cxinvalis mimarTvis safuZvelze medvedevs saqarTvelos separatistuli regionebis aRiarebisaken mouwodes. medvedevma ganacxada, rom man separatistuli regionebis aRiarebis gadawyvetileba miiRo referendumebis da separatistebis mimarTvis safuZ–velze. TviTgamocxadebul samxreT oseTSi ori referendumi Catarda 1992 wels da 2006 wlis noemberSi, xolo afxazeTSi erTaderTi referendumi 1999 wels gaimarTa.

am referendumebis Sedegad mosaxleobis umravlesobam mxari dauWira regionebis damoukideblobas. Tumca masSi monawileoba ar miuRia 90-iani wlebis SeiaraRebuli konfliktebis Sedegad orive regionidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebul qarTvel mosax–leobas. Sesabamisad, referendumis Sedegebi ar asaxavs afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTis

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konfliqtebamde regionebSi mcxovrebi moqalaqeebis, maT Soris eTnikurad araqar–Tvelebis, ganwyobebs~. (70).

2008 wlis 26 seqtembers, soWSi ruseTis uSiSroebis sabWos daxuruli sxdomis Semdeg, romelsac v. putinic eswreboda, d. medvedevma isev gaimeora 26 agvistos gakeTebuli gancxadeba da isev mouwoda sxva saxelmwifoebs `misdion mis magaliTs~.

ruseTis mier afxazeTisa da ̀ samxreT oseTis~ damoukideblobis aRiarebas, ̀ mohyva mZafri saerTaSoriso gamoxmaureba~. natos generalurma mdivanma, euTos Tavjdomarem, evropis saxelmwifoebma da aSS-m dagmes ruseTis gadawyvetileba. mxolod nikaraguas prezidentma (Tumca, parlamentma mas mxari ar dauWira), venesuelam da wynari okeanis samxreT-dasavleTSi, patara kunZulma naurum aRiara, (cnobilia, rom ruseTma es saxelmwifoebi moisyida).

`2008 wlis 2 oqtombers evropis saparlamento asamblea iRebs #1633 rezo-lucias, romelSic ruseTi agresorad moixsenieba da naTqvamia, rom afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis damoukideblobis cnoba aRiarebuli iyo, aris da iqneba saerTaSoriso samarTlis uxeS darRvevad. rezoluciaSi xazgasmulia konfliqtis zonebSi omamde moqmedi samSvidoboebis uunaroba, daecvaT adamianebis sicocxle da qoneba, ruseTis federaciis mier saqarTvelos teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawilis okupireba, ruseTis federaciis mcdeloba, gaavrcelos gavlena àxlo sazRvargareTze~....

2009 wlis 4 marts evropulma komisiam, demokratiis samarTlis meSveobiT (veneciis komisia) daadastura, rom: `nebismieri saxelmwifos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis yofna saqarTvelos teri-toriaze, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos mkafio da nebayoflobiTi Tanxmobis gareSe, miCneuli unda iqnes suverenuli saxelmwifos teritoriis okupaciad~. (67, Tavi IX.).

2009 wlis 26 agvistos d. medvedevma afxazeTisa da `samxreT oseTis~ respubli-kebis damoukideblobis aRiarebis wlis Tavze, xelaxla utifrad ganacxada:

`me ar vnanob da mimaCnia, rom es iyo samarTliani, aucilebeli da legitimuri gadawyvetileba saerTaSoriso samarTlis kuTxiT~. _ ganacxada medvedevma ulan-batorSi vizitis dros da aRniSna, rom `saerTaSoriso aRiareba meore xarisxovania.

ès respublikebi dainteresebuli arian saerTaSoriso aRiarebiT, Tumca aris procesebi, romlebic msoflioSi swrafad ar viTardeba. es iqneba rTuli nabiji~ da afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis aRiarebis gadawyvetileba ar gadaixedeba _ ganacxada ruseTis prezidentma~. (70).

afxazeTisa da `samxreT oseTis~ respublikebis aRiarebis Semdeg, ruseTis xelisufleba gaxda am respublikebis baton-patroni.

miuxedavad imisa, rom msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebis warmomadgenlebma dagmes ruseTis mier miRebuli es RonisZiebebi, ruseTis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi, maT gancxadebebs araviTar yuradRebas ar aqceven da ganagrZoben separatistebis mxardaWeras. medvedevi 2010 wlis 8 agvistos soxumSi Cavida da ganacxada: `zustad ori wlis win samxreT oseTSi ganviTarda cnobili movlenebi, romlebic mTeli rigi politikuyri procesebis dasawyisi gaxda, maT Soris _ afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis

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aRiarebisa~. àfxazeTTan Cven ganvaviTarebT megobrul, ekonomikur urTierTobas da

viTanamSromlebT usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi~.... ruseTis prezidentis gancxadebiT, rom ara moskovis gadawyvetileba afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis aRiarebis Sesaxeb, am regionebSi xangrZlivi sisxliani konfliqti gagrZeldeboda~. (70).

2010 wlis 30 agvistos Kkommersant. ru~-Si moTavsebulia putinis gancxadeba: àSkaraa, rom aSS-is dRevandeli administracia ruseTTan urTierTobis

gaumjobesebas eswra-fvis, Tumca meores mxriv, imasac vxedavT, rom saqarTvelos SeiaraReba grZeldeba. ratom? rom ara saqarTvelos iaraRiT momarageba ori wlis win sisxlis Rvra ar iqneboda. amis Sesaxeb Cven partniorebs, maT Soris evropelebs, vafrTxilebdiT, magram xma ar aimaRles. riTi dasrulda es? omiT. saqarTvelos SeiaraReba axlac grZeldeba~. (71).

Cans, rom v. putini SeSfoTebulia imiT, rom aSS da evropis qveynebi cdiloben saqarTvelos yovelmxriv daexmaron, maT Soris saxelmwifos Tavdacvis mizniT jaris CamoyalibebaSic.

xolo 25 seqtembris ̀ interfaqsi~-s axal ambebSi moTavsebulia v. putinis Semdegi gancxadeba:

`rac Seexeba intergracias. dReisaTvis sakmarisi iqneba, Tu ruseTis federaciasa da samxreT oseTs Soris sazRvars arsebiTad gavauqmebT da xalxs mSvidad cxovrebis, bavSvebis gazrdis, rspublikis ganviTarebis da saxelmwifo sazRvarze formalobis gareSe urTierTobebis saSualebas mivcemT~. (72).

rac zemoT aRvniSneT v. putinsa da d. medvedevis Sesaxeb, esadageba qarTuli xalxuri gamoTqma: ̀ kuzians samare gaasworebs~, swored rom ruseTis xelisuflebazea gamoTqmuli.

yofili sabWoTa kavSiris podpolkovnikma, sabWoTa saxelmwifos uSiSroebis komitetis wevrma, mweral-iaponistma, aSS-i mcxovrebma k o n st a nt i n e p r eo br a J e n s k i m ganacxada:

`samxreT oseTis damoukidebloba mxolod qaRaldze arsebobs. dRes is ruseTis sabiujeto sistemis nawilia. respublikis mosaxleobis 80%-s ruseTis moqalaqeoba aqvs miRebuli: am teritorias faqtobrivad uSiSroebis komiteti marTavs. misi mmarTveli klasi im adamianebisagan Sedgeba, romlebic sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg Camoyalibebuli saxelmwifoebrivi sazRvrebis gadaxedvas emxrobian. im nostalgiaze, rac maT sabWoTa droze aqvT, ara mxolod agvistoSi saqarTveloze Tavdasxma mowmobs, aramed isic, rom samxreT oseTis specsamsaxurs sabWoTa saxeli, `saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komiteti~ daarqves. ruseTSi uSiSroebis komiteti aramxolod dazver-viT samuSaoebs eweoda, aramed uzarmazar korufciasac aCenda. rac niSnavs, rom samxreT oseTSi saxelmwifos marTvis rusuli modelis eqsporti moxda da axla am gaRatakebul teritoriis antiamerikuli SpionaJisa da fulis gaTeTrebis zonad gardaqmna xdeba, da romelic mTlianad erTi organizaciis, putinis `kagebes~ mier imarTeba~. (52).

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saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam sabolood dagmo ruseTis moqmedeba afxazeTsa da oseTSi da ruseTi aRiara konfliqtis mxared da agresorad. Tumca, ruseTis saTaveSi moqceuli pirebisaTvis es arafers ar niSnavs da dResac `ruseTis Zalebis mxar-dasaWerad, mitrofanovebi, Jirinovskelebi da naroCnickaiebi utifrad acxadeben: saqarTvelos yvela qalaqi unda dagvengria da arc erTi qarTveli cocxali ar unda dagvetovebinao~. (25, gv.96).

brZolis dReebSi da Semdegac, grZeldeboda mowodebebi: `qarTvelma faSistebma unda miiRon Tavisi stalingradi, xolo Tbilisi unda iqces 1945-is berlinis msgavsad~, `mSvidi Tbilisi Cven jer kidev ar dagvibombia, male vizamT~. (komentarebi òsradios~ 18.44_18.59 saitze). `dartyma bolomde, garekva mTebs iqeT, borjomi da bakuriani, davibrunoT ZvelisZveli osuri miwebi. exla Tu ara, mere aRarasodes~. (komentarebi òsradios~ saitze, 21.43_21.44) da sxva.

jer kidev, 1916 wels, zaqaria WiWinaZe werda: òseTis eris istoria metis meti sibneliT aris garemoculi. osebma arc Tvisi

uZvelesi drois istoria ician, arc Semdeg drois, arc saSualo saukunis da arc uaxlesis saukunebis.

oseTis istoriis Sesaxeb isev da isev Tu aris darCenili istoriuli masalebi, amas igini unda umadlodnen qarTul mematianeebs da saqarTvelos istoriis wyaroebs da am wyaroebis mwerlebs, rac mkvidrad da mtkiced aris daculi qarTuls wignebsa da sigel-gujrebSi~. (19, gv.8).

òsebs Tu adamianuri namusi da sircxvili sul ar daukargavT, maSin maT Cveni da maTi mtrebi usaTuod unda gamoaSkaravon. es gamoaSkaraveba iqneba is, rom igini Cveni amagis dawixvlas Tavs daanebeben, Cvens purmarils da sikeTes ar daiviwyeben, masTan arc Tvis mama-papaTa Rirsebas Seagineben. Zvel dros da saSualo saukuneTa ambebs Cven ar SevexebiT. moviyvanT mxolod uaxloes saukuneTa drois ambebs da imedia, rom esec eyofaT osebs imis safuZvlad, rom dReis Semdeg mainc aRar ahyvnen Tvis damRupvels da saqarTvelos respublikuri mTavrobis mtrebs.

iq sadac maT mama-papebs amagi da samsaxuri miuZRviT, imaT sisxliT daculs mamulze, osebs Ralati da qarTvelebis sisxlis Rvra aras dros epatiebaT, amas maT ar apatiebs TviT maTi Zvelis drois mama-papani da is saerTo amagi, rac ki osTa winaprebs saqarTvelos sasargeblod CaudeniaT xolme.

1496 w. Sah-ismaili tfilisSi qarTvelebma daamxes da gaaZeves, am omSi osebic iRebdnen monawileobas.

1536 w. Sah-Tamazi saqarTvelodan qarTvelebma gandevnes, tfilisis ganTavi-suflebaSi osebic iRebdnen monawileobas.

1556 w. sulTan suleimani qarTvelebma daamxes da gaaZeves saqarTvelodan osmalTa jari, am omSi osebic iRebdnen monawileobas.

1562 w. giurgi mefem osmaloebze gaimarjva, am gamarjvebaSi osebic iRebdnen manawileobas. 1578 w. osmaleTma aaoxra qarTli da oseTic, mere qarTvelebma sZlies, oseTidan gamorekes da garekes, am brZolaSi osebic iRebdnen monawileobas.

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1583 w. simon mefem gori aiRo, osmalni gandevna, damonebuli oseTi sul gaanTavisufla, am omSi osebic iRebdnen monawileobas. 1617 w. Sahabazma kaxeTi aiklo, am aklebis dros oseTidan osebi Camovidnen da fici misces kaxelebs da mis Semdeg mters erTad ebrZoles.

1634 w. osebi SeuerTdnen qarTvelebs da yizilbaSTa winaaRmdeg sastikad ibrZoles, yizilbaSni tfilisidan sul garekes.

1640 w. Teimuraz kaxTa mefem oseTSi Seafara Tavi, osebSi am dros, man Seadgina osTa ZeTa dasi da maT miuCina wera-kiTxvis maswavlebelni, romelTac oseTSi daxsnes skolebi.

1690 w. arCil mefem osebSi Seafara Tavi, osTa mowinave pirni Sehyara da maT uqadaga swavla-ganaTlebis mniSvneloba da Tvalis gaxileba. osebma Tanxmoba ganu-cxades. mere arCil mefem oseTSi ramdenime osi ruseTSi gaiyola da 1706 w. moskovSi maT gaacno rusuli sastambo saqmeebi da masTanve maT aCvena axlad Camosxmuli qarTuli asoebis yalibebi. osebs qarTuli sabeWdi asoebis naxva didad moewonaT.

es ambebic sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom vicodeT is WeSmariteba da istoriuli pirobebi, Tu Zvelad qarTvelTa da osebs rogori damkidebuleba hqondaT erTmaneTSi da dRes ki am meoce saukuneSi, roca moveswariT saqarTvelos respublikis mTav-robis daarsebas, ras sCadian da ra lafiT svrian dids istoriul warsulsa da qarTvelebis amags~. (19, gv.13).

aqve, Cven mogyvavs 1994 wlis dekemberSi a. baqraZis mier wrmoTqmuli sityvebi: `1922 wlis aprilSi, moskovis ZaldatanebiTa da gankargulebiT, qarTvelma

komunistebma ZirZveli qarTuli miwa-wylis erTi nawili (3,8 aTasi kv. km.) osebs aCuqes da e. w. `samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi~ SeTiTxnes. adre istoriaSi arasodes arsebula `samxreT oseTi~ arc rogorc geografiuli da arc rogorc politikuri sinamdvile. osTa istoriuli samSoblo mdebareobs CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. saqarTvelosa da oseTis bunebrivi sazRvari kavksionis qedia. amas ar uaryofs osTa Soris yvelaze gamoCenili swavluli vasil abaevic (`nezavisimaia gazeta~, #13, 1992 weli), verc uaryofs, raki `samxreT oseTis ao~ nayofia leninuri nacionaluri politikisa da es, ra Tqma unda, ician v. abaevma, sxvebmac kargad ician, magram amRvreul wyalSi Tevzis daWera undaT ufro uadvildebaT es, rom wamqezeblad zurgs ukan ruseTi udgaT.

WeSmariteba ki is gaxlavT, rom kavkasionis qedis samxreT kalTaze osi cxovrobs mxolod rogorc CrdiloeT kavkasiidan Semoparuli da xizani. samwuxarod, osTa gaTamamebasa da gaTavxedebas xeli Seuwyo qarTuli istoriuli mecnierebis dumilmac.....

saqarTvelos Tavisufleba-damoukideblobisaTvis brZola jer kidev ar damTavre-bula. Cven win didi omi gvelis. unda gavanTavisufloT da davibrunoT mtris mier okupirebuli teritoria _ cxinvalis olqi da afxazeTi. qarTvelebi aravis arafers arTmeven. maT sakuTari miwa-wylis dabruneba undaT. sakuTar saxlSi mSvidobiani cxovreba undaT. amisaTvis brZola RvTisagan kurTxeulia.

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igi, vinc RvTisagan kurTxeul brZolas eweva, gaimarjvebs~. (35, gv.8). 12. d v a l e b i . dvalebi _ warmoadgendnen erT-erT iberiul-kavkasiur toms, romlebic cxovrob-

dnen saqarTvelos ganuyofel nawilSi, istoriul-eTnografiul mxareSi _ dvaleTSi, CrdiloeT kavkasionis qedis Sua nawilis, maRalmTian zolSi, `darialis xeobasa da mamisonis uReltexils Soris. vaxuSti bagrations (XVIII s.) moxsenebuli aqvs dvalebis xevebi: kasris-xevi, zramaga, JRele, nara, Truso, maRrandvaleTi. qarTuli saistorio tradiciiT es teritoria iberiis saxelmwifos warmoSobis (Zv. w. IV_III ss.) droidan Sedioda saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi~. (8, t.3, gv.490).

i. javaxiSvili dvaleTis Sesaxeb aRniSnavda: `saqarTvelos CrdiloeTis samzRvari, afxazeTis Semdgom svaneTis CrdiloeTis

sazRvriT aris moxazuli da aqac es xazi Cveni qveynis bunebriv zRudes misdevs. kavkasionis mTavar uReltexilis maradTovlians qeds raWis samzRvaramdis. Semdeg saqarTvelos ukiduresi CrdiloeTi Temi raWaa da misi samzRvris xazic Crdilo-eTiT imave uReltexilis mTavar qedze midis dvaleTamde.

dvaleTis Sesaxeb sagangeboT unda iyos aRniSnuli, rom igi kavkasionis uRel-texilis or mTavarsa da piriqiTels, qedebs Sua aris moqceuli. es qveyana yovel-mxriv marad-Tovlian mTebiT aris garSemozRuduli, ise-ki, rom CrdiloeTiT mdebare qedi, e. i. piriqiTeli samxreTisaze ufro maRalia da erTs alags garda sruliad gauvalia. es dvaleTi am adgilas saqarTvelos ukiduresi CrdiloeTi monapire qveyana iyo.

ZvelTaganve dvaleTi saqarTvelos ekuTvnoda, magram am samzRvars gansaku- Trebuli yuradReba me-XII-e s-iTgan mieqca da politikuradac mtkiced aq qarTve-lobam daviT aRmaSebelis dros moikida fexi... SemdegSiac, TviT saqarTvelos politikur dauZlurebis drosac me-XVIII-e s-is damdegsac, dvaleTi qarTvelTa xelSi iyo....

exlandels rusuls sageogfrafio rukebze miRebuli saxelebi rom vixmaroT, maSin dvaleTis samzRvari ase gvexateba. CrdiloeTiT adai-xoxiTgan (=qarTul xoxis mTas) xazi modis aRmo-savleT-samxreTisaken arxonamdis (=qarTuls axots), xolo dasavleTiT amave adai-xoxis mwver-valiTgan xazi samxreTisaken midis qed-qed mwver-val yazi-xoxamdis. Semdeg samxreTis samzRvari iwyeba am adgiliTgan da qed-qed midis sauxoxze, xaliwaze, zekarze, brutsabZelze, xoxze, Semdeg roqze arxonamdis....

Zvelad am kuTxes saqarTvelosTan politikurs garda sarwmuneobrivi da kultu-ruli kacSiric hqonda: qristianoba aq qarTuli mqadageblebis mier iyo gavrcele-buli da TviT eklesiis nangrevebs, mag. roqis xeobaSi exlac etyoba qarTuli asomTavruli warwerebi. vaxuStis sityviT am qveynis mkvidrni iyvnen `samwysoni niqozlisani~ (geografia 434). me-XVIII-e s-is damdegs blomad yofila `cixeni,

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koSkni, eklesiani qviTkirisani~, romelnic saqarTvelos `mefeTagan naSenni~ yofilan. TviT xalxSi am Zeglebis Sesaxeb Tqmulebebi yofila da vaxuStis cnobiT ùmetes ityvian... Tamar mefisagan~ agebulado (iqve 438).

me-XVIII-e s-Si es kuTxe ekonomiuradac saqarTvelosTan yofila dakavSirebuli: marils, cxvris tyavs, svias da sxva saxmars, rac-ki TavinT civs qveyanaSi ver Soulobdnen, Turme qarTliTgan da raWiTgan zidavdnen...

am Jamad am kuTxes ardonis anu nardonis qvab-xeoba ewodeba.... es ardonis qvab-xeoba... me-XIX-e saukuneSic Tavdapirvelad tfilisis guberniis samzRvrebSi iyo moqceuli da am guberniis mTiuleTis olqs ekuTvnoda.... misi sivrce 497 oTkuTx vers ar aRemateba. SemdegSi ruseTis mTavrobam dvaleTi anu ardonis qvab-xeoba saqarTvelos CamoaSora da Tergis olqs SeuerTa.

saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi... saqarTvelos mTavroba am kuTxes saqarTvelosaTvis friad mniSvnelovan karad sTvlida da amis gamo mas fxizel darajad udga, sagan-gebod ardonis gasavalTan zRudec-ki aago, rom Tu saWiro iqmneboda mtris Semosvlis mxriv am saxifaTo gzis karis daxSva advilad SesZleboda. am kuTxis bunebriv age-bulebasa da Tvisebas Tu davakvirdebiT, cxadi iqmneba, rom igi saqarTvelosTan ufro mravalricxovan gzebiT sxvadasxva mxriT TerTmeti gardmosavliT, rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan aris SedarebiT mWidrod dakavSirebuli. Crdilo-eTTan-ki mas mxolod erTi gasavali aerTebs. yvela am mosazrebis gamo ufro bunebrivia da xelsayreli, rom winandeli mdgomareoba kvlav aRdgenil iqmnas. ruse-Tis mTavrobis Secdoma Seswordes da dvaleTi, tfilisis gubernias daubrundes maSin am adgilas saqarTvelos saxelmwifo samzRvari im xazs gahyveba, romelic xobis mTas (adai xoba) da axotis mTas (arxon) Sua gaivleba~. (2, gv.9_12).

rogorc vxedavT, dvaleTi mdebareobda qarTlis mTianeTis mxareSi da is yovelTvis ekuTvnoda saqarTvelos, sanam ruseTi daipyrobda saqarTvelos. dRevandel dRes CrdiloeT oseTis sazRvrebSia moqceuli.

r. TofCiSvili dvaleTis Sesaxeb wers: `dvaleTi, rogorc saqarTvelos monapire mxare, danarCen saqarTvelosTan

geografiulad da organulad iyo dakavSirebuli TerTmeti gadasasvleliT. ase rom, mimosvla dvaleTsa da danarCen saqarTvelos Soris (Sida qarTlisa da raWis gavliT) zamTarSic ar wydeboda... SecdomiT dvaleTs miaTvlian md. Tergis saTaves _ Trusos da md. didi liaxvis saTaves _ maRran-dvaleTs, rac imiTaa gamowveuli, rom am or, mcire geografiul erTeulSi sxvadasxva monakveTSi moxda dvalTa migracia. Truso istoriuli wanareTis erTi nawilia....

dvalebi pirvelad antikur wyaroebSi ax. w. I da II ss-Si arian moxsenebulni (plinius ufrosi, ptolome) Talis, valis, ualis saxelwodebebiT.

qarTul wyaroebSi dvalebiT dasaxlebuli qveyana dvaleTi pirvelad naxsenebia III s-is Sua xanebSi mefe amazaspis dros. mecnierebaSi dvalTa eTnikuri warmomav-lobis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva Sexeduleba arsebobda. qarTuli wyaroebiT isini Cveuleb-riv qarTveli mTielebi iyvnen. iseve rogoric fxovelebi, TuSebi, wanarebi,

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gudamayrelebi, xadelebi, cxvatelebi, WarTlelebi, cxrazmelebi... oRond SenarCune-buli hqondaT mTianeTisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogierTi (socialuri, religiuri) TavisTavadoba... mecnierebaSi aris Sexeduleba dvalebis svanurobis Sesaxebac. ukanaskneli gamokvlevebiT, dvalebi zanebsa da svanebs Soris mdgomni erT-erTi qarTveluri tomi iyo. isini erT-erT (aw gadaSenebul) qarTvelur enaze lapara-kobdnen. romelsac yvelaze meti saerTo zanur metyvelebasTan hqonda. saqarTvelos mTeli istoriis manZilze dvalebi aqtiuri monawileni iyvnen saerTo qarTuli kulturis Seqmnisa da maT iseTive wvlili Seitanes saerTo qarTul kulturaSi, rogorc saqarTvelos sxva mxareebis warmomadgenlebma~. (13, gv.59).

wyaroebidan Cans, rom ̀ Sida qarTlis mTianeTis sxva xeobebis msgavsad, dvaleTSic qristianoba adridanve gavrcelda (VI s.). dvaleTi Sedioda niqozis eparqiaSi (samwyosSi)~. (13, gv.38). aseve cnobilia, rom dvaleTSi, xvTis msaxuroba qarTul enaze mimdinareobda.

`dvaleTSi, Tavis droze qarTuli materialuri kulturis bevri Zegli iyo. romelTaganac mcire raodenobam moaRwia Cvenamde. kasris kari iyo `kldisagan da qvitkiriT qmnili, raTa ara vidodnen Tvnier mTisa ovsni~. zramagamSi iyo ̀ cixe didi, friad magari. ityvian aRSenebuls Tamar mefisagan da daba koSkovani~ (vaxuSti). vaxuSti bagrationi zaxaSi eklesiis arsebobaze miuTiTebda. mTlianad dvaleTi ki Tavis droze, iseve rogorc saqarTvelos mTianeTis sxva mxareebi koSkebiT iyo dafaruli~. (13, gv.61).

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, XIII saukuneSi, monRolebisagan Seviwroebulma alanebma, daiwyes CrdiloeT kavkasiel tomebze Tavdasxmebi. aviwrovebdnen maT da TandaTan saxldebodnen maT miwa-wyalze. aseve moxda dvaleTSic. cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos samefos danawevrebis Semdegac, XV sukuneSic, dvaleTi Sedioda qarTlis samefoSi. amave saukuneSi, alan-osebma daiwyes Tavdasxmebi dvaleTze da iq Casaxleba. ZiriTadaT XVI saukuneSi, maTi gamudmebuli Tavdasxemebisa da laSqro-bebisagan Seviwroebulma dvalebis umetesma nawilma daiwyo kavkasionis samxreT mxareSi (qarTlSi, imereTSi, raWaSi) gadmosaxleba. XVII saukunis dasawyisSi dvaleTis mouravi iyo politikuri da samxedro moRvawe, Tbilisis mouravi, g i or g i s a a k a Z e (daaxl. 1571_1629). XVIII saukunis dasawyisisaTvis dvalebi aRmoCnda orad gayofili: saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebuli dvalebis nawili Seeria qarTlelebs, raWvelebs da imerlebs. xolo CrdiloeTSi darCenili dvalebi, Seeriv-nen Casaxlebul alanebs da SemdegSi TandaTan gaosdnen. r. TofCiSvilis TqmiT ̀ asimi-laciis es procesi XVII_XVIII ss. mijnaze ZiriTadad dasrulda~. (13, gv.60).

Tumca, missive TqmiT, dvalebis asimilacia `mogvianebiTac ar iyo damTavrebuli. TviT osi mecnieris (b. kaloevi) cnobiT sami-oTxi Taobis winac dvaleTis zaxas xeobaSi (esazRvreba Trusos) mkvidrni orenovanni iyvnen _ laparakobdnen osurad da qarTulad~. (15).

g. TogoSvili wers, rom XVII saukuneSi qarTlSi mdgomareoba garTulebuli iyo. qarTlis mefis (1606_1615) lu ar s a b II (1592_1622) dros `qarTlSi decen-

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tralizaciis procesi ufro gaRrmavda. centraluri kavkasionis samxreT kalTebze mcxovrebi osebi giorgi saakaZis gamgeblobaSi aRmoCndnen da, unda vifiqroT, misi politikuri Zlierebis erT-erT dasayrdens warmoadgendnen. istorikosis cnobiT: àm JamebTa Sina ganmkvidrebul iyunen mTavarni da daepyraT Ãevni da Ãeobani Tvisad da umetes yovelTa saakaZe giorgi, mouravi tfilisisa, qrcxinvalisa da dvaleTisa~. (38, gv.105).

XVI_XVII saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT qarTl-kaxeTSi, warmoebuli abas I-is mier omebisa da Sina brZolebis gamo, `mosaxleobis mdgomareoba kidev ufro gauaresda. gauaresda saakaZis gamgeblobaSi myofi mosaxleobis, maT Soris osebis mdgomareobac. gauTavebel sisxlismRvrel omebSi monawileoba, uzomo begara gadasaxadebis gaReba, samxreTel osebis (dvalebis) gandgomis safuZveli gamxdara. dvalebSi (gansaxilvel periodSi `dvali~ igive òss~ niSnavs) saakaZes begaris micema Seuwyvites:

`kvalad JamTa amaT ara mosces dualTa begara mouravsa, gardavlo spiTa mouravman zekara, STavida da mosrna urCni da yvna kualad mebegred da movida qarTls~. rogorc vxedavT, saakaZem dvaleTis mosaxleobis gandgoma saSiS movlenad miiCnia da dasawyisSive aRkveTa igi~. (38, gv.107).

SemdegSi, XVIII saukuneSi, dvalebiT dasaxlebul zogierT xevs, raWis erisTavi daeufla, xolo zogierTi xevi ki qarTl-kaxeTis mlobelobaSi gadasula.

vaxuSti batoniSvilis gadmocemiT, ̀ XVIII s. 30-ian wlebSi osur axalSenebs ukve ekavaT dvaleTi (nar-mamisonis qvabuli), jejoris, liaxvisa da qsnis saTaveebi~. (6, t.IV, gv.432).

g. TogoSvili wers, rom: `nar-mamisonis auzi, anu istoriuli dvaleTi, politikur brZolaSi damarcxebul qarTl-kaxeTis mesveurTaTvis imereTSi gasaxizn uSiSar gzas warmoadgenda. ufro gvian igi qarTl-kaxeTidan gaqceul politikur moRvaweTa uSualo TavSesafradac iqca~. (38, gv.108).

rogorc cnobilia, ruseTis mier kavkasiis dapyrobis Semdeg, ruseTis xeli-suflebam, kavkasia daanawila mazrebad da okrugebad. oseTis okrugi, Tbilisis guberniaSi Sedioda. 1842_1843 wlebSi goris, Tbilisisa da Telavis mazrebSi mcxovrebi mTielebisagan, Camoayaliba TuS-fSav-xevsureTisa da oseTis okrugebi. oseTis okrugi romelic Sedioda Tbilisis guberniaSi dahyo: javis, patara liaxvis da naris (dvaleTi) ubnebad. 1859 wels naris ubani gadaeca oseTis samxedro okrugis `kavkasiis xazis marcxena frTas~. SemdegSi, Tergis olqSi moeqca.

XIX saukuneSi rusul werilobiT wyaroebSi dvaleTis Sesaxeb `Semdegia aRniSnuli: `dvaleTi (nar-mamisonis qvabuli) mTel Sua saukuneebSi saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdeg igi Sedioda Tbilisis guberniaSi da mxolod 1859 wels SeuerTda vladikavkasiis (oseTis) okrugs. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom rusi mecnierebi CrdiloeT oseTs uwodeben istoriul oseTs (d. lavrovi. `narkvevi oseTisa da osebis Sesaxeb~. Jur. `terskie vedomosti~ #20, 1874)~. (25, gv.34).

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bolSevikebma, saqarTvelos dapyrobisTanave, iseve rogorc sxva qarTuli miwa-wyali, 1924 wels nari (dvaleTi) gadasces CrdiloeT oseTs da dauqvemdebares ruseTis federacias.

saqarTvelom sabolood dakarga istoriuli dvaleTis mxare. 13. h e n i o x e b i . U A henioxebi _ antikur wyaroebSi moxsenebulni arian, uZvelesi droidan, kolxeTis

CrdiloeT sanapiroze, afxazeTis miwa-wyalze da samxreT mxareSi mosaxle tomTa Soris.

`berZen-romael avtorTa gadmocemis Tanaxmad, henioxebis tomi warmoiSva dios- kurebis _ kastorisa da polidevkes meetlebis amfitosisa da Telqiosisagan (ber- Znulad `henioxos~ niSnavs meetles). mkvlevarTa didi nawilis varaudiT, satomo saxeli henioxi sakuTaria, adgilobrivia, oRond igi elinTa mier berZnulad aris gaazrebuli~. (8, t.11, gv.624).

rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, antikuri wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom Zv. w. I da ax. w. I saukuneebSi, dasavleT saqarTveloSi, xdeboda mTielTa Camosaxleba zRvis sanapiroebze da barSi, da iq mcire politikuri erTeulebis Camoyalibeba.

`zogierTi mecnieris azriT, adrindel xanaSi henioxebi saxlobdnen kolxeTis sanapiros centralur raionebSi.~ zogierTis mtkicebiT, `henioxebi adre cxovrobdnen kolxeTis sanapiros CrdiloeT monakveTze, xolo Semdeg Cerqezuli tomebis mowolis gamo daZrulan Tavisi teritoriidan da samxreTisaken gadmounacvlebiaT. aseTi talRa ramdenime yofila, ris Sedegad ax. w. I_II ss-Si henioxebi aRmoCndnen kolxeTis sanapiros samxreT raionebSi.~ (8, t.11, gv.624). amitomac, antikuri wyaroebi, henioxebis tomebis sacxovrebel adgils aRniSnaven, rogorc kolxeTis CrdiloeT mxareSi, aseve samxreTSi.

literaturaTmcodne da istorikosis p a vl e i n g oro y v a s (1893_1983) TqmiT, àfxazeTis mxareSi antikur xanasa da saSualo saukuneebSi (da kerZod im poqaSi, rodesac Camoyalibda dasavleT saqarTvelos ̀ afxazeTis~ samefo)~, wyaroebis ganxil- vidan irkveva, rom afxazeTis mxareTa teritoria mTeli am periodis manZilze, rogorc antikur xanaSi, ise saSualo saukuneebSi, dasaxlebuli yofila qar- Tveli tomebiT~. Semdeg CamoTvlis afxazeTSi mosaxle qarTvel tomTa adgilmdebareobas:

`1. `S u a s of el ~-Si, e. i. teritoriaze egris-wyalidan vidre kelasuramde _ mosaxleobdnen egriselni, _ megrel-lazni.

2. m T a a f x a z e T i (ZiriTadi afxazeTi) dasaxlebuli yofila tomiT, romlis tomobrivi saxelwodeba yofila `mosxi~, igive mesxi...

3. S i d a h e n i o x e T i (soWis raioni), rogorc antikur xanaSi, ise saSualo saukuneebSi, dasaxlebuli iyo megrel-lazTa tomiT (henioxebi, igive sanixebi anu sanebi)...

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4. z R v i s p i r a af x a z e T i (Zveli s a m xr e T i h e n i o x e T i ) antikur xanaSi warmoadgenda henioxTa satomo teritorias, xolo antikuri xanis dasasrulidan mokidebuli es zona... mesxebis (afxazebis) satomo teritoriis farglebSia moqceuli.

5. a b s il eT S i (romlis Zveli saxelwodebaa k o r a x e T i ) narevi mosaxleoba iyo ori qarTveli tomisa: megrel-lazebisa da mesxebisa.

6. m i s i m i a n e T S i (romlis Zveli saxelwodebaa k ol a eT i ) aseve narevi mosaxleoba iyo ori qarTveli tomisa: megrel-lazebisa da svanebisa. am mxareSi mosaxle toms miemarTeboda saxelwodeba: `svan-kolxebi~ anu èger-svanebi~ (e. i. megrel-svanebi).

7. dasasrul, istoriuli afxazeTis yvelaze CrdiloeTiT mdebare mxare _ afxazeTis jiqeTi anu Zveli Crdilo henioxeTi (tuafsis raioni) _ antikur xanaSi dasaxlebuli yofila megrel-lazTa tomiT henioxebiT, xolo antikuri xanis bolo periodsa da saSualo saukuneebSi am mxareSi Sereuli mosaxleobaa henioxebisa (sanixebisa) da jiqebisa~. (10, gv.129_130).

berZnul-romaul wyaroebSi moxsenebul, kolxeTis samxreT mxareSi mcxovrebi henioxebis winaprebad, zogierTi mecnieri Tvlis, Cildiris tbis (dRevandel dRes TurqeTSia) midamoebSi da Savi zRvispireTSi Zv. w. VIII saukuneSi, aRmosavleT mTianeTidan Camosaxlebul iganiexis tomebs.

iganiexis tomebi moxsenebulni arian urartus mefeTa, a r g i ST i I-is (Zv. w. 786_764) da s a r d ur II-is (Zv. w. 764_739) warwerebSi, èTiuxis~ laSqrobebis dros. èTiuxi~ urartelebisaTvis samxreT amierkavkasiis vrceli miwa-wylis saxeli iyo: igi vrcel-deboda yarsi-arzrumis raionidan (dasavleTSi), vidre sevanis tbis raionebamde (aRmo-savleTSi)... am droisaTvis iganiexi (henioxTa gaerTianeba)... erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi erTeuli unda yofiliyo~. (8, t.I, gv.385).

mecnierTa nawili, samxreTis henioxebs Wanebs ukavSireben, xolo zogi-ki megrul-Wanuri modgmis tomad miiCnevs.

CrdiloeTis kolxebs zogierTi mecnieri Tvlis svanebis winaprebad, zogi ki afxazur-adiRur tomebad. kolxeTis CrdiloeT mxareSi, antikuri wyaroebis mixed- viT Zv. w. II_I saukuneebSi henioxebi cxovrobdnen soWis raionidan moyolebuli soxumamde. barisa da mTis adgilebSi mcxovreb mosaxleobas Soris gansxvaveba yofila. antikuri wyaroebis mixedviT, baris mosaxleoba, mSvidi, samarTliani, keTili da zRvaosnobaSi didad daxelovnebulni yofila. xolo, mwirsa da mTian adgilebSi mcxovreb henioxebs, axasiaTeben rogorc meomar tomebs, romlebic ZiriTa- daT mekobreobiT, zRvaze TareSiTa da tyveTa vaWrobiT irCendnen Tavs. saerTod, maTi gadmocemiT, CrdiloeT kavkasiisa da saqarTvelos afxazur sanapiroze mcxovrebi dasaxlebuli tomebi, daqveiTebulni da CamorCenilebi, Temuri wyobilebis rRvevis pirobebSi yofilan.

strabonis gadmocemiT, Zv. w. I saukuneSi henioxebs didi tomTa kavSiri SeuqmniaT. maT, oTxi skeptuxebi (tomTa beladebi) hyoliaT. ese igi am dros henioxebis, ukve

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oTxi didi kavSiri yofila da es beladebi Tavis mxriv tiranebs emorCilebodnen. rogorc etyoba, Zv. w. I saukunis bolos, henioxebi, pontos mefe miTridate VI

evpators emorCilebodnen, radgan, mTeli istoriuli kolxeTi, pontos samefos Semad-genlobaSi moeqca.

straboni gadmogvcems, rom: henioxebi, `cxovroben zRvaze mekobreobiT. aqvT patara, wvrili da msubuqi navebi, romlebic daaxloebiT 25 kacs iteven, xolo iSviaTad mTlianad 30 (kacs) daiteven. elinebi maT uwodeben kamarebs... kamarebisagan flotebs hqmnian da Tavs esxmian xan sabargo xomaldebs, xan romelime qveyanas, an qalaqs da (ase) floben zRvas. bosforis mflobelni zogjer exmarebian xolme maT, aZleven maT navTsayudlebs, bazarsa da nadavlis gayidvis (saSualebas): xolo, rodesac brundebian sakuTar qveyanaSi, ver agdeben Ruzas, ideben mxrebze kamarebs da miaqvT tyeebSi, romlebSic cxovroben, amuSaveben mwir miwas, Semdeg ki rodesac dro dgeba naosnobisa, (kamarebi) ukan miaqvT. aseve iqcevian isini sxva qveyanaSic, (sadac) aqvT maT ganTqmuli tyiani adgilebi, romlebSic inaxaven kamarebs, xolo TviTon daexetebian fexiT dRe da Rame tyveebis mopovebis mizniT, rasac isini moipoveben, iolad sTmoben gamosasyidiT da wasvlis Semdeg atyobineben gaZarculebs. im adgilebis mcxovrebni, romelTac mmarTvelebi hyavT, raRaca Semweobas hpoveben xolme winamZRolTagan usamarTlobis SemTxvevebSi: radgan xSirad maT Tavs esxmian da mihyavT kamarebi iq myof xalxianad. xolo romaelebis (gamgeblobaSi) myofi (nawili) ufro umweoa gamogzavnil pirTa upasuxismgeblobis gamo~. (8, t.I, gv.479).

ÌI saukunis 30-ian wlebSi Savi zRvis sanapiroze trapezuntidan dawyebuli vidre dioskuria-sebastopolisamde (Tanam. soxumi) eqvsi sxvadasxva gaerTianeba iyo, yvelaze samxreTiT amaTgan iyo trapezuntis aRmosavleTiT mdebare `makronebisa da henioxebis samefo~, romlis saTaveSi idga `mefe anxili~.....

`makronebisa da henioxebis samefos~ teritorias ekava zRvispira zoli sadRac dRevandel rizesa da aTinas raionSi~. (6, t.I, gv.544).

kolxeTis samxreT mxareSi mcxovrebi henioxebi, socialur-ekonomiurad ufro ganviTarebulni yofilan. maT makronebTan erTad ax. w. I saukuneSi sakuTari samefo hqondaT, romlis mefe a n q i al e yofila. romelsac, flavius arianesa da kasius dion koqceianusis gadmocemiT, romis impratorebis, markus ulpius traianesa da publius adrianes keTilganwyobilebiT, romTan kargi damokidebuleba hqonda. cnobilia, rom 115 wels traianem daasaCuqra `henioxebisa da maxelonebis mefe anxialsi~. Zveli ebraeli istorikosis i o s e b fl a v i u s i s (37_100-is Semdeg) gadmocemiT, henioxebi da kolxebi roms emorCilebodnen.

SemdgomSi, rodesac sparseTis, sasanuri iranis saxelmwifo momZlavrda da romis laSqaric ara erTxel daamarcxa, xolo, 260 wels sparseTis mefe S a b u r I-ma (242_272), erT-erTi brZolis dros TviT romis imperatori (253_260) luc i u s v al er i a n e (193_260) Seipyro, `maxelonebisa da henioxebis samefo~, etyoba iranis mflobelobaSi moeqca.

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14. k e r k e t e b i . Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis erT-erTi uZvelesi tomi kerketebi antikuri

mwerlebis TqmiT, Zv. w. I aTaswleulSi, kolxeTis CrdiloeTiT, Savi zRvis sanapiro zolis barSi, saxlobdnen. mecnierTa azriT, kerketebis eTnogenezis CamoyalibebaSi miuRiaT monawileoba zixebs, meotebsa da sarmatebis tomebs.

antikuri xanis mwerlebi dRevandel Cerqezebsac uwodebdnen kerketebs. `kerketebis tomis saxelwodeba rogorc Cans, safuZvlad daedo Cerqezi xalxis saxels~. (6. t.5, gv.476). ̀ V saukunis anonimis mixedviT, dRevandeli novorosiiskidan tuafsemde cxovrobda `samarTliani da keTili xalxi, zRvaosnobaSi didad daxelovnebuli~ kerketebi,~ (31, gv.26). strabonis gadmocemiT, samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis mTianeTSi cxovrobdnen àpaÁtebi, uwindeli kerketebi~ (6, t.I, gv.472). xolo, momijnave mTian mxareSi cxovrobdnen meomari tomebi: aqaelebi, henioxebi da jiqebi; (6, t.I, gv.538).

kerketebi, adiReelTa winaprebi iyvnen da erT-erTi uZvelesi tomi iyo Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi. strabonis TqmiT, es mSvidobiani mkvidri tomebi kerketebi, romlebic saxlobdnen Crdilo kolxeTis sanapiroze, adiReur meomar tomebs, jiqebs ganudevniaT da `mTel sanapiroze dioskuriidan (soxumamde) vidre Tanamedrove gelenjikisa da novorosiiskis raionamde myardeba meomari mTielebis ganusazRvreli batonoba, romlebic farTod kideben xels mekobreobas~. (6, t.I, gv.538). zogierTi mecnierTa azriT, adiReeli xalxis erT-erTi aRmniSvneli saxelwodeba `Cerqezi~, romelic yvelaze ufro gvian warmoiSva, dakavSirebulia `kerketebi~-s saxelTan. antikuri wyaroebidan irkveva, rom kerketebi gaerTiandnen maT mezoblad mdebare monaTesave tomebTan _ toretebTan.

toretebis, Sesaxeb, sociologi a. v. d m i tr i e v i wers, rom ès dasaxelebebi Cven gvxvdeba bevr avtorebTan, magram, sxvadasxva cnobebis simravle, dRevandel mkvlevarebs jerjerobiT ar gvaZlevs saSualebas, rom dasabuTebiT ganvsazRvroT, eTnonim `toreTebi~-s da eTnonimebis q. `torik~-is da `toreTis~ koncxis adgilmdebareoba.

SedarebiT xSirad wyaroebSi moxsenebulni arian kerketebi, romlebic aRniSnulni arian rogorc toretebis mezoblebi. Zveli avtorebidan pirvelad kerketebi daasaxela gelanik miTenelma Zv. w. V s. saukunis Semdeg peripleSi fsevdoskilaka ityvis:

sindebi, meotebis iqeT sindebis xalebi; maTi olqi gadaWimulia tbis sazRvris iqeT, da qalaqebi masSi elinebis Semdegnia: qalaqi finagora, kepi, sindis navsadguri, patusi, kerketebi.

toretebi. kerketebis iqeT xalxi toretebi da elinis qalaqi toriki navsadguriT, toretebis iqeT aqes xalxebi.

es toretebis pirveli moxsenebaa da qalaq torikis pirveli da erTarderTi moxsenebaa~. (108).

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zogadad, antikuri wyaroebidan Cans, rom toretebi mosaxleobdnen Zv. w. I aTaswleulSi azovis zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroebze da ekuTvnodnen meotebis erT-erT Stos.

mecnierTa varaudiT, toretebi imyofebodnen, dRevandeli novorosiiskis midamoebSi da qalaqi toretic mdebareobda novorosiiskis adgilas. swored mis midamoebSi arqeologebis mier aRmoCenilia Zeglebi romlebic ganekuTvnebian IV saukunis C. w-mde. vinaidan, toretebi, qalaqi toreti da toretis koncxi Zveli drois nawerebSi iSviaTad gvxvdeba, mecnierebi fiqroben, rom zemoT aRniSnuli tomebi da dasaxlebuli adgilebi arsebobdnen metad mcire xniT, anda maTi saxel-wodebebi Seicvala. (108). a. v. dmitrievi wers, rom:

`novorosiiskis raionSi torikis adgilmdebareobas daadgenda da masTan erTad toretebisa da toretis koncxisa, usaTuod, daamtkicebda, Tu iqneboda napovni epigrafiuli Zeglebi. es samuSao warmoadgens mcdelobas kritikulad gaviazroT Zveli avtorebis cnobebi, axali arqeologiuri aRmoCenebiT~. (108).

15. m e o t e b i . meotebi saxlobdnen Zv. w. I aTaswleulSi azovis zRvis aRmosavleT da samxreT-

aRmosavleTSi, agreTve md. yubanis Suawelze. antikuri wyaroebi da bosforis warwerebi, meotebiT aRniSnavdnen am adgilebSi mcxovreb yvela tomebs. strabonis TqmiT, meotebs ganekuTvnebodnen sindebi, danda-rebi, dosxebi da sxva tomebi, romlebic enobrivad adiReelTa monaTesaveni iyvnen. meotebis tomebis nawili ki enobrivad, iranuls ekuTvnodnen. Zv. w. VII_IV saukuneebSi, Zveli berZnebi da romaelebi azovis zRvas uwodebdnen meotidas. herodotec azovis zRvas uwodebs `meotidis tbas~. Zv. w. IV_III saukuneebSi bosforis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi moeqca meotTa umravlesi tomebi. bosforis samefoSi `berZnebs garda Sediodnen skviTebi, sarmatebi, sindebi, meotebi da a. S.~. (6, t.I, gv.405). Zv. w. 67 wels miTridate IV evpatorma meoturi tomebis daxmarebiT daipyro bosforis saxelmwifo. xolo, miTridates Semdeg, ax. w. I saukunis ebraeli mwerlis ioseb flaviusis TqmiT, henioxebi, kolxebi, tavrebi, bosforelebi, pontosa da meotidis garSemo mcxovrebi xalxebi, emorCilebodnen romaelebs.

meotebis winaprebi iyvnen brinjaos droindeli (Zv. w. II aTaswl. _ Zv. w. II aTaswl. II nax.) CrdilokavkasielTa mravali tomebi, romelTa dasaxelebebi Semo-gvinaxa bosforis samefos Zv. w. V_III warwerebma, (sindebi, toretebi, dosxebi, kerketebi, zixebi, fatiebi, dandarebi, psessebi da sxv.), romelTa zogierT tomebis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvra dRevandeli dRisaTvis SeuZlebelia.

arqeologebis mier aRmoCenili meotTa uZvelesi kulturuli Zeglebi ganekuTvnebian Zv. w. VIII_VII saukuneebs, xolo V saukunidan Cans, rom iwyeba meotebis ayvavebis xana, rodesac iqmneba mravali meoturi qalaqebi.

SavizRvispireTSi, azovis zRvasa da md. yubanis marjvena sanapirosa da mis SenakadebSi mcxovrebi meotTa tomebi moeqcnen bosforis samefoSi da isini soflis

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meurneobasa da meTevzeobas misdevdnen. xolo, md. yubanispireTis velebSi mcxovrebni msxemi meotTa tomebi ganicdidnen sarmatebis zemoqmedebas.

zogierTi mecnieri, bosforis samefos ganapira mxareSi mcxovreb meotebs, moixseniebs rogorc `Waobian mobinadreebs~ romlebic (Waobis) zRvasTan axlos tivebze cxovrobdnen. (149)

zemoT moxsenebuli zixebi (zigebi), antikuri wyaroebis mixedviT uZvelesi tomebi yofilan, romlebic saxlobdnen Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi. strabonis TqmiT, zixebi Zv. w. I saukuneSi cxovrobdnen CrdiloeT-SavizRvispireTis xalxebs Soris. antikuri da qarTuli wyaroebi maT moixsenieben rogorc `jiqebs~ da xSirad _ rogorc CrdiloeT-adiRuri tomebis saerTo saxe-liTac. genueli g e o r g i (jordjio) i nt er i a n o romelic XV saukuneSi cxovrobda kavkasiaSi, mogonebaSi zixebis Sesaxeb aRniSnavda, rom berZnul da laTinur enebSi moxsenebulni arian rogorc zixebi, TaTrebi da Turqebi uwodeben maT Cerqezebs, xolo TviTon Tavis-Tavs eZaxian adigeelebs.

meotTa tomebs ekuTvnian sindebic, romlebic saxlobdnen Zv. w. I aTaswleulsa da ax. w. I saukuneSi dRevandel tamanis naxevar kunZulze da samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi. Zv. w. V saukuneSi Seqmnes monaTmflobiluri saxelmwifo, wyaroebis mixedviT saxelwodebiT _ sindika. Zv. w. IV saukuneSi is Sevida bosforis samefoSi. xolo ax. w. dasawyisSi sindebi Seerwymnen sarmatebs. (152).

fateebi Zv. w. IV_Zv. w. I saukuneebSi, md. yubanis Senakadis md. fatis napirebze, ximinjebian nagebobis soflebSi cxovrobdnen, Tumca maT hqoniaT gamagrebuli qalaqebic. isini Rebulobdnen monawileobas bosforis samefos politikur brZolebSi. etyoba, rom fateebi sakmaod Zlier tomi yofila, radgan, cnobilia, rom rodesac bosforis mefes p e r i s a d I-es (Zv. w. 349/348_310/309) aujanyda misi Svilebi, mis erT-erT Svils evmels, miexmara fateebis beladi, romelsac yolia 20 000 fexosani jari da 22 000 mxedari.

meotelTa tomebi psesxebic, cxovrobdnen azovis zRvasTan Zv. w. IV saukunidan _ ax. w. I saukuneSi. antikuri mwerlebis mixedviT, isini imyofebodnen md. yubanis marcxena mxaris Senaka-debze. Zv. w. IV saukunidan moeqcnen bosforis samefoSi. yofilan miwaTmoqmedni da misdevdnen mecxoveleobas.

cnobilia, rom dosxebic ganekuTvnebodnen meotebis tomebs da Zv. w. I aTaswleulSi azovis ZRvis aRmosavleT da samxreT-aRmosavleTSi cxovrobdnen. SemdgomSi, isinic moeqcnen bosforis samefoSi.

dandarebic ekuTvnodnen meotel tomebs da cxovrobdnen azovis zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapiroebsa da md. yubanis qvemo welSi. mecnierebi Tvlian, rom SemdegSi isini Seerivnen sarmatebs. (144).

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16. a q a e l e b i . antikuri wyaroebis gadmocemiT da strabonis mier aRniSnuli aqaelebi (aqavele-

bi), cxovrobdnen Savi zRvis sanapiroze kerketebis, jiqebisa da henioxebis mezoblad da `maT qveyanas aqaia ewodeboda. aqve ixsenieben mdinare aqaioss. saxelwodebaTa identurobis safuZvelze Zvelad aqavelebs miiCnevdnen kavkasiaSi SemorCenil berZnebad, romlebmac TiTqos iasonTan erTad ilaSqres da droTa ganmavlobaSi adgilobriv tomebs Seerivnen. Tanamedrove mecnierebi maT erT-erT qarTve-lur an kavkasiur (mTiel) tomad Tvlian.~ (8, t.2, gv.35).

antikur wyaroebSi aqaelebi moxsenebulni arian rogorc meomari tomebi. strabonis gadmocemiT, aqaelebi Camosaxlebulan mTebidan, ucxovriaT zRvis sanapiroze viwro da unayofo adgilebSi, yaCaRobdnen da momTabareobdnen. `cxovroben zRvaze mekobreobiT~. àdamianebisa da nadavlis xelSi Casagdebad isini Tavs esxmian ara marto gemebs, aramed agreTve dasaxlebul punqtebs, maT Soris qalaqebsac ki (Strabo, XI, 2, 12). (6, t.I, gv.539). mis dros, aqaelebi, jiqebi da henioxebi roms ar emorCilebodnen.

g. meliqiSvili wers, rom jiqebi, henioxebi da aqaelebi, `CrdiloeT kolxeTSi da kidev ufro zemoT mcxovrebi es tomebi, ueWvelia, utevdnen agreTve centralur kolxeTs. albaT ase gamoCndnen sanapiro zolSi ax. w. I s. sanigebi (dioskuriis raionSi), abazgebi (maT samxreTiT) da afSilebi (kidev ufro samxreTiT). yvela isini ufro adre igulisxmebian im mrisxane stiqiaSi, romelsac straboni jiqebis, henioxebisa da aqaelebis saxeliT icnobs da romlebic batonobdnen CrdiloeT kolxeTisa da mezobel adgilebSi.~ (6, t.I, gv.539).

17. k o l e b i d a k o r a q s e b i . antikur da qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi moxsenebulia aRmosavleT

SavizRvispireTSi, kol-xebis Crdilo-dasavleTSi mcxovrebi, qarTveluri tomebi `kolebi~ da `koraqsebi~. a. ToTaZe aRniSnavs, rom Zveli berZeni logografosi h e k at io s m il et el i s (daaxl. Zv. w. 549/546_ daaxl. Zv. w. 480) da f s e v d o -s k il a q s ko r i a nd el i s (Zv. w. IV s.) nawarmoebebSi daculi cnobebiT q. dioskuriis Crdilo-dasavleTiT mdebare teritoria eWiraT kolxur tomebs `kolebs da koraqsebs~. hekatios mileteli koraqsebis Sesaxeb wers, rom: ̀ koraqsebi kolxuri tomia, kolebTan axlos mdebare~... TviT d. guliac ki, romelic metad tendenciurad ixilavs afxazeTis istoriis sakiTxebs, koraqsebis Sesaxeb Semdegs aRniSnavs: `Cveni azriT, koraqsebi iyvnen svanebi da, rogorc cnobilia, isini cxovrobdnen axlandel soxumis raionSi jer kidev Cveni eris dawyebamde da Semdeg~. (24, gv.15).

koraqsebi, àntikuri wyaroebis (hekateos mileteli, Zv. w. VI s; helanike mitileneli, Zv. w. V s. II nax.; fsevdoskilak kariandeli, Zv. w. IV s.) mixedviT, cxovrobda aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi, kolxebis Crdilo-dasavleTiT.....

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zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, koraqsebi saxlobdnen mermindeli webeldis maxlobel terito-riaze (afsileTis uZveles mosaxleobad Tvlian). zogierTis varaudiT ki _ mdinare bzifis rai-onSi. es ukanaskneli mosazreba ufro damajerebeli Cans. stefane bizantielis leqsikoniT (èTni-ka~) Semonaxuli tradiciis Tanaxmad, koraqsebi kolxuri tomia. am cnobis safuZvelze koraqsebs eTnikurad kolxuri warmoSobis tomad miiCneven. xolo tomis saxelwodebas (`kora-qsoÁ~) _ `kolxis~ variantul saxesxvaobad. Zv. w. II_I ss. avtorebi koraqsebs aRar ixsenieben Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmoasavleT sanapiroze mosaxle tomTa Soris.~ (8, t.5, gv.662).

i. javaxiSvili aRniSnavs, rom `hekataÁosis sityviT kolxebis erT-erT toms `koraqsi~ erqva..... igive istorikosi erTs kolxebis toms kidev ixseniebs, romlis saxeli yofila `koloÁÁ~ _ kolebi~. (1, t.I, gv.411).

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, qarTveluri tomebi kolebi saxlobdnen kolxeTis Crdilo-dasa-vleTSi, koraqsebis mezoblad.

p. ingoroyvas ganmartebiT: ̀ qveynis saxeli k ol a , xolo tomis saxelia k olx i , igive k ol a el i , anu k ol ar i ...

eTnikuri saxelis am formidan kol - a r i momdinareobs *kolarji → klarji~. (10, gv.138).

`georgika~-Si (bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvcelos Sesaxeb) aRniSnulia, rom: `kolebi _ tomi kavkasionTan; kavkasionis qveda ferdebs ewodeba kolebis mTebi, qveyanas ki kolike hqvia~. (georgika, 1936, gv.281).

18. j i q e b i . CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi erT-erTi tomi jiqebi, antikur da qarTul

werilobiT wyaro-ebSi, `jiqi~, `jiqeTi~, `jiqebi~, `zigebi~, `zixebi~, `Zilqebi~ da `saZebi~, xSirad adiReelTa tomebis saerTo saxelwodebiTac ixmareboda.

Zveli berZeni mecnieris ptole m e s (ptolemaiosi) (Zv w. II s.) cnobiT, jiqebi, Zvelad cxovrobdnen CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, sarmatiaSi. (mdinareebis dunaisa da tobols Soris mdebare stepebSi, romelic warmoadgenda sxvadasxva tomebis did gaerTianebas). xolo, romaeli mwerali, swavluli da saxelmwifo moRvawe g a i u s pl i n i u s s e k u n du s i (plinius ufrosi) (23/24_79) jiqebs asaxelebs meotiur tomebs Soris, md. yubanis zemo mxareSi.

antikuri wyaroebidan irkveva, rom Zv. w. I saukunidan, rodesac kolxeTis samefo Sesustda da SavizRvispireTi pontos samefos farglebSi moeqca, jiqebis tomTa erTi nawili, kolxeTis zemoT, SavizRvispireTSi Camosaxlebula. strabonis cnobiT, Zv. w. I s-Si, CrdiloeT kolxeTis sanapiroze, moxda adiReuri erT-erTi meomari tomis jiqebis Camosaxleba, daaxloebiT dRevandeli tuafsedan soWamde. romelTac ganudevniaT am mxareSi mSvidobiani mosaxle adgilobrivi `kerke-tebi~. misive gadmocemiT, meomari mTieli tomebi: jiqebi, henioxebi da aqaelebi, `mTel sanapiroze dioskuriidan (soxumi) vidre Tanamedrove gelenjikisa da novorosiiskis raionamde

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myardeba meomari mTielebis ganusazRvreli batonoba, romlebic farTod kideben xels mekobreobas... adamianebisa da nadavlis xelSi Casagdebad isini Tavs esxmian ara marto gemebs, aramed agreTve dasaxlebul punqtebs, maT Soris qalaqebsac ki. da àm TareSs straboni ukavSirebs saxelmwifoebrivi xelisuflebis sisustes~. (6, t.I, gv.539).

p. ingoroyva jiqebis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs, rom `leonti mrovelis TxzulebaSi moxsenebulia...

e) Crdilo-kavkasiis mTielebi: durZokni (qistis tomebi), kavkasianni, jiqni (CerqezTa tomebi)~. (10, gv.130).

misive TqmiT: `jiqebi Savi zRvis sanapiroze mosuli tomia: jiqebi Tavdapirvelad imieri kav-kasiis mkvidri tomi yofila da Semdeg gadmosula Savi zRvis sanapiroze, sadac maT TandaTan gaufarToebiaT TavianTi teritoria.

rom jiqebi ar arian Zveli aborigenebi afxazeTis mxareTa Crdilo sanapiroze, aramed Semdeg gadmosulan am TemSi, es irkveva ara marto antikuri xanis wyaroebis CvenebaTa mixedviT, aramed tradicia amis Sesaxeb daculia saSualo saukuneTa qarTul matianebSic, sadac aRniSnulia, rom jiqebis Tavdapirveli samSobloa kavkasiis imieri mxare da mxolod gvian xanaSi `jiqni daemkvidrnes bolosa afxazeTisasa~. p. ingoroyva aRniSnavs, rom àntikuri xanis avtorebi me-6 saukunidan vidre I saukunemde Zveli welTaRricxvisa, romlebic exebian pontos.... Savi zRvis sanapiroze ar icnoben jiqebs da uSualo mezoblad henioxebisa moxsenebulni arian axavelni. mxolod straboni (miTridatis omis istorikosTa cnobebis mixedviT) pirvelad moixsenebs jiqebs, rom-lebic Camosaxlebulan axavelTa da henioxTa Sua. amis Semdeg jiqebi TandaTan afarToeben TavianT teritorias da daiWeren axavelTa miwa-wyals mTlianad, xolo henioxeTidan Tavis gavlenis zonaSi moaqceven mis CrdiloeT sanapiros~. (10, gv.125).

mecnierTa azriT, daaxloebiT V saukunidan iqmneba adiRelebis tomTa kavSiri, romlis winamZRoli gaxdnen jiqebi.

istorikosi m a r i n a c i nc a Z e aRniSnavs, rom: `saxelwodeba jiqi qarTul wyaroebSi pirvelad gvxvdeba `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~, andria pirveli mociqulis samisionero moRvaweobis aRwerasTan dakavSirebiT (I s), sadac Cans, rom isini afxazeTis mosazRvred cxovrobdnen da rom afxazeTsa da jiqeTs Soris sazRvari md. nikofsze gadadioda... magram wyaroebis analizi gviCvenebs, rom jiqebi abazgebis maxloblad yovelTvis ar cxovrobdnen. V saukunis bizantieli anonimis cnobiT: `Zveli aqaiidan~ vidre `Zvel lazikamde~ (es aris nikofsis Zveli saxelwodeba m. c.) da Semdeg aqeuntis mdinaremde cxovrobdnen tomebi, romelTac ewodebodaT henioxebi, koraqsebi, kilikebi, melanqlenebi, kolxebi da lazebi; amJamad ki cxovroben jiqebi~. (32, gv.22). rogorc wyaroebidan Cans, jiqebi icvlidnen sacxovrebel adgils. I saukuneSi, bizantieli JamTaaRmwerlis, iuristisa da diplomatis p ro ko p i k e s a r i eli s (daaxl. 507_562 Semdeg) cnobiT, ziqebi (jiqebi) abazgebis mezobladaa moxsenebuli. (31, gv.23). àm dros maTi sazRvari

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jiqebsa da abazgebs Soris gadioda md. fsouze. mogvianebiT isini bizantielTa gavlenis qveS moeqcnen~. (8, t.11, gv.567). SemdegSi, isini romis zegavlenisagan ganTavisuflebulan. i. javaxiSvili aRniSnavs, rom p. kesarielis gadmocemiT afxazTa Crdilo-dasavleTiT, zRvis piras, binadrobdnen `jiqni (ZexoÁ = exlandels àba-Zexi~-s); winaT jiqebs romis keisari uniSnavda mefesa, exlakio, ambobs prokopi kesarieli, romaelebs yurs aravin ugdebso~. (1, t.I, gv.427). `jiqebis qveyana tyiani da mwirmiwiani iyo. magram mainc misdevdnen miwis damuSavebas.~ (8, t.11, gv.567). da amasTan erTad, sxva tomebTan erTad, misdevdnen mekobreobas.

Zveli saistorio Txzuleba `qarTlis cxovreba~-Si araerTxel aris moxsenebuli jiqebi. leonti mrovelis gadmocemiT, `mefeTa qarTlisaTa _ azork da armazel _ mouwodes~ lekebsa da osebs, romlebmac `gardamoitannes Tana paWanikni da jiqni~. (3, gv.58).

`qaTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, qarTlis mefe vaxtang I gorgasals jiqebi daumor-Cilebia da es kuTxe qarTlis samefos SemadgenlobaSi moeqca. xolo Semdeg, VIII saukunis dasawyisidan, afxazTa erisTavis (daaxl. 720_740) l eo n I-is droidan, rodesac afxazTa saerisTavo gaZlierda, jiqeTi afxazeTis samTavros daeqvemdebara. bizantiis imperatori (913_959) k o n st a nt i n e VII porfirogeneti (905_959) gadmogvcems, rom ùkruxidan nikofsis mdinaremde, sadac imave saxelwodebis cixea, aris jiqeTis qveyana~. md. ukruxi qarTuli wyaros~, mixedviT, `xazareTis mdinarea da dRevandel md. yubans udris.~ (6, t.III, gv.63). `matiane qarTlisaÁ~-s gadmocemiT, Cans, rom mefe giorgi II-is drosac, jiqeTi afxazeTis samefoSi Sedioda. radgan, rodesac giorgi II-em kaxeTSi gailaSqra, erT-erTi iqauri feodali xaxua arSis Ze, romelic flobda `cixe maranisa~-s mefes ar daemorCila. maSin, `mivida mefe, ubrZana SebmaÁÁlaSqarTa. xolo maT wariRes ÃerÃiTa da xaxua moiyvanes Sepyrobili winaSe mefisa, da mefeman warsca pyrobilad jiqeTs~. (3, gv.264). VIII saukunis 80-ian wlebSic, rodesac leon II aerTianebs egris-afxazeTs da is moicavs TiTqmis mTel lixsiqeT saqarTvelos, mis sazRvrebSi CdiloeTiT moeqca samxreT jiqeTi nikofsi-iTurT. leon II-is mier dasavleT saqarTvelos saerisTaveobad dayofisas, afxazeTsa da jiqeTs erTi erisTavi ganagebda da jiqeTi afxazeTis saerisTavoSi Sedioda. vaxuSti batoniSvili wers; rom leon mefem `xolo dajda ra ese leon mefed da daipyra yoveli egrisi da aw afxazeTi rva saerisTaod: a) dasua afxazTa da misca afxazeTi, jiqeTi, vidre zRuamde da xazarTa mdinaremde; b) dasua cxoms da misca egris _ iqiTi anakofia alaniTurT; g) dasua bedias da misca egrisis aRmosavleTi cxenis wylamde~. (5, t.IV, gv.796). (cxenis wyali _ md. yubani) leonis dros, `sakuTriv afxazeTTan erTad moicavda yofili sanigebisa da jiqebis miwa-wyals.~ (6, t.II, gv.420).

rodesac saqarTvelo gaerTianda, jiqeTi saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi imyofe-boda. XI s-is I naxevris istorikosis s u m b at d a v i T i s Zis (bagrationi) gadmocemiT, gaerTianebuli saqarTve-los mefe b a g r at III (X s-is 60-iani ww dasawyisi_1014) àfxazTa mefe, kurapalati didi, daeufla taos, mamulsa TÂissa, da

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daipyra yoveli kavkasia TviTmpyrobelobiTa jiqeTiTgan vidre gurgenadmde.~ (3, gv.370).

`gamoricxuli ar aris, rom leon II-is dros afxazTa samTavros marTlac mieRwia CrdiloeTi sazRvris ase Sors gadawevisaTvis da mTeli jiqeTis SemomtkicebisaTvis, magram, rogorc momdevno xanis bizantiuri wyaroTa analizi gviCvenebs, mas Semdeg, rac bizantiam Tavi daaRwia droebiT Sinaur da sagareo sirTuleebs, mas jiqeTis nawili ukan daubrunebia da afxazeTisa da bizantiis sazRvari md. nikofsze dawesebula, rac Semdgom saukuneTa manZilze warmoadgenda sruliad saqar-Tvelos Crdilo dasavleT sazRvarsac. ase rom, jiqeTis nawili qalaq nikofsiiTurT Sedioda jer afxazeT-egrisis samefos, xolo Semdeg gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos farglebSi~. (31, gv.30). werilobiTi wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom XII_XIII saukuneebSi saqarTvelos jarSi monawileobas Rebulobdnen daqiravebulni CrdiloeT kavkasiel tomebs Soris jiqebic.

aRsaniSnavia, rom XV saukunis II naxevridan, saqarTvelos erTiani samefos, samefoebad da samTavroebad, daSlis Semdegac jiqeTi afxazeTis samTavroSi Sedioda.

(1466_1478) qarTl-imereTis mefis b a g r at VI-is (daaxl. 1439_1479) (imereTis mefe bagrat II 1463_1466) dros, jiqeTi saqarTvelos samefoSi Sedioda.

istorikosis b e r i e g n at a S v il i s (g. daaxl. XVIII-is 60-ani wlebis dasaw-yisSi) gadmocemiT: bagratma gaanTavisufla `yovelni samyofni da areni qarTlisani monebisagan TurqTasa. ese mefe bagrat iyo morWmuli saxelovani. amasa hqonda qarTli, somxiTi, da hmonebden patiaxSni lorisa, kaxeTisa, Sirvanisa da samcxisa, da hyves imerelni, odiSarni, gurielni, afxazni, jiqni, xuanni, mTielni kavkasianni~. (4, t.II, gv.342).

XVI saukunidan, kavkasiisa da saerTod, maxlobeli aRmosavleTis saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba Seicvala. es gamowveuli iyo momTabare TurqmenTa tomebis Semotevebisa da amave dros iransa da azerbaijanSi axali mZlavri sefianTa saxelmwifos Camoya-libebisa da gansakuTrebiT saqarTvelos samefos politikuri daSlis gamo.

saqarTvelos mdgomareoba gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda, rodesac `1453 w. konstan-tinopolis aRebis Semdeg TurqeTi Savi zRvis auzSi aqtiur moqmedebaze gadavida, yirimis saxano gaixada erTgvar placdarmad da saqarTvelos ori mxridan Semoutia: samcxe-saaTabagodan da Crdilo-dasavleTidan adiReeli tomebiT dasaxlebuli teritoriidan.

Crdilo-dasavleTidan osmalebi axorcielebdnen mZarcvelur Tavdasxmebs Ziri-Tadad jiqebis meSveobiT. `mTuri~ meurneobis mqone jiqebisaTvis aseT viTarebaSi Turqebi sasurvel `mokavSires~ warmoadgendnen. jiqebi (albaT ufro xSirad viwro gagebiT) Zarcvavdnen da atyvevebdnen afxazeTis, samegrelosa da guriis sanapiro soflebis mosaxleobas.~ (31, gv.37).

istoriuli wyaroebidan Cans, rom Tu adre, saqarTvelos sazRvari Crdilo-dasavleTidan, Savi zRvis piras mdebare, istoriul cixe-qalaq nikofsiidan (nikofsia) (q. tuafses maxloblad nangrevebia SemorCenili) gadaWimuli iyoAkaspiis zRvis

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sanapiromde _ darubandamde (derbendi), XVI saukunidan moyolebuli saqarTvelo TandaTan kargavs am adgilebs. berZeni istorikosis da filosofosis fl a v i u s a r i a n e s (daaxl. 95_175) gadmocemiT, nikofsiis adgilas adrec yofila qalaqi `Zveli lazika~-s saxelwodebiT. am droidan dawyebuli, jiqeTi, ukve saqarTvelos samefos aRar emorCileboda da afxazeTis samTavrosTan erTad, qveynis SigniT feodalur omebSi Rebulobda monawileobas. cnobilia, rom imereTis mefis (1510_1565) b a g r at III-is (1495_1565) TanxmobiT, 1533 wels guriis samTavros mTavarma (1512_1534) m a m i a I gu r i el m a (g.1534) da odiSis (samegrelos) mTavarma (1512_1533) m a m i a III d a d i a n m a (g. 1533) ilaSqres jiqeTs, magram damarcxdnen. òdiSis mTavarsa da mis laSqars Soris uTanxmoebis gamo mamia dadianis razmma miatova brZolis veli da ukan gamobrunda. dadiani da gurielis laSqari sisxlismRvrel brZo-laSi damarcxda. gurielis Svili brZolis velze daeca, mamia dadiani RalatiT Seipyres da mok-les. gurieli, misi Zmebi da laSqari tyved Cabardnen, romlebic SemdegSi kaTalikosma gamoisyida~. (6, t.IV, gv.103). miuxedavad am marcxisa, saqarTvelos mesveurebs jiqebisaTvis brZola ar Seuwyve-tiaT. bagrat III-is Semdeg, imereTis mefe (1565_1585) xdeba misi Ze g i o r g i II (g. 1585) romlis drosac, Tavneba feodalebis gamo, romlebic pirvelobisaTvis erTmaneTs ar indobdnen da erTm-aneTs arbevdnen, imereTis politikuri mdgomareoba ukiduresad daiZaba. feodalebi ucxo Zalasac xSirad iyenebdnen. adiReeli tomebi saqarTvelos politikur cxovrebaSi garkveul adgils ikave-bdnen da xSirad afxazeTis samTavros mokavSireebad gamodiodnen. XVII saukuneSi sxva samTa-vroebsaviT afxazeTis samTavromac damoukideblobisaken daiwyo brZola da mis mokavSired jiqebi gamodiodnen.

`qarTlis cxovreba~-Si moTxrobilia, rom afxazeTSi gaqceulma odiSis mTavarma (1572_1582) g i or g i III d a d i a n m a (g. 1582) ìSova laSqari afxazisa, jiqisa da Cerqezisa~, da Tavis Zmas, mamia dadians, SeebrZola, magram damarcxda da isev afxazeTSi gaiqca.

gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda mdgomareoba XVII saukunis Sua xanebidan sabedianosa (samegrelos) da afxazeTis samTavroebs Soris. rac gamowveuli iyo lixsiqeT saqarTvelos, samegrelos samTavrasoTan erTad, ekonomikuri daqveiTebiT da amave dros afxazeTis miwa-wyalze CrdiloeT kavkasiidan saxvadasxva tomebis, gansa-kuTrebiT afsuebis CamosaxlebiT, romlebic Seerivnen adgilobriv qarTul mosax-leobas. marTalia, levan II dadianis dros TiTqos samegrelos samTavro politi-kurad mZlavri gaxda da is faqtiurad lixsiqeT saqarTvelos ganagebda, magram sinamdvileSi mis mier warmoebulma gauTavebelma, mZarcvelurma, marbielurma omebma da mezobel samTavroebis samflobeloebze Tavdasxmebma, ukiduresad gaaRrmava qveynis politikuri daSliloba da is gaxda reaqcioneri feodali. levan II-em gaaCanaga guria, afxazeTi da imereTi da es mxareebi ekonomiurad Zirs dasca.

`XVII saukunis bolos afxazeTi TiTqmis mTlianad Camocilda saqarTvelos, rac ara marto Sinafeodaluri brZolebisa da politikuri daCixulobis Sedegi iyo,

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aramed am saqmeSi aqtiuri roli Seasrula agresiuli TurqeTis separatistulma RonisZiebebma, romelic Tavis gavlenis qveS moqceuli adiReur da afxazur Zalebs dajinebiT warmarTavda qristianuli sadadianosa da saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. TurqeTis es gegmebi savsebiT Seesabameboda afxazi feodalebis miswrafebebs. am RonisZiebiT isini, jer erTi, sadadianosagan sruliad damoukidebelni xdebodnen, xolo, meore mxriv ki, samegrelos ganuwyveteli Zarcva-rbeva Semosavlisa da gamdidrebis sakmaod iol gzas warmoadgenda.

rogorc patriarq makariosis cnobidan irkveva, afxaz feodalTa am brZolaSi samegrelos winaaRmdeg adiRe-Cerqezebic iRebdnen monawileobas~. (31, gv.40).

osmalebi TandaTan ipyrobdnen Savi zRvis sanapiroebs da afxazeTis samTavroc, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, moeqca mis gamgeblobaSi. magram, afxazeTi, iZulebiT imyofeboda TurqeTis gavlenis qveS. is mudam ganicdida TurqeTisagan Seviwroebas. amis Sedegi iyo is, rom afxazeTma dakarga politikuri Zalaufleba CrdiloeTiT mdebare mezobel samTavroebze. maT Soris XVIII s-Si jiqeTze.

`TurqeTis aRmosavleT SavizRispireTSi mtkiced gabatonebisa da gauTavebeli omianobis gamo afxazeTi mSvidad ver grZnobda Tavs, miT umetes, rom TurqeTis imperia kavkasiaSi miRweuli politikuri warmatebis ganmtkicebas cdilobda islamis naZaladevi danergviT.~ (31, gv.42).

vaxuSti batoniSvilis gadmocemiT, 1730 w. Turqebma, mTielTa tomebis, maT Soris jiqebis, dasamorCileblad wamoiwyes omi. jer dalaSqres samegrelo, gadawves iloris ganTqmuli eklesia da Semdeg SeiWrnen afxazeTSi. afxazebi brZoliT Sexvdnen, magram damarcxdnen. amis Semdeg, Turqebi gaeSurnen jiqeTisaken. magram, afxazTa ajanyebis gamo iZulebulni gaxdnen, rom dabrunebuliyvnen, amrigad, es laSqroba CaiSala da Turqebma male saqarTveloc datoves. (6, t.IV, gv.465_ 469). Tumca, Turqebma mainc SeZles afxazeTisa da jiqeTis damorCileba.

saqarTvelos Savi zRvis miwa-wyalze, gansakuTrebiT afxazeTSi, xSiri iyo CrdiloeTis mxridan mTis tomebisa da jiqebis Semosevebi, ris gamoc afxazeTis Savi zRvis sanapiro mxare TiTqmis gaukacrielda.

CrdiloeT kavkasiis mxaris tomebSi (adiReSi, jiqeTSi da sxv.) XVIII s-mde gavrcelebuli yofila rogorc qristianuli, aseve, adgilobrivi warmarTuli religiebi. vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT, adre, jiqeTsa da adiReSi qristianoba iyo gavrcelebuli. `bizantiuri werilobiTi wyaroebis CvenebiT VII saukuneSi zRvispira jiqeTSi, anu zixebis qveyanaSi ukve sami saeklesio eparqia iyo cnobili da, amdenad, qristianuli moZRvreba iq sakmaod safuZvlianad unda yofiliyo danergili.~ (32, gv.27). magram, bizantiis imperiis dacemam, gansakuTrebiT, saqar-Tvelos politikurma daSlam da TurqTa mier CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mahmadianobis gavrcelebam, gamoiwvia afxazeTsa da adiReSi qristianuli sarwmuneobis Sesusteba. `yirimis saxano, TurqeTis brZanebiT, cecxliTa da maxviliT nergavda islams. 1717 wlidan maT jiqeTis eparqiis eklesiebi mTlianad daangries, xolo samRvdeloeba mospes. afxazeTis samTavro, romelsac oficialurad emorCileboda eTnografiuli

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jiqeTi da romelsac gavlena hqonda danarCen adiReel tomebze, ver gamodgeboda qristianobis damcvelad jiqeTsa da mTiani adiRes sxva adgilebSi, radgan TviTon afxazeTSi qristianul religias ar adga kargi dRe.~ (31, gv. 42).

istoriuli wyaroebidan Cans, rom Tu adre, X saukunemde, dasavleT saqarTvelos yvela saeklesio kaTedra ̀ fazisis mitropolitiT lazeTSi, misdami daqvemdebarebuli oTxi episkoposiT, afxazeTis sebastopolis avtokefaluri arqiepiskoposi da jiqeTSi nikofsiis avtokefaluri arqiepiskoposi konstantinopolis samwysos eqvemdeba-rebodnen~, X saukunis dasawyisidan `dasa-vleT saqarTvelos arc erTi kaTedra (lazeTis, afxazeTisa da jiqeTis, nikofsiisa) aRar eqvemdebareba konstantinopolis patriarqs~. (6. t.II, gv.424). nikofsiis sasulieros, didi mniSvneloba hqonda ara Tu lixsiqeT saqarTvelosaTvis, aramed mTlianad saqarTvelosaTvis, radganac is mdebareobda yvelaze ufro xelsayrel, erT-erT mTavar damakavSirebel gzaze, md. nikofsiis (dRevandeli neCefsuxo) xeobaze, romeliTac xorcieldeboda dakavSireba Crdilo kavkasiisa da mTian adiReur tomebTan ekonomikuri da kulturuli urTierTgacvla. garda amisa, amave gziT xdeboda CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, qristianobis gavrceleba-damkvidreba. wyaroebidan Cans, rom `rogorc alanTa Soris, aseve adiRes mosaxleobaSi saqarTvelos eklesia, gacilebiT ufro adre dgamda praqtikul nabijs, risi damadasturebelia md. zelenCukisa da md. yubanis saTaveebSi SemorCenili eklesiebisa da cixe-simagreTa naSTebi......

unda vivaraudoT, rom eklesiaTa ricxvi mTian adiReSi gacilebiT meti iqneboda Tavis droze, vidre sadReisod gvaqvs Semonaxuli, magram rac amJamad arsebobs, savsebiT naTlad metyvelebs kavkasiis xalxTa Soris safuZvlian kulturul urTi-erTobaze.......

wyaroebma Semogvinaxes zogierTi cnoba, saidanac Cans, rom garkveuli kavSiri aRmosavleT saqarTvelosa da adiRes Soris monaTvaWrobaSic damyarebula. mematianis sityviT, qarTlis mefe s i m o n I (1558_1600) iranis Sahis karze gasagzavn monebs CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da maT Soris jiqeT-CerqezeTSic yidulobda.

samegrelosa da afxazeTis vaWrebi aqtiurad mimodiodnen jiqeTis sanapiroze mdebare navsadgurebSi, xolo jiqebi, da, saerTod, adiReelebi arcTu iSviaTad monawileobdnen iloris bazrobaSi~. (31, gv.60-61).

wyaroebidan irkveva, rom XVIII saukunis bolosa da XIX saukunis I naxevarSi, jiqeTis miwa-wyali, Zlier Semcirebula. am dros jiqeTi da `SavizRvispireTi ofici-alur wreebSi iuridiulad saqarTvelos kuTvnil nawilad iyo miCneuli~. (32, gv.45). `vaxuSti batoniSvils àRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~-Si jiqeTi (igulisxmeba jiqeTi viwro gagebiT) Setanili aqvs saqarTvelos samefosadmi kuTvnil qveyanaTa siaSi.~ (31, gv.5).

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19. q a S a g e b i . sityva ̀ q a S a g i ~, ̀ q e S i g i ~, werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT adiReelTa tomebis

saerTo krebiTi aRmniSvneli saxelwodebaa da istorikosis s i m o n j a n a S i a s (1900_1947) TqmiT, sityva `qaSagi~ `Seesityveba Zvel rusul kasog-s, Tanamedrove osur `qasag~-s da Cerqezebs aRniSnavs...

adiReelebis krebiT saxelad svanebs dResac SemorCenili aqvT termini `qaSqi~. savaraudoa, rom es eTnonimi osebma svanebis meSveobiT SeiTvises. safiqrebelia, rom adiReelTa krebiT saxe-lebs Soris `qaSagi, qaSqi, qeSigi~ erTi yvelaze ufro ZvelTagania. garda amisa, aSkaraa, rom literaturul ZeglebSi am terminma SedarebiT gvian SeaRwia da mkvidrad ver moikida fexi.

sayuradReboa, rom Cvens istoriografiaSi saxelwodeba `qaSag~-s ukavSireben xeTuri warmoebis `qaSqa~-s, rac specialistebs saSualebas aZlevs afxazur-adiReuri da protoxeTuri tomebis garkveuli nawili urTierTmonaTesaved miiCnios.~ (31, gv.24). g. meliqiSvili wers, rom: `Crdilo-aRmosavleT mcire aziis mTielTa zogadi saxeli xeTebTan `qasqa~ igive `qaSagi~ unda iyos, rasac Sua saukuneebis (arabuli, rusuli) wyaroebi uwodeben Cerqezebs (adiReelebs)... magram ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TviT xeTebTan ̀ qaSqa~ saxeli eTnikurad erTi garkveuli jgufis tomebis aRsaniSnavad ixmareboda, igi ufro Crdilo-aRmosavleTis mTielTa krebiTi saxeli iyo da albaT am mxareSi mosaxle qarTvel tomebsac moicavda.~ (6, t.I, gv.360).

arabi istorikosi da mogzauri al - m a s ud i a b u l - h a s a n al i i b n al -h u s a i n i (IX s. dasasruli _ 956/57) 943 wels aRniSnavda, rom `xalxi qaSagTa qveynisa~ cxovrobda alanebis mezoblad, kavkasiisa (kavkasionis qedisa) da rumis zRvas (Sav zRvas) Soris. bizantiis imperatori konstantine VII porfirogeneti (905_959) werda, rom `zixebis zeviT mdebareobs qveyana, romelsac ewodeba papagia _ qveyana saxelwodebiT qasaxia, qasaxiis zeviT mdebareobs kavkasiis mTebi, am mTebis zeviT _ alaniis qveyana~. (147).

ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~-Si aRniSnulia, rom Tamar mefis dros, v a rd a n d a d i - a n m a `Seyara yoveli suaneTi da afxazeTi, saegroi, guria, samo-qalaqo, raWa, Takueri da argueTi. momrTvelman sanigTa da qaSagTaman aficna rusisa gamefebisa da misis mefe-yofisaTÂs didebulni da laSqarni queyanisani~. (3, gv.422). rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ajanyebuli dadiani damarcxda. xolo, ùbeduri rusi~ Tamarma Seiwyala da `warvida, masve missa sueubedursa gzasa gaemarTa. da Seiqmna mSÂdoba, sixaruli da erToba~. (3, gv.427). `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ aRniSnulia, rom CrdiloeT kavkasielebi: qaSagebi, xunZebi, lekebi, darubandelni da osebi iyvnen, Tamar mefis mokavSireebi da vasalebi. amis Semdgom, `qarTlis cxovreba~-Si qaSagebi aRar ixsenieba.

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20. a f s i l e b i . zeviT aRvniSneT, rom aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi mdebare, kolxeTisa da

lazikis (egrisis) samefoebis CrdiloeTiT, mTian da sanapiro mxareSi da mTeli Tanamedrove afxazeTis miwa-wyalze, adreantikur xanaSi qarTuli tomebi saxlobdnen.

mecnierTa mtkicebiT, afsilebi (afSilebi) da abazgebi (abazgia, abasgebi, abaskebi) iyvnen qarTv-luri da ara dRevandel afxazeTis miwa-wyalze mcxovrebi, egreT wodebuli àfxazebis~ winapari tomebi. es tomebi, Zveli afxazebi, afsilebi da abazgebi, ekuTvnodnen megrul-Wanur tomebs.

afsilebi (afSilebi) pirvelad moxsenebulia pliniusis mier. rogorc irkveva istoriuli wyaroebidan, afsileTis eTnikur-politikuri erTeuli warmoiqmna Zvel kolxeTSi, dRevandeli afxazeTis miwa-wyalze, galis raionSi da 1 saukuneSi Camoyalibda afsileTis samTavrod. wyaroebidan Cans, rom is erT xans emorCileboda bizantias. xolo, II saukunis bolos afsileTis samTavro lazeTis (egrisis) samefos SemadgenlobaSi moeqca. V saukunidan afsileTis samTavrom TandaTan CrdiloeTiT gadainacvla da is moicavda exlandel gulrifSisa da soxumis midamoebs. flavius arianec axsenebs abSilebs. rogorc cnobilia, arianem Tavad moiara 131 wels Savi zRvis sanapiroebi da kolxeTi. mis mier daweril TxzulebaSi _ `mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo~, ambobs, rom fazisis orive napirze lazebi mosaxleoben da rom `lazebs Semdgom CrdiloeTiT afSilebi binadroben, romelTa mefe iuliane keisris mier iyo damtkicebuli~. (1, t.I, gv.424). afsileTis mefe i uli a n e m (II s-is I nax.) mefoba miiRo romis imperatoris (98_117) m a r k u s ul p iu s tr a i a n e s a g a n (53_117).

i. javaxiSvils mohyavs prokopi kesarieles aRwerilobidan adgili, sadac igi gadmogvcems afsilebis dasaxlebis adgilmdebareobas: `rions CriloeTiTve, evropaSi, mdebareobs afSileTi (àfsilion xora~ afsilebis qveyana), romelic lazebs emorCileba. afSileTis CrdiloeTis sazRvris gamorkveva cotadac mainc imiT SeiZleba, rom prokofi kesarielis sityviT, Turme, magari cixe `wibeli~ (tZibile), exlandeli `webelda~ afSilebis qveyanaSi yofila~. (1, t.I, gv.426).

bizantieli filosofosis T e m i st io s i s (daaxl. 317_388) gadmocemiT, `lazika mWidrod yofila dasaxlebuli, metadre md. rionis CrdiloeTiT mdebare nawili. samxreTiT mosaxleoba ganuwyvetlivi omianobis gamo Txlad iyo. cixe-qalaqebic blomad arsebobda lazikaSi. sxvebze ufro TvalsaCinod Zveli qalaqi (arxaÁpolis), fazisi (foTi), vardcixe, onoguri, wibeli, skanda da Sorapani iTvlebodnen. mTel lazikaSi simdidriT moxurisi yofila ganTqmuli. am moxerisis anu muxiris (muxuris?) sanaxebSi bevri da didi dabebi yofila, qveyana xSiri mosaxleobiT yofila mofenili da niadagic saukeTesod iTvleboda. amisTana adgili mTels lazikaSi sxva ar moiZebneboda. iq mSvenieri Rvino modioda da sxva yovel-gvari xileuloba da nayofic kargis Rirsebisa icoda~. (1, t.I, gv.274).

IV saukuneSi afSileTSi qristianuli sarwmuneoba saxelmwifo religiad

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gamocxadda. prokopi kesarieli mogviTxrobs, rom 550 wels, afsileTis mmarTveli da lazebis

jarebis ufrosi t erd et e ajanyebula. àfSilebs, romelnic rionis CrdiloeTiT afxazebis da lazebis Soris binadrobdnen da imTaviTve lazebs emorCilebodnen, erTi Zlieri cixe wibelda hqondaT. terdetem mefe gubazs rogorRac Sescoda da raki sasjels moeloda, aiRo da es cixec saidumlod sparselebs gadasca. TiTonac, rasakvirvelia, imaT mxareze gadavida, magram merme inana~. (1, t.I, gv.253). ìranelebma Tavi afSileTis baton-patronebad warmoidgines da gaTavxednen. iranelma sardalma Seuracxofa miayena wibeles mecixovneTa razmis ufrosis cols, tomiT afSils. amiT aRSfoTebulma afSilebma mTlianad amoJlites cixeSi Sesuli iranelebi. gubazma bizantielTa razmi gagzavna afSilebis qveyanaSi da afSilebic ubrZolvelad kvlav lazTa mefes daemorCilnen~ (6, t.II, gv.259). i. javaxiSvili wers, rom: `bizantieli jari ioane guzis meTaurobiT afSileTSi (afsilia) Sevida da mSvidobiani molap-arakebiT igi isev gubazs daumorCila~. (1, t.I, gv.253).

bizantieli istorikosisa da poetis a g a T i a s qol a st i k o s i s a (daaxl. 536 _ daaxl. 582) da prokopi kesarielis gadmocemiT, 552 wels iran-bizantiis omis dros, iranelebi egrisSi gadavidnen da ramdenime warumatebeli brZolis Semdeg miadgnen, absileTis mTavar cixe-simagre cibiliuss (cibiliumi, webelda, wibil, wibilur, wibeli, wibelios, wifelda, tZibile), romelic mdebareobda md. kodoris Sua da zemo wylis auzSi (dRevandel gulrifSis midamoebSi SemorCenilia ramdenime cixis naSTebi), àfSilebisa da misimielTa sazRvarze~, (1, t.I, gv.258). magram ver auRiaT.

`feodalur xanaSi webelda marSaniebis feodalur sagvareulos ekuTvnoda. md. kodoris xeobis erTi monakveTi _ dali gvian saukuneSi gamoeyo webeldas... 1866 wlis afxazeTis ajanyebis dros webeldis mosaxleoba aqtiurad ibrZoda adgilobrivi feodalebisa da carizmis koloniuri politikis winaaRmdeg. SemdegSi webeldis mosaxleoba iZulebiT TurqeTSi gadasaxlda. (8, t.11, gv.302).

VI saukunis dasasruls, egrisis samefos Zliereba TandaTan sustdeba da is kargavs samTa-vroebze gavlenas. abSileTic gamoeyo mas da is uSualod daeqvemdebara bizantias. xolo, VIII saukuneSi afsilebi abazgiis SemadgenlobaSi moeqca da amis Semdeg misi saxeli àfsili~, àfsi-leTi~ wyaroebSi aRar ixsenieba. àfsilebis saxeli Semonaxulia afxazebis sakuTar saxelwo-debaSi àfsua~. (8, t.2, gv.28).

21. a b a z g e b i . afxazebis erT-erTi winapari tomi abazgebi (abazgia, abasgebi, abaskebi, abasxebi)

wyaroebidan Cans, rom adre cxovrobdnen Savi zRvispira mcire zolSi, exlandel oCamCiris miwa-wyalze, md. RaliZgas SesarTavze. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Zv. w. I da II saukuneSi, dasavleT saqarTvelos Savi zRvis sanapiroze da barSi Camosaxldnen mTielebi da TandaTan warmoiqmna politikuri erTe-ulebi. romauli wyaroebidan

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irkveva, rom ax. w. I saukunis Sua xanebSi istoriuli kolxeTis miwa-wyalze warmoiqmna `henioxebisa da maTTan gaerTianebuli makronebis (maxelonebis), lazTa, afSilebisa da abazgebis ̀ samefoebi~. (6, t.I, gv.541). i. javaxiSvili wers, rom abazgebi pirvelad moixsenia II saukuneSi ariane flaviusma da rom àfSilebis mosazRvred abasxebi arian; maTi mefec rismagi keisris damtkicebuli yofila~. (1, t.I, gv.424). wyaroebidan irkveva, rom II saukunis 30-ian wlebSi abasgebi gavrcelebulan dioskuriidan vidre md. abasgosamde (dRevandeli fsou), `sadac adre, arianes mixedviT, sanigebi (henioxebi) ivaraudebian. egebis adre samxreTiT wamoweuli afSilebi da abasgebi lazebma kodors gadaRma ukuagdes, sadamdec adrebizantiuri xanis cnobebiT, eTnografiulad ukve lazebis teritoria vrceldeboda.~ (6, t.I, gv.545). wyaroebidan irkveva, rom II saukunis bolos lazebma daimorCiles mis CrdiloeTiT mdebare afSilebi, abazgebi da sanigebis tomebi da isini lazeTis (egrisis) samefoSi gaerTiandnen. magram, prokopi kesarielis gadmocemiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini `ZvelTaganve lazebis qveSerdomni iyvnen~, hyavdaT ori mTavari..... am tomTa mTavrebis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, maT axal mTavars TvistomTagan lazeTis mefe uniSnavs~. (6, t.II, gv.165). wyaroebidan Cans, rom VI saukunidan dawyebuli abazgebma TandaTan CrdiloeTiT gadainacvles da daikaves sanigebis gverdiT miwebi, md. gumisTasa da bzifs Sua. maTi mTavari qalaqebi iyo CrdiloeTSi biWvinTa, xolo samxreTSi _ anakofia. abazgebi Sedgebodnen ori samTavrosagan: dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTisagan. VI saukunis I naxevarSi, maTi mTavrebis Zaladobis gamo, abazgebi ajanydnen, mospes orive mTavari da bizantias daemorCilnen.

m. lorTqifaniZe wers, rom: `dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoriaze mosaxle tomebi adre egrisis samefoSi iyvnen gaerTianebulni. VI s. damdegidan abazgebi, romlebic afSilebze CrdiloeTiT cxovrobdnen, gadaudgnen egrisis mefes da Tavi uSualod bizantielTa qveSevrdo-mebad gamoacxades.~ (6, t.II, gv.258).

abzgebma ìustiniane keisris moTxovniT qristianoba miiRes. amiT bizantielebs abazgebis Semomtkiceba surdaT. biWvintasa da cxumSi (sebastopolisi) bizantieli mecixovneni Cadgnen. egrisSi iranelebis pirveli SemoWris dros bizantielebma es cixeebi miwasTan gaaswores, radgan SiSobdnen, mters ar CavardnodaT xelSi.

roca bizantieli moxeleebi da kariskacebi kvlav movidnen abazgiaSi, maT axali wesebis damyareba moiwadines, raTa es qveyana mTlianad daemorCilebinaT keisris ZalauflebisaTvis. pro-kopi kesarieli daufaravad ambobs: àm Zaladobis gamo abazgebi pirdapir autanel mdgomareobaSi Cavardnen. imis SiSiT, rom amieridan romaelTa monebad ar gamxdariyvnen, maT kvlav daiyenes TavisTvis mTavrebi, aRmosav-leTis nawilisaTvis ofsite saxelad, xolo dasavleTisaTvis skeparna~. skeparna xosrosTan iranSi farulad wavida, raTa bizantielebis winaaRmdeg daxmareba mieRo. es rom iustinianem gaigo, besas ubrZana didi jari gaegzavna gandgomilebis dasas-jelad. jari abazgebs zRvidan miadga navebiT. ofsitem Sekriba yvela mamakaci da gadawyvita mters daxvedroda. abazgebi gamagrdnen erT miuval cixeSi, romelsac berZnulad traqeas eZaxdnen (Tanamedrove gagris maxloblad). bizantielebma cixes

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alya Semoartyes. abazgebi Tavdauzogavad ibrZodnen, magram iZulebuli gaxdnen cixe daeTmoT. bolos isini saxuravebze avidnen da mters zemodan dauSines isrebi. bizantielebis saqme cudad iyo, rom saxlebisaTvis cecxli ar waekidebinaT. abazgTa mTavarma ofsitem ramdenime kaciT Tavs gaqceviT uSvela, xolo danarCenebi an ferflad iqcnen gadamwvar saxlebTan erTad, an mtris xelSi Cavardnen. romaelebma daatyveves mTavarTa colebi mTeli maTi STamomavlobiT, cixis galavani ki miwasTan gaaswores da mTeli miwa-wyali udabnod aqcies. ase dabolovda abazgebis gandgoma~. (6, t.II, gv.258).

zemoT aRvniSneT, rom VIII saukuneSi abazgia da afSileTi erT samTavrod gaerTianda. xolo, amave, VIII saukunis bolosaTvis ZiriTadaT dasrulda afxazi xalxis Camoyalibeba. masSi gaerTianebulni aRmoCndnen qarTveluri tomebi: henioxebi, abazgebi, afsilebi, aqavelebi, sanigebi da Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapiroze sxva uZvelesi mosaxle tomebi.

`XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi afxazeTs eWiraT mdinareebs xostsa da engurs Soris mdebare teritoria da ramdenime jgufad iyofodnen. zRvispireli da mTieli saZebi (jiqebi) cxovrobdnen xostasa da gagras Soris (e. w. mcire afxazeTi), e. w. did afxazeTSi (axland. gudauTis raionSi) cxovrobdnen bzifelebi, gumaelebi (soxumSi da mis midamoebSi), abJuelebi (axland. oCamCiris raionSi), samurzayanoeli afxazebi (axland. galis raionSi), agreTve fsxus (bzifis zemoweli), gumis (gumisTis zemo-weli), dalcabalis (kodoris zemoweli) da sxv. mTis Temebis mosaxleoba. muhaji-robis Semdeg aq darCnen mxolod samurzayanoloebi, bzifelTa da abJuelTa nawili, romlebic warsulSi sakmaod mkafiod gamoxatuli dialeqturi da kulturuli TaviseburebiT gamoirCeodnen. es gansxvaveba TandaTan qreba.~ (8, t.2, gv.29).

`saxelwodeba àbazgi~ imave fuZisaa, rac àfsili~ (dialeqt. gaJRerebuli forma). am sityvisagan momdinareobs qarTuli àbxazi~ _ afxazi~. (8, t.1, gv.11).

a. ToTaZe aRniSnavs: àqve unda SevniSnoT isic, rom àbazg~ eTnonims araferi aqvs saerTo kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT mcxovrebi abazinelebis aRmniSvnel àbaza~ eTnonimTan. aq mxolod garkveul msgavsebasTan gvaqvs saqme. rogorc T. gamyreliZe aRniSnavs, arsaidan Cans am eTnonimTa Soris etimologiuri kavSiri. isini istoriulad erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel formebs unda warmoadgendnen `berZn. àbazg` _ forma qarTulSi dadasturebul àfxaz~ _ eTnonimis istoriuli eqvivalentia... xolo àbaza~ saxeli sul sxva Sinaarss gamoxatavs da Crdilo-kavkasiur, Cerqezul-adiReur enobriv samyaros ganekuTvneba~. (24, gv.19).

22. s a n i g e b i . zemoT Cven aRvniSneT, rom ax. w. I_II saukuneebSi, Savi zRvis aRmosavleTSi,

kolxeTis CrdiloeT mxareSi, exlandel afxazeTis miwa-wyalze, sebastopolisis (exland. soxumi) midamoebSi, Camoyalibda sanigebis (sanixebi, sanikebi) samefo. es, `Zveli dasavlur-qarTuli tomi pirvelad ixsenieba I_II ss. avtorebi _ pliniusi,

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ariane, memnoni. mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis azriT sanigebi igive zanebi (megrel-Wanebi) iyvnen. sxvebis azriT _ svanebi. arsebobs agreTve mosazreba, rom sanigebi jiqebi (saZebi) iyvnen~. `sanigebis `mefes~ _ spadagas, romelsac Zalaufleba imperatorma adrianesgan miuRia, ixseniebs ariane II saukunis I naxevarSi. rogorc mefis saxelidan Cans, igi adgilobrivi dinasti unda yofiliyo. s. janaSias sanigebi kolxeTis skepturiebad daSlis Sedegad warmoqmnil samefod miaCnia. g. meliqiSvilis azriT, sanigeTis gaerTianeba warmoadgenda tomTa kavSirs saxelmwifoebriobis Zlieri CanasaxiT~. (8, t.9, gv.81).

i. javxiSvili aRniSnavs, rom à rr i a n e , romelmac mTeli Savi zRvis napiri moixila Tavisi mogzaurobis Sesaxeb keisars moxseneba warudgina, mogviTxrobs, rom.... abasxebs gverdiT sanigebi (Tu Wanebi?) arian, swored maT qveyanaSia q. sebastopolisi, anu dioskuria; sanigebis mefe spadagic keisris dadgenili iyo.~ (1, t.I, gv.424).

wyaroebidan Cans, rom ax. w. II saukunis II naxevridan, egrisis (lazeTis) samefoSi Sedioda mTlianad lixsiqeT saqarTvelo da sanigebic emorCilebodnen lazeTis xelisuflebas. xolo, VI saukuneSi bizantia-irans Soris omis dros, romelic ZiriTadaT mimdinareobda egrisis miwa-wyalze, egrisi TandaTan dasustda da man dakarga masSi Semavali samTavroebi. daiwyo gaZliereba abazgiis saerisTaom. romelmac TandaTan SeierTa mezobeli `samefo-samTavroebi~ da VII saukuneSi sanigebic mis gavlenis qveS aRmoCndnen.

p. ingoroyva wers, rom: `zRvispira afxazeTi anu Zveli samxreTi henioxeTi (sanixeTi, sanigeTi). _ ZRvispira mxare istoriuli afxazeTisa, saxeldobr zona suxumis, lixni-biWvinTis, gagris da adleris seqtorebisa antikur xanaSi Sedioda henioxebis (sanixebis, sanigebis) tomis teritoriis farglebSi, xolo antikuri xanis dasasruls es mxare mezobel afxazTa tomis teritoriis farglebSi gadasula. wyaroebis CvenebaTa Sefardebidan irkveva, rom es momxdara me-3_4 saukuneebSi axali welTaRricxvisa. am droidan mokidebuli, saSualo saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi, es zona afxazTa satomo teritoriis nawils Seadgens. politikuri centri am mxarisa _ zRvispira afxazeTisa (Zveli samxreTi henioxeTisa) iyo cxumi (Tanamedrove suxumi), xolo saeklesio centri _ biWvinTa (rezidencia afxazeTis kaTalikosTa).

adreuli saSualo saukuneebis saistorio wyaroebSi moxsenebuli ori samTavro afxazeTisa _ es aris.... mTiani afxazeTi (ZiriTadi afxazeTi) da zRvispira afxazeTi~. (10, gv.123).

Tavi VI. C r d i l o - d a s a v l e T k a v k a s i e l e b i . n. berZeniSvili saqarTvelosa da imier kavkasiis xalxTa urTierTobis Sesaxeb

werda: `kavkasiis mTianeTsa da imierkavkasiis mTisZiroba qveynebs uZvelesi droidanve

mWidro urTierToba hqondaT amierkavkasiasTan. es urTierToba, rasakvirvelia, maSinac

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grZeldeboda, roca feodalurad dawinaurebul saqarTveloSi izrdeboda da Zlierdeboda qveynis politikuri gaer-Tianebis didi procesi. afxazTa mTavrebi Tu gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefeebi sul ufro da ufro mWidro samxedro-politikursa da kulturul urTierTobas abamdnen Tavis am CrdiloeTis moZme-mezoblebTan. Cerqez-osebi Tu durZuk-xunZebi sul ufro da ufro organulad monawi-leobdnen kavkasiis erTiani didi feodaluri samyaros warmoqmnaSi da, bunebrivia, isini ver darCebodnen im samyaros gareT, romelic xsenebuli procesis Sedegad saqarTvelos moTaveobiT warmoiqmna. ase rom, Tamaris mefobis ukanasknel xanaSi yvela es imierkavkasieli mTielebi saqarTvelos mefis ymadnaficTa Soris imyofebodnen da politikuri gavlenis garda feodaluri saqarTvelos Zlier kulturul gavlenas ganicdidnen~. (7, gv.204).

saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleTSi emezoblebodnen adiReuri tomebi (adiReelebi, yabardoelebi da Cerqezebi), romlebic dRevandel dRes warmoadgenen adgilobriv uZveles kavkasielTa mkvidr monaTesave mosaxleobis STamomavlebs. maTi saboloo CamoyalibebaSi miiRes monawileoba iranul-enovanma momTabare tomebma (alanebma, yivCa-yebma, bulgarelebma da sxv.), magram, ZiriTadi nawili darCa adgilobrivi mTielTa tomebi. maTi ZiriTadi saqmianoba iyo mesaqonleoba, miwaTmoqmedeba da rewva.

1. a d i R e e l e b i . adiReelebis Sesaxeb m. cincaZe aRniSnavs, àdiRe-saqarTvelos xalxTa

urTierTobis istoria specialuri Seswavlis sagnad aravis gauxdia; aRniSnuli sakiTxis monografiuli damuSaveba Tavi-sTavad rTuldeba arsebuli istoriuli wyaroebis metismeti simciris gamo, magram, rac aris, adiReelTa istoriis mkvlevarTa mier veraa saTanadod gamoyenebuli. aq vgulisxmobT Tanamedrove adiReeli da rusi istorikosebis im nawils, romlebic specialurad adiRe-CerqezeTis istoriaze muSaoben (b. jimovi, e. aleqseevi, e. nevskaia da sxv.). maT qarTuli istoriuli wyaroebis arasakmarisi codnis gamo bevri saintereso cnoba yuradRebis miRma rCebaT.

werilobiTi wyaroebis simcires, nawilobriv, avsebs is mdidari eTnografiuli masala, romelic mopovebulia gasulsa da mimdinare saukuneebSi da sadac kargad Cans kavkasiis xalxTa urTierTobis amsaxveli araerTi momenti~. (31, gv.3).

j. kviciani aRniSnavs, rom àdiRe-saqarTvelos urTierTobas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. leonti mrovelis cnobiT, mefe armazis dros qarTlis laSqarSi jiqebic msaxurobdnen. juanSeris cnobiT, 456 wels es mxare vaxtang gorgasals daulaSqravs. saintereso cnobaa, rom 656 wels konstantinopolis meeqvse msoflio saeklesio krebam jiqeTis eparqia mcxeTis sakaTalikosos dauqvemdebara. XII_XIII saukuneebSi adiRe saqarTvelos politikur gavlenaSi moeqca, ramac xeli Seuwyo aq qristianobis gavrcelebas~. (12, gv.156).

àdiReel tomebs ekavaT sakmaod vrceli da bunebrivi resursebiT mdidari teritoria Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi md. yubanis auzSi.....

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samflobeloebi ganicdidnen metnakleb teritoriul cvlilebebs, magram am xalxis ZiriTadi nawili yovelTvis aRniSnul teritoriis farglebSi rCeboda~. (31, gv.5).

cnobilia, rom adiReelebma Zveli qvis droidan dawyebuli, yvela cnobili xanis kultura gamoiares. adiReelebi mravali tomebisagan Sedgebodnen, romlebic erTma-neTTan dakavSirebulni iyvnen naTesauri urTierTobiT da eniT. enis mxriv adiReelebi ganekuTvnebian iberiul-kavkasiur ojaxs, sadac Sedis qarTveluri, afxazur-adiRuri, naxur da daRestnur enaTa jgufebi. mecnierebi Tvlian, rom adiReelebis winapari tomebi, romlebic Cvens welTaRricxvamde cxovrobdnen, iyvnen: sindebi, meotebi, kerketebi, toretebi, zixebi (jiqebi) da sxva tomebi, romlebic sxvadasxva pirobebis gamo, an Seerivnen sxva tomebs, an saerTod gadaSendnen. Zv. w. IV_V saukuneebSi TandaTan adiReelTa zogierTma tomebma daikaves CrdiloeT kavkasiis dasavleTSi md. yubanisa da Savi-zRvispireTis miwa-wyali. wyaroebSi yubanispireli adiReelebi moxsenebulni arian rogorc meotebi, xolo SavizRvispireli tomebi ki _ sakuTari saxelwodebebiT: zixebi, kerketebiT da sxv. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Zv. w. V saukuneSi, sindebma calke damoukidebeli samefo Seqmnes. xolo Semdeg Zv. w. IV saukunidan bosforis samefoSi moeqcnen. ax. w. I saukuneSi adiReelebs skviTebi, sarmatebi da alanebi Semoesivnen. xolo IV saukuneSi _ hunebi. ax. w. I saukunidan TandaTan zogierTi adiRuri tomebi Zlierdebian da droTa ganmavlobaSi daiwyes monawileobis miReba kavkasiur politikur cxovrebaSi. yvelaze ufro metad gaZli-erda zixebis (jiqebi) tomi, romelmac, V saukuneSi yvela adiRuri tomebi daimorCila, xolo zogierTi tomebi Tavis sacxovrebeli adgilebidan gaaZeva da Seqmna adiReelTa tomTa kavSiri. xolo VIII _ IX saukuneebSi SavizRvispireTSi is, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi, adiReelebi, saerTo saxelwodebiT, `jiqebis~ (`qaSqebi~, `qaSaqebi~) saxeliT aris moxsenebuli. ucxour wyaroebSi VI saukunidan, adiReelebs ZiriTadaT ixsenieben `zixebis~ saxelwodebiT. X saukunis rusul wyaro-ebSi adiReebi moxsenebulni arian `kasogi~-ebad. xolo XIII saukunis 40-iani wlebidan Turqebi adiReelebs uwodeben Cerqezebs, es saxelwodeba `Cerqezi~ TandaTan gavrcelda evropaSi da aRmosavleTSic. X_XII saukuneebSi arabTa da sxva aRmosavlur wyaroebSi yvela adiReelTa tomebi, moxsenebulni arian rogorc erTi eri.

VI_X saukuneebSi bizantiam nawilobriv SeZlo adiReelebis damorCileba da iq cdilobda qristianobis gavrcelebas. `qarTlis cxovreba~-Si moTxrobilia, rom a n d r i a moc i q uls (pirvelwodebuli), romelic saqarTveloSi cnobili iyo rogorc qarTvelebSi qristianobis pirveli mqadagebel-gamavrcelebeli da zogi mecnieris azriT, igi iyo saqarTveloSi eklesiis damfuZnebeli, ucdia jiqebis (adiReelebis) gaqristianeba. andria mociquli `Tavad jiqeTisa qveynad aRvida. xolo kacni mis queyanisani jiqni iyvnes kacni ficxelni guliTa da saqmiTa Sina borotTa ganfrdilni, urwmunoni da uZRebni. romelTa ara Sewynares qadageba mociqulisa, aramed eneba moklva misi. xolo madlman RvTisaman daicva da ixila ra miudrekeloba

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maTi da pirutyuebrivi goneba, dauteva da warvida. amisTÂsca vidre aqamomde urwmunoebasa Sina arian. xolo simon kananelisa saflavi ars nikofs qalaqsa, Soris afxazeTisa da jiqeTisa, rameTu mun aResrula wmida sÂmon kananeli.

xolo kualad ganamtkicna wmidaman andria megrelni da afxazni da warvida skÂTed~. (4, t.I, gv.43. CanarTi 3).

rogorc cnobilia XIII saukunis dasawyisidan aRmosavleT aziidan Crdilo-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT daiwyo monRolebis Semosevebi da 1236 wels baTo-yaenma daipyro deSTi-yivCayi (yivCayTa velebi) da Camoayaliba saxelmwifo, oqros urdo (juCis ulusi). 1238_1239 wlebSi baTo-yaenma Tavis Zalauflebas daumorCila TiTqmis yvela CrdiloeT kavkasiis tomebi da ra Tqma unda adiReelebic misi gavlenis qveS moeqca. XIII_XIV saukuneebSi, TaTrebisa da monRolebis Semotevebisa da saZovrebis mopovebis gamo, (radganac isini ZiriTadaT misdevdnen mejogeobas, gansakuTrebiT mecxenesneobas) CrdiloeT-aRmosavleT mxaris adiReelebis erTma nawilma miatova Tavisi sacxovrebeli da CrdiloeT kavkasiis centralur nawilSi, md. Tergis auzSi (dRev. yabardoelebis miwa-wyali) dasaxlda. yubansa da SavizRvis-pireTSi darCenili dasavleTis tomebi (bJeduRebi, naTxvajebi, abaZexebi, SafsuRebi, Wemguelebi, beslenelebi da sxva ufro mcire tomebi) gaxdnen dRevandeli adiRe-elebis uSualo winaprebi, romlebic kulturiTa da yofa-cxovrebis sxvadasxva TaviseburebebiT kavkasiel ZirZvel xalxebs enaTesavebian, gansakuTrebiT abazebsa da afxazebs. XIII saukunis meore naxevridan XV saukunis bolomde, SavizRvispireTSi iqmneba genuelTa qalaq-koloniebi (matrega, kafa da sxva), sadac mimdinareobda vaWroba, ZiriTadad adgilobriv meurneobis nawarmiT. am qalaqebis mosaxleobas warmoadgendnen italielebi, berZnebi da adiReelebi.

XVI_XVII saukuneebSi sabolood adiReeli tomebisagan Camoyalibda sami ganStoeba: adiReelebi, yabardoelebi da Cerqezebi.

Crdilo-kavkasiis istoriaSi mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebda yirimis naxevarkun-Zulze da qerCis sruteSi mcxovrebi tomebisagan Camoyalibebuli saxelmwifoebi: tavria, pantikapeoni, xersonesi, bosforis saxelmwifo, tmutarakanis samTavro, oqros urdos yirimis ulusi, yirimis saxano, yirimis miwa-wyalze Camosaxlebuli CrdiloeTidan gadmoxvewili momTabare tomebi da TaTar-monRolebi.

1239 wels monRol-TaTrebma daipyres yirimi da aq saxelmwifo Camoayalibes. xolo, XVI saukuneSi TurqeTi daeufla yirimis saxanos da gaixada mTavar dasayrden adgilad. aqedan TandaTan daipyro Crdilokavkasia, maT Soris adiReeli tomebi da daiwyo islamis gavrceleba. aqedanve anxorcielebda samxreT kavkasiis samefoebze Tavdasxmebs. am dros, saqarTvelo iyo, orsave mxri-dan: samxreTidan _ tao-klarjeTidan da CrdiloeTidan _ adiReelTa tomebiTa da yirimis saxa-nodan, musulmanuri samyarosgan garSemortymuli. saqarTveloze Turqebis Tavdasxmebi grZel-deboda XIX saukunis damdegamde.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, XIX saukunis dasawyisidan CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gamoCnda ruseTis imperia, romelic cdilobda samxreTis mimarTulebiT sazRvrebis

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gafarToebas da SavizRvispireTSi gasvlas. ase rom, kavkasiaSi daupirispirdnen erTmaneTs sami dapyrobeli saxelmwifoebi: irani, TurqeTi da ruseTi. samive cdilobda mis dapyrobas da damonebas. sabolood sxvadasxva politikuri Tu ekonomikuri viTarebis gamo, gamarjveba darCa ruseTis imperias.

`ruseTis warmateba am xanisaTvis umTavresad gamoixateboda SemdegSi: kavkasiis sabolood dakavebisaTvis ruseTma awarmoa xangrZlivi da mZime winamosamzadebeli brZolebi da Seqmna myari niadagi warmatebisaTvis, kerZod: yirimis saxanos gauqmebiT. samxreT ruseTSi TurqeTma dakarga erTguli da Zlieri mokavSire, xolo ruseTi Sav zRvaze uciloblad gabatonda.

ruseTis sanapiro xazi samxreTiT mWidrod miadga CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTianeTs da axal dakavebul raionebSi Seqmna cixe-simagreTa mTeli sistema da warmoebda kazakuri mosaxleobis gamalebuli Camosaxleba kavkasiiswineTSi. mefis ruseTma Tavi-si mokavSiris _ aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefos gauqmebiTa da TbilisSi jarebis SeyvaniT sakmaod mtkiced Cadga fexi kavkasiis mTianeTis samxreTiT~. (31, gv.46).

CrdiloeT kavkasiisa da saerTod kavkasiis xalxebis cxovrebaSi, Zalian didi mniSvneloba iqonia ruseT-osmaleTis da ruseT-iranis omebma. 1829 wels ruseTma CrdiloeT kavkasiidan TiTqmis gaaZeva TurqeTi. xolo 1830 wels Savi zRvis sanapiroc mis xelSi aRmoCnda.

m. cincaZe wers, rom: `samecniero literaturaSi dRes kargadaa cnobili, rom adiRe Sedgeboda urTierTmonaTesave, eTnikurad erTimeoresTan uaRresad axlo mdgom calkeuli tomebisagan, romlebsac garkveuli teritoriebi (xeoba Tu xeobebi) ekavaT. marTalia, aseTi tomobrivi sazRvrebi ar iyo myari da gansakuTrebiT gviani Sua saukuneebisaTvis igi sagrZnob cvlilebebs ganicdida, magram am tomebis umravlesobam, rogorc calkeulma mikropolitikurma erTeulma, XIX saukunis Sua xanebamde Semoinaxa Tavi.

adiReelebSi XIX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis cnobili iyo Semdegi tomebi: x e g a -k e b i , w o f s i n e b i , n a t u x a e l e b i , S a g s u l e b i , a b a Z e x e b i , b J u d e x e b i , x a m i S e v el e b i , m a x o S e v el e b i , m a m x e g o el e b i , b e sl e n e el e b i , x a k u C e b i , a b a z ele b i da sxv~. (31, gv.6).

kavkasiaSi warmoebuli omebisa, politikuri Seqmnili viTarebisa da ekonomikuri pirobebis gamo, xdeboda adiReeli tomebis erTi adgilidan meore adgilas gadanacvleba, calkeuli tomebis Serwyma-Sereva da zogierTi tomebis mospobac.

XVIII saukuneSi adiReelTa tomebi sabolood damkvidrdnen md. yubanidan dawyebuli Savi zRvis sanapiros midamoebSi md. fsoumde.

XV saukunis II naxevarSi osmalebma yirimis nawili daipyres da TandaTan CrdiloeT kavkasiac maT xelSi aRmoCnda. musulmanuri sarwmuneobis gavrceleba, CrdiloeT kavkasiel tomebSi iwvevda ukmayofilebas da ajanyebebs. amis winaaRmdeg Turqebi ilaSqrebdnen. magram, rodesac ruseTma 1763 wlidan daiwyo omebi Crdi- loeT kavkasiis dasapyrobad, gansakuTrebiT (1806_1864) wlebSi rusebis mier warmoebuli omebi, adgilobrivi tomebisaTvis, ZiriTadaT adiReeli tomebisaTvis,

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savalalo aRmoCnda. zogierTi mTieli tomebi saerTod gawydnen, an iZulebulni Seiqmnen, rom gadasaxlebuliyvnen. xolo vinc darCa koloniur mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen.

adiReelebis dapyrobis Semdeg ruseTis imperia Seudga mkacri koloniuri mmarTvelobis damyarebas da musulmani sarwmuneobis mqone adiReelebis winaaRmdeg brZolas. amitom, adiReelebi iZulebulni Seiqmnen TurqeTSi gadasaxlebuliyvnen. (ix. zeviT `muhajiroba~).

ruseTis imperiis adiReelTa winaaRmdeg moqmedebis Sesaxeb, publicisti a nto n s ur i ko v i (1961_2004) mogviTxrobs, rom ruseTis imperiis mier:

`mTielTa sistematuri gawyveta iwyeboda 1806 _ 1812 ww. ruseT-TurqeTis omis damTavrebis Semdeg. ase rom mefis generalma vlasovma 1812 _ 1826 wlebis periodisaTvis gaatara ramdenime sadamsjelo eqspedicia adiReelebis winaaRmdeg. gaanadgura ra aTeulobiT auli, gawyvita ra maTi yvela mcxovrebi, maT Soris qalebi da bavSvebi. SesaZlebelia uamravi aseTi magaliTis motana.

omis wlebis manZilze adiReelTa miwaze moxda asobiT tragedia, romelic masStabiT ar CamorCeba meore msoflio omis `xatins~.....

carizmi adiReelebTan brZolis meTodaT iyenebda genocids. omis SuaxanebSi samxedro sardlobam adiReelebi dayo sam kategoriad: damorCilebulni (yabardo-elebi), naxevrad damorCi-lebulni (amieryubanispireTis àristokratiuli~ tomebi) da daumorCilebelni (àbaZexebis, Saf-sulebis da natuxaelebis `demokratiuli~ tomebi). yvelaze sruli ganadgureba ganicada saxeldobr daumorCilebelma tomebma. Sinagani demokratiuli wyobis Sedegad isini iwvevdnen TviTmyrobelur batonymur sanktpeterburgis siZulvils.

genocidis damadastureblad SesaZlebelia Cerqezuli mosaxleobis ruseT-kavkasiis omis dasawyisisTvis da mis damTavrebis xuTi wlis Semdegdroindeli monacemebis moyvana:

Safsulebi iyvnen 300 000, darCa 1 983 kaci; abaZexebi _ 260 000, darCa _ 14 660; naTuxaelebi _ 240 000, darCa _ 175; TemirRoelebi _ 80 000, darCa _ 3 140; bJeduRebi _ 60 000, darCa _ 15 263; maxoSevelebi _ 8 000, darCa _ 1 204; adamielebi _ 3 000, darCa _ 230; ubixebi _ 74 000, darCa _ 0; daaxloebiT asi aTasi Janovelebisa da xakuCebisagan cocxali ar darCenila arc

erTi. yabardoelebi ar omobdnen, ramac isini ixsna masobrivi ganadgurebisagan. 1870 wlisaTvis TavianT istoriul samSobloSi yubanispireTsa da SavizRvis-

pireTSi soWidan anapamdis darCa mxolod adiReelebis omamdeli raodenobis 2%. amgvari genocidi sxvaTa miwebis kolonizaciis istoriaSi ar Caudenia msoflios

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arcerT imperias~. (53). 1864 wlis CrdiloeT kavkasiis omis damTavrebis Semdeg, mTel CrdiloeT

kavkasiaSi, yalibdeba erovnuli samxedro olqebi, adiReSic damyarda samxedro-saokupacio mmarTveloba. 1867 wlis 1 ianvars adiReelebi Seiyvanes ekaderino- darskisa da batalpaSinis mazraSi. 1870 wlidan mazris mTavar qalaqad gamocxadda maikopi. am adgilas, md. yubanis SenakadSi, md. belaias marjvena mxares, cicabo napirebze, 1857 wels, rusebma aaSenes cixe-simagre maikopi. adiReur enaze maikopi niSnavs `vaSlis vels~. 1918 wels maikopSi sabWoTa xelisufleba damyarda. amave wlis maisSi Camoyalibda yuban-SavizRvispireTis sabWoTa respublika, sadac Sevida adiRec. mTavari qalaqi gaxda krasno-dari. 1918 wlis Semodgomaze mTeli yubani TeTrgvardielebma daikaves. 1920 wlis martSi yubanispireTSi isev komunisturi wyobileba aRsdga. amave wlis dekemberSi adiRe damoukidebel administraciul erTe-ulad gamocxadda. 1922 wlis ivlisSi Seiqmna CerqezeTis (adiRes) avtonomiuri olqi. xolo 1928 wlis ivlisidan adiRe avtonomiur olqad gamocxadda. 1936 wlis xelisuflebis mier, dedaqalaqi krasnodaridan maikopSi gadmoitanes. meore msoflio omis dros 1942 wlis agvistoSi, adiRe germanelebma daikaves. sabWoeTa jari adiReSi Sevida 1943 wlis Tebe-rvalSi. 1962 wlis aprilSi adiRe ao-s miuerTes tulis (exlandeli maikopi) mxare. 1991 wlis 5 oqtombers adiRe gamocxadda respublikad. dedaqalaqi q. maikopi.

am dros adiReelebis mcxovrebTa raodenoba iyo Semdegi: adiReeSi _ 108 100 kaci; yabardo-balyareTSi _ 600 kaci; yaraCai-CerqezeTSi _

10 400 kaci; TurqeTsa da axlo aRmosavleTSi _ 4 000 000-mde kaci. * * * * * * adreuli xanis saqarTvelosa da adiReelTa urTierTobis Sesaxeb cnobebs

nawilobriv gvawvdis arqeologiuri, folkloruli da sxva masalebi. magram es gamokvlevebi imdenad mcirea, rom dana-mdvilebiT raimes Tqma gaZnelebulia.

m. cincaZe wers, rom: àqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom afxazeTi, Tavisi geog-rafiuli mdebareobis gamo, saukuneTa manZilze warmoadgenda im ZiriTad arterias, romlis meSveobiTac saqarTvelos samefo ukavSirdeboda eTnikurad da kulturulad afxazebisave monaTesave adiReel tomebs.

afxazeTi adiReelebTan xangrZlivi istoriuli Tanacxovrebis pirobebSi warmoa-dgenda im ZiriTad regions, saidanac xdeboda kulturuli urTierToba adiReelebsa da saqarTvelos centralur provinciebs Soris~. (31, gv.5).

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, qarTul wyaroebSi adiReelebs moixseniebdnen jiqebis saxelwodebiT. saqarTvelosa da jiqebis urTierT kavSiris Sesaxeb Cven zeviT visaubreT. saqarTvelosa da adiReelebs Soris urTierToba, miuxedavad wyaroTa simcirisa, Cans, rom warmoebda I saukuneSic. adiReelTa sxvadasxva tomebs ZiriTadaT lixsiqeT saqarTvelosTan hqondaT urTierToba. wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom qarTveli mefeebi da mTavrebi, naTesauri kavSirebiTac amyarebdnen urTierTobas am tomebTan.

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rogorc magaliTad, àxali qarTlis cxovreba~-Si moTxrobilia, rom imereTis mefes, giorgi II-es da g i or g i II (g. 1600) g u r i els , colad hyoliaT Cerqezi qalebi da mefesTan izrdeboda colis dac. giorgi II-es `mpyrobelsa imereTisasa~ g i or g i III d a d i a n m a (g. 1582), ase SemouTvala: `raTgan Cerqezis qali erTi Tqven gyavso da erTi gurielsao, mesame daiÁgauTxovari, Tqven rom zrdiT, eg me momeciTo, Torem riT gendoo~. (4, t.II, gv.362). wyaroebidanve Cans, rom afxazeTis samTavros mxardasaWerad xSirad Camodiodnen adiReeli tomebi, romlebic samxedro ZaliTac exmarebodnen. adiReelebis da lixsiqeT saqarTvelos sxva samTavroebs Soris urTierToba, asaxulia wyaroebSi. adiReelebi monawileobas Rebulobdnen sabedianos, guriisa, samegrelos da afxazeTis samTavroebs Soris urTierT dapirispirebaSic. rodesac X saukuneSi afxazeTis samTavro momZlavrda (ix. zemoT), jiqeTi moeqca afxazeT-egrisis sazRvrebSi. xolo Semdgom, IX_XI saukuneebSi, rodesac saqarTveloSi mimdinareobda urTierT saomari dapi-rispireba samTavroebs Soris pirvelobisaTvis, CrdiloeT kavkasiis sxvadasxva tomebs Soris monawileobas Rebulobdnen adiReeli tomebic. wyaroebidan Cans, rom gaerTianebul saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi Semodiodnen adiReeli tomebic, romlebic Tavisufalni da daculni iyvnen mterTagan. ̀ qarTlis cxovreba~-Si basili ezosmoZRvars adiReelebi moxsenebuli hyavs `qaSagi~ sityviT. xolo, `JamTaaRmwereli~ adiReelebs moixseniebs `jiqis~ saxelwodebiT. magram, monRolTa Semo-sevebis droidan dawyebuli, sagrZnoblad Sesustda ekonomikuri da kulturuli kavSirebi, saqar-Tvelosa da CrdiloeT-kavkasiel qveynebsa da maT Soris adiReel tomebs Sorisac. rodesac XIV saukunis bolos, Temurlengi kavkasias Semoesia da aq myofi qveynebi daarbia da aawioka adgi-lobrivi mcxovreblebi, maT Soris qarTvelebi da adiReeli tomebic (jiqebic), iZulebulni iyvnen monawileoba mieRoT mis laSqrobebSi, sxva qveynebis dasapyrobad. Temurlengis Semdeg, rodesac mefis xelisufleba dasustda da erTiani saqarTvelo daiSala calkeul samTavroebad, (ix. zemoT), amdeni dausrulebeli omebis gamo, baris mosaxlebac Semcirda, amiT isargebles mTis tomebma da daiwyes barSi Camosaxleba. lixsiqeT saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSic, gansakuTrebiT afxazeTis barSi, daiwyes dasaxleba mTiani adiReelTa tomebmac.

m. cincaZe wers, rom: `dasavleT saqarTveloSi, sxva mravali politikuri erTeulebis gverdiT, afxazeT-adiRes uSualo mezoblad XIV saukunis bolodan da XV saukunis damdegidan Camoyalibda sakmaod mZlavri politikuri erTeuli _ sabediano. romlis SemadgenlobaSi moeqca mTeli samegrelo da inguris iqeTa miwebis, anu samurzayanos sakmaod mozrdili nawili. afxazeTis mTavrebi muStris TvaliT uyurebdnen samurzayanos mdidar miwebs da sruliadac ar apirebdnen gulgrilad ecqiraT sabedianos gaZlierebisaTvis. amitomac iyo, rom momdevno saukuneebSi afxazTa samTavro awarmoebda gauTavebel brZolebs ara marto calke gandgomisaTvis, aramed axali miwebis SemomtkicebisaTvis. am brZolaSi sakmaod aqtiur monawileobas iRebdnen adiReeli tomebic~. (31, gv.35).

XV saukunidan dawyebuli, rodesac Turqebma daipyres CrdiloeT kavkasieli

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tomebi da yirimis saxanoc daimorCiles, saqarTvelosa (ZiriTadaT lixsiqeTis) da adiReelebs Soris urTierToba gauaresda. Turqebis waqezebiT, adiReelTa tomebma (jiqebma) daiwyes Tavdasxma qarTul samTavroebze. isini Zarcvavdnen da atyvevebdnen zRvispireTis mosaxleobas da Semdeg an gamosasyids Rebulobdnen, an hyidnen. TurqebisaTvis, CrdiloeT kavkasielTa da qarTvelTa tyveebi, erT-erT mTavar gamdidrebis wyaros warmoadgenda. CerqezebiTa da qarTveli tyveebiT xdeboda axlo aRmo-savleTis bazrebisa da sajariso nawilebis (mamluqebiT _ TeTri mona) Sevseba. Tumca SemdegSi, aRmosavleTis qveynebSi (egvipteSi da eraySi) mamluqebma SeZles Zalauflebisa da am saxel-mwifoebis damoukideblobis mopovebac.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, TurqeTi, rogorc samxreTidan, tao-klarjeTidan da aWaridan, aseve adiRedan, cdilobda lixsiqeT saqarTvelos damorCilebas.

qarTuli samTavroebi, rogorc ki momZlavrdebodnen, gansakuTrebiT afxazeTis samTavro, cdilobdnen CrdiloeTi mxaris (jiqeTis) Semomtkicebas.

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gabatonebis Semdeg, TurqeTma daiwyo islamis gavrceleba jer adiReelTa zeda fenebSi, xolo Semdeg mosaxleobaSic. islamis moZRvreba iyo erT-erTi xerxi ùrwmunoTa~ (rusebis) winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, rasac TurqeTi iyenebda kidec.

qarTveli xelisufalni, rom ufro mtkiced Semoemtkicebinad CrdiloeT kavkasielebi da kerZod adiReelebi, Tavis mxriv cdilobdnen, qristianuli sarwmuneobis gavrcelebas. cnobilia, rom VIII saukuneSi, jiqeTis nawili da qalaqi nikofsia Semodioda jer egris-afxazeTis, xolo Semdeg afxazeTis samTavros sazRvrebSi da X saukuneSi jiqeTSi arsebobda 3 avtokefaliuri kaTedra, 2 jiqeTis CrdiloeTSi, bosforsa da qersonesSi (qersoni, korsuni, tavrikesi) da nikofsiaSi. nikofsiis eparqias ekuTvnoda Savi zRvispireTisa da adiRes garkveuli miwa-wyali. nikofsiis eparqia X saukuneSi mcxeTis sakaTalikosos SemadgenlobaSi gaerTianda da ra Tqma unda is Seecdeboda adiReSi Tavisi sarwmuneobis, qristianobis moZRvrebis gavrcelebas. xolo amas ki mohyveboda adiReelebsa da Crdilo-kavkasielTa sxva tomebSi qarTuli enis gavrceleba. s. janaSia wers, rom: `dawyebuli IX saukunidan (Tu adre ara) afxazeTis samefo kancelariisa da eklesiis wignuri kulturis enas warmoadgenda qarTuli ena, romelic vrceldeboda CrdiloeT kavkasiaSic (Cerqezebi, alanebi)~. (31, gv.32). magram, wyaroebidan Cans, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da maT Soris adiReSi, qristianul sarwmunoebasTan erTad moqmedebda warmarTuli religia da adaT-wesebi. xolo, rodesac yirimis saxano da adiRe Turqebma daipyro, yirimis saxanom 1717 wlidan qristianuli eparqiebi daangria da samRvdeloeba mospo. Tumca, miuxedavad Turqebis moZalebisa, zogierTma CrdiloeT kavkasielTa tomebma, mainc SeZles qristianobis SenarCuneba. miuxedavad CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi aseTi daZabuli viTarebisa, saqarTvelosa da adiReelebs Soris, mainc ar wydeboda urTierT kavSiri da gaWirvebis Jams erTmaneTs exmarebodnen kidevac. mag. qelaiS-begisa da arslanbeis dros. (ix. zemoT).

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ruseTis gamoCenis Semdeg da miT umetes, rodesac saqar-

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Tvelos bolo samTavro, afxazeTi, ruseTis imperiam daipyro, adiReelebi yoveli mxridan garSemortymuli aRmoCnda. Crdilo kavkasielTa da mTiani adiReelebis damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis dros, saqarTvelosa da adiReelebs Soris urTi-erToba Semcirda, Tumca, zRvispireTSi mcxovrebi adiReelebi da afxazebi erTmaneTTan mainc kavSirs amyarebdnen.

ruseTis xelisufleba afxazeTis samTavros SeerTebas sxvadasxva xerxiT cdilobda. afxazeTis ukanasakneli mTavris (1822_1864) m i x e il S a r v a S i Z i s (1811_1865) winaaRmdeg farul xrikebs marTavda. rodesac, 1856 wels, TurqeTis sulTnis mier gamogzavnili sardali omer-faSa afxa-zeTSi Sevida, afxazeTis mTavari, mas daukavSirda. àseT viTarebaSi, roca m. SarvaSiZe TurqeTis mokavSire gaxda, bunebrivia, rom adiReeli tomebis aristokratia Tavisi mxedrobiT agreTve omar-faSas banakSi aRmoCndeboda~. (31, gv.53). adiReelTa mosaxleobis nawili, romlebic ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg TavisuflebisaTvis ibrZodnen, omer-faSas miemxrnen. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeodnen ubixi mxedrebi. (ix. zeviT).

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ruseTis xelisufleba yovelTvis cdilobda CrdiloeT kavkasielTa dapyrobas. dRevaendel dResac ganagrZobs mis damorCilebas da amisaTvis iyenebda da iyenebs brZolis erT-erT xerxs genocids. a. surikovi aRniSnavs:

`140 wlis Semdeg, genocidis Sedegebi kvlav gvaxseneben Tavs. dRes dasavleT kavkasiaSi cxovrobs 600 000 adiReeli. amaTgan, amieryubanispireTSi da SavizRvispireTSi, romelTac ganicades genocidi _ mxolod 160 000. amave dros sazRvargareT imyofeba TiTqmis ori milioni mojaxedi _ mTielTa STamomavalni. samSoblodan ZaladobiT deportirebulni. maT Soris 1 500 000 TurqeTSi (300 000 stambolSi cxovrobs), 60 000 _ siriaSi, 40 000 _ iordaniaSi, 20 000 _ germaniaSi, 5 000 _ aSS-i. sul mcire maTi mesamedi dabrunebis pirobebis Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi mzad arian daubrundnen TavianT miwebs. sxvani, rCebian ra devnilobis qveynebSi, sadac maT cxovreba moiwyves, isurvebdnen adiReasTan mWidro kavSiris damyarebas, moqalaqeobisa da arCevnebis uflebis miRebis CaTvliT. erTi kia, rom adiReelebis teritoriis didi nawili didi xania dasaxlebulia kazakebiTa da sxva erovnebis pirebiT. xolo 15_20 wlis manZilze aq kidev Camovidnen 40 000 somexi da amierkavkasiis sxva xalxebis warmomadgenlebi. gasagebia, rom yvela am xalxs araferi saerTo ar aqvs 140 wlis winandel genocidTan da ufleba aqvT maTi kanonieri uflebebis interesebis angariSis gawevisa. amitom dabrunebuli muhajirebisaTvis es sagangebo delikaturi amocanaa. magram misi gadawyveta adre Tu gvian mouwevT. da es saxelmwifom unda gaakeTos~. (53).

magram ubedureba is aris, rom ruseTis xelisufleba dRevandel dResac axorcielebs rogorc CrdiloeT kavkasielTa, aseve samxreT-kavkasielTa da maT Soris adiReelTa, genocids. (ix. qveviT).

wyaroebidan, marTalia mcirea, magram mainc Cans, rom adiReel tomebsa da lixsaqeT saqarTvelos Sorisac yofila urTierTkavSiri damyarebuli. rogorc zemoT

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aRvniSneT, vaxtang gorgasals CrdiloeT kavksia daulaSqravs da maT Soris jiqebic. xolo rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, im dros, jiqebiT, yvela adiReelTa tomebs aRniSnavdnen. adiReelebsa da lixsaqeT saqarTvelos Soris kavSiri gaZlierda. rodesac erTmorwmune ruseTsa da qarTl-kaxeTs Soris, erTaderTi axlo damakavSirebeli gziT, darialis xeobiT, kavkasiaSi Seqmnili sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo, dakavSireba SeuZlebeli iyo, maSin ruseTi da qarTl-kaxeTi erTmaneTs ukavSirdebodnen adiReelebis SemweobiT. wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom erekle II mtrebTan sabrZolvelad iyenebda CrdiloeT kavkasiel tomebs, maT Soris jiqebsac.

unda aRiniSnos, rom `saxelwodeba dariali warmodgeba sparsul dar-i alani-sagan (alanTa kari). Zvel qarTul da ucxour wyaroebSi igi ixsenieba rogorc darialani, dariela, aragvis kari, iberiis kari, kavkasiis kari, sarmatiis kari, ovsTa kari da sxv.~ (8, t.3, gv.385) r. TofCi-Svili darialis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs, rom ax. w. V saukunidan èrqmeva saqarTvelodan CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gasasvlels `dari-ali~, rac iranuli saxelia (toponimia) da ara alanur-osuri~. (15, gv.20). da xSirad, wyaroebSi, darialis xeoba (àlanTa kari~), SecdomiT moxsenebulia derbendis gasasvlelis (àlbanTa kari~, Zv. darubandi, spars. dar _ kari, band _ zRude) magivrad. ase, rom wyaroebSi moxsenebul àlanTa karSi~, igulisxmeba àlbanTa kari~.

lixsiqeT da lixsaqeT saqarTvelosa da Crdilo-kavkasiis mTianeTTan urTierTobis Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdis arqeologiuri da eTnografiuli Zeglebi da masalebi, romlebic mopovebuli iyo warsul XIX_XX saukuneebSi, politikuri viTarebis gamo dRevandel dRes arqeologiuri kvlevaZieba SeCerebulia.

saqarTvelo-adiRes urTierTobis Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdis is arqeologiuri masalebi rome-lic mopovebuli iyo md. nikofsis (exl. neCefsuxo) xeobaSi. am xeobiT xdeboda kavSiri q. nikofsiisa da mTian adiResTan, fsekufsis xebis gavliT.

m. cincaZe wers, rom: `sayuradRebo informacias nikofsiis (am punkts amJamad ewodeba sof.

novomixailovka) ekonomikuri da kulturuli mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb gvawvdis arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Sedegad mopovebuli masalebi. am regionis materialuri kulturis Zeglebi ukve kargaxania ipyrobda mkvlevarTa yuradRebas.....

aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi da gansakuTrebiT ki neCefsuxos xeoba mdidaria adreuli Sua saukuneebis ZeglebiT~. (31, gv.58). `sof. novomixailovkis centris siaxloves, zRvis sanapiroze, dRemdea Semonaxuli sakmaod mZlavri cixe-simagris naSTebi, romelsac adgilobrivi adiReelebi duzu-kales uwodeben....

qvis wyobis xasiaTiT duzu-kales cixe sakmaod axlo dgas anakofiisa da gagris istoriul ZeglebTan~. (31, gv.57) amis garda nikofsiis midamoebSi SemorCenilia ufro momcro cixe-simagris nangrevebi, romlebic varaudiT, axlos dgas qarTul xelovnebasTan.

es Zeglebi, dRemde SemorCenili cixe-simagris naSTebi da TviT nikofsia warmoadgenda saqa-rTvelos samefos Crdilo-dasavleTi mxaris sasazRvro adgils da

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amave dros is meTvalyureobas uwevda adiRes mTianeTisaken mimaval gzas. romliTac xdeboda dakavSireba adiReelebsa da saqa-rTvelos Soris. amitomac etyoba, rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi, cdilobdnen rac SeiZleba metad gaemagrebinaT es mxare. adiReelbsa da qarTvelebs Soris urTierT kavSirs adasturebs isic, rom mecnierTa mtkicebiT, adiReurSi bevri sityva Sesuli aris saqarTvelodan `(mag., bali, TuTa, xurma, zeTi, Wadi, xurjini, gozinayi, arayi da sxv.)~ da ̀ am xalxs xangrZlivi kontaqtebis safuZvelze bevri ram gaaCniaT saerTo, rogorc materialur, ise sulier sferoSic. vaxuStis mixedviT, jiqeTi aris `yovliTurT (msgavsi m. c.) afaxezeTisa; mosavliT da cxoveliT, wesiT da qceviTaca... garna iuwye afxazTa da jiqTa samoselni da iaraRni, da saWurvelni, viTarca CerqezTani, romelTa zneTa Jamad imernica xmaroben~.

magram saqarTvelosa da adiReel tomebs Soris aramarto samoselis, iaraRisa da `zneTa~ siaxlove SeimCneoda, aramed eTnografiuli masalebis gaTvaliswineba saSualebas gvaZlevs, vimsjeloT maT sameurneo gamocdilebaTa da CvevaTa siaxlo-veze da urTierTkavSirze, rasac safuZveli uZvelesi droidan unda Cayroda~. (31, gv.63).

cxadia, rom momavalSi, Tu kavkasiaSi politikuri viTareba dawynardeba da aq macxovrebeli yvela eri, bolos da bolos damoukideblobas moipovebs da saSualeba Seiqmneba, rom adiReelebsa da saqarTvelos Soris normaluri urTierT kavSiri aRsdges, maSin mecnierebi ufro met damadasturebel sabuTebs aRmoaCenen am ori xalxis urTierTgavlenis Sesaxeb.

2. C e r q e z e b i . rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Cerqezebi, adiReelTa tomebis saerTo saxelwodebaa,

romelic warmoiSva XIII saukuneSi. g. meliqiSvili wers, rom: `Crdilo-aRmosavleT mcire aziis mTielTa zogadi

saxeli xeTebTan `qaSqa~ igive `qaSagi~ unda iyos, rasac Sua saukuneebis (arabuli, qarTuli, rusuli) wyaroebi uwodeben Cerqezems (adiReelebs)~. (6, t.I, gv.360).

Cerqezebis `saxelwodebas xmarobdnen sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirvel wlebamde~. (8, t.11, gv.102).

m. cincaZis TqmiT, àdiReeli xalxis aRmniSvneli mesame saxelwodeba `Cerqezi~ yvelaze ufro gviandeli warmoSobisaa~ da mohyavs iohan giulgenStedtis sityvebi, romelmac 1771-idan _ 1775-mde moiara, gamoikvlia da Seiswavla CrdiloeT kavkasia da mTeli saqarTvelo, igi aRniSnavda, rom: `Cerqezni Tavis Tavs adiRe-s (Adigi) uwodeben, Turqebi da TaTrebi maT `Cerqas~-s eZaxodnen, xolo qarTvelebs maTTvis saxelad `Cerqeziani~ hqoniaT~. is mosazreba, rom adiReeli tomebis krebiTi saxeli `Cerqezi~ Turqebma da TaTrebma Semoitanes, farTodaa gaziarebuli samecniero literaturaSi, Tumca unda SevniSnoT, rom termini `Cerqezi~ saqarTveloSi, xSirad, yabardoelTa mimarT ufro gamoiyeneboda, vidre adiReelebisa da aSkarad igrZnoboda

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tendecia, rom sabolood termin `jiqeTis~ adgils daikavebda termini `Cerqezi~. XIX saukunis pirveli naxevrisaTvis adiReeli tomebis damoukideblobisaTvis

brZolis periodSi saxelwodeba `Cerqezi~ kidev ufro farTo xasiaTs iZens da am saxelwodebiT mTel kavkasiis mTianeTis mcxovrebnic ki moixsenebian~. (31, gv.25).

XVI saukuneSi, `CrdiloeTiT saqarTvelos ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurze mdgomi tomi da xalxi emezoblebodnen. Crdilo kavkasiis dasavleTi da centraluri nawili im dros CerqezeTis saerTo saxelwodebiT iyo cnobili. vrceli teritoria Savi zRvis sanapirodan vidre md. sunjamde dasaxlebuli iyo adiReelebiT, romelTa saerTo saxeliT maSin cnobili iyvnen Tanamedrove adiReelebi, Cerqezebi da yabar-doelebi. XVI saukuneSi yabardoelebiT dasaxlebul teritoriaze Camoyalibda `didi yabardo~ _ md. Tergis dasavleTiT da `mcire yabardo~ _ Tergsa da sunjas Soris. qarTul wyaroebSi Crdilo kavkasiis adReur-Cerqezuli tomebi umTavresad jiqebis saxeliT ixseniebian, xolo yabardoelebi _ Cerqezebis saxeliT.~ (6, t.IV, gv.87).

zeviT aRvniSneT, rom antikuri xanis mwerlebi Cerqezebs uwodebdnen `kerke-tebs~. XV saukunemde ruseTSi adiReelTa tomebi moxsenebulni arian, rogorc `Cerkasebi~. saxelwodeba `Cerqezi~ Turqebma XV saukuneSi SemoiRes.

mecnierTa varaudiT, Zvel dros Cerqezebs, ucxovriaT ufro CrdiloeTiT, vidre dRevandel dRes imyofebian da gauvliaT pirvelyofili Temuri wyobilebis yvela safexuri. Semdgom dros, maT Tavs esxmis, CrdiloeTidan da aRmosavleTis mxridan sxvadasxva momTabare da msxemi tomebi da TandaTan ikaveben maT sacxovrebel adgi-lebsa da miwebs. amitom isini iZulebuli gamxdaran, samxreT^mxareSi gadmosax-lebuliyvnen.

XV saukunis miwuruls Cerqezebi moeqcnen TurqeTis gavlenis qveS. XVI_XVII saukuneebSi sabolood Camoyalibda sami ZiriTadi adiReuri xalxis ganStoeba: adiReuri, yabardouli da Cerqezuli.

1790 wels izmailis (ismaili) cixe-simagresTan (ukrainaSi) Turqebis damar-cxebis Semdeg, ruseTis imperiis Seteva CrdiloeT kavkasiis mimarT gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi ruseTma daipyro mTlianad yabardos samTav-roebi. yabardoelebi gadasaxldnen md. yubanis zemo mxareSi da maTi monawileobiT Seiqmna dRevandeli yaraCai-CerqezeTis respublika. yaraCaelebis saxelwodeba warmosdga maTi beladis _ `yaraCa~-s saxelisagan, romelmac daasaxla isini axal adgilas.

1828 wels ruseTma yaraCai-CerqezeTi daimorCila da daiwyo Tavisi weswyobilebis damyareba. miuxedavad amisa, Cerqezebs qedi ar mouxriaT da mudam cdilobdnen dampyrobelisagan ganTa-visuflebuliyvnen. magram, rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, ruseTis mier yvela qarTuli samTavroebis dapyrobis Semdeg, CrdiloeT kavkasiis tomebi alyaSi aRmoCndnen da urCi Cerqezebis damorCileba gaadvilda.F

ruseTis imperiis mier (1817_1864) wlebSi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ganxorciele-bulma koloniuri xasiaTis brZolam, gamoiwvia kavkasiis mTielTa saxalxo moZraoba,

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romelic sabolood ruse-Tis gamarjvebiT damTavrda (moZme, `rusofile~ mTielTa daxmarebiTa da Ralatis gamo). rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, es omi, zogierT kavkasiel mTielTa tomebisaTvis sabediswero aRmoCnda, am omma Seiwira mravali xalxi da mTlianad ganadgurda ara erTi tomebi. kavkasiis omis damTavrebis Semdeg, ruseTis xelisuflebam, Cerqezebi, yaraCaelebi da sxva mTielebi, iZulebuli gaxades, rom gadasaxlebuliyvnen TurqeTSi, romlis drosac uamravi xalxi daiRupa. TurqeTSi gadarCenili Cerqezebis nawili (90%) gadasaxlda axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebSi. kavkasielebis da maT Soris Cerqezebis (adiReelebis) mTeli istoria aris sxvadasxva rjulis dapyroblebis, xolo bolos, ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg, TviTgadarCenisaTvis da TavisuflebisaTvis gmiruli brZola, romelic grZeldeba dRemde.

uamravi wyaroebi arsebobs rogorc ucxoeli, aseve TviT rusebis mier Canawerebi, romlebic aRweren im saSinelebebs, rasac Cadiodnen kavkasielebis mimarT ruseTis samxedro warmomadgenlebi da kazakebi.

kavkasiologi m e r a b C u xu a wers da mohyavs rusi mogzauris, publicistisa da mecnieris m i x e il v e n i u k o v i s (1832_1901) monaTxrobi:

`genocidis realizacia mimdinareobda winaswar mkacrad dadgenili wesebis mixedviT, gansa-zRvruli iyo adgilobrivi mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobis Semcireba Semdegi gzebiT: fizikuri ganadgureba, sikvdils gadarCenilTa soflebis gadawva, naTesebisa da sasursaTo maragebis mospoba, dawiokebuli mosaxleobis TavianTi sacxovrebeli adgilebidan iZulebiT gasaxleba: òmi dau-ndobeli, umowyalo sisa-tikiT warmoebda. nabij-nabij, magram saimedod, miviwevdiT win da gzad ukanasknel adamianamde vmusravdiT yvela mTiels, romelic ki Semogveyreboda. rogorc ki Tovlma dnoba iwyo da vidre xeebi mwvaniT Seimosa (Tebervalsa da martSi) asobiT mTis sofeli gadavwviT; naTesebi cxenebiT da zogan fexiTac gavaCanageT; mosaxleobas, Tuki moulodnelad movixelTebdiT, badragis TanxlebiT erTianad uaxloes stanicamde, iqidan ki Savi zRvis napirebisaken da Semdeg TurqeTSi miverekebodiT~. (45). m. Cuxua wers, rom ruseTis generali v a s il g e i m a n i (1823_1878) romelic monawileobda kavkasiis dapyrobisas da (1877_1878) wlebSi ruseT-TurqeTis omebSi, ìmedovnebda, rom adgilobrivi Cerqezuli mosaxleoba an SimSilisagan daixoceboda, an gamovidoda zRvispireTSi, raTa gadasaxlebuliyo TurqeTSi. ai, ras werda generali Tavis moxsenebaSi 1864 wels: àulebi, purisa da xilis maragi gadamwvaria; zustad SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom mosaxleoba zamTris ganmavlobaSi, an SimSiliT gawydeba, an Cvens zRvispira punqtebSi gamova TurqeTSi gadasasaxleblad~. (45).

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ruseTis xelisuflebas, rom xelSi Caegdo kavkasiis miwebi, yovelgvar Ronesa da xerxs mimarTavda. misTvis kavkasielebi (gansakuTrebiT Cerqezebi) arafers warmo-adgenda da fizikurad anadgurebda.

sabWoTa istorikosi vl ad i m e r p i s a r e v i c - k i (1890_1967) aRniSnavda, rom `TiTqmis asi wlis manZilze (XVIII saukunis 70-iani wlebidan 1864 wlamde) mefis jarebi da kazakebi sistematiurad aoxrebdnen aulebs, wvavdnen pursa da Tivas,

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mierekebodnen saqonels, tyved mihyavdaT qalebi, bavSvebi da moxucebi. mSvidobian mosaxleobas sastikad uswordebodnen, sisxli mdina-reebad moedineboda~. (45).

Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom rusebs Sorisac (armiis meTaurebSic) iyvnen iseTebic, romlebic aseT sisastikes ar eTanxmebodnen. cnobilia, rom 1812 wlis omis gmiri, kavaleriis generali n i koloz r a e v s k i (1771_1829), 1824 wels, `gadadga da Tavis moxsenebaSi werda:

`me aq pirvelma da aqamde erTaderTma avimaRle xma kavkasiaSi damRupveli saomari moqmedebebis winaaRmdeg, ris gamoc iZulebuli var, davtovo aqauroba. Cveni moqmedebebi kavkasiaSi espanelebis mier amerikis Tavdapirveli dapyrobis yvela saSinelebas magonebs, magram aq ver vxedav verc gmirobas da mamacobas, verc pisarisa da kortesis miRwevebs. RmerTma qnas, rom kavkasiis dapyrobam imis msgavsi sisxliani kvali ar datovos ruseTis istoriaSi, rogorc am dapyrobilebma datoves espaneTis istoriaSi~. (45).

xorava naSromSi _ `Cerqezebi~-is, daskvniT nawilSi aRniSnavda, rom: `ruseT-kavkasiis omis dros ruseTis imperia mizanmimarTulad eweoda CrdiloeT

kavkasiis dasavleTi da centraluri nawilis mosaxleobis _ abaza-Cerqezebis am regionebidan Zaladobrivi gziT gandevnas samoqalaqo mosaxleobaze samxedro Tav-dasxmebis gziT. ruseTis xelisufleba omis dros am regionis mosaxleobis eTnikuri niSniT ganadgurebas eweoda: ganzrax qmnida iseT pirobebs, romlis mizani iyo am mxaris mosaxleobis sruli an nawilobrivi fizikuri ganadgureba. amis Sedegad abaza-Cerqezebis didi nawili daiRupa, nawili iZulebuli gaxda ucxoeTSi gadaxvewiliyo, Zalian mcire nawili darCa ruseTis teritoriaze.

Sedegad, mravali eTnografiuli jgufi istoriis arenidan gaqra. amdenad, ruse-Tis imperiis qmedeba SeiZleba Sefasdes rogorc genocidi da eTnikuri wmenda~. (45).

1918 wlis 1 aprils, sabWoTa xelisuflebis dros, gamocxadda yubanis sabWoTa socialisturi respublika da masSi Sevida Cerqezebi. amave wlis 28 maisidan gadakeTda da daerqva yubanisa da Savi zRvis sabWoTa respublika. xolo amave wlis 5 ivlisidan _ CrdiloeT kavkasiis sabWoTa respublika da CerqezeTi gaxda misi nawili.

Cerqezi xalxis damoukideblobisaTvis brZola ar Sewyvetila sabWoTa wiTeli jaris Semosvlis dRidan da grZeldeba dRemde. cnobilia, rom Cerqezuli auli, koSehabli, `1918 wlis zafxulSi wiTelarmielebma praqtikulad gaanadgures, aq agresorebTan oms 214 Tavisufle-bisaTvis mebrZoli Cerqezi patriotis sicocxle Seewira~. (45).

1919 wlis ianvarSi yaraCai-CerqezeTi daikava a. denikinis, egreT wodebulma `moxaliseTa TeTri armia~-m, `rogorc TviTon ambobdnen, `zurgSi wesrigis dasamyareblad~. denikinis propaganda mTielebs or jgufad yofda: èrTni, mSromeli xalxebia (kumikebi, osebi, yabardoelebi da lekebi), xolo meoreni, TavianTi veluri instiqtebis gamo, _ bandituri cxovrebis moyvarulebi~.

`TeTrebma~ mTielebis winaaRmdeg terors mimarTes, Tumca, amave dros srul

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TviTmmarTvelobas sTavazobdnen. martSi denikinma CeCnebs armiaSi samsaxuri SesTavaza da Seiqmna CeCnebis divizia. magram aman ukuSedegi gamoiRo _ CeCnebi ukve sxva mTielebs daupirispirdnen.

1919 wlis maisSi kavkasiis emirma, uzun-xajim denikinis armias `hazavaTi~, anu wminda omi gamoucxada da daRestansa da CeCneTSic daiwyo axali ajanyeba. CvenTvis sainteresoa, rom am omis mxardamWerad mogvevlinen axlad Seqmnili saxelmwifoebi _ azerbaijani da saqarTvelo. azerbaijani mTielebs iaraRs awvdida, xolo saqarTvelo, romelsac iaraRis deficiti hqonda, ZiriTadad, fuls aZlevda. ai, ras werda publicisti, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos (1918_1921) mTavrobis Tavjdomare n o e Jord a n i a (1868_1953):

`Cven TviTon gviWirda, magram mTielebs uars ar veubnebodiT. ratom? amas moiT- xovda Cveni Crdilo sazRvrebis dacva. mTielTa Zlieri damoukidebeli respublika _ es iqneboda moskovis dapirispirebuli cixesimagre. mis arsebobaSi yvela Cven viyaviT dainteresebuli~. (54).

1920 wels sabWoTa wiTelma jarebma, yaraCai-CerqezeTi, TeTrgvardielebs daatovebines da iq isev damyarda sabWoTa wyobileba.

1921 wlis 20 ianvridan CerqezeTi Seiyvanes mTielTa avtonomiur sabWoTa socialistur respublikaSi. 1922 wlis 12 ianvridan calke Camoyalibda yaraCai-CerqezeTis avtonomiuri olqi da CerqezeTi samxreT-aRmosavleT mxaris Semadgen-lobaSi aRmoCnda. romlis mTavari qalaqi gaxda batalfaSinski. 1924 wlis 16 oqtombridan Crdilo-kavkasiis avtonomiur olqSi Sevida.

1926 wlis 26 aprilSi es mxare gayves or olqad: yaraCais avtonomiuri olqi da CerqezeTis nacionaluri olqi. 1943 wlis oqtombridan ssrk-s umaRlesi sabWos dadgenilebiT, yaraCais avtonomiuri olqi gauqmda da gaiyo or nawilad. samxreTi mxare (qluxori) SeuerTda saqa-rTvelos, xolo danarCeni ki stavropolis mxares. xolo imave wlis noemberSi, germanelebTan TanamSromlobis sababiT, yaraCaelebi da Cerqezebi mTlianad Sua aziaSi gadaasaxles, romlis drosac mosaxleobis didi nawili daiRupa. 1957 wlis gadasaxlebulTa Sewyalebis (reabili-taciis) Semdeg dabrundnen da Seiqmna stavropolis mxareSi yaraCai-CerqezeTis avtonomiuri olqi, isev 1943 wlis sazRvrebSi. 1990 wlis 30 noembers, stavropolis mxaridan gamoiyo da gadakeTda `yaraCai-CerqezeTis sabWoTa socialistur respublikad~ da Sevida rsfsr-is SemadgenlobaSi. rac damtkicda 1991 wlis 3 ivnisis rsfsr-is umaRlesi sabWos dadgenilebiT.

yovel weliwads, ruseTsa da sxvadasxva qveynebSi myofni Cerqezebi, gansakuT-rebiT adiReSi, yabardo-balyareTsa da yaraCaevo-CerqezeTSi, farTod aRniSnaven 21 maiss. es dRe aris Cerqeze-bisaTvis glovis dRe. vinaidan am dRes damTavrda ruseT-kavkasiis 100 wliani (1763_1864) omi da am dRes daeca Cerqezebis ukanaskneli simagre auli gubaadvSi, (ix. zemoT) romlis aRebis drosac Cerqezebis sisxliT moirwyo aulis mimdebare veli da am adgils daerqva `wiTeli veli~. 1994 wels, am dRis 130 wlis TavTan dakavSirebiT rsfsr-s prezidenti boris elcini, mefis

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ruseTis imperiis mier Catarebul CrdiloeT kavkasiis omis Sesaxeb ambobda: `Cerqezi (adiReelebis) xalxis aswliani umagaliTo brZola TavisuflebisaTvis

iwvevs pativiscemas mTel msoflioSi. ès iyo omi aramarto Tavis miwaze gadarCenisaTvis, aramed TviTmyofadi kulturis, saukeTeso nacionaluri xasiaTis Tvisebis SenarCunebisaTvis.~ (119). miuxedavad amisa, swored mis dros da misi brZanebiT daiwyo CaCneTis omi, romelic dRemde grZeldeba.

CrdiloeT-kavkasiis mcxovreblebi dRemde mimarTaven TxovniT rfr-s xeli-suflebas, rom axlomonaTesave adiRelebi, yabardoelebi da Cerqezebi gaerTianebinad da erTiani adiRes respublika SeeqmnaT, magram maT Txovnas ar akmayofileben. radgan ruseTis imperias awyobs, rom CrdiloeT kavkasia iyos danawevrebuli. amave dros Cerqezebis nacionaluri moZraobis wevrebi ibrZvian imisaTvis, rom aRiarebuli iyos mefis ruseTis mier, Cerqezebis (adiReelebis) mimarT Cadenili danaSauli, rogorc genocidi.

dRevandel dRes, yaraCai-CerqezeTis respublika samxreT federaluri olqis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis, romlis dedaqalaqia q. Cerkeski.

q. Cerkeski mdebareobs md. yubanis marjvena napirze. daarsda 1804 wels kazakebis polkis mier. 1931 wels ewoda batalfaSinski. 1934 wels, revolucioneri saxkomis wevris d. i. sulimovis (1890_1937) pativsacemad daerqva sulimov-Cerkeski. xolo rodesac 1937 wels d. sulimovi daxvrites, qalaqs daarqves, n. eJovis (1895_1940) pativsacemad _ eJov-Cerkeski. 1939 wels n. eJovi daapatimres da qalaqs dautoves saxeli marto Cerkeski.

1979 wlis aRweris monacemebiT Cerqezebi ssrk-Si cxovrobda 46 000 kaci. (8, t.11, gv.102).

yaraCai-CerqezeTis mosaxleoba 1959 wels iyo 277 959 kaci; xolo 1989 wels gaxda 417 560 kaci.

2010 wlis aRweriT respublikaSi sul 478 500 mcxovrebi iyo. aqedan: yaraCaelebi _ 194 324 (41,0%); rusebi (maT Soris kazakebi) _ 150 025 (31,6%);

Cerqezebi _ 56 466 (11,9%); abazinebi _ 36 929 (7,8%); noRaelebi _ 15 654 (3,3); ukrainelebi _ 1 990; osebi _ 3 142; somxebi _ 2 737; TaTrebi _ 1 696; berZnebi _ 1 276; danarCeni _ 3 499. (133).

surikovi aRniSnavs, rom `140 wlis Semdeg, genocidis Sedegebi kvlav axsenebs Tavs. dRes dasavleT kavkasiaSi cxovrobs 600 000 adiReelebi. amaTgan, amieryubanis-pireTSi da SavizRvis-pireTSi, romlebmac ganicades genocidi _ mxolod 160 000. amave dros sazRvargareT imyofeba TiTqmis ori milioni mojaxedi _ mTielTa STamomavalni, samSoblodan ZaladobiT deporti-rebulni. maT Soris: TurqeTSi _ 1 500 000; (stambulSi _ 300 000); siriaSi _ 60 000; iordaniaSi _ 20 000; isra-elSi _ 4 000; germaniaSi _ 20 000; safrangeTSi – 150; holandiaSi – 100; aSS _ 3 000~. (53). israelSi 4 000 adiReelebi (Cerqezebi) Casaxldnen istoriul olqis galileiaSi da imyofebian sam sofelSi: kfar-kamaSi, abu-toSi da rexaniaSi. isini ar ekuTvnian arabebs. 1958 wels ibrZodnen ebraelebTan erTad damoukideblo-

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bisaTvis da dResac imyofebian israelis sajariso nawilebSi. `Cerqezebs ssrk-Si uwodeben yaraCai-CerqezeTis ao-is mosaxleobas (maT Soris

yabardoelebis winaprebsac, romlebic yubanSi gadasaxldnen XIX s. I meoTxedSi). laparakoben yabardoul-Cerqezul enaze, romelic ganekuTvneba kavkasiur enebis afxazur-adiRur jgufs. saerTo raodenoba ssrk-Si 45 aTasi kaci (1979). Cerqezebs uwodeben agreTve TavianT Tavs XIX s-Si osmaleTSi gadasaxlebuli kavkasiis mTiulebi _ adiReebi, afxazebi, osebi da a. S. sazRvargareTis literaturaSi eTnonimi Cerqezebi dRemde ixmareba, rogorc yvela adiRes saxelwodeba~. (8, t.11, gv.102).

yaraCai-CerqezeTis saxelmwifo enaa _ rusuli da yaraCauli, Cerqezebi laparakoben Cerqezul kilokavze, yabardoul-Cerqezul (saerTo yabardielebTan) enaze, romelic ganekuTvneba afxazur-adiReur jgufis CrdiloeT-kavkasiur ojaxs.

Cerqezebis da yabardoelebis ena sinamdvileSi erTi da igive enaa. adiReuri mcirediT gansxvavebulia, magram, erTmaneTis esmiT.

`2010 wlis 25 maiss ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis eTnologiisa da anTro-poliis institutma oficialuri daskvna gamoaqveyna imis Sesaxeb, rom Tanamedrove adiRelebi, yabardoelebi, Cerqezebi da Safsulebi erTiani Cerqezuli eria~. (45).

ruseTis imperiis mier CrdiloeT kavkasiis dapyrobis Semdeg, yvela tomebisaTvis SemoiRes saerTo damwerloba _ rusuli (kirilica), romelmac Secvala arabuli. 1925 wels miiRes laTinurenovani damwerloba. SemdgomSi, CrdiloeT-kavkasiis mecnierebi ixilavdnen sakiTxs, rom Seqmniliyo yvela Crdilo-kavkasielebisaTvis, erTiani, saerTo anbani da literaturuli ena, magram sakiTxi ganuxilavi darCa, radgan, am yrilobis monawile yvela mecnieri msjavrdadebuli aRmoCnda rogorc `burJuaziuli nacionalistebi~. nawili daiWires da gadaasaxles, xolo umravlesoba mospes. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi SefarviT mimdinareobda garusebis politika. romelic grZeldeba sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdegac. dRevandel dRes SemoRebulia yvela Crdilo-kavkasielTaTvis isev rusuli anbani.

a. ToTaZe aRniSnavs: `CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi rusulma enam gabatonebuli mdgomareoba daiWira. erovnuli

enebi ganidevna fabrikebidan, qarxnebidan, sacxovrebeli korpusebidan, institute-bidan, skolebidan. Sin da gareT, samuSaoze da quCaSi yvelaferi rusul enaze àlaparakda~. aseTi viTareba iyo mTel CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi....

yovelive es ZiriTadaT iman ganapiroba, rom ieriSi mihqondaT erovnul enebze da cdilobdnen mxolod rusuli enis damkvidrebas. magaliTad, sakmarisi aRmoCnda yofil sabWoTa kavSiris pirvel pirs n. xruSCovs belorusiis universitetis kibe-ebze eTqva sakramentuli fraza `rac ufro male Cven yvelani vilaparakebT rusu-lad, miT ufro swrafad avaSenebT komunizms~, rom ara marto belorusiaSi, aramed ukrainaSic maSinve daiwyes am yovelmxriv saziano da nacodvilari naazrevis cxov-rebaSi gatareba. marTalia, komunizmi ver aSenda, magram samagierod belorusiaSi

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TiTqmis aRar darCa skola mSobliur enaze, moswavleTa 79,0 procenti ganaTlebas rusul enaze iRebda. belorusuli skola mxolod soflad SemorCa. skolebSi belorusul enas samjer naklebi saaTebi hqonda daTmobili, vidre rusuls. beloru-suli enis diskriminizaciis saqme iqamde mivida, rom rusuli enisa da literaturis maswavleblebis Sromis anazRaureba ufro maRali iyo, vidre maTi, vinc mSobliur belorusul enas aswavlida....

kidev uro mZime mdgomareoba iyo CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. cnobili daRestneli poeti rasul gamzaTovi werda: `Cems msobliur daRestanSi literatura cxra enaze iqmneba. amtkiceben, rom arcerT maTgans ar uweria gaqroba... ukanasknel dros erov-nul enaze ori axali literaturuli Jurnali gamoica. magram gvaRelvebs sakiTxi: vis SeeZleba es Jurnalebi waikiTxos aTi, oci wlis Semdeg? maxaCkalaSi ar aris arc erTi sabavSvo baRi, arc erTi skola, arc erTi klasi, sadac Cveni winaprebis enas aswavlidnen~. (25, gv.98). aseTi viTareba iqmneboda mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi.

saqarTvelo-Cerqezebis politikur-kulturuli kavSirebi xorcieldeboda lix-siqeTidan, ZiriTadaT afxazeTis samTavrodan. Tumca, dro da dro xdeboda lix-saqeTac, qarTl-kaxeTis samTavroebs Soris urTirTkavSiric. zeviT aRvniSneT, rom giorgi guriels colad Cerqezi qali hyavda. xolo, erekle II-es mouwvevia mterTan sabrZolvelad dasaxmareblad sxva CrdiloeT kavkasielTa Soris Cerqezebic. cnobi-lia isic, rom rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, rodesac qarTlis mefem vaxtang VI-em politikuri viTarebis gamo, miatova qarTli, Tavisi amaliT, romelic Sedgeboda 1 200 wevrisagan, 1724 wlis agvistos bolos, raWidan gadavida jer CerqezeTSi, xolo aqedan gaemgzavra ruseTSi.

wyaroebidan Cans, rom saqarTvelosa da Cerqezebs Soris daaxloeba da kulturuli urTierToba ufro metad damyarebula VIII saukunidan, rodesac Crdilo kavkasiaSi daiwyo egris-afxazeTidan qristianuli religiis gavrceleba, rasac mohyva qarTuli enis gavrcelebac. àRsaniSnavia, rom VIII s. miwurulidan, gansakuTrebiT ki IX_X ss. qarTul enas egris-afxazeTis mefeebi avrceleben da qristianobasTan erTad amkvidreben rogorc eklesiis enas Crdilo kavkasiaSic, Cerqezebsa da alan-osebSi. es yvelaferi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi egris-afxazeTidan mimdinare procesi iyo~. (6, t.II, gv.26). magram, XIV saukunidan CerqezeTSi TandaTan daiwyo islamis gavreceleba da sabolood XVIII saukuneSi islamma mTeli Crdi- loeT kavkasia daipyro. islamis gavrceleba xdeboda ZaldatanebiTac. osmalebis wes-Cveulebis Tanaxmad, ojaxis ufrosis winaSe daayenebdnen naTesavebs da emuqre-bodnen yvelas daxocviT, Tu igi uars ityoda islamis miRebaze.

miuxedavad amisa, wyaroebidan Cans, rom Cerqezebsa da saqarTvelos Soris urTierToba, XVII_XIX saukuneebSi, mainc xorcieldeboda. saqarTvelos moRvaweebi SeZlebisdagvarad cdilob-dnen CerqezeTSi qristianobis gavrcelebas da gaWirvebis dros SeZlebisdagvarad erTmaneTs exmarebodnen.

lixsiqeTis kaTalikos-patriarqi (1696_1742) wlebSi gr i g oli (eriskacobaSi grigol lorTqifaniZe), romelic monawileobda imereTis samefos politikur

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cxovrebaSi da didi Zali-sxmeviT ebrZoda tyvis yidvas, mahmadianobis gavrcelebas da amave dros cdilobda mTianeTis mosaxleobaSi qristianobis gavrcelebas, isto-rikosis da sazogado moRvawis m i x e il T a m a r a S v il i s (eriskacobaSi TamaraTi miqel) (1858_1911) gadmocemiT: `1713 w. samegrelos gavliT evropaSi mimaval frang misioner riSars da sulxan-saba orbelians grigolma daavala, rom imereTSi misionerebi CamoeyvanaT. raTa isini afxazeTsa da CerqezeTSi samoRvaweoda gaegzavna~. (6, t.IV, gv.485).

papuna orbeliani gadmogvcems, rom: `qarTvelni yizilbaSTa saomrad didad alesil iyvnes, moiwvivnes jarebi qalaqsa Tbilisasa qarTlni srulad, imerni, Cerqezni, osni da kavkazisani, agreTve kaxsabatons Semoeyara kaxni srulad. TuSni, fSavni, xevsurni da lekni, romelni monebdnen kaxs batons. ra es jarebi Semoikribnen qalaqsa Tbilisasa, gavida Tofxana da gabZanda mefe Teimuraz da mefe erekle qalaqiT Tvesa Tebervalsa... (8), qronikosn ul (1750 w.)~. (29, gv.106).

1751 wels, rodesac iranis taxtis xelSi Cagdebis mosurnem, a z at - x a n m a (g. daaxl. 1762) aaoxra qarTl-kaxeTis moxarke erevnis saxano da alyaSi moaqcia erevani, erevnis xanma daxmareba sTxova erekle II-es. man saswrafod jari Sekriba, sadac monawileobas Rebulobdnen CrdiloeT kavkasielebic da maT Soris Cerqezebic.

p. orbeliani mogviTxrobs, rom: `movida erevnis xani da ufrosni kacni, Semoexvewnen patronTa CvenTa, sTxoves

jari da moxmareba, gagzavnes kacni maSinve CerqezSi, oseTSi, da mTebis qveynebSi, jarebi daibares da aqac mzadeba Seqmnes jarebisa~. (29, gv.107). erevnis axlos, yirxbulaxSi, erekle II-em, sastikad daamarcxa azat-xani da erevnis saxanodan gandevna. Tumca, imave welsve, Teimuraz II-sa da erekle II-is laSqrobisas War-belaqnis (ubatono Temebis) dasamorCileblad, 11 Tebervals, md. agriswylis (alaznis Senakadi, axlandeli agriCai, azerbaijanSi) midamoebSi gadamwyvet brZolis dros, mahmadiani xanebis (maT Soris erevnis xanic) da Saqis saxanos damaarsebel a j i -C al a b i s (haji Celebi yurban-oRlu) (g. 1755) Ralatis gamo, qarTvelebi damarcxdnen.

1752 wlis 28 marts, ganjasTan gamarTul brZolaSi, romelic dilidan saRa-momde gagrZelda, mahmadianma xanebma da isev erevnis xanmac qarTvelebs uRalates da aji-Calabs miemxrnen. Ralatis gamo, qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebi Teimuraz II da erekle II damarcxdnen. am damarcxebiT gaTama-mdnen lekebi da kaxeTis soflebs moedvnen. amitom saWiro gaxda axali jaris Seqmna da dasaxma-reblad ereklem yabardoelebi da Cerqezebi moiwvia. SeerTebulma laSqarma yazax-SamSadilosTan aji-Calabi daamarcxa. rogorc p. orbeliani gadmogvcems, amis Semdeg, ar gasula didi dro da daRestnis erT-erTma Zlierma feodalma, xunZaxis batonma nursal-begma Sekriba rac rom `daRe-stanSi beladebi da ufrosi kacebi iyvnen~ da 1754 wels qarTl-kaxeTis dasapyrobad gamoemarTa. erekle II-es, dasaxmareblad isev CrdiloeT kavkasieli mTielebi mouwvevia. `gagzavnes megeTa kacni CerqezSi, aRuTqves misace-meli friadi da daiWires jari, egreTve osisa da mTis jarebi, kavkasiidan moiwvies

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jarebi~. (33, gv.108). Tumca, sanam damxmare jarebi movidodnen, agvistoSi, mWadis-jvarTan erekle II-em, saocari gabeduli SeteviT daamarcxa nursal-begi.

saqarTvelosa da Cerqezebs Soris urTierToba Sewyda ruseTis imperiis mier CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi warmoebuli omis dros. xolo sabWoTa kavSiris dros, miuxe-davad mowodebebisa, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali erebi yvela `Zmebi~ iyvnen, sinam-dvileSi, erebs Soris urTierT kavSiri ufro daiZaba da garTulda. cnobilia, rom 1992_1993 wlebSi, egreT wodebul àfxazeTis omSi~, saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, monawileobas Rebulobdnen, sabWoebis mier motyuebuli Crdilo-kavkasielebi, maT Soris Cerqezi moxaliseebic. Tumca, droTa ganmavlobaSi, CrdiloeT-kavkasielebsa da qarTvelebs Soris, TandaTan myardeba urTierT kavSiri da 2010 wlis 20 marts, TbilisSi saerTaSoriso konferencia gaimarTa, saxelwodebiT: ùcnobi erebi, uwyveti danaSauli: Cerqezebi da CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebi warsulsa da momavals Soris~. sadac monawileobas Rebulobdnen Crdilo-kavkasielTa 15 qveynis 70-mde eqsperti. ZiriTadaT, kreba sam sakiTxs ganixilavda:

1). sakuTari saxelmwifos Seqmna; 2). genocidis aRiareba; 3). soWis olimpiadis gauqmeba.

konferenciis warmomadgenlebma aRniSnes, rom `Tbilisi kavkasiis dedaqalaqia da swored am dedaqalaqSi gvindoda am RonisZiebis Catareba. saqarTvelo CrdiloeT kavkasiis erebs Soris bunebriv xids warmoadgens~. (55).

konferenciaSi monawile Cerqezi xalxis warmomadgenlebma saqarTvelos prezi-dentsa da parlaments sTxoves, rom XIX saukuneSi ruseTis xelisuflebis mier Cadenili danaSauli Cerqezebis mimarT _ aRiaron rogorc CerqezTa genocidi.

2010 wlis noemberSi TbilisSi meore konferencia Catarda. sadac, konferenciis warmoma-dgenlebma saqarTvelos prezidentsa da parlaments CerqezTa genocidis aRiarebis sakiTxis gan-xilvis daCqareba moiTxoves. amis Semdeg saqarTvelos parla-mentis diasporasa da kavkasiis sakiTxTa komitetTan sainformacio TanamSromloba damyarda.

konferenciis monawileebma aRniSnes, rom rusebi kavkasiis dapyrobisTanave fiqrobdnen qar-Tvelebis, inguSebis, CaCnebis, daRestnelebis da Cerqezebis damor-Cilebas, an saerTod ganadgurebas da amasve fiqrobdnen ruseTis progresulad moazrovnenic, iseTebi rogoric iyvnen dekabristebic.

cnobili dekabristi, p a vl e p e st el i (1793_1826) romelic `1816 Sevida `xsnis kavSirSi~ da iyo misi wesdebis mTavari avtori. 1818 tulCinSi Camoyalibda `keTildReobis kavSiri~, rome-lsac miaRebina respublikis programa, moiTxovda da asabuTebda mefisa da misi ojaxis sikvdiliT dasjis aucileblobas. 1821 martSi Seqmna da saTaveSi Caudga dekabristebis samxreT kavSirs da cdilobda gaerTianebina CrdiloeT kavSirTan. iyo avtori ruseTis social-ekonomikuri da politikuri gardaqmnis proeqtisa (`ruskaia pravda~), romelic moiTxovda ymebis ganTavisuf- lebas miwiTurT, wodebriv privilegiaTa mospobas da sxv.~ (8, t.8, gv.40). `sazo-gadoebis saprogramo dokumentSi `ruskaia pravda~-Si igi werda:

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`1. mtkiced davimorCiloT sazRvridan CrdiloeTiT mcxovrebi yvela xalxi, romelic gadaWimulia ruseTsa da sparseTs Soris, aseve TurqeTamde, maT Soris zRvispira nawili romelic dRes TurqeTs ekuTvnis.

2. davanawevrod yvela kavkasieli xalxi or xarisxad: mSvidobian da Smagebad. pirvelebi davtovoT TavianT binebSi da mivceT maT rusuli mmarTveloba da wyobileba, xolo meoreebi _ ZaliT gavasaxloT ruseTis SigniT, davanawevroT isini mcire odenobiT mTels ruseTis TemebSi.

3. SevqmnaT kavkasiis miwebze rusuli soflebi da yvela rus gadasaxlebulebs daurigoT yvela miwebi, warTmeuli uwindeli Smag mcxovreblebisagan da gardavqmnaT es mxare mSvid da keTilmowyobil rusul olqad~.

amrigad, p. pesteli kavkasiel xalxebs yofda mSfoTvare, daumorCilebel da mSvid, damyol tomebad. misi azriT, aucilebeli iyo pirvelis gadasaxleba imperiis Sida guberniebSi, xolo meoris TandaTanobiTi asimilacia da sruli gaTqvefa kavka-siaSi Casaxlebul rusul mosaxleobaSi. SemdegSi carizmi swored ase moiqca~. (45).

dRevandel dResac, `kavkasiis mravalerovnulobas kargad iyenebs ruseTi mis dasaSlelad~, `Cven dRes xelovnurad gvaSoreben imisTvis, rom erTmaneTi vxocoT, aseTi RonisZiebebi Zalian mniSvnelovania kavkasiis gasaerTianeblad~ _ aRniSnavs CeCneTis prezidentis, joxar dudaevis qvrivi, ala dudaeva~. (55).

sityva `genocidi~, II msoflio omis Semdeg SemoiRes, rac niSnavs `rasobrivi, erovnuli Tu religiuri motivebiT mosaxleobis calkeuli jgufebis fizikuri mospoba an cxovrebis iseT pirobebSi Cayeneba, rac maT ganadgurebas gamoiwvevs.

genocidi kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli erT-erTi umZimesi danaSaulia.... pasuxismgebloba genocidisaTvis gaTvaliswinebulia niurbergisa da tokios

saerTaSoriso samxedro tribunalebis wesdebiT da specialuri konveciiT `genocidis danaSaulis Tavidan aci-lebisa da misi dasjadobis Sesaxeb~ (moiwona gaeros genocidis asambleam 1945 w. 9 deke.)~. (8, t.3, gv.57).

ruseTis federaciaSi Semavalma orma saxelmwifom: yabardo-balyareTis respub-likam 1992 wels da adiRes respublikam 1996 wels, aRiares Cerqezebis genocidi.

1997 wlis 15_17 ivliss holandiis generaluri asambleis armqone erebisa da xalxebis V sesiam, ruseTis federacias da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebriobas mouwoda eRiarebinaT Cerqezi xalxis genocidi.

1998 wlis 28 maiss gaeros IV sesiaze ganixiles Cerqezi xalxis genocidis aRiarebis da Cerqezuli diasporis repatriaciis problemis sakiTxebi.

`2006 wlis 11 oqtombers msoflios 9 qveynis 20-ma Cerqezulma organizaciam evroparlaments CerqezTa genocidis aRiarebis TxovniT mimarTa.

2006 wlis 17 noembers ruseTis federaciis Cerqezulma organizaciebma ruseTis maSindel prezident vladimer putins TxovniT mimarTes, CerqezTa sakiTxis dade-biTad gadawyvetisaTvis xeli Seewyo. organizaciebma mimarTvis pasuxad Semdegi Sina-arsis gancxadeba miiRes: `ruseTis kanondeblobaSi ar arsebobs Sesabamisi norma-tulsamarTleblivi aqtebi, romelic problemis gadawyvetis proceduras gansaz-

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Rvravs~. (55). 2011 wels saqarTvelos prezidentsa da parlaments, CerqezTa genocidis

aRiarebis daCqarebis sakiTxis gadawyvetis TxovniT mimarTavdnen `CerqezTa kongresis~, `CerqezTa patriotebma~ da sxvadasxva qveynis CerqezTa diasporis warmomadgenlebma da sazogadoebrivma warmomadgenlebma.

unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos zogierTi sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi, (`rusofilebi~), uaryofiTad ekidebodnen genocidis miRebas da afrTxilebdnen parlaments, rom Cerqezi xalxis genocidis miRebis SemTxvevaSi, ufro metad gaua-resdeboda saqrTvelosa da ruseTs Soris damoki-debuleba. miuxedavad amisa, saqar-Tvelos parlamentma gaiTvaliswina Cerqezi xalxis genocidis dokumenturi masalebi da mecnierTa kvlevis Sedegebi da `2011 wlis 20 maiss saqarTvelos parlamentma plenarul sxdomaze kenWi uyara ruseTis imperiis mier ruseT-kavkasiis omis dros CerqezTa genocidis aRiarebis Sesaxeb rezolucias. sakanonmdeblo organo gadawyve-tilebis miRebisas erTsulovani gamodga. 95 xma arcerTis winaaRmdeg~. (55).

saqarTvelos parlamentma daadgina: `1. aRiarebul iqnes ruseT-kavkasiis omis periodSi Cerqezebis (adiRelebis)

masobrivi ganadgureba da istoriuli samSoblodan gandevna genocidis aqtiT, Tanaxmad `saxmeleTo omis kanonebisa da Cveulebebis Sesaxeb~ haagis 1907 wlis 18 oqtombris IV konvenciisa da `genocidis danaSaulis Tavidan acilebis da misi dasjis Sesaxeb~ gaeros 1948 wlis 9 dekembris konvenciisa.

2. aRiarebul iqnen ltolvilebad ruseT-kavkasiis omis periodSi da Semdgom deportirebuli Cerqezebi, Tanaxmad `ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb~ gaeros 1951 wlis 28 ivlisis konvenciisa.

Tbilisi, 2011 wlis 20 maisi. saqarTvelos parlamentisagan ruseTis imperiis mier ganxorcielebuli Cerqezi

(adiReli) xalxis genocidis aRiarebis logikur gagrZelebad iqca saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2011 wlis 12 ivlisis dadgenileba #1446 ruseTis imperiis koloniza-toruli politikis Sedegad daRupulTa saxelis ukvdavsayofad saqarTvelos teri-toriaze memorialis aRmarTva. memoriali, romelic ruseTis imperiis mier kavkasiel xalxTa mimarT genocidis politikis Sedegad fizikurad ganadgurebuli adamianebis xsovnas mieZRvneba, saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTis qalaq anakliaSi ganTavsdeba, anu iq, sadac me-19 saukuneSi samSoblodan iZulebiT ayrilma, osmaloTa imperiaSi mima-valma, Cerqezuli (adiRuri) devnili mosaxleobis araerTma talRam gaiara~. (55).

aseve, ganxorcielda genocidi, ruseTisa da afxazi separatistebis mier warmoebul àfxazeTis omis~ da e. w. `samxreT oseTis omis~ dros, mcxovrebi qarTvelebisa da sxva eris mimarT. romlis drosac daaxloebiT 300 000 afxazeTis da `samxreT oseTis~ aTasobiT mosaxle iZulebuli Seiqna daetovebinaT Tavisi karmidamo da gadasaxlebuliyo svadasxva adgilebSi.

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3 . y a r a C a e l e b i d a b a l y a r e l e b i . yaraCaelebi Camoyalibdnen adgilobrivi mTieli tomebisa da iranul da Turqul-

enovan (ala-nebis, balyarelebis, bulgarelebis da yivCaRebis) Serevis Sedegad. SemdegSi, kidev moxda maTi gayofa: yaraCaelebi darCnen md. yubanis zeda mxareSi, xolo balyarelebi Casaxldnen aRmosavleT mxareSi: baqsanis, Cegenis da Cerekis xeobebSi. yaraCaelebi da balyarelebi erTmaneTTan mWidroT arian dakavSirebulni. cnobilia, rom XIX saukuneSi balyarelebis nawili, y a r a C a s meTaurobiT gadasaxldnen kavkasiis mTebSi da maTi beladis saxelis mixedviT ewodaT _ yaraCaelebi. maTi saerTo raodenoba 200 000-s aRwevs. yaraCaelebi Turqul enovan ojaxSi Sedian. (146).

r. TofCiSvili aRniSnavs, rom: `megrelTa metyvelebaSi Turqulenovani yaraCaelebis aRmniSvneli eTnonimi... aris

alanebi rac aseve iZleva saSualebas danamdvilebiT davaskvnaT, rom yaraCaelebis miwa-wyalze maT mosvlamde osTa axlo monaTesave alanebi mkvidrobdnen (romlebic kavkasiis velebSi hunebis Semosevebis Semdeg gamoCndnen) da adrindeli mosaxleobis saxeli Semdeg mosul xalxs miekuTvna~. (13, gv.66).

balyarelebi (sak. saxel. karaC-balyarli, Taulula _ `mTielni~) warmoadgenen CrdiloeT kavkasiel, yabardo-balyareTis ZiriTad xalxs, romlebic cxovroben CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTebSi, mdinareebis: xaznidonze, Cerek-balyareTis, Cerek-xulamis, Cegemis, baqsanis da malkis ferdobebze.

mecnierebis azriT, balyarebis Camoyalibeba xdeboda TandaTan, Zveli Crdilo-kavkasiuri tome-bisa, (Zv. w. IV_I ss.), SemdegSi aq Camosaxlebul iranulenovan tomebTan alanebTan (Zv. w. I s.), Turqulenovan bolgarebTan (Cv. w. I s.), xazarebTan da yivCaRebTan, (Cv. w. X s.), aRrevis Sedegad. XII_XIV saukuneebSi TandaTan Camoyalibda ori ZiriTadi tomi: balyarelebi (saxeli warmoiSva `balgariidan~) da yaraCaelebi (`Savi wyali~). qarTul wyaroebSi (XIV_XVIII) balyarelebi moxsene-bulni arian rogorc `basianebi~, svanebi uwodeben `sauarebs~ (`mTielebs~), osebi _ àsamebs~, (àson~, ̀ asiag~), yabardoelebi _ ̀ kiuSxebs~ (`mTieli~). rusul werilobiT wyaroebSi balyarelebi moxsenebulni arian pirvelad 1629 wels.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, balyarelebi da yaraCaelebi warmoadgenen erT ers, gayofils or nawilad. balyarelebi laparakoben yaraCaul-balyarul enaze, romelic ganekuTvneba Turqul enovan ojaxs. balyarelebisa da yaraCaelebis ena erTmane-Tisagan mcire kilokaviT gansxvavdeba.

balyareTSi XVII saukunidan daiwyo gavrceleba islamma. romelmac Secvala qristi-anuli da winaqristianuli rwmena-warmodgenebi.

2009 wlis mosaxleobis aRweris monacemebiT balyarelebi imyofebian: yabardo-balyareTSi _ 107 300 kaci; yirgizeTsa da yazaxeTSi _ 53 000. garda

amisa cxovroben TurqeTSi, axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebSi da aSS-Si. (142)

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4. y a b a r d o e l e b i dRevandel yabardo-balyareTis respublikaSi mcxovreb adiReelebis erT-erT

toms, yabar-doelebs, CrdiloeT kavkasiis tomebs Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs. m. cincaZe wers:

àdiReuri modgmis tomebze msjelobisas SeuZlebelia gverdi auaroT yvelaze ufro aRmo-savleTiT mcxovreb yabardoelebs. romlebmac monRolTa mier alan-osuri mosaxleobis Sevi-wroebis Semdeg TandaTanobiT gadainacvles aRmosavleTisaken XIV saukuneSi da sakmaod vrcel teritorias daeuflnen. XVI_XVIII saukuneebSi yabardoelebma mZlavri politikuri organizmi Seqmnes da aqtiur rols TamaSobdnen, rogorc CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, aseve mezoblebTan urTierTobaSi~. (31, gv.14).

yabardoelebi cxovroben ZiriTadaT yabardo-balyareTis respublikis CrdiloeTSi da Crdi-loeT-aRmosavleT mTian mxareSi da barSi, mdinareebis: Tergis, Cerekis, Cegemis, baqsanis da urvanis midamoebSi. xolo balyarelebi ki, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, imyofebian mxolod yabardo-balya-reTis respublikis mTian zolSi.

2011 wlis aRweris monacemebiT, yabardo-balyareTis avtonomiuri respublikis mosaxleobis saerTo raodenoba iyo 859 700 kaci. xolo 2010 wlis monacemebiT _ 893 697 kaci; garda amisa, yabardoelTa gadasaxlebulTa STamomavlebi cxovroben TurqeTSi, siriaSi, iordaniaSi, libanSi, afrikaSi, efropaSi da aSS-Si. maT moixsenieben rogorc Cerqezebs.

2009 wlis 1 ianvris monacemebiT _ 894 324 kaci: yabardo-balyareTis respublikis mosaxleoba erovnebebis mixedviT Semdegi iyo: yabardoelebi _ 502,3 (55,3%); rusebi _ 227,9 (25,1%); balyarelebi _ 107,3

(11,6%); osebi _ 9,8 (1,1%); Turqebi _ 8,8; ukrainelebi _ 7,6; somxebi _ 5,3; koreelebi _ 4,7; CaCnebi _ 4,2; germanelebi _ 2,5; cignebi _ 2,4; Turqi-mesxebi _ 2,3; lakebi (yaziyumuxebi, daRestnis erT-erTi mkvidri xalxi) _ 1,8; qarTvelebi _ 1,7; yaraCaelebi _ 1,3; inguSebi _ 1,2; belorusebi _ 1,2; ebraelebi _ 1,1 da sxvebi _ 924 (0,1%).

2008 wlis monacemebiT, mosaxleobis saerTo raodenoba 891 338 adamians Seadgenda. mosa-xleobis simWidrovea 71,3 adamiani kvadratul kilometrze~. (73).

yabardo-balyareTis respublikis dedaqalaqia nalCiki. saxelwodeba `nalCiki~ etyoba warmosdga mTis garegnuli moxazulobis gamo,

romelzedac aris gaSenebuli. igi nalis moyvanilobisaa. mdebareobs kavkasionis CrdiloeT mxareSi, md. nalCikis (Tergis auzSi) napirebze.

nalCiki daarsda 1817_1818 wlebSi rogorc samxedro cixe-simagre gzebis Sesa-yarze, romlebic miemarTebian mTis xevebSi. es iyo erT-erTi cixe-simagre, ruseTis mier agebuli kavkasiis omebis dros, kavkasiis gamagrebuli xazisa, romelic Sedge-boda yovel 25_30 km-iT daSorebul ramdenime cixe-simagreebisa da stanicebisagan, romelTa Soris yovel 3_5 km-ze idga saguSagoebi. 1838 wels cixe-simagresTan gaSenda samxedro dasaxleba. 1871 wels gamocxadda slobodad (ruseTSi XI sauku-

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nidan zogierTi dasaxlebuli adgili droebiT Tavisufldeboda saTavado morCile-bisagan) da nalCikis okrugis (samxedro dasaxlebebis gaerTianebis adgilebi) mTavar qalaqad. 1863 wels sloboda gauqmda. dasaxleba gaizarda. 1918 wlis 21 marts qalaqSi komunistebma moaxdines ajanyeba da sabWoTa xelisufleba damyarda. 7 oqtombers nalCiki daikaves TeTrgvardielebma. amave wlis noemberSi nalCikSi isev sabWoTa jari Sevida, xolo 1919 wlis ianvarSi, a. denikinma daikava qalaqi. amave wlis maisSi 1920 wlis 24 marts nalCikSi isev sabWoTa xelisufleba aRsdga da 1921 wlis 1 seqtembers nalCiki gamocxadda rogorc yabardos avtonomiuri olqis (ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi) mTavari qalaqi. 1922 wlis 16 ianvridan yabardo-balya-reTis avtonomiuri olqis mTavari qalaqi gaxda, xolo 1936 wlis 28 oqtombridan _ yabardo-balyareTis avtonomiuri ssr-is dedaqalaqi. 1942 wlis 25 oqtomberSi nalCikSi Sevidnen germanelebi da imyofebodnen 1943 wlis 3 ianvramde. 1995 wlidan yabardo-balyareTis respublikis dedaqalaqad gamocxadda.

yabardo-balyareTis saxelmwifo enebia: yabardouli (yabardo-Cerqezuli), balya-ruli (yaraCai-balyaruli) da rusuli.

`yabardo-Cerqezuli ena, kavkasiuri enebis afxazur-adiReur jgufs miekuTvneba. erT-erT oficialur enas yabardo-balyaruli da yaraCai-Cerqezuli warmoadgens.

zogierTi enaTmecnieri miiCnevs, rom yabardo-Cerqezul enas adiReur enasTan aqvs kavSiri. Tavad adiReebi, yabardoelebi da Cerqezebi TavianT enas ̀ адыгэбээ~-s uwodeben. rac àdiReur enas~ niSnavs~. (73).

ruseTis mier yabardos dapyrobamde samwerlo ena iyo arabuli, xolo Semdeg 1924 wels SemoiRes laTinuri. 1936 wlidan _ rusuli (kirilica).

yabardoul enaSi `gamoiyofa kiloebi: baqsanuri, malkuri, mozdokuri da sagrZnoblad gansxvavebuli baslenuri. yabardoul enaze molaparakebelTa raodenoba 300 aT. kacs aRemateba....

yabardoul enaSi SeimCneva Zvelad SeTvisebuli osuri, qarTuli, Turquli da arabuli. amJamad saliteraturo enis leqsika gamdidrebulia rusulidan Semosuli sityvebiT~. (8, t.10, gv.605).

`yaraCai-balyaruli ena Turquli enis Crdilo-dasavlur Stos miekuTvneba, romelic yabardo-balyareTis da yaraCai-CerqezeTis erT-erT saxelmwifo enas warmoadgens. mas mSobliur enaze balyarelebi `малкъар тил~-s uwodeben, xolo yaraCaelebi _ `къарачай тил~-s.

yaraCai-balyarul enas aqvs ori dialeqti _ yaraCai-baksano-Cegemis (чокающий) da malkaruli (цокающий), aseve, xolamo-bizinguri kilokavi, yaraCai-balyaruli lite-raturuli ena efuZneba yaraCai-baksano-Cegemis dialeqts~. (73).

Zvel dros yabardoelebi da balyarelebi warmarTebi iyvnen. X saukunidan yabardo-balyareTSi bizantiidan daiwyo gavrceleba qristianulma sarwmuneobam, romelmac Zveli sarwmuneobis nawi-lebi daitova da warmarTuli mimdinareobis nairsaxeoba gaxda. XIV saukunidan TurqeTis zega-vleniT yabardo-balyareTSi iwyebs gavrcelebas islami, romelmac XVIII saukuneSi daiwyo qristi-anuli sarwmuneobis

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gamodevneba da XIX saukunis I naxevarSi yabardo-balyarelebi suniti muslimebi (islamis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba) gaxdnen.

dRevandel yabardo-balyareTis miwa-wyalze, uZvelesi droidan cxovrobdnen aRmosavleT adiReelebis winaparTa tomebi: meoxebi, zixebi, qasogebi da sxv. arqe-ologebis mier gamovlenili Zeglebi ganekuTvnebian kacobriobis uZveles dros. rkinis xanaSi, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, adiReur tomebs, romlebmac Zv. w. I aTas-wleulSi saxelmwifo gaerTianeba Seqmnes, ganicades skviTebis, sarmatebis, alanebis da Turqulenovani tomebis (bolgarebis da yivCayebis) zegavlena. VII_VIII yabardos miwa-wyalze warmoiSva adiReelTa tomebis mcire gaerTianebebi. X_XII saukuneebSi yabardos miwa-wyalze mcxovrebi tomebi Sevidnen àlanTa kavSirSi. `baqsanis mTi-elTa~ da `Cegemis mTielTa~ saxelwodebebiT~. (73). XIII saukunidan adiReelTa tomebi, romlebic cnobili iyvnen rogorc Cerqezebis saerTo saxelwodebiT da saxlobdnen dRevandeli CerqezeTis miwa-wyalze, gaemarTnen samxreT-aRmosavleTiT piatigories mxareSi da sabolood XIV saukuneSi, mdinareebis Tergis, malkis, baqsanisa da Cerekis midamoebSi, (yabardos Tanamedrove miwa-wyalze), damkvidrdnen da yabardoelTa saxelwodeba miiRes. am adgilebSi mcxovrebi adgilobrivi adiRe-elTa tomebi (dRevandeli balyarelebi) iZulebulni gaxdnen gadasaxlebuliyvnen CrdiloeT kavkasiis qedebis ferdobebze, xevebSi da Camoyalibda yabardosagan damo-ukidebeli balyarelTa gaerTianeba. `rac warmoadgenda saxelmwifoebriuobis niSnebis mqone adrefeodalur warmonaqmns.

balyarelebs ZvelTaganve gaaCndaT mezoblebTan mravalmxrivi ekonomikuri da kulturuli urTierTobebi, gansakuTrebiT yabardoelebTan, digoriel osebTan, qarTvelebTan (gansakuTrebiT raWvelebTan da svanebTan) da sxv.~ (53).

XV_XVI saukuneebSi Camoyalibda samTavroebi: md. Tergis dasavleT mxareSi `didi yabardo~ da Tergis marjvena midamoebSi md. sunjamde _ `mcire yabardo~.

`yabardo (yabardei, piatigorskis CergezeTi) rogorc damoukidebeli politi-kuri erTeuli XV saukuneSi gamoiyo, naxevarlegendad qceuli inalis _ CerqezeTis Tavadebis (inalidebi) patriarqis, efemeruli qveynis daSlisas. XV_XVI s. zRvarze mas gamoeyvnen beslanei _ aRmosavleT amieryubanSi da jiliaxstani _ Terg-sunJenis SuamdinareTSi~. (73).

`qarTul wyaroebSi Crdilo kavkasiis adiReur-Cerqezuli tomebi umTavresad jiqebis saxeliT ixseniebian, xolo yabardoelebi _ Cerqezebis saxelad~. (8, t.IV, gv.87).

XV saukuneSi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi Turqebis momZlavrebis dros, yabardoelebi yirimis saxa-nos daemorCilnen, isini agzavnidnen jars, yovel weliwads uxdidnen xarks, monebisa da tyveebis saxiT. yabardoelebi Turqebsa da yirimis saxanos did winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen.

XVI saukuneSi `CrdiloeT oseTis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi nawili yabardos feodalebis gavlenis qveS~ moeqca.. (6, t.IV, gv.88).

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, XVI saukuneSi, CrdiloeTSi iwyebs momZlavrebas mos-

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kovis samTavro da yabardo male gadaiqca Turqebis, yirimis saxanosa da ruseTis dapirispirebis adgilad. am omebis gamo, yabardoelebis mTavrebis nawilma, 1557 wels elCebi gaagzavnes ivane IV mrisxanesTan, rom daecva yabardoelebi yirimis saxanosagan. `1557 wels moskovSi Casuli yabardoeli elCebi ruseTis mTavrobas moaxsenebdnen, rom maTTan erTad èrTi ficiTa da pirobiT arian Sekrulni iveriis mTavari da iveriis mTeli qveyana~ da maTTan erTad qarTvelebic iTxoveno ruseTis mfarvelobas da daxmarebas maTi mtrebis winaaRmdeg~. (6, t.IV, gv.121). moskovis samTavrom sixa-ruliT miiRo elCoba da mzadyofna gamoxata maT dasacavad. moskovis mTavroba ukve fiqrobda kavkasiis dapyrobas da koloniad gadaqcevas. rom ufro metad mWidro urTierToba daemyarebina yabardoel feodalebTan, ivane mrisxanem 1561 wels colad moiyvana yabardoeli didi Tavadis T e m ru k a i d a r i s Zis (idaris Ze) (g. XVI s. 70-ian wlebSi) asuli k u C e n e i (maria). amave xanebSi Temrukis Svilebi imyofebodnen moskovis karze. 1557 welsve Temrukma da zogma yaba-rdoelma Tavadma miiRo ruseTis qveSevrdomoba. Temrukis moTxovniT 1567 wels moskovis mTa-vrobam md. Tergze aago cixe-simagre, romelic SemdgomSi gaxda kavkasiaSi ruseTis Zalauflebis gavrcelebisa da rusebis mTavar dasayrden adgilad. amave dros zogi yabardoeli mTavrebi gaqristiandnen da gaxdnen ruseTis boiarebi (Tavadaznaurebi). rac SemdegSi yabardoelebs savalalo gauxda.

ruseTis mefe ivane IV-is Ze Tevdore Tavis Tavs ukve yabardoelTa baton-patronad Tvlida. magram, miuxedavad moskovis mTavrobis mcdelobisa, rom yabardoelebi rogorme daemorCilebina da isini misi xelqveiTebi gamxdariyo, es ar moxda. XVII saukunis bolos da XVIII saukunis damdegs, yabardoSi iwyeba areuloba da mTavrebis urTierT dapirispireba. aq yalibdeba ori urTierT sapirispiro dajgufeba: `baqsanis~ _ ruseTis momxre da `qaSqaTavis~ _ TurqeTisa da yirimis momxreebad. yabardoSi feodalebis urTierT dapirispirebas da am areulobas xels uwyob-dnen rogorc Turqebi, aseve moskovis samTavroc. (1735_1739) ruseT-osmaleTis omis damTavrebisas 1739 wels belgradSi dadebuli xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, yabardo damoukidebeli gaxda. magram mcire xnis Semdeg Turqebma SeZles yabardoelebis damorCileba. 1774 wlis osmaleTsa da ruseTs Soris dadebuli quCuq-kainarjis sazavo xelSekrulebiT, yabardo da balyareTi ruseTis gamge-blobaSi aRmoCnda da amis Semdeg, ruseTis mTavrobam yabardo-balyareTSi daiwyo koloniuri wyobilebis damyareba. amis gamo yabardo-balyareTSi ar Sewyvetila gamosvlebi da ajanyebebi ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg.

ruseTis xelisufleba, rogorc sxvagan, aqac cdilobda zogierTi Tavadebis saCuqrebiT da wodebebis micemiT gadmobirebas, adgilobrivi mcxovreblebis ayrasa da gadasaxlebas da maT miwe-bze rusebisa da sxva erovnebebis dasaxlebas. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT ruseTi mimarTavda kavka-sieli tomebis sxvadasxva xerxebiT erTmaneTze wakidebasac. mefis ruseTis kavkasiaSi moqmedebis Sesaxeb, sabWoTa istorikosebi werdnen:

`nacionalur SuRlSi da kavkasieli mTielebis erTmaneTTan brZolebSi mefis

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ruseTi yovelTvis xedavda erT mniSvnelovan saSualebas, romelic aadvilebda kavkasiaze koloniur olitikas. erTi xalxisagan CamorTmeul miwebs urigebda sxvebs, ruseTis xeliosufleba aCaRebda nacionalur mtrobas da yabardoel mezoblebs (osebs, inguSebs, CaCnebs da sxv.) erTmaneTs usevda. àzrTa sxvaoba mTielebs Soris gaaadvilebs Cvens saqmianobas. amaze fulis daxarjva ar dainanod~. werda 1771 wels ekaterine II CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi jarebis xelmZRvanels, graf general-poruCiks i o h a n f r i dr i x fo n m e d e m s (ivane Tevdores Ze de medemi, 1722_1785). manve peterburgidan miiRo miTiTeba: `yvelaze ufro ufrTxildiT maT gaerTianebas da SeecadeT maT Soris Sida SeuTanxmeblobis gaRvivebas~. (113, t.30, gv.411).

yvela ajanyebebi ruseTis xelisuflebis mier sastikad iqna CaxSobili, mosaxleobas daundo-blad anadgurebdnen da aulebs wvavdnen.

moskovis mTavrobam, rom gaeadvilebina yabardos dapyroba, mis sazRvarTan axlos 1763 wels diwyo mozdokis cixe-simagris mSenebloba. aman gamoiwvia mosaxlebis ukmayofileba da ruseTis momxreebic ki ajanydnen. 1767 wels ruseTis winaaRmdeg ajanyda TiTqmis yvela feodali. de mendemma moaxerxa ajanyebaSi monawile zogierTi feodalis gadabireba da sxva tomebis daxmarebiT CaaxSo ajanyeba. 1777 wels ruseTma CrdiloeT kavkasiis aRmosavleT mxareSi daiwyo cixe-simagreebis: ekaterinogradskaias, pavlovskaias, georgievskaias da aleqsandrovskaias mSenebloba da daarses `stanciebi~ sadac asaxlebdnen volgispireTis kazakebs. aman gamoiwvia xelaxla yabardo-elTa ajanyeba, romelic CaaxSves. 1779 wels isev daiwyo ajanyeba, romelic moedo mTels mxares, sadac monawileobdnen TiTqmis yvela mTavrebi da glexoba, rac sisxlis fasad daujda yabardo-elebs. daiRupa yvela yabardoSi gamoCenili mTavrebi. 1785 wels ufro farTod moicva ajanyebam, romelic isic CaaxSves. ekaterine II-is dros ruseTis xelisuflebam ufro myarad moikida fexi yabardoSi da 1803 wels daiwyo axali cixe-simagreebis: kislovodskis, konstan-tinogorskis da piatigorskSi kazakTa stanciebis mSenebloba, aman, isev gamoiwvia ajanyeba, romlis CaxSobisas, 1804 wlis dasawyisSi, sadamsjelo omis dros daiRupa uamravi yabardoeli. rusebis winaaRmdeg, Tavisi saidumlo warmomadgenlebis saSu-alebebiT, yabardoelebsa da noRaedelebs ajanyebisaken mouwodebda TurqeTi, rome-lic cdilobda uflebebis ganmtkicebas CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi.

`1808 wlis dasawyisSi, yabardos yvela kavSiri gare samyarosTan srulad Sewyda kordonebis ormagi jaWviT da sakarantino saguSagoebiT. xolo, general bulgakovis laSqroba yabardos da amieryubanis siRrmeSi imdenad mkacri iyo, rom ruseTis umaRles generalitetSic gamoiwvia SeSfoTeba.

1816 wels, kavkasiis mTavarsardlad general ermolovis daniSvnis Semdeg, saokupacio reJimi yabardoSi kidev ufro gamkacrda, ramac axali ajanyebebis talRa gamoiwvia da gamaTavisuflebeli masobrivi brZolis xasiaTi miiRo;

1822 wels, yabardo sabolood iqna dapyrobili ruseTis mier~. (73). Tumca, amis Semdegac yabardoelebi ganagrZobdnen brZolas da 1825 wels, kavkasiis jarebis Stabis ufrosma (1816_1827) al e q s i v el i a m i n o v m a (1785_1838), isev CrdiloeT

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kavkasielTa Tavadebis daxmarebiT, sastikad CaaxSo ajanyeba da amis Semdeg, ruseTis xelisuflebam daiwyo koloniuri wyobilebis damyareba.

yabardos dapyrobis Semdeg, ruseTis imperiam ufro metad moaqcia CrdiloeT kavkasia kolo-niur marwuxebSi. rasac xalxi upasuxebda ajanyebebiT. amiT ki sargeblobda TurqeTi, religiis _ islamis SemweobiT. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, CrdiloeT kavkasiis tomebma ruseTs `RazavaTi~ _ saRvTo omi gamoucxada.

amave xanebSi, (1817_1864) wlebSi ruseTis mier, mTielTa winaaRmdeg, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi Catarebulma omebma, yabardoelebsa da balyarelebsac saSineleba moutana. 1785 wels yabardoSi dawyebuli ajanyeba, mTel CrdiloeT kavaksias moedo. es iyo CrdiloeT kavkasiis tomTa gama-Tavisuflebeli omi. (ix. zemoT). rac, sisxlSi CaaxSo ruseTma. am ajanyebebis CaxSobis Semdeg, vinaidan xels aRaravin uSlida, ruseTis xelisufleba Seudga koloniuri wyobilebis damyarebas mTels CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, pirvel rigSi daiwyo CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi sasazRvro samxedro liniebis mSenebloba. cixe-simagreebis mSenebloba mas sWirdeboda, rom SeeCerebina TurqeTis moZa-leba da daemorCilebina qeduxreli mTielebi. stanicebi-simagreebi rom aeSenebinaT, amisaTvis adgilobriv mosaxleobas arTmevdnen miwebs da asaxlebdnen Camoyvanil kazakebs da sxva msurvel kolonistebs. TviTon yabardoSi (1817_1820) aaSenes cixe-simagre nalCiki da kidev sxva simagreebi. ruseTis impera-tori aleqsandre II werda: àse miviCnevdi kazakebis wodebas, rogorc daniSnulebas «saxelmwifos yofaSi imisTvis, rom davicvaT imperiis sazRvrebi, mimdebare mtru-lad ganwyobil da ara keTilganmzraxveli tomebisagan, da CavasaxloT maT CamorTmeul miwebze»~. (113, t.30, gv.411).

samxedro mniSvnelobis garda, CrdiloeT kavkasiis simdidris xelSi CagdebiT dainteresebulni iyvnen ruseTis memamuleebi, vaWrebi da mrewvelebi. ruseTis mTavrobas xels uwyobdnen agreTve rusofili mTavrebi, romlebic yovelmxriv cdilobdnen da yovel Rones xmarobdnen, rom Tavisi uflebebis gamtkicebisaTvis dampyroblebi rogorme eamebinad. samagierod am gamyidvelebsa da moRalateebs asaCuqrebdnen, sxvadasxva saCuqrebiT, aZlevdnen wodebebsa da Cin-medlebs, saSviliSvilod gadascemdnen miwebsac.

`generali ermolovi 11/XII 1822 finansTa ministrs sTxovda, rom mis gamgeobaSi gaecad saCuqrebisaTvis «am mxaris aziatebisaTvis momaval 1823» specialuri aRweriT sxvadasxva nivTebi, dawyebuli briliantebis beWdebidan, oqrosa da vercxlis saaTebiT, WurWlebisa da a. S....

sakmarisia vaCvenoT, rom saministros komitetis mier 1825 w. damtkicebuli mxolod erTi aqtiT, yumiyi Tavadis polkovnik bokaCov-CerqezisaTvis, yabardoelTa dacxromisaTvis, pirad flobelobaSi, saCuqrad gadaeca, mcire yabardos sazogado miwebidan 98 aTas desetinaze meti farTobi, am miwebze mdebare aulebi, komlebiTa da tyeebiT~. (113, t.30, gv411).

yabardos dapyrobis Semdeg, brZolas ganagrZobdnen balyarelebi. mis miuval mTebSi Sefare-buli ajanyebulebi Tavs esxmodnen rusebis sajariso nawilebs. bolos,

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1827 wels balyarelma taubebma (Tavadebma), CrdiloeT kavkasiis jarebis ufross mimarTes TxovniT, rom isini Tanxmdebodnen ruseTis qveSerdomobas, Tu SeunarCu-nebden maT wodebebsa da uflebebs. amiT damTavrda balyareTis SeerTeba ruseTTan. amis Semdeg ruseTis imperiam Caatara administraciuli reforma. `yvela CrdiloeT-kavkasieli xalxi, Tavisi teritoriebiT, moniSnulni iyvnen rogorc olqebi da Sevidnen Tergis olqis SemadgenlobaSi. yabardoelebma da balyareTis xuTma Temma Seadgines erTiani administraciuli erTeuli _ yabardos olqi. (73). rogorc cnobilia, 1838 wlidan, rogorc saqarTvelos grenaderTa polkis Stabs-kapitani da Semdeg, 1843 wlidan avariis mmarTveli da daRestnis jarebis ufrosi grigol orbeliani, monawileobas Rebulobda CrdiloeT kavka-siis mTielTa brZolebSi da ibrZoda Samilis winaaRmdeg. (ix. zemoT). rodesac 1861 wlis maisSi, SeSfoTebulma g. orbelianma, ruseTis xelisufalT Seatyobina, rom Tu aseTi siswrafiT gagrZel-deboda yabardoelebis gadasaxleba TurqeTSi, yabardo saerTod daicleboda mosax-leobisagan, erT-erTi cnobili kavkasiis dampyroblis, grafi, nikoloz evdokimovis (1804_1873) pasuxidan, cxadaT Cans, ruseTis xelisufalTa damokidebuleba kavkasielTa mimarT:

`mavnebeli mosaxleobis Semcireba Cven gvixsnis bevr sazrunavisagan.... nu geco-debaT 442 ojaxis wasvla, rom wasuliyvnen orjer metni, amiT am mxares zarali ar mouva.... rac Seexeba muqaras, viTom wavlen yvela mosaxleoba, es rom ganxorcieldes, siamovnebis garda, Cven mogvitanda kidev sagrZnob sargeblobas~. (96).

`1869 wels, Tergis olqis momdevno administraciuli reformis Sedegad, yabardos olqs daerqva georgievski, mogvianebiT ki nalCikis olqi~.

1918 wlis 18_23 marts nalCikSi gamocxadda sabWoTa xelisufleba. 1918 wlis ivnisSi daiwyo sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg kazakTa ajanyeba,

romelsac xelmZRvaneleobda g e o r g b i C e r a xo v i (1878_1920), romelic sabWoTa wiTelma jarma 1920 wlis noemberSi CaaxSo. georgi wiTlebma azerbaijanSi daakaves da daxvrites.

1919 wels yabardo-balyareTi denikinma daikava; 1920 wlis 24 martSi yabardo-balyareTSi XI wiTeli jari Sevida da sabWoTa

wyobileba damyarda; `1921 wlis 20 ianvars, sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg, Camoyalibda

mTielTa respublika, romelSic sxva nacionalur-teritoriul warmonaqmnebTan erTad Sevida yabardo da balyareTi;

1921 wlis 1 seqtembers, mTielTa respublikis Semadgenlobidan gamosvlis Semdeg, yabardo gadakeTda r/f-Si Semaval balyareTis avtonomiur olqad;

1922 wlis 6 ianvars.... balyareTi moaqcies r/f-Si Semaval balyareTis avtonomiur olqSi;

1922 wlis 9 ianvars, Seiqmna yab.-baly. avtonomiuri olqi, r/f-s Semadgen-lobaSi~. (73).

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`1922 wlis 16 ianvars, rsfsr cakis dadgenilebiT Seiqmna yab.-baly. avtonomiuri olqi.....

ssrk 1936 konstituciiT, yab.-baly. ao gardaiqmna y-bis assr-d~. (8, t.10, gv.604). meore msoflio omis dros, 1942 wlis oqtomberSi yabardo-balyareTi daikaves

germanelebma. 1943 wlis ianvarSi sabWoTa jari Sevida yabardo-balyareTSi. xolo, 1944 wlis 8 marts balya-relebi gadaasaxles Sua aziaSi da yazaxeTSi. (es dRe, 8 marti, iTvleba balyareTis xalxis glovis dRed). `xolo yabardo-balyareTis assr-s ewoda yabardos assr, rac socialisturi kanonierebis darRveva iyo~. (8, t.10, gv.604). 1957 wels, reabilitaciis Semdeg, balyarelebi dabrundnen samSobloSi. `1957 wlis 9 ianvars ssrk umaRlesi sabWoTa prezidiumis brZanebulebiT balyareTis erovnuli avtonomia aRdga da yabardo assr isev yabardo-balyareTis assr-d garda-iqmna~. (8, t.10, gv.604).

1991 wels, gamocxadda yabardo-balyareTis damoukidebloba; 1995 wels gamocxadda saxelwodeba `yabardo-balyareTis respublika~. àdiReuri modgmis tomebidan, gvian Sua saukuneebSi, gansakuTrebiT mWidro

urTierToba saqa-rTvelosTan swored yabardoelebs hqondaT. aRmosavleT saqar-Tvelos mmarTvelebi yabardoelebTan urTierTobas upiratesad dvaleTisa da dari-alis gzebiT axorcielebdnen, Tumca dasavleT saqarTvelosa da yabardos Soris urTierToba raWisa da svaneTis meSveobiTac xorcieldeboda~. (31, gv.14).

wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II `cdilobda megobruli damokidebuleba hqonoda mezoblebTan da frTxili da moxerxebuli politikiT kidev ufro gaeZlierebina Tavisi samefo. mas naTesauri damokidebulebiT kavSiri hqonda Sekruli yabardosTan~. (6, t.IV, gv.122).

rodesac 1769 wels, imereTis mefem (1752_1784) s olo mo n I-ma (1735_1784) gailaSqra ro sto m r a W i s e r i s T a v i s (1759_1769) winaaRmdeg, rostomma Svili giorgi gaagzavna yabardos mTavarTan _ navruz misostovTan jaris saTxovnad. magram TviTon navruzi mTebSi iyo gaxiznuli da iqedan ebrZoda ruseTs, ase, rom giorgi xelcarieli dabrunda.

rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, 1752 wels, rodesac Saqis xani aji-Calabi saqarTvelos Semoesia, erekle II-em daxmareba sTxova yabardoelebs.

cnobilia isic, rom XVIII saukunis 70-ian wlebSi rodesac gamwvavda brZolebi rusebsa da yabardoelebs Soris da yabardoelebi gamouval mdgomareobaSi vvar-debodnen, erekle II-em Seecada yabardoelebTan kavSiri daemyarebina, rom yabardoelebi, maTTvis xelsayreli pirobebiT, saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebuliyvnen, `magram ruseTis mTavrobam erekles wargzavnilebi mozdokSi daakava da es wamowyeba marcxiT dasrulda~. (6, t.IV, gv.522).

XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi, miuxedavad omebisa da daZabuli viTarebisa, saqarTvelo mainc axerxebda mezobel qveynebTan savaWro urTierTobebs.

`mniSvnelovnad gacxovelda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos savaWro kavSirebi Crdi-loeT kavkasiis xalxebTan. osebi, yabardoelebi, lekebi modian savaWrod TbilisSi,

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cxinvalSi, axalgorSi, duSeTSi, TelavSi, yvarelSi, siRnaRSi da sxv~. (6, t.IV, gv.544).

cnobilia, rom XIX saukuneSi Tbilisi warmoadgenda kavkasiis rogorc poli-tikur, aseve kulturul adgils, radganac aq cxovrobdnen yvela kavkasieli xalxis warmomadgenlebi. aq moRvaweobdnen azerbaijaneli, osi, somexi, yabardoeli da sxv. moRvaweni. 1861 wels, pirveli yabardoeli xalxis ganmanaTlebelis, istorikosis da filologis Sor a n o g mo v i s (1794_1844) naSromi àdiRe xalxis istoria~ daibeWda TbilisSi. (6, t.V, gv.836). Semdgom drosac, qarTveli xalxi, miuxedavad Tavisi gaWirvebuli mdgomareobisa, yovelTvis cdilobda SeZlebisdagvarad daxmareboda CrdiloeT kavkasiel xalxs. cnobilia, rom meore msoflio omis dros, `1943 wlis mais-agvistoSi stavropolisa da krasnodaris mxareebis, Crdilo oseTis avtonomiuri sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis, CeCneT-inguSeTis avtonomiuri sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis, yabardo-balyareTis avtonomiuri sabWoTa socialisturi respublikisa da rostovis olqis mosaxleobisaTvis saqarTvelodan gaigzavna aTobiT milioni maneTis sxvadasxva samrewvelo saqoneli, aveji, inventari da kvebis produqtebi~. (6, t.VIII, gv.223). da sxva. saqarTvelosa da yabardo-balyareTis urTierToba omis Semdegac grZeldeboda. magram, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis gamo, saqarTvelosa da yabardo-balya-relebs Soris urTierToba Sewyda.

Tavi VII. C r d i l o - a R m o s a v l e T k a v k a s i e l e b i . Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasielebs ekuTvnian kavkasiis uZvelesi tomebi: inguSebi, CaCnebi

da daRestnelebi. enis mxriv isini Sedian iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxSi (ix. zeviT). Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasiur enebs ganekuTvnebian:

1. daRestnuri enebidan, sami qvejgufi: xunZur (anu avaruli)-andiur-didouri (anu cezuri), lakur-darguuli da lezgiuri;

2. naxuri (veinaxuri) enebi; 3. xinaluRuri ena (adre miakuTvnidnen daRestnuri enebis lezgiur qvejgufis enebs.

dRevandel dRes gamoyofilia calke enad). arsebobs kidev meorenairi aRmosavleT-iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis sqema: 1. dasavleTis jgufi: naxuri (veinaxuri anu CaCneT-inguSuri) qvejgufi; xunZur (avaruli)-andiur-cezuri (didouri) qvejgufi. 2. aRmosavleTis jgufi: darguli qvejgufi da lakuri qvejgufi. 3. samxreTis jgufi: lezgiuri qvejgufi da xinaluRuri qvejgufi. qvejgufebSi Sedian samwerlobo da umwerlobo enebi. Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasielebi jerjerobiT Sedian ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi da

mimdinareobs damoukideblobisaTvis brZola.

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1. C a C n e b i . CaCneTis respublika (CeCneTi) _ eqvemdebareba ruseTis federacias. Sedis samxreT

federaluri olqis SemadgenlobaSi. daarsda 1922 wlis 30 noembers rogorc avtonomiuri olqi rsfsr-s SemadgenlobaSi. esazRvreba CrdiloeT oseTi, stavropolis mxare, inguSeTi, daRestani da saqarTvelo. sasazRvro xazi inguSebsa da CaCneTs Soris (1994 wlisaTvis) gansazRvruli ar iyo, vinaidan CaCneTi da inguSeTi erT saxelmwifos warmoadgendnen. dedaqalaqi _ grozno (CaCnurad `soolJ-papa~, niSnavs _ `sunJis qalaqi~). grozno daarsda 1818 wels.

1922 wlis 30 noebridan iyo CaCneTis avtonomiuri olqis mTavari qalaqi; 1934 wlis 15 ianvridan _ CaCneT-inguSeTis ao-s mTavari qalaqi; 1936 wlis 5 dekembridan _ CaCneT-inguSeTis assr-is dedaqalaqi; 1944 wlis 7 martidan _ Sevida stavropolis mxaris groznos olqSi; 1957 wlis 9 ianvridan _ CaCneT-inguSeTis assr-is dedaqalaqi; 1991 wlis 1 oqtombridan CaCneTis respublikis dedaqalaqi; 1999 wels daarqves joxar-papa (joxaris qalaqi), jovxari; 2000 wels CaCneTis respublikis pirvelma prezidentma (2003_2004) a x m at

k a d i ro v m a (1951_2004) daubruna isev Zveli saxeli _ grozno. CaCnebi dRevandel dRes saxloben armosavleT-CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, CaCneT-

inguSeTis Sua da aRmosavleT mxareSi da daRestnis xasaviurTis midamoebSi. CaCnebi laparakoben TavianT CaCnur enaze. CaCnuri ena ganekuTvneba iberiul-

kavaksiur enaTa ojaxs. CaCnuri damwerloba da CaCnuri mxatvruli literatura Seiqmna gasabWoebis

Semdeg. `CaCneTis TviTsaxelwodebaa ̀ noxCo~, ̀ noxCi~. rusebi da sxva xalxebi maT CeCnebis

saxel-wodebiT icnoben. noRaelebi `SeSen~-s uwodeben, osebi _ `cacainag~-s, xunZebi _ `Sutural~-s, darguelebi _ `miCixilan~-s. qarTvelebisaTvis CaCnebi (inguSebTan erTad) ̀ qistebi~ iyvnen. Tumca qarTuli wyaroebi maT sxva eTnonimiTac icnoben. XIV-is bibliis minawerze qarTvel mwerals isini endoeTnonimiT _ `noxCo~ hyavs moxsenebuli. saerTod, esaa saerTo CaCnuri eTnonimis wyaroebSi pirvelad moxseniebis SemTxveva... qarTul wyaroebSi eTnonim `qists~ `durZuki~ (`durZukni~) uswrebs, xolo durZukebiT dasaxlebul qveyanas `durZukeTs~ uwodebdnen... eTnonims `CaCani~ ki TiTqmis iseTive istoria aqvs, rogorc ìnguSs~ is momdinareobs baris CaCneTSi, md. arRunis napiras mdebare soflis CaCanaulis saxelwodebidan. radganac rusebi CvenTvis saintereso eTnoss pirvelad aRniSnuli soflis saSualebiT gaecnen, soflis saxelwodeba mTel xalxze gadaitanes. Tumca samecniero literaturaSi imis Sesaxebac aris miTiTeba, rom sparsul wyaroebSi (XIII s.) kerZod, raSid-ad-dinis naSromSi, is iranuli transkrifciiT (`sasani~) aris mocemuli, romelic mogvianebiT rusul dokumentebSi Sevida.

1989 wlis monacemebiT ruseTis federaciaSi 899 aTasi CaCani iyo aRricxuli.

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saerTo raodenobas ki 957 aTass aRniSnavdnen. ruseTSi garda CaCneTisa, isini mkvidrobdnen agreTve daRestanSi (58 aTasi), stavropolis mxareSi (15 aTasi), volgogradis olqSi (11,1 aTasi), yalmuxeTSi (8,3 aTasi), astraxanisa da tiumenis olqebSi (Sesabamisad 6 aTasi da 4,6 aTasi), CrdiloeT oseTSi (2,6 aTasi). didi raodenobiT arian yazaxeTSi (49,5 aTasi)~. (13, gv.64).

CaCnebi warmoadgenen kavkasiaSi uZveles xalxs da xalxTa raodenobis mxriv qarTvelebis Semdeg, ganekuTvnian iberiul-kavksiur enaTa ojaxs.

g. meliqiSvilis TqmiT, àdiReur-CaCnur lezgiuri tomebi «iyvnen gavrcelebulni ara marto CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTavari qedidan, aramed, rogorc etyoba, mis samxreTiTac, amierkavkasiaSi da kidev ufro samxreTiT». am azrs eTanxmeboda cnobili aRmosavleTmcodne a. genko~. (96, gv.30).

`XX s-is 20-ian wlebamde samecniero literaturaSi CaCneTs or nawilad yofdnen: didi CaCneTi da mcire CaCneTi, romelTa Sorisac sazRvars md. arRuni warmoadgenda. didi CaCneTi md. arRunis dasavleTiT md. aqsaimde mdebareobda, mcire CaCneTs ki _ imave mdinaris marcxena napiri da nadtereCie ekava.

CaCneTis eTnikuri teritoria droTa ganmavlobaSi cvlilebebs ganicdida, gansa-kuTrebiT es mis CrdiloeT nawils exeba. saerTod, CaCnebi mTielebad miaCniaT, magram, rogorc irkveva, isini garda mTisa, barSic odiTganve mkvidrobdnen~. (13, gv.66).

CaCnebi Tvlian, rom maTi winaprebi iyvnen, Zv. w. IV aTaswleulSi samxreT SuamdinareTSi, axlandel erayis miwa-wyalze, mcxovrebi Sumerebi. maT enaSi SenarCunebulia auTenturi sityvebi. CaCnebi mebrZoli da Tavisuflebis moyvare xalxia. mecnierebis mier dadgenilia, rom CaCnebi da inguSebi CrdiloeT kavkasiel tomebs Soris, adgilobrivi, mkvidri xalxia.

arqeologebis mier damtkicebulia, rom dRevandel CaCnebis mier dasaxlebul miwa-wyalze, jer kidev adre, paleoliTis xanaSic yofila mosaxleoba. brinjaos dros misdevdnen miwaTmoqme-debas da mesaqonleobas. maTi sazogadoebrivi wyoba pirvelyofil-Temuri yofila. isini mosa-xleobdnen CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTebSi da velebze. kavSiri hqonda skviTebTan, sarmatebTan, alanebTan, amierkavkasielebTan da wina aziasTan (bizantiasTan da SavizRvispireTTan). VIII_XII saukuneebSi, adrindel feodalur saxelmwifos, alaniis, gaerTianebaSi CaCneT-inguSeTis ZiriTadi (baris) nawili moeqca. xolo `CaCneTis mTiani zoli, gansakuTrebiT teritoria md. arRunis marcxena mxares, adreuli saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnis e. w. `seriris samefoSi~ Sedioda~. (13, gv.67). `seriri~ warmoadgenda V_VI saukuneebSi erT-erT umsxviless adrindel-feodalur same-fos daRestanis mTianeTSi, md. yoisus Sua welze. (ix. qvemoT). mecnierTa nawili fiqrobs, rom X saukuneSi xazarTa saxelmwifos damxobis Semdeg, jer CrdiloeTis da aRmosavleTis sxvadasxva tomTa Tavdasxmebis, xolo Semdeg XIII saukuneSi monRolTa da XIV saukuneSi Temur-lengis Semosevebis gamo, CaCnebma miatoves bari, Tavi Seafares mTebs da aqedan ganagrZobdnen winaaRmdegobis gawevas. aq isini iyofodnen damoukidebel jgufebad (sazogadoebad, ojaxebad). mon-

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Rolebis, kerZoT ki XVI saukuneSi, feodaluri saxelmwifos, oqros urdos (juCis ulusi) damxobis Semdeg, CaCnebma daiwyes mTebidan barSi Camosaxleba. àseTi migran-tebis nawili àuxo-elTa~ saxeliTaa cnobili, romelTa sazogadoeba XVII_XIX ss-Si cxra auls moiTvlida. yvela eseni dRes ZiriTadad daRestnis teritoriis mkvid-rni arian da aÃielebis (aÃieli CaCnebis) saxe-liT arian cnobili da laparakoben CaCnuri enis aÃiur dialeqtze. aÃieli CaCnebi lam-aÃiidan (md. gexis saTave) gadmosaxlebulTa STamomavlebi arian. maT sxvanairad auxoelebsac uwodeben. es saxelwodeba ki yumuxebma Searqves. radgan aÃiis gvaris (taipis) warmomadgenlebis naxevari, sof. auxSi dasaxlda. yumuxebis mezoblad daaxl. XVI-XVIII ss-Si md. iamansusa da iarikus dablobTa gaswvriv kaCkalTa sazogadoebis CaCnebi dasaxle-bulan. daRestneli CaCnebis es jgufic eqvs aulSi iyo gansaxlebuli. daRestnel feodalTa miwebze dasaxlebuli aÃieli CaCnebi iZulebulni iyvnen xarki exadaT xunZi da yumuxi feodalebisaTvis. auxoelTa aulebis CaCnebis dasaxleba XIX saukunesa da ufro gvianac, TiTqmis 1940-ian wlebis dasawyisamdec grZeldeboda~. (13, gv.69).

cnobilia, rom XVIII saukuneSi daRestanSi saxlobdnen CaCnebis sazogadoebebi (Temebi, ojaxebi): àÃielebi~, `kaCkalikielebi~, `yarabulaxebi~. garda am ojaxebisa, XVIII_XIX saukunis I naxevarSi xdeboda CaCnebis sazogadoebebis (Ceberlis, Satos, maistis da sxv.) warmoqmna md. Tergisa da misi Senakadebis midamoebSi da arRunis velze. àm periodSi gadainacvles Tergis marjvena sanapirodan aRmosavleTis mimar-TulebiT sunjisa da Tergis monakveTze md. gudermessa da md. forTangos Soris. ase rom, mTiswineTsa da barSi mTeli aswleulis ganmavlobaSi CaCnuri mosaxleoba swrafad izrdeboda~. (13, gv.69).

`CaCneTis aRmosavleTSi mdinareebis xuxlulaus da aksais saTaveebSi mdebareobda mxare, romelsac CaCnebi noxCi-moxks (`noxCelTa miwas~) uwodebdnen; is iCqeriis saxelwodebiT iyo farTod cnobili~. (13, gv.70).

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, jer iranisa da TurqeTis, xolo Semdeg ruseTis imeriis gamoCenam, aqauri tomebi erTmaneTs daupirispira da gada-kida, xolo Semdeg ruseTis imperiis mesveurTa koloniuri moqmedebis gamo, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ganmaTavisuflebeli brZola gamoiwvia, rac sabolood, ruseTis xeli-suflebis mier feodalTa mosyidviTa da tomTa SeuTanxmelobis gamo, ruseTis imperiis gamarjvebiT damTavrda.

rodesac 1567 wels sunjasa da Tergis SesarTavTan ruseTma pirveli cixe-simagre aago, daiwyo ruseT-CaCneTis mudmivi urTierToba, rac SemdegSi TandaTan CaCnuri tomebis urTierT dapirispirebaSi gadaizarda. ruseTis momxreTa erTi nawi-lis, 1588 wels moskovs pirveli CaCnuri elCoba ewvia, erT-erTi CaCani feodalis bata-murza ococelis meTaurobiT, rac dasrulda moskovis mTavarsa da CeCneTis feodaluri samflobelos vasaluri urTierTobis gaformebiT.

1588 wels md. Tergze ruseTma daiwyo Tergis cixe-simagris mSenebloba da am droidan moyolebuli TandaTan xdeba rusebsa da CrdiloeT kavkasielebs Soris

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gauTavebeli Sexla-Semoxla. 1707 wels yirimis saxanom kavkasiaSi myofi rusebis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra da

alyaSi moaqcia Tergis cixe-simagre. yirimis xanis laSqrobaSi monawileobas Rebu-lobdnen CaCnebi da yumixebi. xolo 1708 wels, baSkireTis ajanyebis (1707_1711) erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli, yarayalpakeTis ufliswuli m u r at - s ult a n i Tavs daesxa q. Tergs, SeZlo misi aReba da 10 dRis ganmavlobaSi alyaSi hyavda mom- wyvdeuli Tergis cixe-simagre. mis razmSi CaCnebis garda monawileobas Rebulob- dnen noRaelebi, yumikebi, 1 600 yubaneli TaTrebi da kazakebic. samTavrobo jarebma, astraxanis gubernatoris, grafi p et r e a p r a q s i n i s (1659_1728) xelmZRvane-lobiT daamarcxes ajanyebu-lebi, daWrili murati tyved aiyvanes, astraxanSi saSinlad awames, xolo Semdeg, yazanSi, neknebze Camohkides da ase wamebiT amoxades suli. unda aRiniSnos, rom ajanyebulebis winaaRmdeg rusul jarSi, monawileobas Rebulobdnen, 400-mde astraxaneli TaTrebi. v. imamovi wers: ̀ ai es _ mefis politikis sisxliani magaliTi: musulmanebis ganadgureba Tavad musulmanebis xeliT!~ (94).

(1711_1712) wlebSi rusebsa da CrdiloeT kavkasiel mosaxleobis dapirispirebis gamo, md. Tergis marjvena mxareSi Casaxlebuli e. w. grebeneli kazakebi, romlebic pirvelad 1557 wlidan gamoCndnen, ruseTis xelisuflebam gadaasaxla Tergis marcxena mxareSi.

cnobilia, rom 1718 wels, sunjaSi da argunSi mcxovrebi CaCnebis winaaRmdeg, ruseTis imperatoris petre I-is brZanebiT, pirvelad gaigzavna doneli kazakebi. xolo 1721 wlis ivnisSi ajanyebuli CaCnebis dasamorCileblad xelaxla gaigzavna razmi. amave wlis agvistoSi CaCnebs Tavs daesxnen, petre I-is moTxovniT, ruseTis momxre yalmuxebi.

1722 wels, petre I-is iranis winaaRmdeg laSqrobisas, rodesac ruseTis laSqarma daapira md. aqsaize da iaman-suze mcxovrebi aÃieli (axieli) CaCnebis miwa-wyalze SeWra, CaCnebi da yumixebi Tavs daexsnen ruseTis cxenosanTa razmebs da gaanadgures. amave welsve petre I-is brZanebiT, mdinareebis sunjisa da argunis midamoebSi, ajanyebuli CaCnebis dasasjelad, gaigzavna donis kazakebis razmebi. 1732 wels ajanyebuli CaCnebis dasamorCileblad isev gaigzavna samxedro razmi, magram, daaxloebiT 10 000-ma ajanyebulma CaCnebma sof. CaCan-aulTan gadamwyvet brZolaSi, sastikad daamarcxa polkovnik koxis sadamsjelo razmi.

ruseTis xelisuflebam, 1735 wlebSi, neba darTo im CaCanTa tomebs, romlebic daTanxmdnen mieRoT ruseTis qveSerdomoba, Casaxlebuliyvnen kazakebis mier datovebul md. Tergis midamoebSi.

1747 wels CaCnebma gailaSqres yumuxeli da yabardoeli feodalebis winaaRmdeg, romlebsac mxars uWerdnen rusebi. amave welsve da Semdeg 1749 wels CaCnebi Tavs daexsnen kazakebis stani-cebs (kazakTa soflebi) da yizlaris monasters. Semdeg wlebSic ar Sewyvetila rusebis wina-aRmdeg gamosvlebi.

1757 wels CaCneTSi xelaxla daiwyo gamosvlebi yabardoeli da yumuxi feoda-lebis winaaRmdeg, romlebsac mxars uWerdnen ruseTis sajariso nawilebi. brZolebis

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Sedegad feodalebma CaCneTi datoves. 1758 wlis aprilSi, ajanyebul CaCnebs miemxrnen andielebi, avarielebi (xunZebi)

da yumuxebi. maT winaaRmdeg gaigzavna sadamsjelo 6 000 razmi yizlaris komendatis general k a rl fr a u e n dorf i s (?_1767) meTaurobiT. cnobilia, rom daRes-tnelebma TxovniT mimarTes gene-rals, rom Seewyvita brZolebi CaCneTSi. magram, generalma maT Txovnas yuradReba ar miaqcia da generals mouwia xevebSi gamagrebul CaCnebis winaaRmdeg gaemarTa brZolebi. yizlarSi dabrune-bulma generalma, mTavro-bisadmi gagzavnil moxsenebaSi aRiara, rom ajanyebulni `damorCilebaSi ar movidnen~.

(1760_1762) wlebSi ruseTis winaaRmdeg grZeldeboda gamosvlebi da mTavrobam baris inguSeTSi Seiyvana sajariso nawilebi.

1770 wlis zamTarSi ajanyebuli CaCnebis winaaRmdeg, gailaSqra kavkasiis jarebis sardalma general-maiorma baronma i v a n e fo n m e d e m m a (de mendemi) (1722_1785), romelmac miwasTan gaaswora dasavleT CaCneTis aulebi. wamoiyvana mZevlebi (amana-tebi), romlebic im SemTxvevaSi Tu CaCnebi ar daemorCilebodnen da micemul piro-bebs daarRvevdnen, mZevlebs moklavdnen. generlis moTxovniT, zogierTi `damorCile-bulni~ da `mSvidobiani~ mTielni, CaCnuri tomebi, Casaxldnen kazakebis mier ganTavi-suflebul md. sunjisa da Tergis marjvena adgilebSi. amave welsve ruseTs damor-Cildnen nazraneli inguSebi. rusebma daiwyes Tergis marcxena mxareSi, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ayra da iq yizlaridan dawyebuli mozdokamde, stanicebis ageba, sadac Caasaxles volgisa da donis kazakebi.

1774 wels yirimis xani Sabax-girei 10 000-iani jariT Tavs daesxa stanica nauris. mis jarSi monawileobas Rebulobdnen rogorc CaCnebis aseve kavkasieli tomebi. amave welsve, isev ajanydnen CaCnebi. mxedarTmTavarma generalma i v a n e i a k o b i m (1726_1803) daamarcxa da sastikad gau-sworda ajanyebulebs.

1779 wels CaCnebi Tavs daesxnen stanica kalinovskaiasTan samxedro razms, romelsac gadahqonda aRali. xolo rodesac amave welves quCuq-kainarjis xelSek-rulebiT, ruseTma moipova Sav zRvaze naosnobisa da bosfor-dardanelis sruteebiT sargeblobis ufleba, mas gauadvilda CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi Tavisi miznebis (amier da imier kavkasiaSi) ganxorcieleba. 1781 wels ruseTsa da CaCnebs Soris SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, CaCneTi SeuerTda ruseTs. SeTanxmebas, romelic Sedgenili iyo rusul da arabul enebze, xeli moaweres da daifices yuranze, ruseTis momxre CaCnebis uxucesebma. SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad CaCneTis didi nawili, TiTqmis samxreTi mxaris naxevari, ruseTis morCilebaSi gadavida.

1783 wels isev aujanydnen CaCnebi da inguSebi maT mxareSi Camosaxlebul yabardoel da yumuxel feodalebs, romlebsac icavdnen rusebi da sabolood gandevnes isini. amave welsve ajanyebulebi Tavs daexsnen md. Tergze myof kolonistebs. samagierod, ruseTis sadamsjelo razmma gadawva sof. atagi. ajanyebulebsa da ruseTis jars Soris gaimarTa sastiki brZola, ris Sede-gadac orive mxridan didi danaklisi ganicades. ajanyebulebi ganagrZobdnen Tavdasxmas rusul dasaxlebebze. magram, ruseTis xelisuflebam SeZlo ganxeTqilebis Camogdeba CaCnebsa da inguSebs Soris.

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ivnisSi isini erTmaneTs waekidnen da ruseTis xelisuflebam advilad SeZlo ajanyebis CaxSoba. amave welsve daiwyo CaCneTSi gamosvlebi ruseTis koloniuri politikis winaaRmdeg Seix mansuris xelmZRvaneleobiT.

RvTismosavi, politikuri da samxedro moRvawe, S e i x m a n s u r i (uSurma) (1760/65_1794) CaCani xalxis erovnuli gmiri, warmoSobiT CaCani iyo.

1783 wels man daiwyo Tavisi religiuri moZRvrebis qadageba CaCnebs Soris, mouwodebda maT wesrigisaken, mTielTa Zveli wes-Cveulebebis Secvlas romlebic ewinaaRmdegebodnen musulmanur kanonebsa da moZRvrebas. amave dros, igi mouxmobda mTielebs daecvaT da gaenTavisuflebinaT samSoblo dampyrobelisagan.

`mansuris qadagebis gavleniT, CaCneTi saxes icvlida. adiReelebis msgavsad yvela soflebSi daiwyes mowevis Tavis danebeba, Sewyvites buzus damzadeba _ tradiciuli mTielTa maTrobeli sasmeli. soflis SuagulSi gamoCndnen Wokebi, sadac magrdeboda yovelnairi napovni _ fulebi da sxva sagnebi. xalxi erTmaneTis mimarT xdeboda keTilganwyobili, patiobdnen mosisxleobas, TiTqmis yvela icavda marxvas, dadio-dnen meCeTSi, cxovrobdnen sainteresod. da Tu ruseTis mxridan ar yofiliyo Seviwroeba, xalxs saerTod ar ecodineboda varami. magram ruseTs ar surda CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mSvidoba. orive mxare emzadeboda axal SeWidebisaTvis~. (125).

1785 wlis 12_13 Tebervals CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi moxda saSineli miwisZvra, rac mTielebma CaTvales rogorc RvTis risxvad da Seix mansurma (arabulad – `gamar-jveba~, `Zlevamosili~. ase uwoda mas xalxma), es bunebis movlena miiCnia rogorc RmerTis miniSnebad da saZulveli mtris winaaRmdeg, RazavaTis saxeliT, mouwoda yvela mTielebs ajanyebuliyvnen da daecvaT samSoblo rusi kolonizatorebisagan. male ajanyeba moedo mTel CrdiloeT kavkasias. amave wlis seqtemberSi, g. poti-omkinma CaCneTSi gaagzavna 15 aTasiani samxedro nawili polkovnik perris xelmZRva-nelobiT, romelsac davalebuli qonda ajanyebis moTavis, Seix mansuris Sepyroba, an mokvla. cnobilia, rom sisxlismRvreli brZolebis Semdeg (man gadawva ramdenime auli), rodesac rusebi miuaxlovdnen sof. bidlos, sadac imyofeboda mansuri, ajanyebulebma, msxverplis acilebis mizniT, SesTavazes mSvidoba, magram perri ar daTanxmad da Tavs daesxa sofels, moaoxra da gadawva. mansurma datova sofeli. ukan dabrunebisas, md. sunJasTan, ajanyebulebma alyaSi moaqcies sadamsjelo razmi da gaanadgures. Setakebis dros perri daiRupa, xolo gadarCenilebi gaiqcnen. am gamarjvebis Semdeg mansuri xalxma kavkasiis imamad gamoacxada.

amave wels ajanyebulebma alyaSi moaqcies ruseTis mTavari adminastraciuli qalaqi yizlari da axlad agebuli cixe-simagreebi: grigoripoli, mozdoki, vladi-kavkazi da potiomkini. magram, brZolebis Semdeg ajanyebulebi iZulebulni gaxdnen ukan daexiaT. amasobaSi ruseTis xelisuflebam didiFfuliTa da dapirebebiT SeZlo feodalebis mosyidva da ajanyebulebs zogierTma ruseTis momxre feodalebmac mxari ar dauWira da yabardoSi da CaCneTSi ajanyeba damarcxda, mansuri iZulebuli gaxda dasavleT zRvispireTSi, yubans iqeT, gadasuliyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom mansurma amis Semdegac moipova araerTi gamarjveba da rusebic araerTxel daamarcxa, igi iZule-

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buli Seiqmna, 1791 wels darCenili ajanyebulTa nawilebiT Tavi Seefarebina Turqebis mier daka-vebul anapis cixe-simagres. 1791 wlis 19 ivniss moulodnelad anapas alya Semoartyes rusebma da cxare brZolebis Semdeg SeZles cixis aReba da Seix mansuris Sepyroba. gadmocemiT, rusebis mier mosyidulma TurqeTis sulTanma igi miiwvia anapaSi, Seipyro da ruseTs gadasca. mansuri Caiyvanes peterburgSi.

gadmocemis Tanaxmad, misi naxva mousurvebia ekaterine II-es, amitom is gadaiyvanes carskoeseloSi. mTeli qalaqi gamosula mis sanaxavad. ekaterine II sarkmelidan uyurebda rodesa mas daatarebdnen qalaqSi. èkaterinem rodesac gaigona axalgazrda kacis silamazis Sesaxeb ganacxada, rom mas unda axlos gaicnos datyvevebuli. icoda ra imperatoris sisuste, potiomkins ar SeeZlo am Sexvedris daSveba. `dedilo, is Tqven mTel sadils gagifuWebT. jobia Tqven SexedoT sarkmelidan~. _ urCia man. `momxibvleloba am ucnauri kacisa iyo iseTi didi, rom yvelas sjeroda misi jadoqrobisa da eketerine didis daaxloebulma pirebma gadaaTqmevines mas piradad Sexvedra~. _ adasturebs istorikosi g. prozritelevic.... kavkasieli tyve dahyavdaT sasaxlis svetebis axlos, xolo sarkmelebidan mas uyurebda aseuli cnobis moyvare Tvali. imperetors ar SeeZlo moSoreboda sarkmels. auZgerda guli am lamazi mamakacis danaxvisas Tavisi mSvidi da amayi siaruliT.

Seix mansuri mzad iyo mieRo yvelaferi, rac mas winaswar dausaxa alahma. sasamarTloze mansurs sTavazobdnen Tavisuflebis sanacvlod eRiarebina misi brZola ìZulebiT borotmoqmedebad~, magram, mansuri mtkice pasuxs aZlevda, rom Tu igi SeZlebs Tavis daRwevas da ganTavisufldeba, isev gaagrZelebs ufro meti ZaliT brZolas~. (130).

cnobilia, rom rusebma, Seix mansuris garda, yvela ajanyebis meTaurebis gatexva SeZles, rogorc fizikurad, aseve moralurad da isini gaanTavisufles. man-ki uaryo yoveli SemoTavazeba ruseTis mTavrobis mier. ar miiRo grafobis wodebac. 1791 wlis 15 seqtembers igi gadaiyvanes Sliselburgis cixeSi, zogierTi avtoris azriT, _ soloveckis monasterSi (Crd. ruseTi, TeTr zRvaSi soloveckis kunZuli). 1794 wels igi gardaicvala. maSindeli ruseTis warmomadgenlebi da sabWoTa kavSiris drosac, Seix mansurs uwodebdnen cru winaswarmetyvels, matyuaras, zogjer moixseniebdnen rogorc italiels, xan _ Turqad, rom rogorme gaeqarwylebinad misi saxeli da dideba, magram, dRevandel dRes misi saxeli yvela CrdiloeT-kavkasiel mTielTaTvis saTayvanebeli gaxda. xolo CaCnebma igi erovnul gmirad aRiares.

is iyo pirovneba, romelmac momaval Taobas magaliTi misca, Tu rogor unda ebrZola samSo-blos gasaTavisufleblad da misi Seudrekeli Tavdauzogavi brZoliT aRfrTovanebulni CrdiloeT kavkasielebi dRemde ganagrZoben brZolas Tavisuflebis mopovebisaTvis.

generalma g. potiomkinma moawyo CaCnebis winaaRmdeg sadamsjelo saomari moqmedeba. 6 oqtombers xankalas xevSi gaimarTa ruseTis jarsa da ajanyebulTa Soris gaafTrebuli brZola, ajanyebulebi damarcxdnen. miuxedavad amisa, CaCnebis damorCileba ruseTma mainc ver SeZlo.

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1810 wlis 2 aprils CaCnebi Tavs daesxnen cixe-simagres Cervens. rogorc cnobilia, 1817 wels ruseTis imperatorma aleqsandre I-ma saqarTvelos

mTavarsardlad daniSna generali a. ermolovi, romelsac unda daemyarebina wesrigi mTels kavkasiaSi.

all. ermolovma aleqsandre I-es warudgina CrdiloeT kavkasiis tomTa sabolood dasamorCi-lebeli gegma. misi azriT, vinaidan CrdiloeT kavkasiis tomTa mmarTvelebi erTis mxriv viTom cnobdnen ruseTis xelisuflebas, magram sinamdvileSi isini ganagebdnen Tavisi Sexedulebisda mixedviT, ar ixdidnen gadasaxadebs, Tavs esxmodnen ruseTis mxares da sxv. amitom, rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, mdinareebis sunjisa da Tergis midamoebSi unda aSenebuliyo cixe-simagreebi da Casa-xlebuliyvnen kazakebi da noRaidelebi. aseTi moqmedebebi aiZulebda kavkasielebs, an damorCi-lebuliyvnen ruseTis xelisuflebas, anda gaxiznuliyvnen mTebSi, miuval adgilebSi da iq ecxov-raT gaWirvebul mdgomareobaSi, an, saerTod ganadgurebuliyvnen. amisi ganxorcieleba unda damTa-vrebuliyo 1820 wels. es gegma, cnobilia rogorc èrmolovis sistema~. imperatorma a. ermolovis ganzraxva moiwona da daiwyo cixe-simagreebis ageba.

pirvel rigSi mas unda moevlo CaCnebisaTvis, radgan misi TqmiT: `miwebi (CaCneTSi) ar Seesabameba mcxovrebTa raodenobas sivrceSi, gauvali,

gazrdili tyeebiT sakmarisi ar aris xvnaTesvisaTvis, amis gamo mravali xalxi usaqmuria da rom moipovos saarsebo saxsrebi erTaderTi saSualebaa yaCaRoba~. (120).

`generali a. ermolovi CaCnebis Sesaxeb werda: «CaCnebi uZlieresi xalxia da usaSinelesni, amis garda, maT exmarebian mezobeli

xalxebi. magram imis gamo ki ara, rom maT uyvarT CaCnebi da vejavrebiT Cven, aramed im SiSis gamo, rom CaCnebi, moqceulni ruseTis xelisuflebis qveS, gaiyolieben maTTac mZime rusuli xelisgulis qveS. ra yabardo? ra Tqma unda, yabardoelebi Tavisi autaneli celqobiT gvixmoben omisken, magram me jerjerobiT unda moviTmino, radgan dakavebuli var ufro saxifaTo borotmoqmed _ CaCnebiT. gvelis kbenis dros koRos neqtari arc Tu ise sagrZnobia. siwynare da usafrTxoeba mxareSi damyardeba mxolod maSin, rodesac Tergis qveda dinebis marjena napirebis miwebi iqneba daka-vebuli. es isini, CaCnebi aRelveben mTel kavkasias. wyeuli tomebi! maTi sazogadoeba arc ise xalxmravalia, magram gansakuTrebiT gamravldnen am bolo ramdenime wle-ebSi, vinaidan TavisTan Rebuloben yvela megobrulad ganwyobil xalxs, romlebic toveben Tavis miwas rodesac Caidenen sxvadasxva raime danaSauls. da ara mxolod, Cveni saldaTebic garbian swored CaCnebTan. maT izidavT iq momxdari CaCnebis Tanas-woroba, isini ar cnoben Tavis wreSi arcerT xelisuflebas. es yaCaRebi Rebuloben Cvens jariskacebs suliTa da guliT! ase rom CaCnebs SeiZleba dauZaxoT yvela yaCa-Rebis bude da Cveni jariskacebis bunagi. me am TaRliTebs uyenebdi ultimatums: gaecaT gaqceuli jariskacebi an Surisgeba iqneboda saSineli. ara, arc erTi jaris-kaci ar gasces! gvixdeboda maTi aulebis ganadgureba. ra Tqma unda, ar arsebobs mzis qveS aseTi saZageli, veragi, xalxi. maTTan Wiric ki ar xdeba! me ar movisveneb manamde, manam sakuTari TavliT ar davinaxav ukanasknel CaCanis ConCxs»~. (96, gv.267).

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amitom a. ermolovis azriT, saWiro iyo jer CaCnebis damorCileba, xolo Semdeg, yabardoelebsac da sxvebsac advilad daipyrobda.

1818 wels, md. sunjis TavdacviTi xazebis agebisas, rusebis mier gadamwvar da Zirfesvianad mospobil CaCnebis aulebis miwa-wyalze, daiwyo cixe-simagris, groznaias, ageba, CaCnebma scades agvistoSi winaaRmdegobis gaweva, magram verafers gaxdnen. amis Semdeg, groznos mSeneblobis winaaRmdeg, gaerTiadnen CrdiloeT kavkasielTa sxvadasxva tomebi. ajanyebis Casaqrobad a. ermolovma gaagzavna miliciis cxenosanTa razmi da ori aTaseuli. romlebic mTielebma alyaSi moaqcies. rusebma SeZles alyis garRveva da derbendSi gamagrdnen. ajanyebulebis winaaRmdeg Tbilisidan TviT a. ermolovi gaemarTa. cecxliTa da maxviliT Caaqro ajanyeba, zogi saxano gaauqma, zogirTi ruseTis imperiis sakuTrebad gamoacxada. a. ermolovma ganagrZo cixe-simagreebis mSenebloba.

1820 wlis seqtemberSi xelaxla ajanydnen CrdiloeT kavakasieli mTielebi da 6 000-de ajanyebulebsa da ruseTis sajariso nawilebs Soris gaimarTa brZolebi. a. ermolovs isev mouxda CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi 9 aTaseuliTa da `mravali qvemexebiT~ gadasvla, daamarcxa ajanyebulebi, yvelaze ufro gavleniani ojaxebisagan mZevlebi (24) wamoiyvana da gamoamwyvdia derbendSi. miuxedavad amisa CaCnebi mainc ganagrZnobdnen winaaRmdegobis gawevas.

1824 wels rusebma SeZles ramdenime ajanyebuli CaCnebis xelmZRvanelebis xelSi Cagdeba da xalxis dasaSineblad, maT xalxis winaSe cemiT suli amoxades. magram, CaCnebi ver SeaSines, ajanyebas ajanyeba mosdevda da ufro mZlavrad utevdnen dampyroblebs.

(1824_1826) wlebSi CaCnebTan erTad ajanyebaSi monawileobas Rebuloben inguSebi, avarebi da lezgebi. am wlebSi, mTielTa damoukideblobis brZola TandaTan iRebs `religiur xasiaTs~. mTielTa damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli xdeba g aj i - m a go m ed i (kazi-mula) (1795/96_1832), romelic 1828 wlidan xdeba pirveli imami daRestansa da CaCneTSi. imami 1832 wels sof. gimrSi iRupeba brZolis dros. (ix. zemoT).

CaCanTa ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobisas, ruseTis sajariso nawilebi da ajanyebulebi daundo-blad da sastikad uswordebodnen erTmaneTs. rusebma Tergis marjvena napiras mdebare auli didi-iurta miwasTan gaaswores da mosaxleoba amoxoces. ̀ arc rusebs dasdgomiaT kargi dRe _ general ermolovis mier gamogzavnili damsjeli razmis 230 jariskaci da oficeri Seewira am brZolas. rusebis am moqmedebam CaCanTa TareSebi gaaxSira. 1825 wels, Tergze mdebare erT-erTi simagre CaCnebma miwasTan gaaswores _ 181 kacidan 98 mokles da 13 tyved aiyvanes.~ (14, gv.42). samagierod, 1826 wlis ianvarSi a. ermolovma gaanadgura da miwasTan gaas-wora aulebi, gadawva tyeebi, gawyvita is CaCnebic romlebic ajanyebaSi monawileobas ar Rebulobdnen. amave dros cdilobda feodalebi moemxro saCuqrebiTa da qrTamiT. bolos da bolos ermolovma SeZlo, CrdiloeT kavaksielTa SeuTaxmlobis gamo ajanyebis CaxSoba da gamarjvebuli dabrunda TbilisSi. amave wlis ivlisSi

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ruseTis imperatorma nikoloz I-ma amierkavkasiis jarebis sardlad daniSna i. paskeviCi. xolo 1827 wels _ kavkasiis mefisnacvlad. 1827 wlis 9 aprils a. ermolovma datova Tbilisi. a. ermolovis sityvebia:

`kavkasia WeSmaritad rusebis sakuTreba gaxdeba maSin, roca mas rusebiT daasaxleben~.

a. ermolovis Semdegac grZeldeboda CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi rusebis mier cixe-simagreebis Seneba da iq kazakebis Casaxleba.

`CaCneTis ganadgurebuli aulebis adgilas Sendeboda mefis cixe-simagreebi da kazakTa stanicebi. 1842 wlidan md. asseze, safuZveli Caeyara e. w. `mewinave CaCneTis xazs~.

1845_46 ww., Seiqmna sunjis samxedro xazi, yarabulayebis miwebze aSenebul stanicebSi Caasa-xles I sunJis polkis kazakebi. 1854 w. mefis polkovniki de-saJe werda: òmis sistema kavkasiis bunebis winaaRmdeg da misi Svlebis mimarT SerCeuli iyo sworad. yoveli gadadgmuli nabiji samudamod uWrida mTielebs sakuTar miwis naWers. ase dapyrobil iqna `mcire CeCneTi da galaSki. yvela am adgilebSi Casaxle-ulni iyvnen kazakebi, mowyobili iyo simagreni polkis Stab-sadgomebiT...~...

garda amisa, kazakebs gadaecaT mcire CeCneTis karabulayisa da galaSekis ̀ mkvidri~ miwebi.... miuxedavad imisa, rom es mousavliani miwebi kazakebma ver gamoiyenes da wavidnen sunJaSi, es miwebi rCeboda kazakTa polkis sakuTrebaSi.~. (121).

v. imamovi wers, rom: `kavkasiis omis dros general aleqsi ermolovis xelmZRvaneleobiT, 1817_1822 wlebSi, zogierT CaCneTisa da inguSeTis soflebis adgilebze, aSenda sunjis gamagrebis xazi. Samilis datyvevebis Semdeg, zogierTi imamis mospobisa, da feldmarSalis ivane paskeviCis taqtikaze `miwebis gadawvis~ gadasvlis Semdeg, rodesac amboxebuli aulebi mTlianad ganad-gurdnen, xolo mosaxleoba sruliad ganadgurda, 1860 wels SesZles mTielTa gaerTianebuli winaaRmdegobis CaxSoba.

magram kavkasiis omis damTavreba ar niSnavda srul simSvides~. (94). `1832 wels generalma rozenma CaCneTsa da inguSeTSi 60 auli gaanadgura...

1841 wlisaTvis CaCneTis dablobebis aulebis umetesoba gadamwvari iyo. rusebma mTieli CaCnebisa da xunZebis winaaRmdeg didi Zalebi gadaisroles. marto 1845 wels erTi laSqrobis dros 3 900-mde jariskaci dakarges, romelTa Soris 3 generali iyo. xangrZlivi da momqancveli brZolis Semdeg, 1859 wels CaCnebi da daRestnelebi damarcxdnen. mas Semdeg, osmaleTis imperiaSi, CrdiloeT kavkasiis sxva xalxebTan erTad CaCnebi da inguSebic gadasaxldnen (daaxl. 20 aTasi kaci). miuxedavad amisa, CaCnebi koloniur mdgomareobaSi yofnas mainc ar urigdebodnen, agrZelebdnen partizanul brZolas, janydebodnen drodadro. erT-erTi masobrivi ajanyeba 1877 wels moxda. ajanyebis Caqrobas aulebis gadawva, ganadgureba, 11 adamianis groznoSi CamoxrCoba da 500-ze meti kacis cimbirSi gadasaxleba mohyva. amis Semdeg CaCnebi abragobis gziT agrZelebdnen rusebis winaaRmdeg brZolas~. (14, gv.42).

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1860 wels imperator aleqsandre II-is brZanebis Tanaxmad, Camoyalibda CrdiloeT kavkasiis aRmosavleTSi Tergis olqi, romelSic gaaerTianes: CaCneTi, inguSeTi, iCqeriisa da mTis olqebi. CeCneTi daanawevres da miuerTes sxvadasxva olqebs, guberniebsa da mazrebs.

1862 wels Tergis olqi daSales samxedro ganyofilebebad. dasavleTSi moaqcies _ yabardo-elebi, osebi da inguSebi; Sua ganyofilebaSi _ CaCneTis nawili, iCkeria da arRuni; aRmosavleTSi _ CaCneTis meore nawili da Tergis mxare. Semdeg wlebSic araerTxel icvleboda CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi administraciul teritoriuli dayofa da mefis ruseTis dros CaCneTis miwa-wyals anawevrebdnen da sxvadasxva olqebsa da mxareebs uerTebdnen.

`dapyrobisa da SemdegSi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi carizmis mier gatarebuli `reformebis~ Sedegad CaCneTis xalxi iyo Seviwroebuli mcire miwa-wyalze, sadac SeuZlebeli iyo meurneobis warmoeba. amis gamo ivaraudeboda CaCnebis nawilis Casaxleba e. w. `mcire yabardoSi~, maT Soris dRevandel malgobekis raionSi, magram es gegma ar ganxorcielda. amis magier daiwyes mTielTa provocireba, rom mietovebinaT mSobliuri adgilebi da wasuliyvnen sazRvargareT. ase daiwyo CaCnebis masiuri gadasaxleba TurqeTSi~. (121).

ruseTis xelisufleba mixvda, rom CaCnebs ver aiZulebda ZaliT daetovebinaT TavianTi miwa-wyali, amitom daiwyes feodalebisa (naibebis) da sarwmunoebis warmomadgenelTa moqrTamva da qadageba, rom gadasaxlebuliyvnen erTmorwmune TurqeTSi. maTi gavleniT, CaCnebis nawilma daijera da cnobilia, rom 1865 wels TiTqmis 40 000-de CaCnebi, mcire jgufebad, gadasaxldnen TurqeTSi. Turqebma, ruseTTan micemuli pirobis Tanaxmad, gadmosaxlebulTa umetesi nawili Caasaxles ruseTidan moSorebiT sazRvrebis gaswvriv.

rodesac muhajirebi mixvdnen, rom moatyues da isini gaxdnen wamqezeblebis msxverplni, maT moindomes ukan dabruneba, magram, ruseTis xelisuflebam isini ar miiRo da aukrZala sazRvris gadakveTa.

XIX saukunis II naxevarSi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, gansakuTrebiT CaCneTSi, gavrcelda abragoba. dRevandeli gagebiT àbragi~ niSnavs avazaksa da yaCaRs. sityva àbragi~, qarTul enaSi Semovida CrdiloeT kavkasiidan. mecnierebis azriT warmoiSva sarmat-iranelebisagan. rusul literaturaSi, kavkasiis omebis dros, xSirad, gansakuTrebiT CaCnebsa da sxva mTielebs uwodebdnen àbrags~. am dros, sinamdvileSi, abragebi iyvnen ruseTis xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg partizanulad mebrZoli mTielebi, romlebic icavdnen TavianT uflebebs, ar emorCilebodnen rusul koloniur xeli-suflebas da Tavs esxmodnen rusuli jaris nawilebs da stanicebs. xalxma Semo- inaxa maTi saxelebi TqmulebebSi. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi abragoba gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebuli iyo (1905_1907) wlebSi.

istorikosebi n. nuxaJievi da x. umxaevi abrekobis Sesaxeb weren: `politikur banditebs CaCneTSi ZvelTaganve eZaxdnen abrekebs. cnobili abreki

zelimxani, umaRlesi codniT, ruseTis saxelmwifo dumis Tavis mimarTvaSi aRniS-

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navda, rom is ar iyo dabadebuli abrekad, abrekobis gzaze igi daayena mefis mTav-robis usamarTlobam. abrekoba, cnobili saxelmwifo moRvawis s. m. kirovis azriT, warmoadgenda «ara organizebul, stiqiur protests siRaribis winaaRmdeg, usamar-Tlobisa da TviTnebobisa». ai rogor ganmartavda abrekobis saTaves mgznebare revolucioneri CaCneTis wiTeli armiis meTauri aslanbek Seripovi: «mefis sasamar-Tlos Seusabamoba da mTielTa Cveulebrivi ufleba, kavkasiis xelisufalTa danaSaulebrivoba da saerTo Cagrvis politika aiZulebda bevr Zlier pirovnebas CaCneTidan gadasuliyo aralegalur mdgomareobaze. xelisufleba teroriT aSinebda adgilobriv mosaxleobas, abrekebi teroriT aSinebdnen xelisuflebas. da ra Tqma unda, xalxi uyurebda abrekebs, rogorc Seviwroebisa da xelisuflebis simxecis winaaRmdeg mebrZolebs». a. nosovi _ erT-erTi groznos bolSevikTa xelmZRvaneli, Tvlida, rom «abrekoba izrdeboda antikoloniuri sulieri ganwyobilebis Seuri-geblobiT da amitom is unda ganvixiloT rogorc gansakuTrebuli politikuri pro-testis forma TviTmpyrobelobis koloniuri mmarTveluri wesis mimarT»~. (96, gv.71).

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, CaCneTsa da daRestanSi, am drois ganmavlobaSi ewyoboda mcire ajanyebebi. 1877 wels ki, CaCneTSi moxda didi ajanyeba, romelsac mohyva, sadamsjelo jaris mier, aulebis ganadgureba da gadawva, udanaSaulo xalxis (rom-lebsac ar miuRiaT monawileoba ajanye-baSi) xocva-jleta, groznoSi Tvalsa-CinoebisaTvis CamoxrCoba da cimbirSi gadasaxleba. amis Semdeg ufro imata abragobam.

ruseTSi momxdari revoluciis drosac, CaCneTSi ar Sewyvetila ajanyebebi. cnobilia, rom mefis ruseTSi, CaCnebs Tvlidnen mebrZol xalxad da maTgan

Camoyalibebuli iyo egreT wodebuli `dikaia divizia~ (veluri divizia), romelic Tavisi brZolis unarianobiT gamoirCeoda I msoflio omis dros. es divizia monawileobas Rebulobda mefis pirad mcvelTa razmSic.

1914 wlis 23 agvistos, pirveli msoflio omis dros, gamocxadda nikoloz II-is brZaneba `kavkasiis aborigenTa cxenosanTa diviziis~ Seqmnis Sesaxeb. SemdegSi mas ewoda `veluri divizia~.

`veluri divizia~ Sedgeboda 3 brigadisagan (sajariso SenaerTi) 6 aborigeni cxenosanTa polkisagan (damoukidebeli sajariso erTeuli) romelTa TiToeul SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen 4 eskadronebi (cxebosanTa qveganayofebi):

1 brigadaSi Sedioda yabardosa da daRestnis cxenosanTa polkebi; II brigadaSi _ TaTreTis da CaCneTis cxenosanTa polkebi; III brigada _ CerqezeTis da inguSeTis cxenosanTa polkebi da aWaris qveiTi

batalioni. TviTeul polkSi Sedioda 22 oficeri, 3 samxedro moxeleebi, 1 polkis mula,

575 mxedrebi da 68 ara samxedro wodebis samxedro mosamsaxureebi. diviziaSi 90% monawileobas Rebulobdnen adgilobrivi moxalise musulmanebi.

(ruseTis kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, kavkasiel da Sua aziel musulmanebs ar iwvevdnen jarSi).

pirvel msoflio omis dros, ruseTis jarSi monawileobas Rebulobdnen: kavkasiis

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cxenosanTa, kavkasiis kazakTa 5, kavkasiis grenaderiis (rCeuli jariskacebi romlebic isrodnen xelis Wur-vebs) da 5 kavkasiis msrolelTa diviziebi.

`veluri diviziis~ ufrosad mefem daniSna didi mTavari, Tavisi umcrosi Zma, general-maiori m i x e il al e q s a n dr e s Ze (1878_1918), xolo diviziis Stabis meTaurad general-leitenanti i a ko b i uz efo v i C i (1872_1929), litvieli TaTari, mahmadianuri sarwmuneobis mimdevari. xolo mTavarsardlad _ infanteriis-generali l a v r ko r n ilo v i (1870_1918). `velur divi-zias~ meTaurebdnen sxvadasxva dros, p et r e d i m i tr i s Z e b a g r at io n i (1863_1919), p e tr e al e q s a n d r e s Z e p olo vco v i (polovcevi) (1874_1964) da sxv.

`veluri diviziis~ monawileebma I msoflio omis dros omebSi Tavi gamoiCines da daaxloebiT 3 500 mxedari daajildoves `mamacobisaTvis~ medlebiT. xolo yvela oficrebi dajildovebulni iyvnen sxvadasxva ordenebiT.

1917 wlis bolos `veluri divizia~ daiSala. (160). ruseTis jarSi `veluri divizia~ iTvleboda erT-erT saukeTeso cxenosanTa

diviziad. grafma, oficerma a. p al e c k i m , erT-erT musulmanur saRamoze daswre-bisas, `veluri diviziis~ Sesaxeb ganacxada:

`veluri divizia... es erT-erTi yvelaze ufro saimedo samxedro nawilia _ ruseTis armiis siamayea...

kavkasielebs qondaT sruli moraluri safuZveli, rom ruseTis armiaSi ar mieRoT monawileoba. Cven kavkasielebs wavarTviT yvela maTi SesaniSnavi mTebi, maTi udaburi buneba, ulevi simdidre am madliani qveynisa.

magram, rodesac daiwyo omi, kavkasielebi nebayoflobiT wamovidnen ruseTis dasacavad da icavdnen mas Tavdadebulad, ara rogorc av borot dedinacvals, aramed, rogorc mSobel dedas.... aseTebia yvela kavkasielebi: maTSi jer kidev cocxlobs WeSmariti raindobis suli _ ar kadrulobs Ralats, Cumad zurgSi Cacemas. ruseTis winaaRmdeg ki ara, da ruseTis Tavisu-flebisaTvis midian veluri daviziis jariskacebi. isini ibrZvian ruseTis armiasTan erTad da maT win, yvelaze ufro gabedulad iRupebian Cveni TavisuflebisaTvis.

musulmanuri saRamoze daswrebiT, Cven mxolod nawilobriv gadmogcemT mcire nawils im veeba valisa, romelic awevs mTel ruseTs, Cven yvelas, kavkasiis winaSe da keTilSobili veluri diviziis winaSe, romelic ukve sami wlis ganmavlobaSi sisxls Rvris ruseTisaTvis~. (100, gv.303_304).

cnobilia, rom ruseTSi momxdari samoqalaqo omis dros, ruseTis jari, garda `veluri diviziisa~, iyo daSlili da darRveuli.

ruseTis armiis mTavarsardalma l a v r k o r n ilo v m a (1870_1918) divizias, daTvalierebis dros, Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTa:

`kavaksiis arwivebo! me bednieri var, rom gxedavT Tqven aseT gasaocar wesrigSi. TqvenSi kidev aris

SemorCenili is suli, romelsac iwyebs dakargvas Cveni jari. rodesac dabrundebiT Sin kavkasiaSi, gadaeciT Cemgan mokiTxva da didi madloba

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Tqvens mamebs, rom TqvenSi SeZles aRezardaT is Sinagani disciplina, romelmac dagicvaT Tqven rRvevisagan~. (100, gv.295).

inguS fizikoss da istorikoss a x m e d m al s a g o v s , `veluri diviziis~ oficris a . a r s e n i e v i s narkvevidan `kavkasiis aborigeni cxenosani divizia~-dan, mohyavs amonaweri am divi-ziis oficrebis Sesaxeb, sadac aRniSnulia, rom am divi-ziaSi `msaxurobdnen sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi... inguSeTis diviziaSi rusebisa da inguSebis garda imyofeboda bevri qarTveli, yabardoelTa diviziaSi iyvnen yabardoelebi, balyarelebi, qarTvelebi da osebi. yvela oficrebi iyvnen Tanasworni da aravis TavSi azrad ar mouvidoda, rom mieqcia yuradreba sxvis erovnebaze da yvelani iyvnen polkis erTi ojaxis wevrebi~. (100, gv.217).

ruseTSi momxdari samoqalaqo omis dros CaCneTi gadaiqca sabrZolo moednad, romlis sazRvrebi gamudmebiT icvleboda.

`1917 wlis TviTmpyrobelobis msxvrevis Semdeg kontrrevoluciur kazakebTan da TeTrgvardielebTan brZolebis wlebSi, samoqalaqo omebis dros CaCnebma iaraRiT xelSi daibrunes carizmis mier warTmeuli Tavisi miwis nawili.

amdagvarad, bunebrivi eTnopolitikuri mowyoba naxuri eTnosis _ CaCnebisa da inguSi xalxisa iyo uxeSi deformireba da damaxinjeba XIX saukuneSi carizmis mimtacebluri politikisa, gan-adgureba da gaZeveba mTeli xalxisa, xolo amis Semdeg XX saukuneSi, da sabWoTa kavSiris poli-tikiT, gamomdinare nacionaluri avtonomiebis mSeneblobisas ekeonomiuri da ideologiuri mizandasaxulebiT.

XX saukunis bolosa _ da XXI saukunis dasawyisSi CaCneTis respublika, obieqturi da subieqturi mizezebiT gaxda ori damangreveli omebis moedani, aoxrda misi dedaqalaqi Zirfe-svianad da aTobiT soflebi. `CaCneTis~ omebSi saerTo raodenoba daRupulebisa da daWrilebis 300 aTasi kacia, xolo mSvidobiani moqalaqeebisa, ukvalod dakargulebisa gadaabija 5 aTass. 700_800 aTasamde CaCneTis macxovrebeli imyofeboda rogorc ltolvili respublikis saerTo mcxovrebTa 1 milionze meti kacidan...

ramdenime aTasi CaCani, rogorc adre maTi winaprebi, XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi, gardaixvewa Soreul sazRvargareTSi. sinamdvileSi, CaCnebisaTvis, rogorc erisaTvis, XIX da XX saukuneebSi, SeiZleba damdgariyo ìstoriis dasasruli~. magram es ar moxda, CaCneTis istoriis Zafi CaCne-bisaTvis ar Semwydara, pirvel rigSi uzarmazari xalxTa Zalisxmevis SemweobiT, misi ZiriTadi moralur-eTnikuri Rirebulebisa, gansacdelis gaZlebebis Seudarebeli Zlieri sulis gamo~. (97).

Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg, 1917 wlis 4 marts groznoSi Seiqmna droebiTi mTavroba. CaCneTSi damyarda sruli uwesrigoba.

1917 wlis oqtomber-noemberSi CaCnebi Tavs daexsnen q. groznos da stanicas. amave wlis noemberSi Camoyalibda `mTielTa respublika~. magram wiTel armielebisa da denikinis Semotevebis Sedegad daemxo `mTielTa respublika~ da CaCneTi xelidan xelSi gadadioda.

bolSevikebis mier gamocxadebuli mowodebebiT: `miwebi _ glexebs, qarxnebi _

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muSebs, Tavisufleba _ xalxs!~ motyuebulni zogierTebi CaCnebi da inguSebi miemxrnen maT.

cnobili gaxda, rom rodesac generali a. denikini SeiWra CaCneTSi da daikava grozno, wiTel armielebma da bolSevikma muSebma Tavi Seafares CaCneTis aulebs, romlebmac mouares, Caacves da yovel mxriv xels umarTavdnen. sabWoTa saxelmwifos partiuli moRvawe gr i g ol (sergo) orjo n i k i Z e (1886_1937) werda:

`CaCnebma ara Tu daiwyes Cveni amxanagebis Zarcva, aramed Seikedles isini, Semoses, fexze Caacves, xolo sofeli goiTi gadaiqca wiTelarmielTa banakad~. (96, gv.50).

goiTTan gaimarTa brZola wiTel armielebsa da denikelebs Soris, romlis drosac: `200 CaCani da ocze meti rusi wiTeli jariskaci daeca goiTis brZolaSi. miuxedavad musulmanuri wes-Cveulebisa, rusi wiTelarmielebi pativiscemiT iyvnen dasaflavebulebi CaCnebTan erTad goiTis mTavar sasaflaoze. denikelebis danakargi iyo orjer meti. TeTrgvardilebma mainc ver SeZles soflis dakaveba~. (96, gv.52).

sabolood, molSevikebma gaimarjves da amave wlis 26 oqtombers groznoSi gamocxadda sabWoTa xelisufleba. rasac mohyva CaCneTSi klasobrivi brZolebi.

1918 wlis maisSi, gamocxadda `CrdiloeT kavkasielTa mTielTa respublika~. 1920 wlis martis bolos CaCneTi daikaves bolSevikebma. Tergis olqi gaauqmes.

Camoyalibda CaCneT-inguSeTis olqebi, sadac Seiyvanes CaCneTSi iCqerielebi da inguSeTSi _ mTianeTi mxare. amave droidan CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da CaCneTSi daiwyo ara saimedo xalxis gadasaxleba qveynis Soreul mxareSi.

1921 wlis 20 ianvars Seiqmna mTianeTis assr, sadac gaerTiandnen: CaCneTi da inguSeTi yaraCai-CerqezeTTan, yabardo-balyareTi da CrdiloeT oseTi.

1922 wlis 30 noembers, CaCneTi rogorc avtonomiuri olqi rsfsr Semad-genlobaSi, gamoeyo mTianeTis assr-s. q. grozno gaxda CaCneTis olqis dedaqalaqi.

1923 wlis 4 ianvars ganisazRvra CaCneTis ao-s sazRvrebi. masSi Sevida is miwebi, romlebic adre, ruseT-kavkasiis omis dros daikaves kazakebma da Seiqmna stanicebi. erTis mxriv, gasabWoebis Semdeg, TiTqos CaCnebma damoukidebloba miiRes da gadaidga CaCnebis ganviTarebisaTvis garkveuli nabijebi. Seicvala arabuli damwerloba kiri-licas anbanis mixedviT, Camoyalibda ramdenime kulturul-saganmanaTleblo dawese-bulebebi da sxv. magram, sinamdvileSi mdgomareoba CaCneT-inguSeTSi ar Secvlila, 1925 wlidan CaCnebs ar aZlevdnen uflebas, rom exelmZRvanelad Tavisi qveynisaTvis, yvela CaCneT-inguSeTis avtonomiuris xelmZRvanel adgilebze iniSneboda mTavro- bidan gamogzavnili pirebi, an maTi momxreebi, romelTac xalxis mdgomareoba ar ainteresebdaT. grZeldeboda CaCnebsa da rusebs Soris daZabuloba. gansakuTrebiT maSin rodesac sabWoTa kavSirSi daiwyes e. w. `koleqtivizaciis~ Catareba, miT umetess mTis mxareebSi kolmeurneobebis Seqmnisas. vinc uars acxadebda an meryeobda kolmeurneobaSi Sesvlaze, cxaddebodnen sabWoTa saxelmwifos mtrebad, `banditebad~ da `kulakebad~, zogs xvretden da zogs asaxlebdnen.

z. nuxaJievisa da x. umxaevis gadmocemiT: `mxolod specialuri operaciis msvlelobisas «CaCneTis miwa-wylis gawmendisas

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bandformirebebisa da iaraRis CamorTmevisas» 1925 wels, rodesac kbilebamde Sei-araRebuli jari 3 sajariso brigadis SenaerTis SemadgenlobiT, 9 msrolelTa da artileriis polkis, 4 cxenosanTa qveganayofis, vladikavkasiis fexosanTa skolis, vladikavkasiis diviziis gpu-s, daRestnis nacionaluri cxenosanTa skolis, 28-e art-polkis calkeuli oceuli, 8 sahaero razmi, 14 mTis da 10 msubuqi iaraRiT, 137 tankebiT da 102 msubuqi tyviafrqveviT daiZrnen mTieli CaCnebis ganiaraRebisaTvis, daWerilni iyvnen da msjavrdadebulni 1032 e. w. `banditTa~ jgufis wevrebi da Tanamdgomni, 746 gaqceuli kulaki, aseuli adamiani iyo mokluli, msgavsi operaciis Catarebisas 1933 wels gadasaxlebuli iyo 2 000-ze meti kaci. msjavrdadebulTa umetesoba ukan ar dabrunda.

warmoidgineT TqvenTvis, ras niSnavs aseT mcire ricxovan xalxisaTvis, rogorc CaCnebia, mxolod erTi samxedro operaciis msvlelobisas daikargos 2 000 kaci. magram aseTi operaciebi, romlebic mimdinareobda didxans, xandaxan mcire moculobiT, ruseTTan CaCneTis Zalad mierTebis droidan, iyo aTeulobiT. rom ar vilaparakoT operaciebze TviT kavkasiis omze da masze adre~. (96, gv.55).

1927 wels CrdiloeT-kavkasiaSi marcvleulobis damzadebis gegmis Seusrulebloba gamocxadda rogorc `sabotaJi~ da Catarda sadamsjelo moqmedebebi. maT ricxvSi mohyvnen CaCnebi, inguSebi da CrdiloeT kazakebic. miuxedavad Catarebuli sadamsjelo zomebisa CaCneTSi ajanyebebi grZeldeboda. 1928 wels CaCnebi Tavs daesxnen nauris sadgurSi myof kazakebs.

1929 wels CeCnebis olqSi xdeboda administraciul-teritoriuli cvlilebebi. 1931 wlis 30 seqtembers olqebi gadakeTda raionebad. 1934 wlis 15 ianvars CaCneTi da inguSeTi gaaerTianes da Seiqmna CaCneT-inguSeTis

avtonomiuri olqi. mTavari qalaqi darCa grozno. 1936 wels isev Seicvala da gaxda avtonomiuri respublika (assr) rsfsr SemadgenlobaSi. romlis xelmZRvanelebad iniSneboda mxolod rusebi.

meore msoflio omis dros, 1942 wlis Semodgomaze CaCneT-inguSeTis dasavleTi mxare germanelebma daikaves. 1943 wlis 3 ianvars, germanelebis mier dakavebuli mxare, sabWoTa jarebma gaanTavisufles da am droidan daiwyo yvelaze didi ubedureba CaCneTinguSeTis istoriaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom CaCnebi da inguSebi moRvaweobdnen da ibrZodnen jer kidev adre, wiTel jarSi, xolo Semdeg, `did samamulo omis (1941_1945) dros respublikis mSromelebi aqtiurad exmarebodnen fronts... CaCnebi da inguSebi ibrZodnen frontebze, monawileobdnen partizanul brZolebSi. aTasobiT kaci dajil-doebulia ordenebiTa da medlebiT. 36 kacs miaeniWes sabWoTa kavSiris gmiris wodeba~ (8, t.11, gv.89). miuxedavad amisa, isini Seracxes moRalateebad da mtrebad da gadaasaxles.

`vainaxi xalxebis _ CeCnebisa da inguSebis istoriaSi 1944 wlis 31 ianvari, 24 Tebervali da 7 marti sayovelTao ubedurebis TariRebia: 31 ianvars ssrk Tavdacvis saxelmwifo komitetma miiRo dadgenileba CeCneT-inguSeTis assr gauqmebisa da mosax-leobis CrdiloeT kavkasiidan sabWoTa kavSiris Soreul adgilebSi deporta-

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ciis Sesaxeb. dadgenilebaSi Cawerili iyo, rom CaCnebi da inguSebi sabWoTa kavSir- germaniis omis dros TiTqosda kavkasionis qeds moaxloebul germanel faSistebs exmarebodnen.

sabWoTa uSiSroebis organoebis mier SemuSavda specialuri operacia koduri saxelwodebiT `CeCevica~ (ospi), romlis realizebis Sedegad or kviraSi _ 24 Tebervlidan 7 martis CaTvliT CrdiloeT kavkasiidan sarkinigzo eSelonebiT naxevar milionze meti CaCani da inguSi samSoblodan Sors, yazaxeTSi da yirgizeTSi gadaasaxles.

1944 wlis 22 marts miRebul iqna dadgenileba groznos olqis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. yofili CaCneT-inguSeTis dasavleTis, aRmosavleTisa da samxreTis raionebi gadace-mul iqna oseTis, daRestnisa da saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi. danarCenma teritoriam, yizlaris olqTan erTad, groznos olqi Seadgina. dacarielebuli respublikis teritoriaze mezobeli respublikebis mosaxleoba daasaxles~. (12, gv.83).

CrdiloeT kavkasieli xalxis moRalateebad Seracxva arc ise advili iyo. amitom: òficialuri sabraldebulo mosazreba gaxda _ «... aqtiuri da TiTqmis sayovelTao

mona-wileoba teroristul moZraobaSi, mimarTuli sabWoTa kavSirisa da wiTeli armiis winaaRmdeg» kerZod, amtkicebdnen, rom arsebobda masobrivi amboxebulTa organizaciebi «kavkasielTa Zmebis SeerTebuli partia» x. israelovis (terlovi) winamZRolobiT da sxva~. (122).

rogorc cnobili gaxda, i. stalinis brZanebiT, sanam daiwyeboda CaCnebisa da inguSebis gadasaxleba, manamde, 1943 wlis oqtomberSi adgilze mdgomareobis gasacnobaT Cavida ssrk-is Sinagan saqmeTa da uSiSroebis sammarTvelos ministris (generaluri saxalso komisari), marSali l a v r e nt i b e r i a s (1899_1953) moadgile da misi `marjvena xeli~ b o gd a n q o b ulo v i (1904_1953). moskovSi misi dabrunebis Semdeg damuSavda vainaxebis (CaCnebisa da inguSebis) gadasaxlebis gegma da dro. am gegmas, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, pirobiTad ewoda `CeCevica~. gegmis Tanaxmad gadasaxleba unda momxdariyo erTsa da imave dros mTel CaCneT-inguSeTSi, romelic dayofili iyo oTx ubnad. mTavari pasuxismgebeli iyo l. beria.

qobulovi xelaxla Cavida respublikaSi da pirvel rigSi aRiricxa mTeli mosax-leoba da maTi mdgomareoba. `gamovlinebul~ iqmnen is pirebi romlebic monawi-leobdnen ̀ 1942 wlis agvistoSi ssrk-is winaaRmdeg momxdar ajanyebaSi~ da ̀ yaCaRuri jgufebi~. Camoyalibda saqmis warmoebisaTvis operatiul-Cekisturi jgufebi. gadasaxlebisaTvis mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi, unda Catarebuliyo mosaxleobisagan saidumlod.

winaswar, sagangebo daniSnulebis jaris nawilebi da Cekistebi Seiyvanes aulebSi, cxovrobdnen glexebis saxlebSi da xma gaavrceles, rom tardeboda jaris nawilebis swavleba mTis pirobebSi. amgvarad Seiswavles da gaecnen TviTeuli ojaxis mdgomareobas.

1944 wlis 29 ianvars l. beriam daamtkica miTiTebani, Tu rogor unda momxdariyo

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CaCneb-inguSebis gadasaxleba. masSi naTqvami iyo, rom: `«Taviseburebebi nacionalur olqebSi da specifikuri pirobebi nacionalur

aulebSi ganxor-cielebuli operaciis dros, TviTeuli _ operaciis monawilesagan _ moiTxovs politikur uryeobas, simtkices, operatiul patiosnebas da moqnilobas»... swrafad da gabedulad «demora-lizeba dasawyisSive rogorcda ar unda iyos kulakur-molebis-bandituri cdebi da gamoxdomebi»~. (122).

31 ianvars, kidev gamoica 2 saidumlo dadgenileba, sadac miTiTebuli iyo, rom CaCnebi da inguSebi unda dasaxlebuliyvnen yazaxeTsa da yirgizeTSi. ra zomebi unda mieRoT da ra unda gaekeTebinaT am respublikebis xelmZRvanelebs.

1944 wlis 22 Tebervals, l. beria moxsenebiT baraTSi stalins werda: àmxanag stalins. òperaciis swrafad ganxorcielebisa CaCnebisa da ingusebis gadasaxlebisaTvis

Tqveni miTiTebis Semdeg Cekist-sajariso RonisZiebebs daemata Semdegi RonisZiebebi:~ da aRwerda Catarebul RonisZiebebs. moxsenebas amTavrebda Semdegi sityvebiT:

`gadasxleba daiwyeba gamTeniisas a. w. 23 Tebervals, ganzraxulia garSemoertyas raionebs, rom xeli SeuSaloT dasaxlebuli punqtebidan mosaxleobis wasvlas dasaxlebuli punqtebis adgilebidan. mosaxleoba mowveuli iqneba krebaze, krebis nawili gaSvebuli iqneba nivTebis mosa-groveblad, xolo danarCeni nawili iqneba ganiaraRebuli da miyvanili adgilebze dabargebisaTvis.

vTvli, rom CaCnebisa da inguSebis gasaxlebis operacia warmatebiT iqneba Catarebuli.

l. beria~. (96, gv.132). 1944 wlis 23 Tebervlis Ramis 2 saaTze CaCneT-inguSeTis caze gamoCnda sanaTi

raketebi, rac mauwyebeli iyo imisa, rom unda dawyebuliyo operacia `CeCevica~. mTavrobis moxeleTa gadmo-cemiT yvela auli garemoculi iyo samxedro nawilebiT, yvela gza gadaiketa, mTebisken mimaval bilikebze idgnen mzirni da Casafrebuli razmebi, gamoTiSuli iyo yvela radiosatransliacio sadgurebi da telefonebi. am ambebs zogierTi Semdegnairad gadmoscemda, rom, TiToeul saxlSi Sediodnen `nkvd~-es (Sssk _ Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komiteti) warmomadgenlebi, romlebic acnobeb-dnen gamosaxlebis mizezebs, Cxrekdnen, iRebdnen civ da sasrol iaraRebs, anti-sabWour literaturas, valutas, ojaxis ufrosisagan moiTxovdnen, rom daesa-xelebinaT bandituri jgufebi da maTTvis gadaecad gadamaluli moRalateni, romlebic exmarebodnen germanel faSistebs. Semdeg, ojaxis wevrebi, pirvel rigSi qalebi da bavSvebi, gadahyavdaT Sekrebis adgilas. winaaRmdegobis gawevisas, an gaqcevisas, yovelgvari gafrTxilebis gareSe xvretdnen. aseve moxucebs romelTac siaruli ar SeeZloT da avadmyofebs. TiTeuls neba eZleodaT, Tan waeRoT wvrili saojaxo nivTebi da soflis meurnebis sagnebi (TiToeulze 100kg.), SeeZloT Tan waeyvanaT TiTo saqoneli da misTvis saWiro sakvebi. TiToeuls xelze aZlevdnen baraTs sadac aRricxuli iyo yvelaferi: adgilze myofi ojaxis wevrebi, rac aRmoaCines da naxes Cxrekisas da sxv. Semdeg, satvirTo matareblebiT agzavnidnen

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axal sacxovrebel adgilebisaken. magram, TviTmxilvelTa gadmocemiT, sinamdvileSi xdeboda sul sxvanairad: `yvela mamakaci diliT adre Sekribes, viTom yrilobisaTvis da maSinve apatim-

rebdnen. «amis Semdeg iwyeboda scenaris meore nawili: yvela ezoSi Sediodnen saldaTebi, SeiaraRebuli avtomatebiT, oficrebis an serJantis meTaurobiT, rom-lebic iZleodnen SekrebisaTvis 10-15 wuTs da saxlebidan aZevebdnen umweo moxu-cebs, bavSvebs da qalebs, sawolebidan agdebdnen avadmyofebs. ukmayofilebis gamom-JRavnebisaTvis _ daxvreta! brZanebis araswori gagebisaTvis _ daxvreta! gaqcevis mcdelobisaTvis _ daxvreta! amis Sesaxeb acxadebdnen _ rusulad, miuxedavad imisa, rom umravlesobas ar esmoda...». laparaki saaRricxvo baraTebze da CamorTmeuli qonebis, mowyobi-lobebis, sakvebis, msxvil rqosan saqonelis qviTrebze, TiTqos da «axal adgilze binadrobisas meurneobis aRsadgenad» _ es aris sicrue. aseTi «ceremoniebi» arasdros ar iyo `nkvd~-esTvis damaxasiaTebeli, miT umetes maT moqmedebebSi «xalxis mtrebis» _ CaCnebis winaaRmdeg~. (96, gv.97).

rac Seexeba zemoT naxseneb `valutas~, àntisabWour literaturas~, `gadamalul moRalateebs~ da `banditur jgufebs~, TviTmxilvelTa TqmiT, mogonilia, radgan `Sinsaxkom~-ma Zalian kargad icoda TviToeul aulSi vin da ras warmoadgenda. es iyo `nkvd~-es mier monagoni, rom SeeqmnaT xilvadoba imisa, rom iyo raRac razmebi da rom CaCnebma daimsaxures gadasaxleba~. (96, gv.97).

gadasaxlebis msvlelobis Sesaxeb, jgufis xelmZRvanelebi, yovel naxevar saaTSi l. berias awvdidnen cnobebs.

1 marts l. beria moxsenebiT baraTSi werda: ~«saxelmwifos Tavdacvis komiteti amx. stalins 1 marti 1944 weli. mogaxsenebT CaCnebisa da inguSebis gasaxlebis operaciis Sedegis Sesaxeb,

gadasaxleba daiwo 23 Tebervals umravles raionebSi, garda maRal mTian dasaxlebul adgilebisa.

29 TebervlisaTvis gasaxlebulni iyvnen da Cabargebulni rkinigzis eSelonebSi 478 479 kaci, maT Soris 91 250 inguSebi. datvirTulia 180 eSeloni, maT Soris 159 eSeloni ukve gagzavnilia axal adgilze dasasaxleblad. dRes gagzavnilia eSelonebi yofili xelmZRvaneli muSakebiT da CaCneT-inguSeTis gavleniani religiuri avtoritetebiT, romlebic gamoiyenebodnen operaciis Casatareblad.

zogierT CaCneTis galanCJoskis raionis adgilebidan Zlieri Tovisa da ugzoobis gamo darCnen gausaxlebelni 6 aTasi CaCnebi, maTi gayvana da dabargeba damTavrebuli iqneba 2 dReSi. operacia Catarda organizebulad da yovelgvari winaaRmdegobisa da sxva incidentebis gareSe.

....mimdinareobs gaCxreka tyiani raionebis, sadac droebiT datovebulia `nkvd~-es jaris garnizoni da Cekistebis operjgufi. momzadebis dros da Catarebuli opera-ciisas dapatimrebulia 2 016 kaci antisabWoTa elementebi CaCnebisa da inguSebidan.

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amoRebulia cecxlsasroli iaraRebi: 20 072 erTeuli, maT Soris SaSxanebi 4 868, tyviamfrqvevebi da avtomatebi 479... dRes vamTavrebT aq samuSaos da gavemgzavrebiT erTi dRiT yabardo-balyareTSi

da iqedan moskovSi. l. beria»~. (96, gv.134). marTalia, l. beria moxsenebaSi aRniSnavs, rom yvelaferma normalurad Caiara,

magram sinamdvileSi zogierT aulSi winaaRmdegobis gawevisas, gaqcevis mcdelobisas da samxedroebze Tavdasxmis dros, daiRupnen da daiWrnen rogorc CaCan-inguSebi, aseve gadasaxlebaSi monawile samxedroebi.

aseve cnobili gaxda, rom 1944 wlis 27 Tebervals galanCJoskis raionTan mdebare aul ჰaibaxSi, vinaidan xalxis gadasayvanad transporti aRar eyoT, Ss-is sajariso nawilebma, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, daaxl. 600-mde mTielebs, ZiriTadaT moxucebs, qalebs da bavSvebs, daavales, rom wamoeRoT Tiva, rom ar SescivnodaT, Sehyares l. berias saxelobis sajiniboSi da cecxli waukides, xolo gamoqceulebs adgilze xvretdnen. daxvrites mimdebare aulebis mcxovreblebic. (131). cnobilia isic, rom Sssk-is warmomadgenlebi, xSirad, rogorc banditebs xocavdnen udana-Saulo xalxs, radgan ganmkiTxavi aravin iyo da amiT Rebulobdnen Cin-medlebsa da wodebebs. 1944 wels CaCnebisa da inguSebis gasaxlebisaTvis, b. qobulovi daajil-doves suvorovis saxelobis I xarisxis ordeniT. (cnobilia, rom bogdan qobulovi sakanSive, patimrebis dakiTxvisas piradad TviTonve awamebda da klavda patimrebs. 1953 wlis ivnisSi ssrk-s umaRlesi sabWos gadawyvetilebiT daapatimres, gaasamarTles da daxvreta miusajes. 1953 wlis 23 dekembers daxvrites).

7 marts damTavrda CaCnebisa da inguSebis gadasaxleba. am dRes moxsenebiT baraTSi l. beria werda:

`...operaciis Catarebisas monawileobas Rebulobdnen 19 aTasi operatiuli muSakebi `nkvd_nktb~ da `smerS~-i, 100 aTasi oficrebi, `Sssk~-es jaris mebrZolebi, Camoyvanili sxvadasxva olqebidan, romelTa mniSvnelovani nawili aqamde monawileobda operaciebSi yaraCaelebisa da yalmuxebis gadasaxlebaSi, eseni miiReben monawileobas momaval balyarelTa gadasaxlebis operaciebSi.

Catarebuli sami operaciis Sedagad gadasaxlebulia ssrk-is aRmosavleT raionebSi 650 aTasi CaCnebi, inguSebi, yalmuxebi da yaraCaelebi.

operaciis momzadebis msvlelobisas, CaCnebis, inguSebis, yaraCaelebis, yalmuxebis da balyarelebis gadasaxlebisas Catarda samuSao bandebis mospobisaTvis, Seqmnili da SeiaraRebuli germanel-faSist okupantebisagan CrdiloeT kavkasiidan ukan daxevis dros dakavebul iqnen antisabWoTa elementebi da mosaxleobidan amoiRes arale-galurad Senaxuli iaraRi.

ssrk-is Sinagan saqmeTa saxkom l. beria~. (96, gv.135). rogorc cnobilia, xalxis gadayvana xdeboda satvirTo vagonebiT. Seyrilni iyvnen

TviTeul vagonebSi 50-mde adamiani, romelTa nawili, saSineli pirobebis (yinvisa da SimSilis) gamo, gzaSive daiRupa. Sssk-is monacemebiT, 1272 kaci daiRupa

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gadasaxlebulTa gadayvanis dros, rac simarTles ar warmoadgens. `Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom rkinigzis eSelonebi imyofebodnen 20 dRidan Tvemde

gzaSi, Zalian Cqara warmoiqmna infeqciuri daavadebebi, kerZod, tifi, da gadasaxlebulebi iRupebodnen uamravi raodenobiT. bavSvebs Soris daxocilTa raodenoba iyo Zalian maRali. gvamebi gamohqondaT axlo mdebare sadgurebSi da awyobdnen gzis gaswvriv. iRblianad iTvleboda Tu badragi dagrTavda nebas isini Cagefla Tovlis namqerebSi, vinaidan eSelonidan 5 metrze ufro Sors mocileba akrZaluli iyo da isjeboda sikvdiliT.

danamdvilebiT ucnobia, ra raodenobis CaCnebi da inguSebi daiRupnen gzaSi. zog eSelonebSi «ganTesvis» procenti (e. i. mkvdrebis) aRwevda naxevramde. yovel

SemTxvevaSi saubari unda mimdinareobdes, sul mcire, bevrad bevr aTiaTasobiT xalxze~ (132).

`23 Tebarvali CaCani xalxisaTvis aris tragikuli TariRi, da ara samSoblos daმcvelTa dRe. 1944 wels yvela Cveni xalxi mogonili braldebebiT gitleris faSistebTan xelis Sewyo-bisaTvis iyvnen gasaxlebulni yazaxeTsa da Sua aziaSi.

ramdeni aTeul aTasi saflavi Cven davtoveT gzaSi gadasaxlebis pirvel TveebSi dRes veravin ver ityvis. Cveni 12 wevriani ojaxidan, gadavrCiT mxolod me da Cemi Zma. da ase iyo prqtikulad yvela ojaxSi...

ali santaevis mogonebidan~. (96). 1944 wlis 7 martis (d. №1/803), sაidumlo brZanebulebaSi, `CeCneT-inguSeTis

assr-is gauqmebisa da misi teritoriis administraciulad mowyobis Sesaxeb~, naTqvami iyo, rom vinaidan samamulo omis dros, kavkasiaSi germanel-faSistebis yofnisas, CeCnebma da inguSebma uRalates samSoblos da axlac banditebi axdenen Tavdasxmebs kolmeurneobebze da mezobel mxareebze, Zarcvaven da klaven sabWoTa moqalaqeebs, amitom ssrk-is umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis dadgenilebiT, uqmdeboda CaCneT-inguSeTis avtonomiuri olqis respublika, yvela CaCnebi da inguSebi, mcxovrebni CeCneT-inguSeTis teritoriaze da mis mimdebare raionebSi, unda gada-esaxlebinad ssrk-is sxvadasxva raionebSi (yazaxeTisa da yirgizeTis ssr-Si, xolo nawili tajikeTisa da uzbekeTis ssr-Si). ssrk-is saxkomsabWos unda uzrunvelyo gadasaxlebulni miwiTa da daxmareboda sameurneo mowyobaSi. Seiqmna stavropolis rsfsr-Si Semavali groznos olqi, romlis mTavari qalaqi gaxda q. grozno. mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda CaCneT-inguSeTis zogi raioni. danarCeni raionebi gadaeca daRestans, CrdiloeT-oseTs da mcire nawili saqarTvelos. CamoTvlili iyo groz-nos olqis sazRvrebi. Seicvala rsfsr-sa da saqarTvelos ssr-s Soris sazRvrebic. (96, gv.142).

TviTmxilvelTa gadmocemiT, Sua aziaSi gadasaxlebulebs, adgilobrivi mosax-leoba da xelisuflebac, eqceodnen rogorc mtrebs. mTavrobam winaswar gaavrcela xmebi, rom gadmosaxlebulni iyvnen `mtrebi~, `samSoblos moRalateni~, romlebic èxmarebodnen germanelebs~, `yaCaRebi~ da isini yvelani iyvnen infeqciuri avad-myofobiT davadebulni. ase, rom mTavrobis warmomadgenlebma yovelive Rone ixmares,

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rom Camosaxlebulebs ar hqonodaT kavSiri adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan. amis gamo mosaxleobis nawili maT axlosac ar ikarebda. adgilobrivi mTavroba maT araviTar yuradRebas ar aqcevda da araviTar cxovrebis pirobebs ar uqmnida.

gadmosaxlebulTa umravlesoba aRmoCnda dausaxlebel, trial mindvrebSi, sicivisa da yinvis gamo, isini iZulebulni iyvnen amoeTxaraT miwuri da iq Casaxlebuliyvnen.

1944 wlidanve sabWoTa xelisuflebam daiwyo sabWoTa jarSi monawile CaCnebisa da inguSebis daWera da gadasaxleba. gadmocemiT, TiTqmis 16 000-de oficeri da jariskaci iqna gadasaxlebuli.

`Tema CaCnebisa da inguSebis gmirul monawileobaze did samamulo omSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iyo aRkveTili miukerZoebul kvlevaZiebisaTvis, vinaidan is ewina-aRmdegeboda Tqmulebas xalxze _ moRalateebze. gadasaxlebis droidan, saxelmwi-fos mier gadasaxlebulTa Sesabamisi gada-wyvetilebis miRebamde, da 80-ian wlebam-dec ki, sabWoTa kavSiris partiuli xelmZRvaneloba, Tavisi propagandistuli ide-ologiuri berketebis saSualebebiT, muSaobda imaze, rom xelovnurad SeeqmnaT CaCnebis saxe, rogorc yaCaRebis, moRalateebis _ kolaboracionistebis. saxelmwifos dakveTiT gamoCnda uamravi gamogonili «damadasturebeli sabuTebi», rom-lebic iyo gaSvebulni brunvaSi rom daedasturebinad Tavisi moqmedebebi xalxTa gadasaxlebisaTvis, xolo respublikuri arqivebi, am bolodroindeli CaCneTSi damangreveli samxedro kampaniis dros, faqtiurad mTlianad iyo ganadgurebuli~. (96, gv.67).

gadasaxlebis damTavrebis Semdegac, (1944_1945) wlebSi, grZeldeboda Sssk-is TanamSromelTa mier CaCnebisa da inguSebis `banditebis~ gamovlena, dakaveba da mTebidan dakavebulTa Camoyvana. monacemebiT, am drois ganmavlobaSi marto groznos olqSi daakaves 2 213 CaCnebi da inguSebi.

`ZiriTadi operaciis Catarebis damTavrebis Semdeg CaCneTSi daiwyo nadiroba maTze, romlebic sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo SeZles darCena Tavis samSobloSi. gzebze da gareubnebSi mosaxle-obisagan dacarielebul adgilebSi iyvnen dayenebulni SeiaraRebuli mzirni, tyeebsa da mTis xevebSi daZrwodnen operatiuli jgufebi, `Sssk~-is da sax-uSiSroebis razmebi. maT hqondaT brZaneba gacemuli gaenadgurebinaT yvela, romlebsac isini gamoavlendnen. TviTmxilvelTa gada-rCenilTa gadmocemiT, yvela is adgili, sadac Catarda Sssk-is mier respublikaSi erTsa da imave saaTis dros xalxis likvidacia, gvamebiT iyo mofenili. maT naxulobdnen yvelgan: dacarielebul saxlebSi, ezoebSi, gzebsa da bilikebze, soflebis gareubnebSi, tyis pirebsa da xevebSi. mkvlelobis xerxebi aseve iyo sxvadasxvanairi, afeTqebidan, daxvretidan an cocxlad dawvidan Tavis moWramde da Zelze Camocmamde.

gausaxlebeli xalxis ganadgurebisaTvis gamoiyeneboda sawamlavic. sabWoTa jariskacebi mimo-fantavdnen an tovebdnen aoxrebul aulebSi mowamlul kvebis produqtebs. aTobiT damSeuli xalxi, pirvel rigSi bavSvebi da qalebi, gaxdnen am «kvebis siurprizebisagan» msxvreplni ~. (98).

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1948 wlis 24 noembers ssrk-s ministrTa sabWos mier gamoica brZanebuleba, romlis Tanaxmad, gadasaxlebulebs ekrZalebodaT, erTi soflidan meoreSi gadasvla, an naTesavebTan misvla. wesrigis damrRvevni iqnebodnen dapatimrebulni da 20 wliT katorRaSi gagzavnilni.

sabWoTa wyobilebis droindeli da dRevandel dResac SemorCenili, `mecnier-istorikoebi~, cdiloben gaamarTlon im droindeli mTavrobis moqmedebebi, weren da amtkiceben, rom TiTqos kavkasielTa gadasaxleba aucilebeli iyo da amas mxars uWerda mezobeli xalxebi. rac aSkarad simarTles ar Seefereba. miuxedavad im droindeli mTavrobis moqmedebebisa da represiebisa, aRmoCndnen mezoblebi, romlebic SeZlebisdagvarad mainc cdilobdnen daxmarebodnen CaCnebsa da inguSebs.

ài rogor wers cnobili istorikosi d. xojaevi Tavis wignSi «cocxali xsovna»: «magram iyvnen kidev namdvili adamianebi, Zlieri suliT, romlebsac ar hqondaT

dakarguli vaJkacoba, gulkeTiloba da keTilSobileba. miuxedavad sastiki sasjelisa isini amaze arc ki fiqrobdnen, es xalxi ifarebda CaCnebsa da inguSebs... Cervneli kazaki gulamoskvniT tiroda, rkinigzis yrilze, CaCnebiTa da inguSebiT savse aRmosavleTisaken mimavali vagonebis gacilebisas... groznos mravalma mTielma ebraelma uari ganacxada yofili CaCneTis saxlebis dakavebaze... yumikebma uari ganacxades SeebRalad CaCneTis sasaflao. fSav-xevsureTis eklesiebSi qarTvelma mTielebma CaCnebis mier udanaSaulod moklul inguSebs panaSvidi gadauxades. qarTvelma xalxma ar daaneba gaesaxlebinaT CaCnebi _ qistebi, romlebic cxovrobdnen saqarTvelos ssr-Si.... avarebis 40 ojaxi nebayoflobiT CaCnebTan erTad gaemgzavrnen gadasaxlebaSi...». da aseTi magaliTebi WeSmariti megobrobisa da Tanamonawileobisa mezobeli xalxisa CaCnebis mimarT iyo mravali~. (96, gv.90).

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sabWoTa kavSiris dros, saerTod, veravin bedavda sabWoebSi Semavali erebis Sesaxeb istoriuli simarTlis weras. xolo gadasax-lebulTa Sesaxeb, yvelaferi keTdeboda imisaTvis, rom akrZaluli yofiliyo maTi xsenebac.

`svetlana alieva, dokumenturi krebulis «es ase iyo. ssrk 1919_1952 wlebi»-s Semdgeneli wers: «mTeli literatura gamocemuli am xalxis gadasaxlebamde, da ara marto mxatvruli, iyo amoRebuli xmarebidan, mospobili, damaluli arqivebSi da saidumlo ganyofilebebSi, sxvadasxva sacaveebSi. mogvianebiT gamocemebSi es eTnosebi Tavisi istoriiT, cxovrebiT, yofiT, xelovnebiT iSleboda an icvleboda sxvebiT. iSleboda xalxis maxsovrobidan, enciklopediebidan, cnobarebidan, saxelmZRva-neloebidan, samecniero naSromebidan da statistikidan _ erTi sityviT, yvelaferi emorCileboda formulas: «ar aris xalxi _ ar aris problemebi»... Tumca 1985 wlidan bevr rameze SeiZleboda Tqma, gaixsna arqivebi, da simarTlem daiwyo amobobReba nayari tyulebidan da gadasaxlebulma xalxma amoiRo xma da moiTxova daebrunebinaT Tavisi moqalaqeobis uflebebi, marTalia ssrk-is umaRlesma sabWom da rsfsr-m miiRo rigi humanuri dadgenileba, am xalxze magram, keTili sityvis akrZalva, albaT inerciiT ganagrZobs moqmedebas»~. (96, gv106).

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rogorc cnobilia, sabWoTa kavSiris `beladis~, `mama da marCenalis~, stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg, sabWoTa kavSirSi mdgomareoba Seicvala, erTis mxriv TiTqos -Dda mdgomareoba gamoicvala ukeTesobisaken, magram, sinamdvileSi erovnebaTa Soris mdgomareobaSi araferi Secvlila, ruseTis mesveurTa mxridan Zalis gamoyenebis wesi igive darCa rac stalinis dros iyo.

1954 wlis ivlisSi ssrk-is ministrTa sabWos dadgenileba: `specgadasaxlebulTa samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis zogierTi SezRudvis moxsnis Sesaxeb~, romlis Tanaxmad, Serbilebuli iyo gadasaxlebulebis erTi adgilidan meoreSi gadasvla (mas aRar iWerdnen), 16 wlamde bavSvebs, Tu isini dadiodnen skolebSi, an sxva saswavleblebSi, aRar xdeboda aRricxva da sxv. magram, isini, mainc iTvlebodnen damnaSavebad. 1955 wlis 10 martidan gadasaxlebulebs neba darTes pasportebis aRebisa. aman-ki gadasaxlebulebs, im respublikaSi sadac imyofebodnen, saSualeba misca Tavisuflad gadaadgilebuliyvnen, Tumca samSobloSi dabrunebas mainc xels uSlidnen. gadasaxlebulebma daiwyes, SemovliTi gzebiT, samSobloSi dabruneba. TiTqmis 11 000 gadasaxlebuli TviTneburad dabrunda samSobloSi.

1956 wlis 16 ivliss gamocxadda sssr-is umaRlesi sabWos brZanebuleba: `specgadasaxlebulTa CaCnebis, inguSebis, yaraCaelebis da maTi ojaxis wevrebisaTvis SezRudvis moxsnis Sesaxeb~ romlis Tanaxmad nawilobriv mouxsnes administraciuli SezRudvebi gadasaxalebulebs, magram, mainc, maT ar eZleodaT ufleba, rom dabrunebuliyvnen Tavian samSobloSi. (134). miuxedavad imisa, rom akrZaluli iyo maTze rkinigzis bileTebis gayidva da xdeboda rkinigzis sadgurebis patrulireba (maT iWerdnen da ukan abrunebdnen), TiTqmis 30 aTasamde gadasaxlebulma TviTneburad moaxerxa dabruneba samSobloSi. rom rogorme SeeCerebinaT gadasaxlebulTa samSob-loSi dabruneba, mTavrobam daiwyo agitacia da kulturul-saganmanaTleblo samuSaobebis Catareba. 1955 wlis dasawyisSi, almaaTaSi daiwyo gamocema yovel-kvireulma gazeTma CaCnur enaze, noemberSi gaixsna nacionaluri Teatri da sxv.

ssrk-s mTavrobaSi iyo gamoTqmuli winadadeba, rom yazaxeTsa da yirgizeTSi Seqmniliyo CaCneT-inguSeTis avtonomiuri olqi, magram am azris winaaRmdegni iyvnen orive respublikis xelmZRva-nelebi, vinaidan isedac rTuli viTareba Seiqmna Casax-lebulTa mier maT qalaqebsa da olqebSi, rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve politikuri (xdeboda adgilobriv mosaxleobasa da CasaxlebulTa SexlaSemoxla). vinaidan gadaWarbebuli mosaxleobis gamo, respublikebi ver uzrunvelyofdnen maT sacxov-rebel pirobebs. CasaxlebulTa umravlesobam Tavi moiyara qalaqebSi, rom rogor- Rac Tavi gadaerCinaT. 1956 wlis skkp-is XX yrilobaze n. xruSCovis gamosvlis Semdeg, rodesac daiwyo Sua aziaSi yamiri miwebis aTviseba da samrewvelo mSeneb-loba, iq myofni, ara saimedod miCneulni gadasaxlebulni, am RonisZiebis gatarebas xels uSlidnen, amitom, amave wlis dekemberSi, Seiqmna saxelmwifo komisia, CaCneT-inguSeTis avtonomiuri olqis rsfsr-s SemadgenlobaSi aRdgenasTan dakavSirebiT. komisiaSi monawileobas Rebulobdnen: groznos olqis, daRestnis, CrdiloeT- oseTis, saqarTvelos respublikebis xelmZRvanelebi da CaCneT-inguSeTis warmomad-

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genlebi. 1957 wlis 9 ianvars gamocxadda rsfsr-is umaRlesi sabWos mier brZanebuleba, CaCneT-inguSeTis avtonomiuri olqis rsfsr-Si Seqmnisa (Ciassr) da groznos olqis gauqmebis Sesaxeb. oRond sxva sazRvrebSi, vidre adre iyo. Casaxleba unda ganxorcielebuliyo (1957_1960) wlebSi, nawil-nawil, gansazRvrul droTa ganmavlobaSi. magram CaCneT-inguSeTis miwa-wyalze 1944 wlidan Casaxlebul mosaxleobaze: rusebsa, osebsa, daRestnelebsa, qarTvelebsa da sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebze araferi iyo naTqvami. am dros, groznos olqSi mosaxleobis raodenoba iyo 540 aTasi kaci. xolo, uzbekeTSi cxovrobda 155 aTasi; yazaxeTsa da yirgizeTSi _ 415 aTasi. jer marto, 1958 wlis dasawyisSi CeCneT-inguSeTSi Camovida 201 746 kaci da Semdeg wlebSi dabrunebulTa ricxvi matulobda. ris gamoc am mxareebSi Seiqmna Warbi mosaxleoba, aman ki gamoiwvia swrafi sacxovrebeli pirobebis cvlilebebi: umuSevroba, usaxlkaroba da rac mTavaria erTaSoriso urTierTobis gamwvaveba, rogorc TviT respublikaSi aseve mis mezobel respublikebSi; radgan dabrunebulni Txoulobdnen Zvel TavianT sacxovrebel adgilebs da cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebas (CamosulTa umravlesoba usaxlkarod darCa da Rames aTevda Ria cis qveS _ quCaSi). rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, CaCnebisa da inguSebis gadasaxlebis Semdeg, ganTavi-suflebul miwebze da saxlebSi, mTavrobis dadgenilebiT, Caasaxles mezobeli respublikebis mosaxleoba, romlebic ZiriTadaT dasaxldnen dablobebSi, CaCneT-inguSebis mier datovebul saxlebSi. xolo mTiani aulebi gauqmnda. Camosaxlebulni ki Txoulobdnen Tavian Zvel saxlebs (romlebic gadaurCa ngrevas 1944_1957 wlebSi) da aulebSi miwis nakveTebs. rac iwvevda Camo-saxlebulTa da iq myof, damxvdurTa Soris Sexla-Semoxlas. rac xSirad gadaizrdeboda xolme nacionalur da eTnikur uTanxmoebaSi da urTierT dapirispirebaSi. xdeboda mkvlelobac. q. grozno warmoadgenda, adrec da exlac, navTobmopovebisa da navTobgadamamuSavebis samrewvelo qalaqs, aq, mosaxleobis umravlesobas Seadgenda rusebi. aq Camosaxlebamde CaCneb-inguSebi Seda-rebiT mcire raodenobiT iyvnen. xolo rodesac usaxlkarod darCenilma CaCneb-inguSebma daiwyes qalaqgareT miwebis mitaceba, saxlebis mSenebloba da qalaqis xelmZRvanelebisagan moiTxovdnen SeRavaTebsa da TavianTi moqalaqeobrivi uflebebis aRdgenas, daiwyo rusebsa da CamosaxlebulTa dapirispireba. Camosaxlebulni moiTxovdnen agreTve im miwebis dabrunebasac, romlebic gadasces mezobel respublikebs. nacionaluri urTierTobis daZabulobis mogvarebas arTulebdnen, CaCneT-inguSeTis respublikis (gansakuTrebiT zogierTi xelmZRvanelebi) warmomadgenlebic, romlebic ar eTanxmebodnen mTavrobis dadgenilebas da winaaRmdegni iyvnen maTi Camosaxlebisa, radgan maTi azriT, yvela gadasaxlebulni da sakoncentracio banakebSi moxvedrilebi iyvnen `samSoblos moRa-lateebi da mtrebi~.

`1944 wels gauqmebuli CaCneT-inguSeTis avtonomia 1957 wels kvlav aRadgines. mosaxleoba TavianT sacxovrebel adgilebs daubrunes. magram CaCneTis ramdenime mTian raionSi maT cxovreba aekrZalaT; isini dablobis aulebisa da kazakTa stani-cebSi daasaxles~. (14, gv.39). TavianT samSobloSi dabrunebulni CaCnebi da inguSebi,

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kvlav ganicdidnen ruseTis mxridan zewolas, isini ver gaxdnen Tavis miwa-wylis patronebi. maT ar aRudgines moqalaqeobrivi da politikuri uflebebi. mudam axsenebdnen, rom iyvnen Sewyalebulni, rogorc ̀ damnaSavenni sabWoTa kavSiris mimarT~.

CaCnebsa da inguSebs ar hqondaT ufleba daekavebinaT ssrk-Si xelmZRvaneli Tanamdebobebi, zogierT saswavleblebSi, dawesebulebebSi, arc `suk~-Si (saxelmwifos uSiSroebis komiteti. rus. `kgb~) da arc iseTSi rogoric iyo `saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa saxelmwifo instituti, rome-lic amzadebda diplomatebs. maT ar eZleodaT samuSao adgilebi TavdacviT warmoebebSi (groz-noSic ki!), romelic iyo dakavSirebuli saxelmwifos usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofasTan. CaCnebsa da inguSebs gorbaCovis gardaqmnamde ar SeeZloT gamxdariyo generali jarSi, miliciaSi, arc suk-Si. yvelaze niWiers maTgan didi-didi risi miRwevac maT SeeZloT, _ es wodeba polkovniki iyo~. (98, t.I, 2,10.8).

xolo adgilobriv CaCneb-inguSebidan iniSnebodnen mxolod Ssk-is mier Semowmebuli pirebi. amowmebdnen mis damokidebulebas partiasTan, sazRvargareT myof pirebTan, amowmebdnen naTesavebs. upiratesoba eZleodaT imaT, visac ojaxis wevrebi hyavdaT rusebi. aseTive viTareba iyo ssrk-Si Semaval sxva resepublikebSic.

`sabolood 60-80-ian ww. Camoyalibda gaupirovnebuli CaCnur-inguSuri politi-kuri da ekonomikuri elita, romelTa warmomadgenlebi dawinaurebis gulisaTvis demonstraciulad gamoiyofebodnen Tavisi xalxidan. xelisuflebaSi aRmoCndnen xalxni, romelebic mxolod Tavis keTil-dReobaze fiqrobdnen, ar ewinaaRmdegebodnen, ufro xSirad ki TviTonve Rebulobdnen saqmian monawileobas, respublikaSi mxurvaled gatarebul diskriminaciis politikas, maT Soris kultu-rulisac~. (98, t.I, 2.10.8).

skolebsa da institutebSi swavleba mimdinareobda mxolod rusul enaze. sakuTari ena gamoyofili iyo calke sagnad, magram mas daTmobili qonda ufro nak-lebi dro vidre ucxo enas. respublikaSi sakuTar enaze gamodioda mxolod erTi gazeTi da TiTo-TiTo literaturuli da sabavSvo Jurnali. xolo raionebis TiTeuli gazeTi, ise unda gamocemuliyo, rom rusul enas unda daekavebina daaxloebiT 70%.

respublikaSi moqmedebda mxolod erTi nacionaluri Teatri, romelic Sedgeboda cal-calke, CaCnebis da inguSebis jgufebisagan, erTi cekvis da erTi filarmoniis ansambli, romelTa warmodgenebs amtkicebda kulturis saministro da partiuli saolqo kulturis ganyofileba.

respublikaSi akrZaluli iyo yvela musulmanuri wesCveulebebis aRniSvna da Sesruleba. islamis sarwmuneobis moqadageebi da gamavrceleblebi idevnebodnen. ar moqmedebda arc erTi meCeTi. amitom, mosaxleoba sarwmuneobis wesCveulebebs aRniS-navda malulad da mqadageblebi moqmedebdnen aralegalurad. (98, t.I, 2.10.8).

sanamde, mosaxleobas Soris dapirispireba xdeboda groznos gareT, aulebSi, respublikis mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi Camosaxlebulebs ar aqcevdnen araviTar yuradRebas. magram, 1958 wlis agvistoSi, groznoSi, axalgazrdebs (rusebsa da

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inguSebs) Soris moxda Sexla-Semoxla, romlis drosac daiRupa erT-erTi Cxubis monawile rusi. misi dasaflaveba gadaizarda rusebsa da CaCan-inguSebs Soris dapirispirebaSi. dasaflavebidan dabrunebulni, gaafTrebiT daerivnen qalaqSi mcxovreb _ CaCnebsa da inguSebs. am ayal-mayalSi daiRupa ramdenime kaci da maT Soris erTi CaCani moxucic. groznoSi es areuloba grZeldeboda 4 dRes. amasTan dakavSirebiT, groznoSi, ministrTa sabWos win mdebare moedanze moewyo mraval aTasiani mitingi, sadac gaismoda mowodebebi: `davabrunoT Camosulebi ukan cimbirSi~, `Seiqmnas regionSi rusuli mmarTveloba~ da sxv. cnobili amerikeli mimomxilveli jo n d a nlo p i werda:

`sabednierod... adgilobrivma mTielebma gamoiCines gansakuTrebuli gamZleoba, rogorc ki daiwyo angariSis gasworeba, xelisuflebisagan miaRwies iamas, rom regionSi aRdgeniliyo wesrigi. xalxis monawileebidan aravin ar yofila pasuxis-gebaSi micemuli; mxolod adgilobrivi partiuli xelmZRvaneli a. i. iakovlevi 1959 w. respublikidan gadaiyvanes~. (98, t.I, 2.10.8).

groznoSi momxdarma areulobam, dapirispirebam, rusebsa da CaCneb-inguSebs Soris, TandaTan farTo xasiaTi miiRo da gagrZelda didxans. 1973 wlis 15_18 ianvris darbevis Semdeg, `skkp ck-is mier iyo miRebuli dadgenileba `«q. groznoSi antinacionaluri gamovlinebebi». respublikaSi gaemgzavra skkp-is da rsfsr-is ministrTa sabWos muSaTa jgufi. jgufis moskovSi dabrunebis Semdeg skkp-is ck-is propagandis ganyofilebam da skkp-is ck-is organizaciul-partiuli samuSao ganyofilebam moamzades angariSi, sadac, kerZod naTqvami iyo, rom «nacionalurad ganwyobilma pirebma dauSves Seuracxyofebi, muqarebi, xulignuri moqmedebebi, moqalaqeTa Zaladoba sxva ero-vnebebis mimarT, gansakuTrebiT rusebis mimarT, iZulebuls xdidnen ukanasknelT gamgzavre-buliyvnen respublikis sazRvrebs iqeT». magaliTisaTvis moyvanilia sunJenis raioni, romelic «am bolo sami wlis ganmavlobaSi» datoves 9 aTasma rusma, maT Soris 1973 wlis I meoTxedSi 780 kacma~. (130).

miuxedavad mTavrobis mier ganxorcielebuli zemoT moxsenebuli ìdeologiuri da politikuri~ zewolisa, CaCneT-inguSeTSi, 60_80-ian wlebSi gamoCdnen mecnier-istorikosebi, romlebmac gailaSqres wyobisa da komunisturi Sexedulebebis winaaRmdeg. istorikosebis jgufma gailaSqra, sabWoTa kavSirSi miRebuli ideologiis: `ruseTTan nebayoflobiT SeerTebis~ winaaRmdeg. yvela es mecnieri daiTxoves samuSaodan da isini m. gorbaCovis e. w. `gardaqmnamde~ veRar aqveynebdnen TavianT mecnierul naSromebs. maT winaaRmdeg mimarTulma saxelmwifos mier sadamsjelo moqmedebebma xalxSi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia da ufro metad ganawyo partiuli wes-wyobilebis winaaRmdeg. axalgazrda mwerlebma da poetebma Camoayalibes sazogadoeba `promeTe~, magram uSiSroebis TanamSromlebma is daxures. xolo am sazogadoebis erT-erTi wevri saeWvo viTarebaSi daiRupa. TandaTan, 80-ian wlebSi CaCneT-inguSeTSi nacionaluri moZraoba ufro metad gaZlierda da momZlavrda.

1989 wlis ianvarSi gaimarTa skkp-s saolqo sxdoma, romelzedac miiRes dadge-

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nileba: `miviCnioT gadasaxleba «rogorc Cveni saerTo tragediad, romelsac hqonda ufro metad politikuri, vidre nacionaluri mizezebi»~. miuxedavad naxevrad formulirebisa, es iyo mainc win gadadgmuli nabiji, romelsac adre gadasaxlebulTa sakiTxis ganxilvas tabu hqonda dadebuli, es ki, CaCneb-inguSebisaTvis yvelaze ufro mtkivneuli Tema iyo. (98, t.I, 3.1.).

1989 wlis aprilidan ssrk-Si ganxorcielda partiuli cvlilebebi, romlis Sedegad partiuli midgoma da `zemodan~ brZanebebi Semcirda. amave wlis ivnisSi CaCneT-inguSeTis respublikis partiuli xelmZRvaneli gaxda CeCeni _ do ku z a v g a e v i , rac, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, adre SeuZlebeli iyo. amis gamo mosaxleoba aRfrTovanebuli darCa. TandaTan sxvadasxva xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobebze gamoCndnen nacionaluri moZraobis warmomadgenlebi. amis Semdeg, CaCneT-inguSeTSi, aRmocendnen axali sazogadoebebi da partiuli jgufebi. Camoyalibda sazogadoebrivi gaer-Tianebebi: `niisxo~, `gardaqmnis daxmarebis saxalxo fronti~ da pirveli partiuli politikuri gaerTianeba `barto~ (`Tanxmoba~), romelic 1990 wels gardaiqmna da daerqva `vainaxis demokratiuli partia~ (vdp). is daupirispirda respublikis xelmZRvanelobas.D

1990 wlis zafxulSi, CaCneT-inguSeTis inteligenciis warmomadgenlebma mTavrobas mosTxoves, rom Catarebuliyo yriloba da ganxiluliyo enis, kulturis aRorZinebisa da istoriuli Sexedulebebis da simarTlis dadgenis sakiTxebi. moiTxovdnen, rom sruli simarTliT unda Tqmuliyo XIX saukunis ruseT-kavkasiis omis, CaCneT-inguSeTis ruseTSi Sesvlisa da stalinis mier xalxTa gadasaxlebebis gamomwvevi garemoebebi da mizezebi. 1990 wlis (23_25) noemberSi CaCneT-inguSeTSi Catarda pirveli nacionaluri yriloba. romlis mTavari sakiTxi gaxda ganxilva: `respublikis damoukidebloba~. inguSebmac moiTxoves, rom qonodaT sakuTari saxelmwifo. magram jerjerobiT es moTxovna naadrevad miiCnies da yuradReba ar miaqcies. airCies CaCneTis naci-onaluri aRmaskomi (Cna), romlis Tavmjdomare gaxda, samsaxuridan gadadgomis Semdeg, CaCneTSi dabrunebuli, aviaciis general-maiori jo x ar dud a e v i (1944_1996). 27 noembers, vdp-es mier mowyobil xalxis gamosvlebisa da nacionaluri aRmaskomis zegavleniT, CaCneT-inguSeTis assr-is umaRlesma sabWom miiRo deklaracia CaCneT-inguSeTis respublikis saxelmwifo suverenitetis Sesaxeb. aRniSnavdnen, rom `CaCneT-inguSeTis respublika (Cir) xels moawers federalur da sakavSiro xelSekrulebebs ZiriTadaT da mxolod Tanaswor uflebian sxva subieqtebTan, rogorc amas daJinebiT moiTxovda inguSeTis deputatTa korpusis nawili, gareubnis raionis kuTvnilebis sakiTxis dadebidaT gadawyvetilebis miRebis Semdeg.

1991 wlis 11 marts respublikis parlamentma miiRo dadgenileba, rom Tavis miwaze ar Cata-rebuliyo referendumi `rsfsr~-is prezidentis Tanamdebobis SemoRebis Taobaze. amis Semdeg CaCnebi aRar monawileobdnen sruliad ruseTis xmis micemaSi~. (98, t.I, 3.1).

amave wlis 15 maiss CeCneT-inguSeTis assr-s gadaarqves saxeli da ewoda CaCneT-

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inguSeTis respublika. 1991 wlis 8-9 ivniss Catarda CaCneTis pirveli yrilobis 2-e sxdoma, romelmac

gamoacxada, rom amieridan is xdeboda `CaCani xalxis saerTo-nacionaluri kongresi~ (Cxsk). sxdomam, CaCneT-inguSeTis umaRlesi sabWo (Cius) gaauqma da gamoacxada CaCneTis respublika noxCi-Co, romlis droebiT mmarTveli xdeboda Cxsk-is aRmaskomi, j. dudaevis xelmZRvaneleobiT.

1991 wlis 19-21 agvistoSi ssrk-Si saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Semdeg, CaCneT-inguSeTSic moxda dapirispireba respublikis xelisuflebasa da nacionalur aRmas-koms Soris. 25 agvistos gaixsna CaCneT-inguSeTis yriloba. Camovidnen moskovidan prezindentis warmomadgenlebi, romlebmac gaafrTxiles CaCneT-inguSeTis xelmZRva-nelebi, rom xalxis winaaRmdeg ar gamoeyenebinaT Zala. amave dros, j. dudaevs mosTxoves, rom daetovebina samSoblo, gadasuliyo moskovSi sacxovreblad da samagi-erod SesTavazes maRali samxedro wodebebi. man ra Tqma unda, uaryo yvela Semo-Tavazeba da moTxovna.

1_2 seqtembers Cxsk-is me-3-e sxdomam CeCneT-inguSeTis respublikis umaRlesi sabWo gauqmebulad gamoacxada da respublikis mTeli mmarTveloba aiRo Tavis xelSi.

4 seqtembers aRmaskomma daikava groznos telecentri da radios Senoba. j. dudaevma gamoacxada, rom respublikis xelmZRvanelebi arian `saxelmwifos damnaSa-veebi, meqrTameebi, xazinis qurdebi~ da `5 seqtembridan dawyebuli, sanam ar Catar-deboda respublikaSi demokratiuli arCevnebi respublikis mmarTveloba gadadis aRmasruleblisa da sxva demokratiul sazogadoebebis xelSi~.

15 seqtembers q. nazranSi, Catarda CaCneT-inguSeTis respublikis umaRlesi sabWos bolo yriloba. sabWos gadawyvetilebiT CaCneT-nguSeTis respublika gaiyo or nawilad: gamocxadda inguSeTis respublika rsfsr-is SemadgenlobaSi da CaCneTis respublika. amave yrilobaze umaRlesma sabWom Tavi daSlilad gamoacxada da Seiqmna droebiTi umaRlesi sabWo (dus), 32 deputatis SemadgenlobiT.

kongresma (Cxsk) Camoayaliba nacionaluri gvardia. oqtombris dasawyisSi erTmaneTs daupirispirdnen kongresi da sabWo. 5 oqtom-

bers nacionalurma gvardiam daikava profkavSirebis saxli sadac imyofeboda sabWo da respublikis uSiSroebis komitetis (suk-is) Senoba, gaauqma sabWo da gamoacxada, rom Tavis Tavze iRebda yvela movaleobas. CaCnebsa da ruseTs Soris mdgomareoba ufro daiZaba, radgan ruseTis xelisufleba mxars uWerda da respublikis mmar-Tvelad cnobda mxolod umaRles sabWos. rsfsr-s umaRlesma sabWom miiRo dadge-nileba: `CaCneT-inguSeTis politikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb~ da umaRles sabWos mouwodebda `mdgomareobis gansamtkiceblad miRebul iqnas yvela zomebi~. (98, t.I, 3.1). kongresma gaauqma sabWoTa jarSi gawveva da jarSi myofni yvela CaCnebs mou-wodes, rom dabrunebuliyvnen samSobloSi. rsfsr-s umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumma mosTxova gvardias, rom 9 oqtombris Sua Ramemde ganiaraRebuliyvnen. kongresis aRmaskomma am moTxovnas uwoda, rom es aris: `saerTaSoriso masStabis prvokacia,

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mimarTuli koloniuri batonobis ukvdavsayofad~ da gamoacxada `RazavaTi~, mouwoda yvela CaCnebs, 15 wlidan _ 55 wlamde SeiaraRebuliyvnen.

vinaidan CrdiloeT oseTsa da daRestanSi ruseTis xelisuflebam daiwyo Seiara-Rebuli Zalebis Tavmoyra, 18 oqtombers, joxar dudaevma gaafrTxila mosaxleoba, rom mzad yofiliyvnen ruseTis mxridan SesaZlebeli samxedro Tavdasxmis gamo. meore dRes, ruseTis prezidentma b. elcinma moiTxova, rom j. dudaevma da misma Tanamzraxvelebma sami dRis ganmavlobaSi daeqvemdebaron rsfsr-is umaRlesi sabWos gadawyvetilebas, Tu ara da, maSin:

ìqneba yvela zoma miRebuli, kanonebiT gaTvaliswinebuli, rom gamtkicdes mdgomareoba da gaZlierdes konstituciuri wesrgis dacva~. (98, 3.1).

miuxedavad am daZabulobisa, 27 oqtombers CaCneTSi mainc Catarda saprezidento da saparlamento arCevnebi. mosaxleobis xmaTa umravlesobiT, prezidentad arCeul iqna joxar dudaevi.

1 noembers prezidentma j. dudaevma, CaCneTis respublika gamoacxada damoukidebel saxelmwifod. imave dRes, moskovSi, rsfsr-s saxalxo deputatebis yrilobam, arCevnebi da damoukideblobis gamocxadeba ar cno, radgan am aqtiT irRveoda rsfsr-s konstitucia.

8 noembers, b. elcinma xeli moawera brZanebulebas, CaCneT-inguSeTSi sagangebo mdgomareobis SemoRebis Sesaxeb. CaCneTSi Casuli yvela specialuri daniSnulebis miliciis nawilebi da CaCneTSi myofi milicielebi, romlebic jer kidev moskovs emorCilebodnen nacionalurma gvardielebma ganiaraRes, xolo samxedro nawilebi xalxma alyaSi moaqcia.

9 noembers CaCneTis prezidentma j. dudaevma Sekrebili uamravi xalxis winaSe fici dado. droebiTi umaRlesi sabWo da mis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi SeiaraRebuli dajgufeba daiSala.

amave wlis 21 noembers, d. dudaevma akrZala CaCneTis respublikidan samxedro SeiaraRebis gatana. molaparakebis Sedegad, ruseTma SeZlo SeiaraRebis nawilis waReba.

1992 wlis aprilidan ruseTis xelisuflebam daiwyo CaCneTis respublikis winaaRmdeg ekonomikuri da finansuri blokadis Seqmna.

25 maisidan iwyeba ruseTsa da CaCneTs Soris molaparakeba, CaCneTSi myofi ruseTis samxedro nawilebis gayvanisa da iaraRis Sesaxeb. sabolood, molaparakebis Sedegad 7 ivliss, ruseTis ukanasknelma jariskacma datova CaCneTis respublika. miuxedavad amisa ruseTsa da CaCneTs Soris daZabuloba matulobda. amave dros mimdinareobda xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs Soris molapa-rakebebi. ruseTis xelisuflebas gadawyvetili qonda, rogorme j, dudaevi moeSorebina. 1993 wlis martis bolos, masze Tavdasxmac moawyves, opoziciis SemweobiT, romelsac ruseTis samxedroebi aiaraRebdnen. magram _ uSedegod. amas Tan daerTo eTnikuri konfliqti kazakebsa da CaCnebs Soris.

1994 wlis dekemberSi elcinis brZanebiT, ruseTis federaciam CaCneTSi Seiara-

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Rebuli Zalebi Seiyvana. gegmis mixedviT samxedro moqmedeba unda yofiliyo swrafi: 9 dekembers unda aeRoT grozno, xolo 13-Si mTel CaCneTSi unda daemyarebinad `mSvidoba~; da daiwyo sisxlismRvreli brZolebi, romelic 1996 wlamde gagrZelda. gansakuTrebiT mwvave brZolebi mimdinareobda groznos misadgomebTan.

1996 wlis martis bolos da aprilSi, mTel CaCneTis miwa-wyalze mimdinareobda sastiki sisxlismRvreli omi. saraketo bombebiTa da artileriis danadgarebiT xdeboda mosaxleobis ganadgureba. 21 aprils sarakeTo dartymis Sedegad mokluli iqna CaCneT-iCqeriis pirveli prezidenti j. dudaevi.

j. dudaevis sikvdilis Semdeg, TiTqmis 9 Tvis ganmavlobnaSi, prezidentis movaleobas asrulebda, misi TanamebrZoli, z eli m x a n (zelimxa) i a n d a r b i e v i (1952_2004).

`1997 wlis 27 ianvars gamarTul saprezidento arCevnebSi iandarbievi mesame aRmoCnda a. masxadovisa da S. basaevis Semdeg.

1999 wlis oqtomberSi, ruseT-CeCneTis meore omis dawyebis Semdeg z. iandarbievi diplomatiuri misiiT gaemgzavra avRaneTSi, sadac TalibTa xelmZRvanelo- basTan miRweul iqna SeTanxmeba CaCneTis respublika iCqeriis damoukidebel saxelmwifod aRiarebaze.

zelimxan iandarbievi iyo prezident zviad gamsaxurdias saqarTvelodan groznoSi gadasvenebis komisiis Tavjdomare~. (91).

2000 wlidan, rogorc iCqeriis respublikis prezidentis warmomadgeneli imyofeboda katarSi (saxelmwifo das. aziaSi. kataris nax. kunZulze). ruseTis xelisuflebam masze saerTaSoriso Zebna gamoacxada da katarisagan moiTxova misi gadacema. kataris xelisuflebam dumiliT upasuxa. vinaidan ruseTis xelisuflebam z. iandarbievi xelSi ver Caigdes, amitom katarSi masze moawyves Tavdasxma.

`mogvianebiT ganviTarebuli movlenebi cnobilia rogorc nord-ostis tragedia. z. iandarbievi daiRupa masze ganxorcielebuli teroristuli aqtis Sedegad 2004

wlis 13 Tebervals, kataris saamiros dedaqalaq dohaSi teraqtis Sedgad mZimed daiWra misi 13 wlis vaJic. 19 Tebervals adgilobrivma xelisuflebma moaxerxes teraqtis SemsrulebelTa dakaveba, romlebic rf-is genStabis mTavari sadazvervo sammarTvelos agentebi aRmoCndnen. 26 Tebervals kataris generalurma prokura- turam oficialuri braldeba wauyena borotmoqmedebs. ruseTis imdroindelma sagareo ministrma, igor ivanovma, kategoriulad moiTxova maTi ganTavisufleba. misi uwyebis Tanaxmad katarSi dakavebulni specsamsaxurebis TanamSromlebi iyvnen saami- roSi mivlinebulni.

2004 wlis 30 ivniss kataris sasamarTlom ori rusi jaSuSi... damnaSaved cno CaCneTis respublika-iCqeriis eqs-prezidentis z. iandarbievis mkvlelobaSi da maT 25 wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa miusaja. saamiroebis kanonmdeblobiT amgvari vada samudamo patimrobis tolfasia.

2004 wlis 23 dekembers moxda teroristebis eqstradireba. maT samSobloSi, ruseTSi, mkvlelebs sazeimod, rogorc gmirebs ise Sexvdnen da TviTmfrinavidan

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sapatimros manqanamde wiTeli xaliCa daufines~. (91). 1995 wlis noemberSi CaCneTSi Seiqmna prorusuli marioneturi mTavroba,

romlis xelmZRvanelad daniSnes d o ku z a g a e v i . igi (1989_1991) wlebSi CaCneT-inguSeTis respublikis kp-is komitetis mdivanad muSaobda. 1995 wlis dekemberSi doku zagaevi àrCeul~ iqna Cr-is prezi-dentad. 1996 wlis zafxulSi, rodesac CaCneTis meomrebma aiRes grozno, zagaevma datova CaCneTi. 2004 wels dainiSna ruseTis federaciis sagareo saqmeTa saministros direqtorad. xolo 2009 wlis seqtemberSi, gagzavnes elCad sloveniis respublikaSi. miuxedavad CaCneTSi rusebis moqme-debebisa, CeCneTis gamanTavisuflebelTa razmebma moaxerxes groznosa da guder-mesis aReba. rogorc iqna, b. elcinma omi Sewyvita. ruseTTan molaparakebisas, xeli moewera xasaviurTis SeTanxmebas, romlis Tanaxmad, ruseTis samxedroebma 1996 wlis 31 dekembers CaCneTi datoves. damTavrda egreT wodebuli, pirveli ruseT-CaCneTis omi da ruseTsa da CaCnebs Soris damyarda mSvidoba. aRdga CaCneTis damoukidebloba da CaCnebma bolos da bolos miiRo Tavisufleba. monacemebiT, am omis dros daRupulTa raodenoba daaxloebiT 80 aTasi iyo, xolo daWrile- bisa _ 240 aTasi. zogierTis varaudiT daRupulTa da daWrilTa raodenoba ufro meti iyo.

j. kviciani am omis Sesaxeb wers: `1990-iani wlebis Rrma sistematurma krizisma samxreT ruseTi federaluri

xelisuflebis dasustebamde da separatizmis zrdamde, eTnosTaSorisi urTierTobebis daZabvamde, SeiaraRebul konfliqtebamde da islamis droSas amofarebuli teroristuli moZraobebis gaaqtiuramde miiyvana.....

rasakvirvelia, moskovi Seecdeboda Tavisi kontrolis aRdgenas urC respub-likebze da asec moxda: daiwyo `ruseT-CeCneTis~ pirveli omi (1994_96 wlebi), kremli am oms `konstituciuri wesrigis aRdgenas~, xolo CeCnebi _ `Tavisu-flebisaTvis brZolas~ uwodebdnen. konfliktma piks 1995 wlis zafxulSi miaRwia, roca saomarma moqmedebebma CeCneTis mTiani raionebic moicva. samxedro eqspertebis azriT, federalur armias mkafio strategia da taqtika ar gaaCnda. ruseTis xelisuflebis araTanmimdevrulma moqmedebam, aseve budionovskis, yizlarisa da pervomaiskis teraqtebma (1995_96 wlebSi) da maTma farTo saerTaSoriso rezonansma situacia mkveTrad Secvala _ Sewyda òmi mTaSi~, ramac amboxebul CeCen meomrebs saSualeba misca, barSi gada-jgufebisa da groznos aRebis operacia gane-xorcielebinaT. yovelive amis Sedegad, 1996_97 wlebSi, jer xasaviurtSi da Semdeg moskovSi, mebrZol mxareebs Soris xeli moewera sazavo SeTanxmebebs, rasac CeCneTidan ruseTis jarebis gasvla moyva~. (12, gv.113).

ruseTsa da CaCneTs Soris mSvidoba didxans ar gagrZelebula. j. dudaevis sikvdilis Semdeg, ruseTis mTavroba fiqrobda, rom CaCneTs advilad mouvlida, CaCneTis xelmZRvanelad dasvamda mis momxres, magram Secda.

1997 wlis 27 ianvars, mosaxleobis didi nawilis xmaTa umravlesobiT airCies, CaCneTis meore prezidentad, yofili j. dudaevis dros, Stabis ufrosi, a sl a n

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m a s x a do v i (1951_2005). igi j. dudaevis mier arCeul gzas daadga da TavgamodebiT ibrZoda samSoblos gasaTavisufleblad.

1992 wels ssrk-is saartilerio polkis meTauri aslan masxadovi dabrunda samSobloSi da j. dudaevma igi daniSna Cri-is SeiaraRebuli Zalebis genStabis ufrosis moadgiled.

(1993_1994) wlebSi a. masxadovi monawileobs, ruseTis momxre opozicionerebis mier, prezidentis winaaRmdeg mowyobil, SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebis CaxSobaSi. ruseT-CaCneTis pirvel omSi (1994_1996) igi mTeli ZalisxmeviT ebrZoda CaCneTSi SemoWril rus agresorebs.

1995 wels j. dudaevma mas uboZa brigadis generlis wodeba. misi prezidentobis dros iwyeba CaCneTis savele meTaurebs Soris uTanxmoebebi.

1999 wels CaCnebis SeiaraRebuli razmebi daRestanSi SeiWrnen. amis gamo, rsfsr-s prezidentma v. putinma daRestansa da CaCneTSi jari Seiyvana. daiwyo `1999 wlis 30 seqtembers meore CaCnuri omi~, romelic dRemde grZeldeba da romelmac aTasobiT adamianis sicocxle Seiwira.

2000 wels ruseTis mTavrobam aslan masxadovze Zebna gamoacxada da igi iZulebuli gaxda iatakqveSeTSi gadasuliyo. amis gamo, CaCneTSi, ruseTis momxreTa da moRalateebis daxmarebiT Zalauflebis nawili ruseTis xelSi aRmoCnda.

2005 wlis 8 marts, sof. tolstoiiurtSi, didi xnis devnis Semdeg, ruseTis federaciulma Zalebma SeZles, CaCneTis meore prezidentis, aslan masxadovis mokvla.

unda aRiniSnos, rom aslan masxadovma qarTvelebs orjer mouxada bodiSi, afxazeTSi momqmedi, zogierTi moxalise, CaCani moqalaqeebis mier Cadenili danaSa-ulebis gamo.

aslan masxadovis sikvdilis Semdeg, prezidentis movaleobis Semsrulebli gaxda, ruseT-CaCneTis pirveli omis dawyebis dRidanve, rusuli agresiis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli, Teologi, q. arRunis imami a b d u l - h a l i m s a d u l a e v i ( 1967_ 2006).

`xanmokle prezidentobis miuxedavad, man moaxerxa moepovebina ara mxolod CeCeni separa-tistebis, aramed qveynis sazRvrebs gareT mebrZoli antirusulad ganwyobili musulmanebis keTil-ganwyobac. aseve SeZlo daeyolebina eqstremisti Samil basaevi uari eTqva terorizmze, Sedegad, misi mmarTvelobis periodSi arcerTi seriozuli teroristuli aqti ar ganxor-cielebula.....

1999 wels aslan masxadovma sadulaevi konstituciuri reformis komisiis wevrad daniSna....

2002 wels masxadovma prezidentis postze Tavis Semcvlelad daasaxela... sadulaevs ideologiuris garda piradi mizezic hqonda ruseTTan sabrZolvelad. 2003 wels rusma samxedroebma misi meuRle gaitaces da im mizniT, rom qmris adgilsamyofeli eTqmevinebinaT, sastiki wamebiT mokles~. (abdul-halim sadulaevi. vikipedia).

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2006 wlis 17 ivniss sadulaevi mokles rusma samxedro 12 kacianma jgufma mSobliur qalaq arRunSi, gavrcelebuli xmis Tanaxmad, ucnobma informatorma misi adgilsamyofeli mcire safasurad gasca.

a. sadulaevis mokvlis Semdeg prezidentis movaleobis Semsrulebeli gaxda, CrdiloeT kavkasiis emiri, do ku (doka) u m a ro v i . igi, ruseT-CaCneTis dawyebis omis dRidan ebrZvis agresorebs. simamacisaTvis dajildovebulia ordenebiT: èris pativi~ da èris gmiri~. da dRemde ganagrZobs brZolas. 2004 wlis 7 oqtombers, doku umarovma, Camoayaliba e. w. `kavkasiis imamatis islamuri saxelmwifo~. amis Semdeg, ruseTis winaaRmdeg brZolam, religiuri xasiaTi miiRo. doku umarovis gancxadebiT: `kremlSi tyuilad imedovneben, rom dudaevis, masxadovis da sxva liderebis mokvliT gagvtexen, sanam arsebobs Tundac erTi CeCeni, TavisuflebisTvis brZola ar Sewydeba~.

ruseTma, CaCneTis didi nawili, moRalateebis SemweobiT, daipyro da xelmZRvanelad a h m a d (axmat) k a d i ro v i (1951_2004) daniSna, magram CaCneTis sruli damorCileba ruseTis xelisuflebam mainc ver SeZlo.

`yovelTvis ruseTis pirvelive Setakebis droidan CaCnebTan dRemde, pirvelis mxridan meoris mimarT iwyeboda yvelaze ufro Seupovari da sastiki moqmedebebi, romliTac mas SeeZlo emoqmeda. am ganuwyveteli samxedro kampaniisa da specopera-ciebis or da meti aswlianis dros, rodesac CaCani xalxi iZulebuli iyo daecva Tavisi arseboba yoveli xelmisawvdomi saSualebebiT, Camoya-libda misi xasiaTi.

ekaterine II-is droidan verc erTma CaCnebis Taobam ver SeZlo Tavi daeRwia ruseTis jaris mxridan umowyalo moqmedebebisagan. sxva saqmea, rom maT ver miaRwies Tavis mizans. es ukve ara maTi «modunebuli da gaubedavi moqmedebiT», aramed umagaliTo Tavisuflebismoyvareobisa, vaJka-cobisa da CaCani xalxis gmirobis gamo, am veeba Zalis pirispir dgomisa da yvelafris miuxedavad, bolomde daumorCilebeli darCa.

rogorc werda didi rusi mwerali da patrioti a. s olJ e n i c i n i Tavis romanSi «arqipelagi gulagi»: «iyo erTi eri, romelic mTlianad ar jdeboda fsiqologiis morCilebaSi, _ ara erTeuli, ara meamboxe, aramed mTlianad eri. es CeCnebia... mas Semdeg, rac isini muxanaTurad moglijes adgilidan, maT ukve arafris sjerodaT... arcerTi CeCeni arasdros ar cdilobda, rom xelmZRvanelisaTvis guli moego an mowoneboda. _ magram yovelTis amayi mis winaSe da Riad mtruladac ganwyobilni...». ai is Tvisebaa, romelic moswonda CeCnebSi solJenicins, iseve rogorc bevr Taviseburad Tavisuflebis moyvare xalxs~. (96, gv.93).

pirveli omis dros, daiwyo partizanuli omi, xolo Semdeg, gansakuTrebiT meore omis msvlelobisas, is gadaizarda teraqtebSi, romelsac CaCnebi ruseTis sxvadasxva qalaqebSi awyoben. teraqtebs Soris yvelaze ufro sayovelTaod cnobili gaxda, 2002 wlis oqtomberSi, moskovis TeatrSi tyveebis ayvana, 2004 wlis beslanis teraqti, moskovis metroSi momxdari afeTqeba da sxva. romlis xelmZRvanelad iTvleboda S a m il b a s a e v i , romelic monawileobas Rebulobda afxazeTSi qarTve-

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lebis winaaRmdeg omSi. igi gardaicvala 2006 wlis ivlisSi. omis dasawyisSi, CaCnebis mebrZolebi icavdnen soflebs, aulebs. cdilobdnen

SeZlebisdagvarad, ganurCevlad erovnebisa, sabrZolo adgilebidan, gamoeyvanaT mosaxleoba, pirvel rigSi bavSvebi, moxucebi da qalebi. amitomac iyo, rom 1995 wlebSi mosaxleobis umravlesoba mxars uWerda mebrZolebs. xolo Semdeg, rodesac omi gamZafrda da ruseTis sajariso nawilebi aRar indobdnen aravis da umowyalod aulebsa da mosaxleobas anadgurebdnen, rom morCilni gaexadaT, CaCnebis mebrZolebma daiwyes mZevlebis ayvana, rom gamoexsnad tyveebi da banakebSi moxvedrili mosax-leoba. xolo Semdeg, ruseTSi da mezobel respublikebSic daiwyes teraqtebis mowyoba. cnobilia, rom j. dudaevi winaaRmdegi iyo ruseTSi teraqtebis mowyobisa.

j. kvicianis TqmiT: `samwuxarod, dRes teroristuli omi metaklebad mTel CrdiloeT kavkasiaSia gavrcelebuli. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareobaa daRestansa da inguSeTSi. sxvadasxva monacemebiT, teroristuli aqtebis raodenoba organizebul danaSauls 40-50%-iT aRemateba... ruseTis adamianTa uflebebis damcveli organizaciis `memorialis~ SefasebiT kavkasiaSi terorizmTan brZolam terorizmi gaZlierebamde miiyvana~ es Sefaseba gakeTda 2009 wlis 20 oqtombers, parizSi, am organizaciis warmomadgenlebis Sexvedraze TavianT kolegebTan evrokav-Sirisa da adamianis uflebaTa damcavi wamyvani saerTaSoriso organizaciebidan.....

ismis kiTxva: ratom aris mimarTuli teroristuli aqtebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ZiriTadad Zalovani struqturebis winaaRmdeg? raze keTdeba gaTvla _ ukmayo-filebaze xelisuflebis, gansakuTrebiT ki samarTaldamcavi organoebis qmedebebiT Tu raime sxvaze? rasakvirvelia, am azvavebuli terorizmis mizezebis Ziebisas ar SeiZleba ar miviRoT mxedvelobaSi klanebs Soris mimdinare korufciuli kon-fliqtebis mniSvnelovani wilic, romelic sakuTrebis gadanawilebasTan, mis kont-rolTan da gavlenis sferoebis zonebTanaa dakavSirebuli. jerjerobiT is poli-tikuri faqtorebi, romlebic xels uwyoben teroristul aqtivobas, SenarCunebulia. samwuxarod, teroristuli safrTxis Semcirebis imedi ar Cans~. (12, gv.115).

ahmad kadirovi, CaCneTis sasuliero da politikuri moRvawe iyo. 1995 wels arCeul iqna iCqeriis yadad. pirveli ruseT-CaCneTis omis dros ibrZoda rusebis winaaRmdeg. man rusebs `saRvTo omi~ (jixadi) gamoucxada. korespondentis SekiT-xvaze, Tu namdvilad mas ekuTvnis cnobili sityvebi: `yvela CeCnebma unda moklas 150 rusi. ai maSin CeCneTSi omi damTavrdeba~, Tu ara, man Seuswora: `me ar vambobdi 150 rusze, me vTqvi, ramdenic ginda, imdeni (rusi) mokaliT~. (gazeTi `ruski vestnik~, `virtualnie `realisti~, 26.05.2003). magram, Semdeg, massa da sasuliero pirebs Soris uTanxmoeba moxda da aslan masxadovi yadis Tanamdebobidan gaanTavi-sufles. misi azriT CaCnebi, rom gadarCeniliyvnen, unda SeewyvitaT ruseTTan omi. meore ruseT-CaCneTis omis dawyebisTanave a. kadirovi ruseTis mxareze gadavida. man, ruseTis federaciul Zalebs gada-sca gudermesis qalaqebi da soflebi. ruseTis prezidentis brZanebiT, dainiSna CaCneTis admini-straciis xelmZRvanelad. 2000 wlis 16 marts moiTxova CaCneTis respublikis prezidentis pir-dapiri arCevnebi. 12 ivniss

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airCies prezidentad da daiwyo Tavisive Tanamemamuleebis Seviwroveba da darbeva. CaCnebi mas moRalateT Tvlidnen. 2004 wlis 9 maiss, groznos mTavar stadionze, ganxorcielebuli teraqtis Sedegad, CaCnebma axmad kadirovi mokles.

CaCneTis respublikis prezidenti gaxda, 2004 wlis 30 agvistos, ruseTis mTavrobis SemweobiT, alu alx a n o v i . igi pirveli ruseT-CaCneTis omis dros miemxro ruseTs. misi preziden-tobis dros, CaCneTSi damyarda or xelisuflianoba: prezidents ar emorCileboda respublikis mTavrobis meTauri ahmadis Ze r a m z a n k a d i ro v i . maT Soris mdgomareoba imdenad daiZaba, rom alu alxanovi 2007 wels gadadga da mis magivrad, CaCneTis prezidentad, ruseTis mTavrobam daniSna ramzan kadirovi.

r a m z a n k a d i r o v i adre ruseTis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda, magram Semdeg, igi miemxro ruseTis xelisuflebas da misi yurmoWrili mona gaxda. r. kadirovs, mamis mokvlis SurisZiebac amoZravebs da amitom daiwyo d. umarovisa da misi Tanamzraxvelebis winaaRmdeg brZola. yofili TanamebrZo-lebis mimarT daundoblad moqmedebs. man ganacxada, rom: ̀ me mivaRwie imas, rom Cemi eSiniaT~. r. kadirovi Seudga, omebis Sedegad miwasTan gasworebuli, CaCneTis dedaqalaqis groznos ganaxlebas. man moiTxova prezidentis wodebis gauqmeba. misi TqmiT: èrTian saxelmwifoSi, mxolod erTi prezidenti unda iyos. federaciis subiqtebis pirvel pirebs ki SeiZleba `respublikis xelmZRva-neli~, àdministraciis xelmZRvaneli~, `guberniis~ an sxva raime erqvas.~.

r. kadirovs brals deben adamianis uflebebis darRvevaSi, misTvis arasasurveli pirebis gata-cebasa, wamebasa da mkvlelobaSic. igi Tavgamodebul v. putinis damcvelad moevlina CaCneTs. 2012 wlis 23 ianvars ramzan kadirovma ganacxada: `rom saxelmwifo dumaSi arCevnebis falsifikaciis sawinaaRmdegod protestis mitingebis organizatorebi «ruseTis mtrebi _ arian» da «Tu Cemi neba iqneboda, me Cavajendi im xalxs, romlebic awyoben am mitingebs»~. (161).

2010 wels rsfsr-s prezidentis medvedevis brZanebiT, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, Seiqmna federa-luri olqi, romelSic gaerTianebulia CaCneTis, inguSeTis, daRestanis, yabardo-balyareTis, yaraCai-CerqezeTis, CrdiloeT oseTis respublikebi da stavropolis mxare, romlis xelmZRva-nelad iniSneba kremlis warmomadgeneli.

CaCnebi, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, mebrZoli, Tavisuflebis moyvare xalxia. CaCneTSi brZola damoukideblobisaTvis grZeldeba da ar damTavrdeba manam, sanam CaCnebi ar miiReben srul Tavisu-flebas, an mTlianad ar amowydebian. rogorc es moxda XIX saukuneSi ruseT-kavkasiis omis dros. romlis drosac CrdiloeT kavkasiis zogierTi tomebi Seewira am omebs.

ùnda aRiniSnos, rom ruseT-CaCneTis urTierTkavSiris tragikuli istoria iZleva gasaRebs, rom gavigoT, ara Tu exlandeli SeiaraRebuli dapirispirebisa, aramed fsiqologia, ideologia ruseT-CaCneTis omisa da XVIII_XX ss. ajanyebaSi monawileTa moqcevis motivacia, tradiciul CaCneTis sazogadoebaSi, ara mxolod akademiuri sagani da literaturuli analizia, radganac es yvelaferi TviTeuli

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ojaxis cocxali gadmocemaa. gansakuTrebiT es exeba 1944 w. gadasaxlebas, romelTa uamravi msxverpli dRemde cocxalia. es Seuxorcebeli, anauzRaurebeli Wrulobaa. CaCneTis sazogadoebaSi damoukideblobis gamocxadeba miukerZoebelad aRiTqmeboda, erTis mxriv, rogorc kanonzomieri da samarTliani Sedegi mravalsaukovan brZolisa, meore mxriv, rogorc uzrunvelyofa iseTi tragediisa, rogorc stalinis mier ganxorcielebuli gadasaxleba iyo. savsebiT bunebrivia, rom ruseTis mcdeloba Zalis gziT xeli SeeSalaT gamoyofisaTvis, CaCnebis mier iyo aRTqmuli, rogorc gagrZeleba imperiisa da sabWoTa politikisa. magram yvelaze ufro saintereso faqti Seicavs imas, rom umravlesoba ruseTis mxridan warmomadgenlebi sinamdvileSi aRiTqvamdnen Tavis Tavs stalinis politikis STamomavlebad, kerZod CaCneTis mimarT da naciona-lur-gamanTavisuflebel moZraobaSi saerTod. yvelaze ufro gulaxdilad es doqtrina gamoxata ruseTis federaciis saerTo sajariso akademiis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis xelmZRvanelma general-polkovnikma l. s. zodotovma.

«kontrteroristuli operacia gamoCnda cariel adgilas ki ara _ aramed mas aqvs Tavisi wina istoria. ase, CaCneTSi 20-ian wlebSi iyo Catarebuli ara erTi operacia bandformirebebis ganadgurebisaTvis Crdilo-kavakasiis samxedro olqisa da `nkvd~-es jaris nawilebis monawile-obiT. marTalia, maSin aseT operaciebs uwodebdnen sxvanairad _ «CaCneTis-jarebs», magram arsi iyo igive. amdagvari operaciebi xorcieldeboda did samamulo omis drosac, da mas Semdegac (ukrainaSi bandformirebebisa da baltiispireTSi «tyis Zmebis» ganadgureba)».

meTodebs, romlebsac SeiaraRebul konfliqtebis mxareebi (mxareTa warmomadgenlebi) 1994 da 1999 ww., Tavisi miznebis misaRwevad iyenebdnen, Seicaven seri- ozul da farTomasStabian darRvebs saerTaSoriso humanitaruli nebarTvis wesebis da saerTaSoriso uflebebis adamianis dargSi. ruseTis mxridan am wesebis mravali dar- Rvevebi daiwyo konfliqtis pirvelive dRidanve samxedro dapirispirebidan (1994 w. dekemberi), CaCneTis mxaridan _ ara ugvianes 1995 wlis 14 ivnisidan. «meore» konfliqti aRiniSneba ufro metad sastiki, mravali da sistemuri darRvevebi orives mxridan~. (98, t.I, Tavi 7).

rogorc vxedavT, dRevandel dRemde moRweuli CaCnebis istoria, iseve rogorc saqarTvelos istoria warmoadgens saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi brZolas TavisuflebisaTvis. vercerTma dampyro-belma (yivCaRebma, monRolebma, sparselebma, Turqebma da sxv.) ver SeZlo CaCnebis dapyroba da damoneba da bolos, dRevandel dResac ki, mis damorCilebas cdilobs, èvropis Jandarmi~ ruseTis imperia.

istorikosebi n. nuxaJievi da x. umxaevi aRniSnaven, rom: `sruli istoria ruseT-CaCneTis urTierTobisa warmoadgens dausrulebel jaWvs

ruseTis jaris samxedro operaciebisa da sadamsjelo eqspediciebs CaCneTSi, romlis msvlelobis dros iRupeboda aTasobiT CaCnebi, aseve rusi meomrebi. CaCnebis arc erT Taobas im droidan dRevandel dRemde ar SeuZlia daitrabaxos imiT, rom man ar ganicada gamanadgurebeli represiebis egzekuciebi ruseTis saxelmwifosagan~. (96, gv.31).

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* * * * * * CaCnebis Sesaxeb werdnen: generali m el e n t i olS e v s k i (1816_1895): «CaCnebs, rogorc Cvens mtrebs,

Cven vcdilobdiT yoveli xerxebiT dagvemcirebina da maTi Rirsebac ki gadagveqcia naklovanebaSi. Cven maT vTvlidiT ukidures cvalebad xalxad, gulubryvilebad, verag da muxanaTad imitom, rom maT ar undodaT Seesrulebinad Cveni moTxovnebi, romlebic Seusabamo iyo maTi gagebiT, zne-CveulebasTan, adaTebTan da cxovrebis wesebTan. Cven maT saxels utexdiT marto imisaTvis, rom maT ar undodaT Cvens dudukze cekva, romlis xma maTTvis iyo Zalian uxeSi da gamayruebeli». (96, gv.27).

p et r e I: «am xalxs, rom qonodaT warmodgena samxedro xelovnebaze, maSin verc erTi eri ver gabedavda maT winaaRmdeg iaraRis aRebas». (96, gv.267).

mwerali al e q s a n dr e f a d e e v i (1901_1956): `60 weli kavkasiis omis 60 weli~: «CaCnebi usaTuoT yoCaRi xalxia aRmosavleT mTebSi. maTze msvlelobebi yovelTvis gvijdeboda Cven sisxlian msxverplad. magram es tomi arasdros ar iyo mTlianad gansWvaluli miuridizmiT. yvela aRmosavleT mTielTagan, CaCnebma yvelaze ufro metad SeinarCunes piradi da sazogadoebrivi damoukidebloba, aiZules Samili, daRestnis despoti mbrZanebeli, wasuliyo maTTvis aTas daTmobebze mmarTvelobaSi, xalxTa valdebulebebSi, rwmenis simkacreSi.

hazavaTi maTTvis iyo mxolod sababi daecvaT Tavisi tomis damoukidebloba». general p ulo s pataki: «am mxaris ZiriTad mosaxleobas Seadgenen CaCneTis

tomebi, yvelaze Zlierni, meamboxe, meomari yvela kavkasiel xalxebs Soris». ukrainis da ruseTis sazogado moRvawe, generali al e q s a n dr e gr e ko v i

(1875_1958): `CaCneTSi 1825 wlis zafxulis sadamsjelo eqspediiciis Sesaxeb~: «yvela es, sakmarisia daipyro yoveli sxva xalxi, odnav Searyia ramdenime CaCani. Seupovroba maTi uzomoa». (96, gv.268).

* * * * * * rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, adre, XVIII saukunemde, qarTul wyaroebSi CaCnebs,

`durZukebs~ moixseniebdnen `qistebs~ da `noxCos~ saxelwodebiT, xolo XVIII saukunis dasawyisidan ki Seicvala `CaCani~-s saxelwodebiT.

wyaroebidan irkveva, rom CaCnebsa da qarTvelebs urTierToba adrec qonebiaT. erT-erTi legendis Tanaxmad: `CaCnebis erTi Stos CanTelTa (anu iTumelTa) safu- Zvlis Camyreli iyo saqarTvelodan gadmosaxlebuli iTum liungievi. misi erT-erTi STamomavali yofila jali. jalis hyolia Svilebi: barzgari, bagomatigari, eJi- gari, xamati-gari da murTaz-gari. (gadmocemis Camweris ganmartebiT, `gari~ gvaris danayofs aRniSnavda. SesaZlebnelia CaCnuri `gari~ swored qarTuli `gvarisagan~ momdinareobdes).~ (57).

qarTul istoriul wyaroebSi CaCnebi (qistebi, durZukebi) moxsenebulni arian `qarTlis cxovrebaSi,~ leonti mrovelis, vaxuSti bagrationisa da sxva avtorTa naSromebsa da sabuTebSi.

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1900 wels Tavad giorgi amilaxvaris daqiravebul razmSi qistebsa da lekebTan erTad monawileobdnen CaCnebic.

cnobilia, rom adre (VIII_XI) saukuneebSi CaCneTSi qristianoba iyo gavrcele-buli, romelic saqarTvelos SemweobiT fexs ikidebda. saqarTvelos siZlieris dakargvis Semdeg, da amave dros socialur-ekonomikuri da mTiani mxaris pirobebis gamo, da Semdgom saukuneebSi mahmadianuri sarwmuneobis gavrcelebis Sedegad, CaCneTSi qristianoba ver gavrcelda. dResac SemorCenilia CaCneTis mTebSi eklesiis nangrevebi da qvis jvrebi. `saqarTvelodan qristianobis SeRwevis dama–dasturebelia zogierTi CaCnuri lingvisturi erTeuli. magaliTad: CaCnurad kviras ewodeba ̀ kvira~, paraskevs _ `periska~, SabaTs _ `SuoTde~, `marxva~ _ `marx~ da a. S.~ (57).

XVI saukunidan CaCneTSi iwyeba islamis SeRweva, romelmac TandaTan gamodevna qristianuli sarwmuneoba da dRevandel dRes CaCnebi mahmadiani sunitebis mimdevrebia.

2. i n g u S e b i . inguSebi CaCnebis monaTesave ers warmoadgenen. inguSeTis respublika ekuTvnis

ruseTis fede-racias, Sedis samxreT federaluri olqis SemadgenlobaSi. 2000 wlidan inguSeTis dedaqalaqi gaxda magasi (`mzis qalaqi~), misi sagangebod aRmSenebloba daiwyo 1995 wlidan, Zveli mcire qalaqis adgilas. manabde iyo nazrani. inguSeTis respublika esazRvreba dasavleTiT _ CrdiloeT oseTs, aRmosavleTiT _ CaCneTisa da samxreTiT _ saqarTvelos respublikebs.

inguSuri TviTsaxelwodebaa `RalRa~, `maTi erT-erTi lokaluri teritoriuli jgufis saxe-lidan _ RalRebidan momdinareobs, romelsac sxvanairad xamxelebsac uwodebdnen. legendis Tana-xmad, inguSebis (RalRebis) winapars erqva Ra, romelsac ori Svili _ RalRai da Raberte hyavda. garda RalRebisa (xamxelebisa) inguSebis lokaluri (teritoriuli) jgufebi iyo agreTve: jera-xelebi (jaria-xelebi), mecxa-lelebi (iwodebodnen qistebadac), corelebi, galaSelebi, nazrane-lebi. qarTuli saistorio wyaroebiT, imguSebi RliRvebad iwodebodnen. maT, mezobeli qarTveli mTielebi qistebadac moixseniebdnen, Tumca es eTnonimi CaCnebsac aRniSnavda~. (14, gv.53).

saxelwodeba inguSeTi warmosdga dasaxlebuli adgilis (inguSi _ sofeli anguSi, iguSi. axlandeli tarsis xeobaSi sof. tarsi, CrdiloeT oseTis prigorod-nis raionSi) saxelisagan da qarTuli sufiqsisagan _ eTi, orives erToblioba aRniSnavs àdgils, sadac cxovroben inguSebi~. am eTnonimma ìnguSi~ gavrceleba hpova XVIII saukunis dasawyisidan. vaxuSti bagrationi aRniSnavs, rom XVII saukuneSi taris velze ukve iyo dasaxleba anguSti, romlis saxelwodebidan warmosdga ìnguSi~. rusebi pirvelad anguSatSi moxvdnen da mTel am mxares daar-qves ìnguSeTi~.

mecnierebis nawili fiqrobs, rom TviT saxelwodeba ̀ RalRa~ _ `galga~ aRniSnavs

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àRmSenebels~, an ̀ koSkSi mcxovrebels~; xolo zogierTis varaudiT, ̀ Rela~ _ ̀ gela~ an `Rala~ warmarTulia da aRniSnavs vainaxebis (ix. qvemoT) RmerTs.

2002 wlis monacemebiT inguSeTis respublikis mosaxleoba Seadgenda 467 294 kacs.

erovnebebis mixedviT Semdegi iyo: inguSebi _ 361 057 (77,27%); CaCnebi _ 95 403 (20,42%); rusebi _ 5 559 (1,19%); sxvebi _ 1 607 (0,34%). (161).

bolo wlebSi momxdari CaCneT-ruseTis omis gamo, inguSeTis respublikaSi didZali ltolvili gadmoixvewa CaCneTidan da CrdiloeT oseTidan, xolo inguSeTi datova rusulma mosaxleobam.

inguSebi laparakoben inguSur enaze. inguSebis ena warmoadgens inguSur (galgaur) enas da ganekuTvneba kavkasiur enaTa ojaxis naxur jgufs. inguSuri da CaCnuri enebi monaTesave enebi arian.

inguSeTSi pirvelad, arabuli damwerloba Seiqmna musulmanuri sarwmuneobis damkvidrebis Semdeg. 1922 wels inguSma enaTmecnierma da mkvlevarma z a ur b e k m al s a g o v m a (1894_1935) laTinuri Sriftis safuZvelze Seadgina inguSuri anbani. 1934 wels moxda CaCnuri da inguSuri anbanis Serwyma, xolo, Semdeg, 1938 wels inguSuri anbani, rogorc yvela CrdiloeT kavkasieli xalxis anbani, gadaiyvanes rusul (kirilicas) damwerlobis grafikze.

dRevandel dRes inguSeTSi ZiriTadaT gavrcelebulia islamuri sunituri mimdinareoba da mcire raodenobiT qristianuli sarwmuneobac darCa. axlandeli monacemebis mixedviT, respublikaSi moqmedebs 15 musulmanuri sazogadoeba, 45 meCeTi, 26 medresi, erTi islamuri instituti da 3 rusuli marTlmadidebluri eklesia. (134).

istoriuli werilobiTi wyaroebis Seswavlis, mecnierTa sxvadasxva mosazrebebis (gansakuT-rebiT anTropologebis) ganxilvis Semdeg, inguSebis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, mecnierebi sabolood SeTanxmdnen, rom inguSebi da CaCnebi ganekuTvnebian erTian kavkasiur anTropologiur ojaxs, rom-liTac xasiaTTdeba dRevandeli centraluri kavkasieli mcxovreblebi da orive es erebi (inguSebi da CaCnebi) warmoadgenen uZveles kavkasiel tomTa STamomavlebs, romlebmac ganicades mezobeli tomebis (yvelaze metad qarTvelebis) gavlena.

maT aerTianebT garda saerTo lingvisturi jgufebisa, materialuri da anTropologiuri dakvirvebebi, rac mTel centralur kavkasiis xalxebs saerTo hqondaT da romlebic bevri ramiT ukavSirdebian mcire aziasTan, miT umetes inguSebs.

anTropologi v i qtor b u n a k i (1891_1979) werda: `Soreul xanaSi... CrdiloeT kavkasia dasaxlebuli iyo xalxTa ori nakadidan:

erTni _ moZraobdnen ganapira kavkaksiis dasavleTidan, meoreni _ aRmosavleTidan. orive es nakadi mcire aziis xalxTa monaTesave aris. kavkasiis centrSi isini Sexvdnen da Camoayalibes sakuTari Tavise-buri forma, sxvadasxva saxesxvaobiT romelic gvxvdeba mTavari kavkasiis qedis samxreTSi, gar-kveul zomamde miRweulni da mis CrdiloeT kalTebze. inguSebma es sakuTari kavkasiis forma ufro metad SeinarCunes

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vidre sxvebma Crdilokavkasiis xalxidan~. (101, gv.39). xolo, meore antropologi g e o r g d e b e c i (1905_1969) aRniSnavda, rom: `kavkasiis anTrologiuri forma «zustad kavkasiuria yvela sxva kavkasiuridan»~.

(101, gv.40). mecnierebis mier dadgenilia, rom warsulSi, inguSebisa da CaCnebis winaprebs,

istoriulad bevri saerTo hqondaT da swored isini warmoadgendnen wamyvan Zalas veinaxi xalxis Camoyalibebis dros.

inguSebis saboloo Camoyalibeba xdeboda didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, samxreT kavkasiidan CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gadasvlisas da mezobel tomebTan nawilobriv Serevisa da Serwymis Sedegad. arqeologi e v g e n i k ru p no v i (1904_1970) werda:

`swori iqneba inguSebis sazogadoeba miviCnioT rogorc Camoyalibebul uZveles adgilobriv eTnikur birTvidan nawilobriv CarTul sxvadasxva tomTa sagvareulo jgufebisagan, romlebmac jer kidev SeinarCunes maxsovroba Tavisi gansxvavebuli warmomavlobisa. aseTi TvalsazrisiT inguSeTis eTnogenetikuri procesis Sefasebisas, Cven unda vaRiaroT, rom masSi siWarbea samxreTis elementebi.

yvela ganxiluli wyaroebi aCvenebs, rom masSi qarTveluri elementebis garkveuli xvedriTi wilia, romelic erT dros monawileobda vainaxis eTnosis warmoqmnaSi da gansakuTrebiT inguSeTis kulturis CamoyalibebaSi.

SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom am monacemebis umravlesobas erT dros Tavis qveS hqondaT realuri safuZveli da dRevandel dRemde SenarCunda mxolod rogorc Zveli kulturis erTobis gamoZaxili da enobrivi naTesaoba inguSebis uZvelesi winaprebisa qarTvel winapar tomebTan.

ukanasknelni Seadgendnen, albaT, wamyvan nawils erT dros did saerTokavkasiur eTnokul-turul erTianobisa an «iafetur» kavkasiis xalxis kompleqs; aqedan albaT varaudic, rom Zvel dros aRniSnuli «qarTveluri» inguSeTis kulturaSi SeiZleba yofiliyo ufro meti~. (99, gv. 57).

dRevandel dRes, yvelaze ufro metad Cans, inguSebsa da qarTvelebs Soris saerTo urTi-erToba, rogorc leqsikologiis mxriv, aseve materialur-kulturul damokidebulebaSi. meore adgilas e. krupnovi aRniSnavs, rom:

èrTob maCvenebelia faqti inguSebis leqsikaSi qarTuli enis elementebis arseboba~. (99, gv.57).

inguSebis salaparako enaSi SemorCenilia qarTuli sityvebi, (`gaji~, `godoli~, `zeda sarTuli~, `joxi~, `xerxi~, ,cecxli~, `muxa~, `paraskevi~, `SabaTi~, `kvira~, `qorwili~ da sxv.), romlebic SeuTvisebiaT uZveles dros qarTveli tomebisagan. agreTve, is sityvebi, romlebic inguSeTSi Sevida, saqarTvelodan qristianuli sarwmunebis Sesvlis Semdeg (`jvari~, `marxva~, `sanTeli~, `jojoxeTi~ da sxv.).

e. krupnovis TqmiT: `saintereso iqneboda aseve dakvirveba, xom ar warmoadgens qarTuli eTnikuri

da toponimiuri saxelebi da dasaxelebebi daboloebuli _ xi-Ti, romelic analogiuria inguSuri arm-xi (TeTri wyali an wyali), surxo-xi (wiTeli mdinare,

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wyali), pseda-xi (lamazi mdinare an kargi wyali) da a. S. qarTveli itorikosis Teimuraz batoniSvilis mowmobiT, «qistebi, RalRebi, da ZurZukebi adre, saubrobdnen qarTul enaze da iyvnen qristianebi». ra Tqma unda, es ar unda gavigoT pirdapiri gagebiT, rom maT ar hqondaT sakuTari ena.

SesaZlebelia, erT dros amdagvari «qarTveluri» inguSur enaSi iyo gacilebiT meti, magram TandaTan isini gamodevna, Semdegi momdevno inguSebisa da Turqul xalxTan da alan-osebTan urTierTobisas, gamdidrebuli yumixebisa da osurma sityvebma~. (99, gv.57).

istoriuli wyaroebidan Cans, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi inguSebsa da qarTvelebs Soris urTierToba hqondaT damyarebuli, miT umetes qarTvel mTielebTan. wyaroebidan Cans, rom `saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi intensiuri migraciuli procesebi mimdinareobda inguSeTidan saqarTveloSi da piriqiT. inguSuri warmomavlobis gvarebidan xamxaZisa da RliRvaSvilis dasaxelebac sakmarisia~, (14, gv.64). cnobilia, rom (XI_XII) saukuneebSi saqarTvelodan inguSeTSi vrceldeboda qristianuli sarwmuneoba. dRevandel dRes SemorCenilia inguSeTSi qristianuli Zeglebi: Txaba-erdi, ali-erdi, Targi-mi da sxva. erT-erTi tyoba-ierdis (inguS. `tkobla-erdi~, Txaba-erdi, tyobia-ierdi, `wminda Tomas~ sax.) taZari, ganekuTvneba (VIII_IX) saukuneebs. is ramdenimejer gadakeTebula da Cvenamde moaRwia (XIV_XVI) saukuneebSi Sesrulebuli xediT. tyobia-ierdis taZari warmoadgens inguSeTisa da qarTul erT-erT xuroTmoZRvrebis Serwymis nimuSs. amaT garda inguSeTSi aris SemorCenili sxva istoriuli mniSvnelobis Zeglebi.

eTnografi, istorikosi da sazogado moRvawe s e r g i m a k al aT i a (1893_1974) gadmogvcems, rom: `winaT ki VII_XVII sauk. manZilze qist-CaCnebi da lekebi saqarTvelos megobrul kavSirSi iyvnen da administraciulad fSav-xevsureTTan erTad isini Sediodnen xunZaxisa da pankis-kveteris samouraoSi (ix. vaxuSti, saqarTv. cxovreba, gv.151_158).

amasTanave, qisteT-lekeTi imyofeboda saqarTvelos kulturuli da sarwmuneob-rivi gavlenis qveS. amas mowmobs Zvel ZurZukeT RliRveTSi (dRevandeli qisteT-CaCneTSi) arsebuli qarTuli stilis Zveli taZari, romelic daculia asas xeobaSi da cnobilia Txaba-erdis saxelwodebiT. taZari Semkulia asomTavruli qarTuli warweriT da IX sauk. aris daTariRebuli. amave taZarSia napovni qarTuli fsalmunis XI_XII sauk. xelnaweri....

istoriul warsulSi CaCneT-daRestani da yofili zaqaTalis olqis da nuxis mazris mosaxleoba sarwmuneobrivad saqarTvelos eklesias eqvemdebareboda....

amasTanave Zlier iyo qarTuli materialuri kulturisa da enis gavlena qist-CaCneb-lekebze. sayuradReboa agreTve istorikosis Teimuraz batoniSvilis cnobac, romelic ambobs:

`qistni, RliRvni da ZurZukni pirvel iyvnen eniTa qarTulTa momzraxni da qristianeni... lekni iyvnen qristianeni da scviden enasa qarTulsa vidre Temur-lengamde (me-14 sauk), romelmanac daipyrna igini, moaqcivna mravlisa tanjviTa,

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liqniTa wyalobiTa; daudgina arabni molani da ganuwesa maT, raTa aswavebdnen urmaTa maTTa werilsa arabulisi enisasa. misca maT brZaneba ficxni arRara kiTxvad da arcaRa swavlad qarTulisa wignisa raTa, arcaRa ena qarTuli izraxvebodes maT Soris. mxolod daSTa ena qarTuli lekTa Soris anwuxelTa, romelnic dReindelad dRemde zraxven qarTulsa enasa~. (37, gv.30_32).

XVI saukunis 80-ian wlebSi dasavleT inguSeTSi TandaTan daiwyo Sesvla islamurma sarwmu-neobam. arqeologiuri da istoriuli wyaroebi adastureben, rom XVIII-Sic inguSeTSi iyo Serwymuli warmarTuli, qristianuli da islamuri sarwmuneobebi. xolo XVIII saukunis meore naxevridan, daRestnidan da CaCneTidan, islamurma sarwmuneobam mZlavrad Seutia da male mTel inguSeTs moedo. ìslami sul bolos saqarTveloSi, xevis teritoriaze sofel gveleTSi mcxovrebma inguSebma 1861 wels miiRes~. (14, gv.63).

arqeologiuri aRmoCenebi adasatureben, rom Zv. w. I aTaswleulSi dRevandel inguSeTis miwa-wyalze gavrcelebuli iyo yobanuri kultura. mecnierTa nawilis varaudiT yobanuri da kolxuri kulturebi erTgvarovania.

pirvelad, inguSebi da CaCnebi, moxsenebulni arian werilobiT wyaroebSi Cvens welTaRricxvamde I aTaswleulSi.

Sua saukuneebSi, inguSebs, CaCnebsa da sxva tomebs aRniSnavdnen saerTo saxelwodebiT _ durZukebiT. (ix. qvemoT, durZukebis gaerTianeba).

adrindel qarTul wyaroebSi inguSebi moxsenebulni arian `RalRais~ saxel-wodebiT. SemdegSi maT aRniSnavdnen adreTve `qisti~-Tac. mogvianebiT _ `veinaxebi~-s saxelwodebiT (ix. qveviT).

strabons `geografiaSi~ moxsenebuli aqvs `gargarei~. maTi sacxovrisi adgili yofila CrdiloeT kavkasiis Sua nawili. warmomdgari aris naxuri sityvisagan `gargara~ (`gerga~). rac axlo-bels, naTesavs aRniSnavs. mecnierebi Tvlian, rom `gargarebi~ inguSebis winaprebi arian. strabonis mixedviT isini yofilan `centr-aluri kavkasiis mcire mTiswineTsa da barSi. WeSmaritebasTan axlos unda iyos mosazreba, rom straboniseuli `gargarebi~ dRevandeli inguSebis winaprebi arian. arc maTi kavkasiis mTiswineTsa da barSi mkvidrobaa gasakviri, radgan CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi sxvadasxva iranuli, Turquli da monRoluri momTabare tomebis TareSi adgilobrivi kavkasieli eTnosebis mTebSi Sesaxlebas iwvevda. inguSuri (da CaCnuri) gadmocemebiT, maTi winaprebi ebrZodnen iurtebSi mcxovreb mosulTa did urdoebs. saistorio wyaroebiT gargarebi aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi istoriul albaneTSi (dRevandeli azerbaijani) mkvidri erT-erTi tomi iyo. Cven ara gvaqvs araviTari sabuTi samxreTkavkasieli da CrdiloeTkavkasieli gargarebis erTi eTnosisadmi kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb visaubroT. saerTod, istoriaSi araerTi faqtia dadasturebuli erTi eTnonimiT saxvadasxva xalxebis saxeldebisa~. (14, gv.54).

sxvadasxva msxemi tomebis Semosevebis gamo, rogorc CrdiloeT kavkasielTa tomebs uxdebodaT adgilmdebareobis gamocvla, aseve inguSebsac uwevdaT baridan mTebSi gaxizvna. 1395 wels CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi SeiWra Temur-lengi da gaanadgura

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durZukebis gaerTianeba. durZukTa gaerTi-anebaSi Sediodnen inguSebic. gadarCenili barSi mcxovrebi inguSebis nawili aRmoCnda alaniis gaerTianebaSi, xolo danarCenma Tavi Seafara mTebs.

XV saukuneSi inguSebi cdiloben Casaxlebuliyvnen barSi, magram 1562 wlis dekemberSi yabardoeli Tavadis Temrukis laSqrobis gamo, romelsac exmarebodnen ruseTis mefe ivane IV mrisxane da noRaelebi, inguSebi iZulebulni gaxdnen isev mTebSi gaxiznuliyvnen. Tumca XVI saukunis bolosa da Semdgom saukuneebSi, XIX saukunis I naxevramde, xdeboda inguSebis Camosaxleba barSi, mdinareebis Tergisa da sunjis mimdebare midamoebSi da iq sadac dRes imyofebian, sabolood Camoyalibdnen XIX saukuneSi.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, gamudmebiT xdeboda tomebs Soris dapirispireba, yirimis saxanosa da TurqeTTan Setakebebi. amitom, rodesac CrdiloeT kavkasias ruseTis imperia moadga, Tavis gadarCenis mizniT, inguSeTis zogma gavleniani ojaxebis warmomadgenlebma, 1770 wlis martSi, xeli moaweres xelSekrulebas, nebayoflobiT ruseTis imperiis Semadge-nlobaSi Sesvlaze. rac SemdgomSi, es SeTanxmeba, Zvirad daujda inguSeTis xalxs. jerjerobiT ki, rodesac ruseTi 1774 wels kavkasiaSi oms awarmoebda, inguSeTma Tavisufleba SeinarCuna.

cnobilia, rom 1785 wlis Seix mansuris (ix. zemoT `CaCnebi~) mier, ruseTis winaaRmdeg gamarTul brZolaSi, inguSebic monawileobdnen. 1810 wlis 5 ivniss rusebis waqezebiT moxda Setakeba inguSebsa da CaCnebs Soris. rusebis mizans warmoadgenda, rom SemdegSi, inguSebze `zrunviT~ Sewuxebulebma isini mieRoT Tavis qveSerdomobaSi. marTlac, amave wlis 22 agvistos, ruseTisa da inguSeTis gavleniani ojaxidan aT-aTi wevris warmomadgenlebs Soris xeli moewera SeTanxmebas, ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi inguSeTis nebayoflobiT Sesvlis Sesaxeb. am aqtiT, xelis momwer ojaxebs neba eZleodaT esargeblad Tergis marjvena sanapiros miwebiT Tergis qedamde. inguSebs unda gamoeyvanad 1 000 mxedari ruseTis mtrebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, daecvaT cixe-simagreebi, uzrunvelyoT inguSeTis miwebze ruseTis jaris Tavisuflad gadaadgileba. amave dros izRudeboda inguSebis Casaxleba da gadaadgileba sxva adgilebze. xelSekrulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi inguSebi cxaddebodnen rogorc `moRalateebi~ da `meamboxeebi~ da maT moepyrobodnen rogorc ruseTis mtrebs. amave welsve daiwyo nazranis cixe-simagris mSenebloba. xelSekruleba ZiriTadaT moqmedebda baris mosaxleobaze, xolo mTa didxans uwevda rusebs winaaRmdegobas. ruseT-kavkasiis omis dros, inguSebi ibrZodnen Samilis razmSi. ajanyebuli inguSebis winaaRmdeg araerTxel iqna gagzavnili sadamsjelo razmebi.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, 1816 wlidan, cecxliTa da maxviliT moevlina Crdi-loeT kavakasias mTavarsardali a. ermolovi. igi pirdapir mouwodebda jariskacebs, rom ar daendoT qalebi, bavSvebi da arc moxucebi. mis miTiTebaSi pirdapir ewera, rom: `sofeli nadgurdeba cecxliT, qalebi da bavSvebi gaiJlitos~.

1832 wels ki generalma g. rozenma ajanyebul CaCneTSi da inguSeTSi 60 auli

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miwasTan gaaswora. 1858 wlis maisSi, inguSeTSi daiwyo, e. w. nazranis ajanyeba. romlis mizezi gaxda,

kavkasiis samxedro xelisuflebis mowadineba, romlis mizani iyo, aulebis gam-sxvileba. maTi azriT unda Seqmniliyo daaxloebiT 300-de ezoebi da iq Casax-lebuliyvnen inguSebi.

mTavarsardali da mefisnacvali kavkasiaSi generali a. bariatinski mefes moxsenebiT baraTSi werda:

`mTavari mizezi nazranis ajanyebisa mdgomareobs imaSi, rom SeuZlebelia iqonio mcxovrebTa saTanado zedamxedveloba gafantul dasaxlebulTa calkeul xutorebze, da amitom me miviCnie saWiroeba Cavasaxlo isini did aulebSi Cvens mier arCeul adgilebSi... amave dros, amis miuxedavad sruliad damoukideblad, vladikavkazSi daarsebulma piradi da adgilobrivi saadgilmamulo uflebaTa ganxilvis komitetma moiTxova nazranis deputatebisagan cnobebi mosaxleobis raode-nobaze. am ori garemoebis dajaxebisas isargebles sazogadoebrivi wesrigis mowinaaRmdegeebma da aaRelves xalxi~. (134).

ajanyebam moicva nazranis garda inguSeTis sxva mimdebare mxareebi. ajanyebis dasawyisSi ajanyebulebma ruseTis samxedro mmarTvelTan gaagzavnes TavianTi warmo-madgenlebi mosalaparakeblad, maTi ramdenime wevris dakavebis Semdeg, ajanyebulebma Seecadnen cixe-simagris xelSi Cagdeba, magram ver SeZles. verc Samilma moaxerxa ajanyebulebisken garRveva da sabolood rusebma SeZles ajanyebis CaxSoba.

ruseTis xelisuflebam, 1845 wlidan md. sunjis gaswvriv daiwyes kazakebis Casaxleba. romlebmac Sehqmnes stanicebi.

1860 wels CrdiloeT kavkasiis samxedro sammarTvelo gauqmda da imperator aleqsandre II-is miTiTebiT Seiqmna yubanisa da Tergis olqi, romlis SemadgenlobaSi moeqcnen CaCnebis, inguSebis, iCqeriis da mTiani olqebi.

inguSebis ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg, inguSebis umravlesoba, ruseTis xeli-suflebam gadaasaxla TurqeTSi. ganTavisuflebul aulebs saxelwodeba Seucvales da Caasaxles kazakebi.

cnobilia, rom maSindeli monacemebiT, 1865 wels 5 000-de inguSi gadaasaxles, maTgan, zogma ukan moindoma dabruneba, magram, arc TurqeTma da arc ruseTis xelisuflebam neba ar darTo. 1871 wels vladikavkazis olqSi gaaerTianes inguSeTisa da oseTis olqebi.

1888 wels-ki, Seiqmna samxedro kazakebis sammarTvelo da inguSeTi daeqvemdebara sunjis kazakur sammarTvelos.

1905 wels, inguSeTSi mimdinareobda brZolebi. brZolebis Sedegad, inguSebma SeZles 1909 wlis 10 ivnisSi nawilobriv Tavisuflebis miRwevas da Tergis olqis SemadgenlobaSi warmoiqmna nazranis olqi, romlis mTavari qalaqi gaxda vladikavkazi.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, 1914 wlis 23 agvistos Seiqmna `kavkasiis adgilobriv mcxovrebTa cxenosanTa divizia~, sadac monawileobas Rebulobdnen inguSebic.

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1917 wlis 23 ivliss daiwyo vladikavkazidan inguSebis gasaxleba. (96). ruseTSi momxdari oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg, 1917 wlis noemberSi CrdiloeT

kavkasiaSi gamocxadda damoukidebeli mTiani respublika, sadac Sevidnen CrdiloeT kavkasielebs Soris inguSebic. 1919 wels, versalis samSvidobo TaTbirze, CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTiani raspublikis parlamentma gaagzavna warmomadgenloba, romelTa Soris imyofebodnen inguSebic, maTi mizani iyo, rom dasavleT saxelmwifoebs eRiarebinaT axlad Camoyalibebuli `mTiani respublika~.

ruseTSi samoqalqo omis dros, bolSevikebis mowodebebiT motyuebuli inguSebis umravlesoba emxroboda da mxars uWerda bolSevikebs. xolo Tergis kazakebi _ TeTrgvardielebs.

1918 wlis martSi Camoyalibda Tergis sabWoTa respublika rsfsr-is Semadgen-lobaSi. 28 maiss q. groznoSi axlad damyarebulma sabWoTa xelisuflebam gamoacxada dadgenileba, rom uqmdeboda e. w. `Cererspodosci~-s (md. Tergis gaswvriv myofi kazakebis miwebi), kerZo sakuTreba da memamuleebs erTmeodaT miwebi. aqedan daiwyo, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, CaCneT-inguSeTSi sabWoTa wyobilebis winaaRmdeg gamos-vlebi da gansakuTrebiT gamZafrda mdgomareoba, rodesac sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobam daiwyo e. w. `koleqtivizacia~.

1918 wlis ivnisidan Tergis sabWoTa respublika Seiyvanes CrdiloeT-kavkasiis sabWoTa respublikaSi.

1919 wels inguSeTSi Sevida denikini, xolo 1920 wlis martSi, isev aRsdga inguSeTSi sabWoTa xelisufleba. 1920 wlis martidan, CaCnebi gaerTiandnen iCqerielebTan, xolo inguSebi mTielebTan da gaxdnen erTmaneTisagan damoukidebelni. amave wlis 17 noembers Camoyalibda mTianeTis ssr, romelic 1921 wlis 20 ianvars gadakeTda mTianeTis assr-T. masSi Sevidnen CaCneTi, inguSeTi, yaraCai-CerqezeTi, yabardo-balyareTi da CrdiloeT oseTi.

1924 wlis 7 noembridan vinaidan sabWoTa mTiani respublika gauqmda, Seiqmna inguSeTisa da CrdiloeT oseTis avtonomiuri olqebi rsfsr-s SemadgenlobaSi, romelTa mTavari qalaqi gaxda vladikavkazi (SemdegSi mas uwodes orjonikiZe).

1934 wels inguSeTi gaerTianda CaCneTdan da Camoyalibda `CaCneT-inguSeTis ao~, xolo 1936 wlis 5 dekembers gadakeTda CeCneT-inguSeTis assr-T.

meore msoflio omis dros 1942 wlis 12 seqtembers germanelebma daikaves qalaqi malgobeki. romelic 1943 wlis 3 ianvars sabWoTa jarebma gaanTavisufles da rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, daiwyo CaCneT-inguSeTSi e. w. `banditebis~ gamovlineba da mospoba.

zemoT vTqviT, rom 1943 wlis bolos sabWoTa xelisuflebam daiwyo mzadeba CaCneT-inguSeTis gasaxlebis operaciis `CeCevicas~ Casatareblad da 1944 wlis 23 Tebervlidan CaCnebi da inguSebi Sua aziaSi gadaasaxles. monacemebiT, Tebervlis bolos 91 250 inguSebi iqnen gadasaxlebulni. CaCneT-inguSeTis respublika gauqmda da inguSeTis miwa-wyali gadasces mezobel respublikebs: mTiani mxare gadaeca saqarTvelos respublikas, xolo danarCeni nawili, rogorc nazranis raioni SeuerTes

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CrdiloT oseTis assr-s. amgvarad inguSi xalxi gaqrobis winaSe aRmoCnda. 1956 wlis 16 ivliss gadasaxlebulebs mouxsnes `gadaadgilebis SezRudvebi~ da

CaCnebi da inguSebi iwyeben, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, TavianT Zvel sacxovrebel adgilebSi dabrunebas.

1957 wels aRadgines CeCneT-inguSeTis respublika, mxolod ZvelTan Sedare- biT Semcirebul sazRvrebSi, CrdiloeT oseTSi moqceuli inguSeTis nawili isev osebs dautoves. Sua aziidan Camosulma inguSebma, prigorodnis raionSic daiwyes Casaxleba.

1991 wlis 15 maiss gaxda CaCneT-inguSeTis ssr. 1 oqtombers CaCneT-inguSeTis respublika gaiyo CaCneTisa da inguSeTis respublikebad.

1991 wlis 30 noembers inguSeTis mWidrod dasaxlebul olqebSi, Catarda referendumi. mosaxleobam xmaTa umravlesobiT moiTxova, rom Seqmniliyo inguSeTis respublika rsfsr-is SemadgenlobaSi. rasac daeTanxma ruseTis federaciis sabWo da 1992 wlis 4 ivniss inguSeTis respublika Sevida rfr-s SemadgenlobaSi.

inguSebma, rfr-is xelmZRvanelebisagan moiTxoves inguSeTis Zveli sazRvrebis aRdgena, magram am moTxovnas yuradReba aravin miaqcia. unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTve-lebma gadasaxlebidan dabrunebul inguSebs, ulaparakod daubrunes, 1944 wlebSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier gadmocemuli CaCneT-inguSeTis samxreTis miwebi, dau-toves saxlebi, saqonelic da cdilobdnen yovel mxriv daxmarebodnen axlad Camosaxlebulebs; da inguSebma es ar daiviwyes. cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze, afxazeTsa da `samxreT oseTSi~ momxdari omis dros, erTaderTi CrdiloeT kavakasielebs Soris aRmoCnda inguSebi, romlebmac Cvens winaaRmdeg ar ubrZoliaT da afxazebsa da osebs ar miemxrnen. `maT sastikad Tqves uari `qarTvel Zmebze xelis aRmarTvaze~... rac sxva mezoblebTan konfliqtadac ki daujdaT~. (84). cnobilia isic, rom: àgvistos omis dros asamde inguSma milicionerma samsaxuri datova imis gamo, rom maT cxinvalSi wasvlas da qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg brZolas sTxovdnen.

kremlis aqtiurobis miuxedavad, inguSebisa da qarTvelebis dapirispireba mainc ver moxerxda. inguSebi mxardaWeras dRemde agrZeleben~. 2010 wlis seqtemberSi rodesac cxinvalis separa-tistulma xelisuflebam `samxreT oseTis~ e. w. `damouki-deblobis dResTan~ dakavSirebiT zeimi gamarTa, da àm RonisZiebaze dasaswrebad rusi da kavkasieli Cinovnikebi Cavidnen~, ̀ inguSebma tradicias arc amjerad uRalates da mxardaWera isev saqarTvelos mimarT gamoxates~. (58).

rac Seexeba inguSebsa da CrdiloeT oseTs Soris, urTierTdamokidebulebas inguSebis TavianT mkvidr miwaze dabrunebis Semdeg, mdgomareoba imdenad garTulda, rom daZabuloba SeiaraRebul dapirispirebaSi gadaizarda. es pirveli SemTxveva iyo sabWoTa wyobilebis daSlis Semdeg rfr-Si, rodesac erovnebebi irTmaneTs daupirispirdnen.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, CaCneT-inguSebis gadasaxlebis Semdeg, maTi miwa-wylis nawili, vladikavkazis prigorodnis mxare, gadasces CrdiloeT oseTs. 1957 wels,

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gadasaxlebidan dabrunebuli inguSebi daubrundnen Zvel samosaxlo adgilebs, magram aq daxvdaT, gamonTavisuflebul saxlebSi Casaxlebuli osebi da daiwyo maT Soris Sexla-Semoxla. rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, inguSebma rfr-s mosTxoves ukan dae-brunebinaT es mxare. amis winaaRmdeg gamovidnen osebi. ris gamo, 1992 wlis oqtom-bris bolos, wamoiSva osebsa da inguSebs Soris omi. àRsaniSnavia, rom inguSebis winaaRmdeg yvelaze aqtiurad cxinvaleli osebi ibrZodnen. osur dajgufebebs samxreT oseTis saxalxo laSqris meTauri oleg Tezievi meTaurobda....

amdenad inguSebs ori mizezi hqondaT, rom osebis damoukideblobis dRe ar aReniSnaT.

inguSurma arasamTavrobo organizaciebma ruseTis federaciisagan samxreT oseTisaTvis politikuri da ekonomikuri mxardaWeris Sewyveta moiTxoves.~ (58). inguSebsa da osebs Soris momxdar omSi, rsfsr, rogorc moralurad, aseve materialurad osebs exmareboda. omis Sedegad TiTqmis 65 000…inguSebi iZule- bulni gaxdnen prigorodnidan inguSeTSi gaxiznuliyvnen. aRniSnuli mxare isev osebs darCaT.

ìnguSeTSi dgas sakiTxi ara marto prigorodnis raionis kuTvnilebis, aramed Tavis droze vladikavkazis oseTisaTvis gadacemis samarTlianobis Sesaxebac~. (12, gv.153). gamouqveynebuli saarqivo masalebisa da sxvadasxva wyaroebis Seswavlis Semdeg damtkicda, rom dRevandeli vladi-kavkazis miwa-wyali ekuTvnoda inguSebs da mcdaria sabWour literaturaSi moTxrobili gamogo-nili dasabuTeba, `rom TiTqos, qalaqi daarsda osuri soflis Zaujikaus adgilas~. (78). araerTi wyaroebidan Cans, rom 1784 wlis 6 maiss inguSur aulebTan: zaurovo, toti da TemurxovosTan axlos, òTxi versis moSorebiT~ sof. saukvasTan (sauri, zaurovo) safuZveli Caeyara rusul cixesimagres vladikavkazs. `vladikavkazidan ramdenime aTeuli versis radiusSi dokumentebi ar afiqsireben araviTar sxva dasaxlebas, garda inguSebisas~. (78). daaxloebiT 1803 wels rodesac mitovebuli cixesimagre rusebma xelaxla aRadgines, daiwo samxedroebis dacvis qveS, kazakebis da osebis Camosax-leba, xolo inguSebi iZulebulni iyvnen mietovebinaT TavianTi adgilebi da zemoT moxsenebuli inguSuri aulebi gaqrnen. cnobili arqeologi da kavkasiologin e v g e n i k ru p n o v i (1904_1970) werda:

`malsagovebis gvari (tergimxoevis teipi) iyo Zlieri da mravalricxovani jer kidev XVII saukunis SuaxanebSi, cnobilia, rom am gvaris meTauris (viara) malsaga-Zavgis (dZaur) Svilma inguSeTis dablobSi daaarsa auli zauri... am adgilas 1784 wels warmoiqmna q. vladikavkazi (exlandeli q. orjonikiZe), osebi da vainaxebi uwodeben misi saxelidan _ dzaug-kau (dzaudjikau)~. (99, gv.166).

`vladikavkazidan ramdenime aTeuli versis radiusSi dokumentebi ar afiqsireben araviTar sxva dasaxlebas, garda inguSebisas. es gasagebicaa. os xalxs ar gaaCnda arc Zala, arc saSualeba yabardoeli feodalebisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gasawevad, raTa damoukideblad gadmosaxlebuliyvnen vladikavkazis dablobze, romelsac yabardoeli feodalebi akontrolebdnen. osebi TavianTi ndo-biT aRWurvili pirebis

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meSveobiT mravalgzis mimarTavdnen ruseTis mTavrobas TxovniT _ daxmareba gaewiaT maTi mTebidan Camosaxlebis saqmeSi. ar hqonda ra TviT ruseTs kavkasiaSi myari pozi-cia, ar SeeZlo amis ganxorcieleba. da mxolod cixesimagris da mis kedlebTan simagreebis mSeneblobis dawyebisTanave Cndebian garnizonis dacvis qveS myofi pirveli osebi dablobSi. es gadasaxleba... osi mecnieris b. p. berozovis mixedviT, ùfro SemTxveviT xasiaTs atarebda, da amitomac ar iyo mdgradi~...

1786 wels rusebisagan mitovebuli vladikavkazis cixesimagris aRdgenis Semdeg, ara uadres 1803 wlisa Camosaxldnen osebi gansakuTrebul aulSi~. (78).

miuxedavad imisa, rom vladikavkazi iTvleboda ìnguSeTis savaWro, samrewvelo da kulturul centrad~ da `qalaqis misadgomebTan cxovrobda 80 aTasi inguSi, romelic gacilebiT meti iyo vidre osi, germaneli da kazaki erTad aRebuli TviT qalaqSi ki inguSebisa da osebis raodenoba miaxloebiT erTnairi iyo~. rodesac `sabWoTa saxelmwifos saTaveSi~ i. juRaevi (juRaSvili, stalini) dainiSna, osurma xelisuflebam moipova mxardaWera da `1933 wlis 1 ivnisis sakavSiro centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis dadgenilebiT qalaqi gadaeca CrdiloeT oseTis iuris-diqcias, erT weliwadSi CeCneTisa da inguSeTis ao gaerTianda CeCneT-inguSeTis avtonomiur olqSi. inguSeTis yvela administraciuli organo gaiyvanes vladi-kavkazidan. yvela dawesebuleba da sawarmo gadaeca CrdiloeT oseTs~ da `gadatanil iqna groznoSi, inguSeTidan asobiT kilo-metris daSorebiT. 1944 wlis TebervalSi CeCen-inguSebis Sua aziaSi da yazaxeTSi deportaciis Sedegad orjonikiZe `ganTavi-suflda~ TviT inguSebisagan, oseTma daiwyo iq ganukiTxavi batonoba~. (78).

ìnguSeTis konstituciaSi gamocxadebulia, rom «dabruneba politikuri saSu-alebiT arakanonierad warTmeuli inguSeTisagan teritoriebis da inguSeTis respub-likis teritoriuli mTli-anobis dacva» warmoadgens mniSvnelovan amocanas~. (134).

``CrdiloeT oseTSi farTovdeba Zalmomreoba inguSebTan mimarTebaSi _ amaSi monawileobas Rebulobs SeiaraRebuli formirebebi. ruseTis xelisufalni iCenen umoqmedobas, rac utoldeboda warmoqmnil situaciaSi sakuTari mosaxleobis winaSe danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobas. 1992 wlis 30 oqtombers iwyeba jer kidev adre dagegmili farTomasStabiani aqcia qalaq vladikavkazSi prigorodnis raionis ingu-Suri mSvidobiani mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg, romlis Sedegadac moklul iqna da ugzoukvlod daikarga asobiT inguSi. inguSi erovnebis 70 aTasze meti moqalaqe gandevnil iqna sakuTari saxlebidan da dRemdis imyofebian ltolvilebad. vladi-kavkazi kvlav mieyida osebs~. (74). inguSebsa da osebs Soris dapirispireba dRemde grZeldeba.

1993 wlis 28 Tebervals inguSeTis respublikis prezidenti arCevnebis Sedegad, xmaTa umravlesobiT (99,94%), gaxda yofili sabWoTa armiis oficeri ru sl a n a u S e v i . amave welsve, CeCneTis respublikis iCqeriis prezidentma joxar dudaevma da inguSeTis respublikis prezidentma r. auSevma xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas, romlis Tanaxmad sunjis mxaris didi nawili gadaeca inguSeTs.

1994 wels, pirvel ruseT-CaCneTis omis dros, inguSeTis miwa-wyalze xdeboda

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ruseTis sajariso nawilebis gadasvla CaCneTSi. romlis drosac rusebma ramdenime sofeli dabombes.

unda aRiniSnos, rom 1996 j. dudaevis sikvdilis Semdeg, inguSebsa da CaCnebs Sorisac war-moiSva, sazRvrebis gamo uTanxmoeba.

saerTod kavkasiaSi sazRvrebi saxelmwifoebs Soris, adrec ar iyo da exlac mTlianad dadge-nili ar aris. ruseTis mier gamocemuli rukebi da zogierTi masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi (mis) araswor informacias awvdian sazogadoebas.

èxlandeli sazRvari inguSebsa da CaCnebs Soris formalurad iTvleba 1934 wlis sazRvari, magram demarkacia misi dRevandlamde ar momxdara zogierTi teritoriuli uTanxmoebis gamo; gardamavali dro, damyarebuli 1992 wels rf-s kanoniT, faqtiurad grZeldeba dRevandel dRemde. ZiriTadi uTanxmoeba subieqtebs Soris iqmneba sunJis raionis kuTvnileba, romelic Tavdapirvelad iyo CaCneTisa da inguSeTisagan calke administraciuli warmonaqmni (warmoadgenda sunJis kazakuri olqis nawils). ruseTis kartografiis rukebze CaCnebsa da inguSebs Soris ar aris naCvenebi.

amis garda 1866 wels CaCnebs gadaecaT akinis sazogadoebis miwebi (galanCoJi) romelic adre warmoadgenda inguSeTis olqis mTielTa nakveTs. Semdgom inguSeTs CamoaSores soflebi bamuti da valeriki.

sazRvrebi am or, inguSeTisa da CaCneTis respublikebs Soris dRemde daudgenelia. 1999 wels, r. auSevma, ruseTis xelisuflebas mimarTa TxovniT, rom qalaqisa da mxareebis damcavi sammarTveloebi gadascemodaT inguSebs, xolo respublikuri mniSvnelobisa darCenodaT rusebs, magram, ruseTis xelisufleba am moTxovnas ar daeTanxma.

2000 wels r. auSevi, ar daeTanxma CaCneTisa da inguSeTis gaerTianebas. rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT inguSeTs aqvs sazRvari saqarTvelosTan sigrZiT

daaxloebiT 45 km. am sazazRvro xevebSi mdebareobs sagvareulo soflebi. inguSebis msxvili gvareuloba _ teipebi: ozdoevi, kartoevi, baraxoevi, evdoevi, xamxoevi, coroevi, barkinxoevi da a. S.

zogierTi mss-i, kerZod EuroNews da BBC, rukebze, maT sainformacio gamoSvebebSi, SecdomiT inguSeTis jeiraxis raioni miTvlilia CaCneTis respublikasTan (ase rom inguSeTs mouspes saz-Rvari saqarTvelosTan)~. (134).

ruslan auSevs sayovelTaod aRiarebuli gavlena aqvs mopovebuli ara Tu inguSeTSi, aramed mTels kavkasiaSi. igi (1980-dan_1987) ww-Si samxedro samsaxurs gadioda avRaneTSi. 1982 wels mieniWa sabWoTa kavSiris gmiris wodeba, xolo 1991 wels _ general-maioris wodeba. man, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, avRaneTSi sabWoTa kavSiris samxedro monawileoba uaryofiTad Seafasa da aRiara, rom es iyo sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier daSvebuli Secdoma.

misi prezidentobis dros, igi ewinaaRmdegeboda ruseTis xelisuflebis moTxov-nebs inguSeTis mimarT da rodesac CaCneTSi ruseTma omi daiwyo, man orjer ganacxada uari da ar moawera xeli CaCneTSi jaris Seyvanis Taobaze. ra Tqma unda rfr-is

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xelisuflebam (v. putinis dros) daiwyo mis winaaRmdeg moqmedeba da bolos da bolos aiZula, rom mas 2002 wlis 23 aprils, vadis gasvlamde daetovebina prezidentoba da misi gancxadebiT, imis gamo, rom misi prezidentobis dros man inguSeTis gaerTianeba ver SeZlo, gadadga. amave wlis 15 maiss rfr-is sabWo daeTanxma mis gadadgomas.

2002 wlis 28 aprils, inguSeTis respublikis prezidenti gaxda ruseTis momxre da morCili mu r at z i a z i k o v i . romelmac gaauqma r. auSevis mier miRebuli kanonebi, inguSi xalxis yriloba, SariaTis sasamarTlo da sxv. mis dros, kriminologiuri da teroristuli mdgomareobis gamo, respublikis saSinao viTareba garTulda. daiwyo ekonomikuri krizisi, umuSevrobis da siRa-takis swrafi zrda. amis gamo, ziazikovis da xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg xalxi aSkarad gamoTqvamda ukmayofilebas da daiwyo gamosvlebi.

2008 wlis 31 agvistos mokles inguSeTis cnobili xelisuflebis mowinaaRmdege m a g o m ed e v do e v i , aman inguSeTis mosaxleobis aRSfoTeba da gamosvlebi gamoiwvia. moiTxoves preziden-tis m. ziazikovis gadadgoma. amave wlis 30 oqtombers, miuxedavad imisa, rom m. ziazikovs rfr-is mxardaWera hqonda, rogorc moraluri, aseve samxedro da finansuric, rfr-is xelisuflebas mouxda inguSi xalxis ukmayofilebis gamo--xatvis winaSe ukan daxeva da amave wlis 30 oqtombers, ruseTis prezidentma d. medvedevma gadaayena inguSeTis respublikis xelmZRvaneli. D

2008 wlis 31 oqtombers inguSeTis prezidenti gaxda ruseTis armiis generali i u nu s b e k e v k u ro v i . inguSeTis saSinao mdgomareoba kvlav igive darCa, TiTqmis yovel dRe xdeba teroristuli aqtebi. 2009 wlis 22 ivniss evkurovi SemTxveviT gadaurCa afeTqebas. igi moskovSi gadaiyvanes da iq umkurnales.

2013 wlis 4 ivlisSi prezidentobis vadis gasvlamde iunusbek evkurovi gadadga. igi droebiT mmarTvelad darCa.

misi mmarTvelobis dros, Seicvala saqarTvelos mimarT damokidebuleba. 2009 wlis 25 Tebervals evkurovi afxazeTs ewvia da gvirgviniT Seamko soxumSi (1992_1993) wlebSi daRupul meomarTa memoriali, miuxedavad imisa, rom arc erTi inguSi ar monawileobda qarTul-afaxazur omSi, miT umetess afxazeTis mxares. xolo 2010 wlis 20 seqtembers igi Cavida e. w. `samxreT oseTSi~ da monawileoba miiRo `samxreT oseTis damoukideblobis dRis~ sazeimo aRlumSi. aqve ganacxada, rom inguSeTi da samxreT oseTi TanamSromlobas gaaRrmaveben. Tumca, zogi Tvlis, rom evkurovma es gaakeTa kremlis miTiTebisa da brZanebis Tanaxmad. evkurovis am moqmedebam aRaS-foTa inguSi mosaxleoba. amave dRes, inguSeTis arasamTavrobo politikurma da sazogadoebrivma organizaciebma, ruseTis prezidents d. medvedevs Ria werili gaugzavnes, sadac moiTxovdnen, rom ruseTs Seewyvita samxreT oseTisaTvis politikuri da ekonomikuri mxardaWera.

cnobilia, rom 2005 wels 100-ze metma inguSma, moindoma saqarTveloSi Camosaxleba da moqalaqeobis miReba. xolo 2009 wels, ukve energiulad ganixileboda ìnguSi moqalaqeebis saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebis sakiTxi, raSic isini sakuTar

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samSobloSi arsebuli ganukiTxaobis fonze gadarCenis erTaderT gzas xedaven. organizacia ìnguSeTi Cveni saxli~-s warmomadgeneli mehmed merbakovi kategoriulad acxadebs, rom Tu saqarTvelom keTili neba ar gamoiCina da inguebis miRebaze Tavi Seikava, igi kavkasiaSi Tavis istoriul rols dakargavs. misive TqmiT inguSeTSi cxovreba autaneli gaxda, radgan yoveldRiuri mkvlelobebisa da adami-anTa gatacebis paralelurad federaluri xelisufleba axali konfrontaciis scenarsac amzadebs, romlis mixedviTac unda moxdes CaCneTisa da inguSeTis gaer-Tianeba, CaCneT-inguSeTis respublikis statusis aRdgeniT, romlis prezidentic ramzan kadirovi iqneba.

es inguSeTis mosaxleobis aRSfoTebas gamoiwvevs, _ acxadebs merbakovi _ realuria is safrTxe, rom garkveulma Zalebma zemoTxsenebul niadagze CeCnebisa da inguSebis dapirispireba gamoiwvios~. (74).

am bolo dros irkveva, rom rfr-s xelisufleba fiqrobs inguSi xalxis TavianT sacxovrebeli adgilidan ayrasa da gadasaxlebas.

`rogorc cnobili gaxda, ruseTis prezidentis sruluflebiani warmomadgeneli Crdilo-kavkasiis olqSi aleqsandre xloponini gamodis winadadebiT, raTa SemuSa-vebul iqnas uaxloesi programa SromiTi resursebis migraciis Sesaxeb olqis subieqtebSi, e. i. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, ruseTis aRmosavleT da CrdiloeT samrewvelo _ `ganviTarebul~ regionebSi.

`ruseTis teritoriaze samrewvelo sawarmoTa uamravi raodenobaa da DdRes SeiZleba regionis _ magaliTad vTqvaT inguSeTis (!?!) mosaxleobidan, CamovayaliboT muSaTa brigadebi da gavagzavnoT isini msxvil navTobmompovebel, qvanaxSiris Tu samSeneblo sawarmoebSi~, _ gadmoscems ria novosti xloponinis sityvebs, romlebic man warmoTqva `regionSi dasaqmebis~ problemebis gadawyvetasTan dakavSirebul dRes gamarTul TaTbirze.

SegaxsenebT, rom, adre, TviT inguSeTis erovnuli xelmZRvanelobis doneze araerTxel dasmula sakiTxi respublikis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawilis sabWoeTis qveynis aRmosavleT regionebSi gadasaxlebis Sesaxeb ìnguSi xalxis keTildReobis amaRlebis~ mizniT.

SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom inguS xalxze `zrunvas~ dRes Tavis xelSi iRebs ruseTis centraluri xelmZRvaneleoba (xloponini _ igi xom premier-ministr putinis moadgilea) da inguS xalxs mainc mouwevs àrc Tu ise axloeTSi~ gamgzavreba~. (75). amas momavali gviCvenebs.

3. durZuk e b i . Sua saukuneebis, istoriul wyaroebSi, CrdiloeT kavkasiis mcxobvreb tomebs,

moixseniebdnen durZukebis, ZurZukebis, urZukebis da drozkitebis saxelwodebebiT. durZukebs, mecnierebi Tvlian SemdgomSi Camoyalibebul veinaxebis winaprebad.

qarTul wyaroebSi, pirvelad durZukebi moxsenebulia leonti mrovelis mier.

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mrovelis mixedviT, durZukebi pirvelad CrdiloeT kavkasiis Sua nawilSi dasax-lebulan, xazarTa momZlavrebis dros. misive gadmocemiT, durZukebi xazarebs xarksac uxdidnen.

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, durZukebsa da qarTvelebs Soris mWidro kavSiri yofila damyarebuli. leonti mroveli gadmogvcems, rom qarTlis (iberiis) samefos pirvelma mefem f a r n a v a z I-ma (Zv. w. IV s. bolos_III s.) `moiyvana coli durZukelTa, naTesavi kavkasisi~. (3, gv.44). xolo mis memkvidres, qarTlis meore mefes s a u r m a g farnavazis Ze-s (Zv. w. III s.) auja-nydnen qarTlis erisTavebi, igi durZukeTSi gadavida. `warvida farulad, da iltvoda, da waritana Tana dedaÁmisi, da mivida durZukeTs dedisZmaTa misTa Tana~. (3. gv.46). maTi da CrdiloeT kavkasielTa tomTa daxmarebiT daamarcxa ajanyebulebi da daibruna mefoba. SemdegSi, manve Camo-asaxla CrdiloeT kavkasiidan kavkasielTa tomebi saqarTvelos mTianeTSi. àman saurmag warmoiyvanna igini, yovelTa kavkasisa naTesavTa naxevarni, da romelnime maTganni warCinebul yvna, da sxuani dasxna mTiuleTs didoeTiTgan vidre egrisamde, romel ars suaneTi. da eseni ipyrna misandobelad TÂsad, dedulni~. (3, gv.47).

`qarTlis cxovreba~ mogviTxrobs, rom saurmagis Semdeg, qarTlsa da durZukebs Soris Camovardnila uTanxmoeba. farnavazianTa mesame qarTlis mefis m i r i a n I-is (mirvani) (Zv. w. II sukunis dasawyisi) dros, momxdara qarTvelebsa da CrdiloeT kavakasielTa tomTa, maT Soris durZukebTan brZola da mirvans isini daumarcxebia.

amis Semdegac, wyaroTa cnobiT, grZeldeboda saqarTvelosa da durZukebs Soris urTierT kavSiri.

aleqsandre makedonelis dros, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, qarTlSi ormefobis dros, iberiis mefeebma azorkma da armazelma, moixmes lekebi da osebi, romelTa Soris imyofebodnen durZukebi da didoelni da SeerTebuli laSqriT, somxebis mier warTmeuli qarTuli miwebis dasabruneblad SeiWrnen somxeTSi, moaoxres somxebis midamoebi da nadavliTa da tyveebiT gamobrundnen ukan.

Semdgom saukuneebSic durZukebsa da qarTvelebs mWidro urTierToba qondaT. cnobilia, rom Sua saukuneebSi, rogorc CrdiloeT kavkasiis tomebi, durZukebic saqarTvelos `ymadnafici~ iyo. xolo saqarTveloSi, `ymadnafici~ qveyana, xdeboda is dapyrobili saxelmwifo, sadac mosaxleobis umciresobas warmoadgendnen qristia-nebi. aseTi qveynis mmarTvelis saSinao uflebebi ar izRu-deboda. is mxolod valdebuli iyo, rom saqarTvelos mefisadmi yofiliyo erTguli. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi saqarTvelodan gavrcelda qristianoba da maT Soris durZukeTSic.

`qarTlis cxovrebidan~ Cans, rom Tamar mefis dros mTielebTan erTad, durZukeTic emorCileboda saqarTvelos.

`JamTaaRmwereli~-s gadmocemiT, saqarTvelos mefis rusudanis drosac, durZukebi isev saqar-Tvelos emxrobodnen. rodesac jalaledini meored gamoemarTa Tfilisisaken, rusudanma `mouwoda yovelsa spaTa TÂsTa, imerTa da amerTa.... ganuxuna karni darialisani da gardmoiyvanna oÂsni, durZukni, amaT Tana yovelni mTiulni.

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Sekrbes naWarmagevsa simravle uricxÂ da waravlina mefeman brZolad xvarazmelTa~. (3, gv.544).

rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, saqarTvelos samTavroebad daSlis Semdeg, CrdiloeT kavkasiel tomebTan kavSiri nawilobriv wydeba da xSirad mtrebadac gvevlilebian. xolo, XIV saukunis I naxevarSi, rodesav saqarTvelo monRolTa uRlisagan ganTavisuflda da misi sazRvrebi `nikofsiidan darubandamde~ aRsdga, kavkasiani: durZuk-RunZni, ovsni da sxvebi, `kualad moxarked aqunda da arRara iyo winaaRmdegi da urCi misi~. (4, t.IV, gv.259).

Semdgom saukuneebSi, rodesac ara Tu saqarTvelo, aramed mTeli kavkasia, rogorc CrdiloeTi, aseve samxreTi, aRmoCnda gaSemortymuli iran-osmaleT-ruseTisagan, werilobiT wyaroebSi durZukeTma dakarga Tavisi pirvandeli mniSvneloba da xSirad durZukeTad aRniSnavdnen rogorc CaCnebs aseve inguSebsac, zogjer orives erTad. XVIII saukuneSi, aRniSnavdnen CaCnebsa da inguSebs ̀ durZukeTiT~ da ̀ RliRviT~, xolo Semdeg wlebSi Cndeba axali saxelwodebebi `veinaxebi~ da `naxebi~. cnobilia, rom durZukebis nawili Camosaxlda qarTlis mTianeTSi da Seerwyma adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan.

4. v e i n a x e b i . mecnierebi, veinaxebs miakuTvneben CaCnur da inguSur enebze molaparake tomebs,

romlebic ganekuTvnebian iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxs da Sedian naxur jgufSi, romelic aerTianebs CaCnebs, inguSebs da maT monaTesave bacbebsa da qistebs. naxur enebze molaparake tomebi ZiriTadaT saxloben CaCneTSi, inguSeTSi da saqarTveloSi.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, CaCnuri da inguSuri axali damwerlobis enebs warmoadgenen, xolo bacburi umwerlobo enaa.

marTalia, istoriul wyaroebSi naklebad gvxvdeba cnobebi veinaxebsa da saqar-Tvelos urTierTobis Sesaxeb, magram, SemorCenili `werilobiTi wyaroebi da materi-aluri kulturis Zeglebi mowmoben, rom kavkasiis mTianeTis centraluri nawilis mcxovrebni odiTganve mWidrod iyvnen dakavSirebulni amierkavkasiis xalxebTan.

maTi urTierTobis ganviTarebas xels uwyobda geografiuli mdebareoba. aq gadioda didmniSvnelovani magistralebi, romlebic samxreTs CrdiloeTTan, dasavleTs aRmosavleTTan akavSirebdnen da sxvadasxva qveynebsa Tu xalxebTan urTierTobis pirobebs qmnidnen~. (28, gv.82). xolo, vinaidan, kavkasiaSi geografiuli mdebareobis gamo, ZiriTadi, mTavari gza saqarTveloze gadioda da saqarTvelo iyo uZvelesi droidan kulturisa da ekonomikis mxriv ganviTarebuli qveyana, amitom imier da amier kavkasiis urTierTobisas, qarTvelebi zegavlenas axdendnen mis mezoblad mdebare CrdiloeT kavkasielebze.

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi momqmed qarTvelebsa da veinaxebis urTierTobaze zegav-lena iqonia da laxvari Casca, mTels kavksaiaSi momxdarma socialur-politikurma movlenebma, TaTar-monRo-lTa da Temur-lengis gamoCenam, maTma damangrevelma da

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saSinelma Semosevebma, xolo Semdeg kavkasiaSi TurqmanTa tomebisa da ruseTis gamoCenam, romlis gamo, kavkasiaSi saxelmwifoebsa da tomebs Soris ganxeTqilebisa da urTierT dapirispirebis mizezi gaxda.

saarqivo masalebidan Cans, rom veinaxebs saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi axlo urTierToba qondaT mis mezobel qarTvelebTan, kerZoT TuSebTan, xevsurebTan da qarTl-kaxeTTan. romelic keTil-mezobluric iyo da zogjer mtrulic.

cnobilia, rom XI saukunidan, mTian adgilebSi mcxovrebi veinaxebi, saqarTvelos politikur gavlenis qveS moeqca da aqedan daiwyo gavrceleba veinaxebSi qristi-anulma sarwmuneobam. magram, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, SemdegSi, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, kerZod daRestanSi da maT Soris veinaxebSic, musulmanurma sarwmuneobam qristi-anuli sarwmuneoba TandaTan gamodevna.

qarTul wyaroebSi veinaxebi moxsenebulni arian durZukebad (ZurZukebad). SemdgomSi, TandaTan, am eTnonimiT CaCnebs moixseniebdnen. wyaroebidan Cans, rom veinaxebis saqarTveloSi Camosaxleba daiwyo Cv. w. III saukunidan. zeviT aRvniSneT, rom saqarTvelos mefem saurmagma lixsaqeT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi gadmoasaxla `kavkasielni~ da `dedulni~ _ durZukebi. XIII saukunidan kavkasiis qedis samxreTSi, daiwyo veinaxebis gadmosvla. gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda maTi Camosaxleba XVIII saukunis II naxevridan XIX saukunis Sua wlebamde.

XVIII _ XIX saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi gadmosulni veinaxebi, ZiriTadaT qistebad wodebuli CaCnebi, saxldebodnen da droTa ganmavlobaSi isini adgilobriv mosaxleobas Seerivnen.

`XVI_XVIII saukuneebSi qarTl-kaxeTis politikur cxovrebaSi TuSebTan erTad veinaxebic monawileoben. am dros intensiuri xdeba mosaxleobis moZraoba rogorc CrdiloeTidan samxreTiT, ise samxreTidan CrdiloeTiT, ris Sedegadac TuSeTSi Cndebian garkveuli veinaxuri eTnikuri jgufebi, xolo CeCneT-inguSeTSi _ qarTuli.

XVIII s. bolosa da XIX s. dasawyisSi TuSebsa da veinaxebs Soris urTierT-damokidebuleba nawilobriv icvleba. mezoblur damokidebulebasTan erTad SeimCneva urTierT Tavdasxmebi, pirutyvis motaceba. am urTierTobas amwvavebda mefis ruseTis Sovinisturi politika, romelic patara tomebs erTmaneTs upirispirebda da maT Soris SuRls Tesavda~. (28, gv.105).

1994 wlidan CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ruseTis imperiis mier ganxorcielebuli samxedro moqmedebebis gamo, veinaxebma Tavi Seafares isev saqarTvelos. isini Camovidnen TianeTsa da Telavis raionebSi. xolo nawili pankisis xeobaSi Casaxlda.

5. b ac b e b i . bacbebi (wova-TuSebi) mcire tomia, romelic CaCnebisa da inguSebis monaTesave

ers warmoadgenen. istoriulad cxovrobdnen TuSeTSi, TuSebTan erTad, md. andi yoisus zemo mxareSi. dRe-vandel dRes bacbebis umravlesoba imyofeba alaznis zemo nawilSi, q. axmetasTan axlos, sof zemo alvanSi.

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mecnierebi Tvlian, rom bacbebi warmoadgenen XVI saukuneSi inguSeTidan gadmosaxlebul tomTa STamomavlebs, romlebic winaT cxovrobdnen armxis xeobaSi (jariaxis xeoba) nasoflar erzidan.

dRevandel dRes, sxva tomTa gansxvavebiT (mag. qistebi) bacbebi ar gamoiyofian calke eTnikur tomad, isini iTvlebian qarTvelebad.

samecniero literaturaSi bacbur enas uwodeben wovaTuSur enas, romelic Sedis iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa naxur jgufSi. am enaze laparakoben mxolod saqarTvelos respublikaSi, axmetis raionis sof. zemo alvanSi mcxovrebi wovaTuSebi, romlebic daaxloebiT 3 000 kacs Seadgens.

bacbur enas `qarTulad uwodeben TuSursac..... qarTuli enis gavleniT bacbur enaSi didi raodenobiTaa Sesuli qarTulidan

nasesxebi sit-yvebi. mkafiod gamoxatuli sesxebis wesebi Camoyalibebulia bacbur enis lingvisturi modelis mixedviT~. (8, t.2, gv.252).

wovaTuSebi warmoadgenen qarTuli erovnuli kulturisa da azrovnebis gamtarebel toms. maTi sasaubro enaa wovaTuSuri (bacburi) da agreTve, meore enaa _ qarTuli.

mecnierTa mier, istoriuli toponimikidan da arqeologiuri ZeglebiT dadge-nilia, rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelos TianeTSi, pirvelyofili Temuri wyobilebis dros, erTmaneTis damouki-deblad, qarTvelur tomebTan erTad, daRestnur-veinaxuri calkeuli monaTesave tomebi cxov-robdnen. Semdeg saukuneebSi moxda am tomebis Serwyma da erTiani qarTuli erovnebis Camoyalibeba. rasac xeli Seuwyo TianeTSi qristianuli sarwmuneobisa da qarTuli kulturis gavrcelebam. zemoT vTqviT, rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelos TianeTSi da barSic, Semdgom saukuneebSic xdeboda gamudmebiT CrdiloeT kavkasiidan sxvadasxva tomTa Camosaxleba.

aseve moxda saqarTvelos istoriul-geografiul mxareSi TuSeTSi, inguSebis monaTesave tomis wovebis Camosaxlebac. TuSeTis istoriis Sesaxeb s. makalaTia werda: `TuSeTis istoria jer kidev gamourkvevelia da burusiT aris moculi~. (TuSeTi. 1933 w.). marTalia, dRevandeli dRisTvis bevri ram cnobili gaxda TuSeTis istoriidan, magram, kidev ara erTi sakiTxi darCa gamosakvlevi.

istorikosi v al er i a n el a n i Z e TuSeTisa da wovebis Sesaxeb wers, rom: `TuSeTis axlandeli teritoria uZvelesi xanidanve TuSeTad iwodeboda da iq

mcxovreb xalxs TuSebad (mosoqebad), TuS tomad icnobdnen. ase grZeldeboda TuSe-Tis istoria saukuneebis manZilze, radgan saqarTvelos baridan Semoxiznuli Tanamemamuleni Tu imierkavkasiidan TuSeTSi sacxovreblad gadmosuli ojaxebi TviTon TuSTebodnen da TuSze, rogorc erT-erT uZveles qarTul tomze, arsebiT zemoqmedebas ver axdendnen. magram TuSeTSi wovebis sakmaod masobrivma dasaxlebam TuSeTis eTnikur SemadgenlobaSi siaxle Seitana, radgan maT sruliad axali, damoukidebeli Temi _ wovaTa TuSi Seqmnes da am movlenam TandaTanobiT satomo saxel `TuSzec~ imoqmeda. wovebis xangrZlivad TuSeTSi cxovrebam gamoiwvia maTi satomo saxelis _ `wovis~ `wova-TuSad~, xolo satomo saxel `TuSis~ `CaRma-

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TuSad~ gardaqmna-gadakeTeba. termini _ `CaRma~ TuSeTis erTi Temis, erTi kuTxis saxelia da satomo saxelad

ver gamodgeba. is qarTveli tomi, romelsac axlandeli TuSeTis teritoria dausaxlebia,

TuSeTis geografiuli mdebareobis gamo Tavidanve danawevrebula da dasaxlebis sami ubani Seuqmnia: CaRma, gomewari da piriqiTi. droTa viTarebaSi dasaxlebis es geografiuli saxelebi Temis saxelebadac iqca da miviReT sami Temi, sami sazogadoeba: CaRma, gomewarisa da piriqiTisa....

qarTuli saarqivo masalebiTa da gamoqveynebuli literaturiTac wovebis TuSeTSi cxovreba mxolod XVII s-is meore naxevridan aRiniSneba. amasve adasturebs qarTuli zepirsityvierebac, kerZod, baxtrionis ajanyebis Taobaze Seqmnili leqsebi da gadmocemebi.

TuSeTSi wovebis dasaxlebidan dRemde mimdinareobs kvleva-Zieba TuSebisa da wova-TuSebis igiveoba-gansxvavebulobis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad imisa, rom am sakiTxma Tavidanve rogorc qarTvel, ise ucxoel mecnierTa gamokvlevebSi ZiriTadad swori asaxva pova da gairkva am ori tomis erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli warmomavloba....…

TuSeTSi wovebis dasaxleba gamowveuli unda iyos im mravalsaukunovani mWidro ekonomikur-kulturuli da samxedro-politikuri urTierTobiT, rac TuSebs da mis mezobel imierkavkasiel mTielebs hqondaT, radgan rogorc akad. iv. javaxiSvili SeniSnavda: àqamde gaweuli Sroma, dakvi-rveba da analizi uflebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom qarTvelTa, sind-RliRv-leg-albanelebis Sereuli winaprebi RviZli moZme tomebi yofilan, romelTac monaTesave da Tavdapirvelad erTi enac ki unda hqonodaT~. (27, gv.21-24). Semdeg, v. elaniZe ganagrZobs:

`kavkasiis uZvelesi mosaxleobis saerTo kulturisa da utyuari naTesaobis Tanamedrove kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi naTels hfens da TandaTan ufro damajerebels xdis XI saukunis meore naxevris didi saeklesio moRvawis leonti mrovelis Teorias, romliTac qarTvelebi da kavkasiis sxva xalxebi erTi mamidan, erTi fuZidan momdinareobdnen.

qarTveli xalxisa da imierkavkasieli xalxebis Tavdapirveli warmomavlobis mixedviT erT istoriul WrilSi ganxilvis Tanamedrove miRwevebi safuZvels gvaZlevs ganvacxadoT, rom TuSeTis mezoblad mcxovrebi RalRebi (wovebi) albaT danarCeni RliRvebisagan gansxvavebiT ufro metad avlendnen Tavdapirvel buneba-naTesaobas qarTul enasa da kulturasTan, qristianobasTan. rogorc mSobliur religiasTan, istoriul samSoblosTan, ramac TuS toms misca safuZveli, raTa saTuSo yrilobis gadawyvetilebiT (ase msjelobs TuSuri gadmocema) daekmayofilebina TanamoZmeTa Txovna da maTTvis TuSeTSi dasaxlebis ufleba miecaT. aseTia Cveni varaudi am urTules sakiTxze, rac, ra Tqma unda, momavalSi ufro gairkveva, daixveweba da naTeli gaxdeba misi namdvili istoria. (27, gv.25).

saerTod, unda aRiniSnos, rom mefis ruseTisa da sabWoTa kavSiris drosac

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xdeboda saqarTvelos mTiani mxaris dacarieleba, mTielebi iZulebulni iyvnen barSi dasaxlebuliyvnen. cnobilia, rom `1801 wels TuSeTSi aRiricxeboda 1019 komli, 1860 wels _ 786, 1931 wels _ 379, 1963 wels _ 110 da 1975 wels _ 70. statistikuri monacemebi TvalnaTliv asaxavs TuSeTidan barisaken dawyebuli migraciuli procesebis dinamikas. barisaken mosaxleobis ltolva sxvadasxva mizezebiT iyo ganpirovnebuli, rogoricaa gvarovnul-Temobrivi institutebis rRveva da saxelmwifoebrivi formebis damkvidreba, naturaluri meurneobis rRveva da sasa-qonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis ganviTareba, mkacri klimaturgeografiuli pirobebi da SezRuduli saarsebo sivrce. bolos, 1959 wels, sabWoTa xelisuflebam politikuri mosazrebiT gaauqma koleqtivebi TuSeTSi da mosaxleoba iZulebiT Camoasaxla barSi.

XX saukunis II naxevarSi, zemoxsenebuli procesebis Sedegad Zireulad Seicvala TuSebis cxovrebisa da gansaxlebis geosocialuri suraTi. TuSebis ZiriTadma sacxovrisma TuSeTidan gadainacvla baris soflebSi _ zemo alvanSi, qvemo alvansa da lalisyurSi, xolo TuSeTma da Siraqma sazafxulo da sazamTro saZovrebisa da sezonuri sacxovrisis funqcia SeiZina~. (85).

6. q i steb i . qistebi kavkasiis ZirZvel veinaxebs (CaCnebi, inguSebi) ekuTvnian, romlebic

rogorc CaCnebi da inguSebi, TavianT Tavs `vei nax~-s (`Cveni xalxi~) uwodeben, rom gamoyofiliyvnen sxva CrdiloeT kavksiaSi Casaxlebul mTielebisagan. qistebi, warmoadgenen CaCnebis erT-erT toms, romlebic Casaxldnen saqarTvelos TianeTSi. maT qarTvelebma uwodes qistebi.

saubroben CaCnur-inguSuri enebis qistur dialeqtze. `qistebi mSobliur enasTan erTad floben qarTul enas. pankisis xeobis qisturi mosaxleobis yofaSi Zlier igrZnoba qarTuli materialuri kulturis gavlena... ganaTlebas qarTul enaze iReben. zog ojaxSi laparakoben qisturi dialeqtisa da qarTulis SereviT miRebul Jargonze~. (8, t.10, gv.537).

cnobilia, rom `komunistebis dros iyo mcdeloba iq rusuli skolebis gaxsna-daarsebisa, magram qistebisagan sastik winaaRmdegobas waawydnen~. (59).

qistebi sarwmuneobis mxriv mahmadiani muslimebi arian. romelic, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gavrcelda XVIII saukunis II naxevridan. `manamde isini ZiriTadaT qristianebi iyvnen. maTi nawili, dResac qarTul eklesia-monaster-salocavebSi anTebs sanTels da klavs sak-lavs. qistebs sakuTari wminda giorgis saxelobis eklesia aqvT joyolos centrSi. duiselebis salocavia wu (we), rac qarTulad wmindans niSnavs. omaloelebs salocavad aqvT wminda giorgis, TuSolis (qarTulad RvTismSoblis) da kopalas niSebi. birkianelTa salocavia yuris wminda giorgis eklesia, romelic mdebareobs soflis ganapiras, iq, sadac tyis masivi yuresaviTaa SeWrili da amitom hqvia yuris eklesia.

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pankiseli qistebi tradiciulad salocavad daiarebian alaverdisa da TeTri giorgis (awyuris) monastrebSi religiur dResaswaulebze (alaverdoba, TeTri giorgoba).

qistebi gansakuTrebulad aRniSnaven da dResaswauloben aRdgomas..... qistebs qarTvelebTan naTel-mironobac akavSirebT. Tu Tavdapirvelad adaTi

krZalavda qarTvelebTan saqorwino kavSirs, amJamad Sereuli qorwineba Cveulebriv movlenad iqca.

qarTvelTa pativiscemasa da siyvarulze metyvelebs is faqtic, rom qistebma CamosaxlebisTanave TavianT gvarebs qarTuli daboloeba _ Svili da Ze misces. raRa Tqma unda, gvarebi mama-papaTa saxelebidan awarmoes. pankiseli qistebis ZiriTadi gvarebia: margoSvili, duiSvili, xangoSvili, baRakaSvili, borCaSvili, imedaSvili, maCalikaSvili, gaurqaSvili, gumaSvili, wuwaSvili, fareuliZe, cixesaSvili, gunaSaSvili.....

cxadia, pankisel qistebs aqvT TavianTi tradiciebi, religia, salocavebi _ meCeTebi, hyavT molebi da molebis Tamada _ yeedi. moqmedebs uxucesTa sabWo, romelic yvela sadavo sakiTxis gadasawyvetad ikribeba xolme~. (59).

zeviT aRvniSneT, rom istoriuli wyaroebidan Cans, rom qarTvelebsa da veinaxur (CaCnebi, inguSebi) tomebs, antikur drosac mWidro urTierToba hqoniaT. sxvadasxva dros qarTvelebTan erTad ibrZodnen.

pankisi _ warmoadgenda Zveli kaxeTis samTavros erT-erT saerisTavos, romelic pirvelad wyaroebSi moxsenebulia XI saukunis Sua wlebSi. moicavda pankisis xeobas, alvanis yelsa da TuSeTs. mecnierebi fiqroben, rom axmetis raionSi, pankisis xeobaSi, xalawnisa da maRranis xevebis wyalgamyof mTaze SemorCenili cixis nangrevebi adre iyo saerisTavos mTavari cixe-simagre. pankisi XII_XIII saukuneebSi kaxeTis saerisTavoSi Sedioda. XVI saukunidan, kaxeTis samefos erT-erT samouravos warmoadgenda. pankisis cixe Sua saukuneebis bolo xanebSi wyaroebSi moxsenebulia rogorc maRranis cixe.

`qarTvelebi da qist-CaCnebi, rom monaTesave xalxebi varT, sxva istoriuli wyaroebiTac dasturdeba. mari broses cnobiT, Teimuraz pirveli ruseTis mefisadmi gagzavnil werilSi xaz-gasmiT aRniSnavda, rom CeCneT-inguSeTis mosaxleobis nawili XVII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi qristi-anul sarwmuneobas aRiarebda. amasTan, rogorc niko mari amtkicebs, qarTuli ena CrdiloeT kavkasiis tomebisaTvis xSirad saxelmwifo ena iyo. ai, Teimuraz batoniSvili ki qist-ZurZuk-RliRvebs Tavidanve qarTulad molaparake tomebad acxadebs~. (59).

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, veinaxebis gadmosaxleba kaxeTis TianeTSi daiwyo XVII saukunidan. maTi gadmosaxleba saqarTveloSi drogamoSvebiT, nawil-nawil xdeboda. xolo maTi didi raodeno-biT Camosaxleba moxda XIX saukunis 20-ian da 60-ian wlebSi. roca ruseTis imperiis mier mimdi-nareobda CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi barbarosuli dapyrobiTi omebi. Crdilo kavkasiidan gamoqceuli qistebi, ZiriTadaT saxldebodnen, maT mezoblad mdebare TuSeTSi. amJamad qistebis eTnikur jgufs,

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ukaviaT axmetis raionSi, md. alaznis zemo welze mdebare pankisis xeobaSi, mdebare `sami didi sofeli: duisi, joyolo da omalo, 60-dan 120 komlamde TiToeulSi da sami axalSeni: xoroja, Cxatiani da qarTabude, 6-idan 12 komlamde TiToeulSi. am erovnebis danarCeni nawili cxovrobs yofili TianeTis mazris ukidures CrdiloeT nawilSi mTielTa respublikis sazRvarTan. 2002 wlis mosaxleobis aRweriT saqarTveloSi cxovrobda 7 110 qisti~. (86).

wyaroebidan irkveva, rom qistebis Camosaxlebas TuSeTSi, uwyobdnen xels TviT TuSebi, radgan amiT TianeTis qarTveloba Tavs icavda, im dros gaxSirebul moTareSe lekTa Tavdasxmisaxagan, rogorc erT-erT damcav saSualebaT. xolo rodesac ekonomiuri mdgomareobisa da gaxSirebuli avadmyofobis gamo qistebma daapires ukan dabroneba, TuSebi yovelmxriv cdilobdnen maTTvis xeli SeeSalaT.

wyaroebidan cnobilia, `rom mTiani CeCneTis erT-erTi Teifi (gvari), romelic maistis Tems ganekuTvneba, erTi mxriv, Samilis represiebiTa da, meore mxriv, umZimesi ekonomiuri pirobebiT Seviwroebuli, tovebs mSobliur adgilebs da gadadis TianeTis teritoriaze, xolo aqedan _ pankisis xeobaSi.... gadasaxlebas xelmZRvanelobs maistis Temis erT-erTi winamZRoli, vinme joyola..... maleve TavianTi gadmosaxlebis Semdeg mousvenari qistebi Segrovdnen da gadawyvites ukan, CeCneTSi, dabruneba. TuSebi gamoudgnen maT da wiflovanis xeobaSi daewivnen. TuSebma veraferi ver iRones da qistebi wavidnen. joyola Seipyres CeCneTSi da rogorc moRalate mihgvares Samilis vaJs yazi-maxamas, romelic im dros CeCneTs marTavda.

yazi-maxamas brZanebiT joyolas Tavi mohkveTes. magram TuSebi mainc ar isvenebdnen. isini kvlav gadavidnen qisteTSi da kidev gadmoiyvanes qistebi pankisSi, sofels beladis saxeli _ joyola, daarqves~. (29, gv.97_99).

cnobilia, rom ruseTis mTavrobac xels uwyobda kavkasiel mTielTa Camosa- xlebas pankisis xeobaSi, xolo qarTvelebs, ar aZlevda uflebas, rom iq dasaxlebuliyvnen.

qistebsa da TuSebs Soris urTierToba yovelTvis mezobluri ar yofila. gansakuTrebiT gamwvavebula mdgomareoba ruseT-CaCneTis omis dros. wyaroebSi moxsenebulia, rom `XIX s. 20-ian wlebSi TuSeTs Tavs daesxa mekobre qistebis jari~. wyaroebSi ̀ aRniSnulia, rom qistebi TuSebis dauZinebeli mtrebi gaxdnen, isini lekebTan erTad Tavs esxmian TuSeTs~. 1850-ian wlebSi gaxSirebula TuSeTSi CeCnebisa da daRestneli xanebis TareSi.

TuSeTSi, CeCen-inguSebisa da qistebis mekobreebis Semosevebis Sesaxeb asaxulia ara erT folklorul masalebSic. (29, gv.102).

qistebsa da qarTvelebs Soris urTierToba politikuri da ekonomikuri viTarebis gamo, cvalebadi iyo. ìyo mtrobac, urTierTTavdasxmebi. magram es xdeboda, umTav-resad saarsebo saSualebaTa mopovebisaTvis (cxvar-Zroxisa da cxen-jogis datacebebi). Tumca mtrobiT daqceuls maleve siyvaruli aSenebda. pankiseli qistebi (da aramarto pankiseli) imTaviTve qarTvelTa Wirisa da lxinis erTguli gamziareblebi gaxdnen~. (59).

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am bolo wlebSi, ruseTis imperiis mier CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ganviTarebuli omis Sedegad, gansakuTrebiT ruseT-CaCneTis meore omis dros, saqarTvelos isev Tavi Seafares daaxloebiT 7 000-ze metma ltolvilma CeCen-qist-inguSebma da pankisis xeobaSi Casaxldnen. ruseTis xelisufleba, rogorc adre, exlac cdilobs erTmaneTs daupirispiros qarTvelebi da CrdiloeT kavkasielebi da pankisis xeoba teroristTa sadgomad gamoacxada.

dRevandel dRes qistebi Casaxlebulni arian pankisis xeobis 6 sofelSi: duisSi, joyolaSi, ZiZaxevSi, omaloSi, birkianiSi da SuaxalawaniSi. (70).

`sxvaTaSoris, qist-CeCneTSi aris eTnikuri tomi malxebi. isini dRemde Tavis Tavs Tvlian Zveli kolxebis Camomavlebad. gadmocemiT mefeTmefe vaxtang gorgasals kolxeTis Waobiani adgilebidan mosaxleobis nawili, ZiriTadad axalgazrdoba, auyria da jansaR adgilas, mTebSi, ausaxlebia. amiT Wkvianma da SorsmWretelma mefem ori didi saqme gaakeTa _ axalgazrdoba malariis kertas ganarida da CrdiloeTis sazRvrebi gaamagra~. (59).

7. d aR est nele b i . … dRevandel dRes daRestanis respublika eqvemdebareba rfr-s da Sedis CrdiloeT

kavkasiis federaluri olqis SemadgenlobaSi. dedaqalaqia mahaCyala. mahaCyala daarsda 1844 wels anji-arkis borcvze, `rogorc rusuli samxedro

simagre poe-trovskoe. romelic mTielTa Soris cnobili iyo saxelwodebiT anJi-kala (wamebuli cixe-simagre). 1857 wels dasaxlebam miiRo qalaqis statusi da dasaxeleba _ saporto qalaqi potrovski. aRni-Snuli dakavSirebulia legendasTan, romlis Tanaxmadac, 1722 wlis sparseTis laSqrobis dros am adgilas petre pirvelis jari iyo dabanakebuli~. (87). 1922 wels uwodes ̀ mahaCyala~ _ daRe-stnis revolucioneris m u h a m e d - ali (mahaCi) d a x a d a e v i s (1882_1918) pativsacemad.

daRestnis respublika Seiqmna 1921 wlis 20 ianvars. daRestans esazRvreba samxreTiT _ azerbaijani, samxreT-dasavleTiT _

saqarTvelo, dasavleTiT _ CaCneTi, CrdiloeT-dasavleTiT _ stavropolis mxare, xolo CrdiloeTiT _ yalmuxeTi.

daRestani (`mTebis qveyana~), sparsulad da arabulad warmoiTqmis rogorc `daRsTan~. Turquli sityvisagan `daR~ (mTa) da sparsuli sufiqsis mniSvnelobidan _ `qveyana~.

`1989 wlis aRweris Tanaxmad respublikis teritoriaze 102 erovnebis warmomadgeneli cxo-vrobda~ (12, gv.149) da amitomac mas ènebis mTasac~ uwodeben. daRestanSi aris enebi romlebic mxolod calkeul aulSia gavrcelebuli.

TviT daRestnelebi enis mxriv `sam enobriv jgufs miekuTvnebian: iberiul-kavkasiuri ojaxis naxur-daRestnuri ganStoebas, alTauri ojaxis ierarqiul jgufs da indoevropul enobriv jgufs~. (12, gv.149).

daRestnis xalxTa umravlesoba enis mxriv ganekuTvneba iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxs

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da Sedis naxur-daRestnur jgufSi, romelic Sedgeba 3 qvejgufisagan: xunZur (avarul)-andiur-dido-uri; lakur-darguli da lezgiuri.

I. xunZur qvejgufs ekuTvnian: xunZebi (avarielebi, RunZebi); II. andiur-didour (cezuri) qvejgufs ekuTvnian: 1. andiurSi _ andielebi, axvaxelebi, bagvalelebi, boTlixelebi, karataelebi,

tindelebi, RoRoberielebi, Wamalalebi da Hhinuxebi (xunZur-andiuri); 2. didourSi _ beJitelebi (kapuWelebi), didoelebi, xvarSilebi da henzilebi. xunZur-andiur-didour qvejgufs ekuTvnian _ godoberilebi. III. lakur-dargul qvejgufs ekuTvnian: 1. lakurSi _ lakebi; 2. dargulSi _ darguelebi, xaidayelebi da kubaCelebi (kubaCur-darguli). IV. lezgiurSi (kiriuli) _ arCiblebi, aRulebi, buduxebi, Tabasaranelebi,

kriwebi (jeekuri), lezgebi, ruTulerelebi (muxadebi), udiebi, waxebi da hinaluRebi. lezgur enebs Soris TaviseburebiT gamoiyofebian arCibuli da hinaluRuri enebi. amaT garda, daRestanSi cxovroben sxvadasxva enis warmomadgenlebi: 1. naxuri jgufis: CaCnebi; 2. Turqul enaTa oRuzuri jgufis: azerbaijanelebi; 3. Turqul enaTa Crdilo-dasavlur (yivCayuri) jgufis: yumuxebi da noRaelebi; 4. iranuli jgufis: TaTebi, `mTis ebraelebi~. 5. semituri jgufi: ebraelebi; 6. slavuri jgufi: ukrainelebi da rusebi; 7. indoevropuli ojaxis somxuri jgufi: somxebi. daRestani yvelaze ufro didi respublikaa CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mosaxleobiTac

da miwa-wyliTac. 1929 wlis monacemebiT daRestnis mosaxleobis raodenoba Seadgenda 845 500 kacs, xolo 2008 wlis monacemebiT _ 2 687 800 kacs.

qveynis gareT cxovrobs _ 700 000-ze meti daRestneli. daRestanSi mcxovrebTa 2002 wlis monacemebiT eTnikuri jgufebi iyo: avarielebi (xunZebi) _ 29,4%; agulebi _ 0,9%; azerbaijanelebi _ 4,3%;

darginebi _ 16,5%; ebraelebi _ 1,5%; Tabasaranelebi _ 4,3%; TaTrebi _ 4,7%; lezginebi _ 13%; lekebi _ 5,4%; `mTis ebraelebi~ _ 1,17%; noRaelebi _ 1,5%; ruTulebi _ 1,6%; rusebi – 4,7%; somxebi _ 5,7%; ukrainelebi _ 2,9%; yalmuxebi _ 14,2%; waxebi _ 8,2%; CaCnebi _ 3,4% (76).

`mosaxleobis raodenoba 2,7 mln. (2009 wlis pirveli ianvris monacemebiT)~. (12, gv.149).

VIII saukuneSi arabTa daRestnis dapyrobis Sedegad gavrcelda islami da Sevida arabuli grafika. XII saukuneSi warmoiqmna e. w. àjamuri~ damwerloba. 1920 wlidan Seicvala Zveli anbani da ewoda àxali ajami~. 1928 wels daRestanSi SemoiRes laTinuri anbani Turquli anbanis gamoyenebiT. daRestnis ènaTa anbanebs 1928_1938 wlebSi laTinuri grafika edo safuZvlad, xolo 1938 wlidan laTinuri rusuli

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grafikiT Seicvala. ufro adre ki, XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi, rusuli grafikis safuZvelze da calkeuli qarTuli asoebisa da diakritikuli niSnebis damatebiT rusma enaTmecnierma p e tr e u sl ar m a (1816_1875) afxazur da CeCnur anbanebTan erTad daamuSava xunZuri, lakuri, darguli, lezgiuri da Tabasaranuli enebis anbanebi. iyo calkeuli cdebi mTis kavkasiuri enebisaTvis gamoeyenebinaT arabuli damwerloba. magram am cdam ganviTareba ver pova. daRestnur enaTaTvis axali anbanebis Seqmnis procesebi dResac grZeldeba. sul ramdenime welia, rac imave rusuli grafikis safuZvelze damuSavda anbanebi aRuluri, ruTuluri da waxuri enebisaTvis~. (88).

`dRes daRestanSi, konstituciis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo enebad iTvlebian rusuli da daRestnis xalxTa yvela ena, magram maTgan Tavisi damwerloba mxolod 14 enas gaaCnia~. (12, gv.150). daRestanSi enebidan yvelaze ufro metad gavrcelebulia damwerlobis xuTi ena: xunZuri, darguli, Tabasaranuli, lakuri da lezgiuri. danarCenebs saerTod ar gaaCniaT damwerloba, an mcire damwerloba aqvT. (76).

qarTul wyaroebSi, XIX saukunemde daRestnelebs moixsenebdnen mxolod erTi saerTo saxeliT _ lekebiT. sxvadasxva daRestnis tomebidan moxsenebulni arian durZukni, didoelebi da xunZebi. ùnda aRiniSnos, rom Sua saukuneebSi qarTvelebs daRestnis xalxebis aRmniSvnelad TiT-qos kidev erTi krebiTi saxeli unda hqonodaT, kerZod, gulxadar, gulvxadari Tu gluxodari, ̀ Raris omebis qronikaSi~ igi cnobili iyo `bulkadarebis~ saxeliT.

istorikosis, eTnografisa da arqeologis d i m i tr i b a q r a Z i s (1826_1890) sityviT, bul-xadarebs saerTod mTaSi mcxovreb lekebs uwodebdnen. `Waris omebis qronikis~ SeniSvnebSi gul-xadarebi miCneulni arian mTiel andielebad....

SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom daRestnis xalxebis ZiriTadad aRmniSvnel krebiT saxels _ qarTul _ lekebs, somxur _ lekebs, berZnul _ legebs, arabul _ lakzebs Tu laqzebs pirvelsawyis safuZvlad adreul saukuneebSi daRestnis sxvebze metad gaZlierebuli da gavlenamopovebuli erT-erTi tomisa Tu xalxis saxeli unda dadeboda.

im istoriuli masalebis mixedviT, romlebic xelT mogvepoveba, SeiZleba vivara-udoT, rom aseTi tomi Tu xalxi, romelTac adreul Sua saukuneebSi, gansxvavebiT daRestnis sxva moZme tomebisa Tu xalxebisagan, daaxloebiT V saukunisaTvis TavianTi Zlieri gaerTianeba Seqmnes, lakebi unda yofiliyvnen~. (32, gv.7_8).

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ax. w. IV saukunidan CrdiloeT kavaksiaSi da kerZod daRestnis samxreTSi iwyeba qristianuli sarwmuneobis gavrceleba, romlis sae-klesio mTavari adgili gaxda darubandis maxloblad mdebare Cogi. mecnierebi fiqroben, rom amave xanebSi daRestanSi gavrcelda alvanuri damwerlobac. qristianobis gavrcelebas daRestanSi mohyva qarTveli misionerebis gamoCenac. qarTul da somxur wyaroebSi moTxrobilia, rom `qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebel wm. ninos qristianuli sarwmuneoba ̀ kaspiis karebamde~ e. i. darubandamde uqadagia~. (30, gv.162). XIII saukuneSi cnobilma mqadagebelma p i m e n g a r e sj elm a `daRestanSi qristi-

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anoba... iqadaga da lekebi gaaqristiana~. (1, t.III, gv.313). xolo 1724 wels, wminda i o a n e m a n gl eli (saakaZe) (1668_1751) da 11 sasuliero piri, darubandSi wavidnen da iq qadageba daiwyo, qristianobas avrcelebda, eklesiebs da taZrebs aSenebda. SemdegSi, vinaidan òseTSi qristianobas uWirda~, yizlarSi gadavida, taZari aago da mqadagebelTa mosamzadeblad skolac gaxsna. (89). da sxv.

IX_XI saukuneebSi samxreT kavkasias CrdiloeTidan safrTxe aRar emuqreboda. xazarebis saxano (ix. zeviT), romelic adre mrisxane Zalas warmoadgena da gamud-mebiT Tavs esxmoda samxreT kavkasias, am dros, TurqTa saxakanos Semosevebis gamo Tavs icavda da TiTqmis ganadguramde iyo misuli. xolo, samxreT kavkasiaSi saqar-Tvelom SeZlo Zalebis mokrefa, gauZlo arabebisa da bizantiis Semosevebs da qarTveli mesveurebi imier kavkasiaSi myof tomebTan, daRestnelebTan, alanebTan da Semdeg osebTan, axerxebdnen urTierT kavSiris damyarebas, xSirad TavianT gavlenis qveS daqvemdebarebasac. XI saukunis Sua xanebSi, rodesac samxreT kavkasiaSi gamoC-ndnen axali dampyroblebi Turq-selCukebi, ganadgurdnen qarTvelTa monaTesave alvanuri tomebi da somxuri samefo-samTavroebi (somxeTis samefom daiwyo dacema 908 wlidan). xolo, saqarTvelom SeZlo araTu Tavis gadarCena, aramed Seecada politikurad gaerTianebina mTeli kavkasia. qarTveli mefe-mTavrebisaTvis, imier kavkasiaSi, Zalauflebis ganmtkicebisaTvis, erT-erT mZlavr iaraRs warmoadgenda qristianuli sarwmuneobis gavrceleba. XI_XII saukuneebSi, vinaidan, daRestani (gansakuTrebiT misi mTiani nawili), saqarTvelos gamgeblobis qveS moeqca da rogorc politikurad, aseve kulturulad daukavSirda saqarTvelos, daRestanSi gavrcelda marTlmadidebluri sarwmuneoba da qarTuli (xunZuri) anbani. iq, dRemdea SemorCenili qarTuli Zeglebi (yoisus xeobaSi sofel daTunas eklesia, waxuris eklesia da sxv.).

miuxedavad imisa, rom IX_XI saukuneebSi, sxvadasva politikuri viTarebis gamo qarTvel mefe-mTavrebs, ùrTierToba Crdilo kavkasiis xelisuflebTan zogjer mwvave xasiaTsac iRebda..... qarTveli xelisufalni mainc axerxebdnen TavianTi gavlenis gavrcelebas Crdilo kavkasiaSi, romelic mravalmxriv, kerZod, ekonomi-kuri TvalsazrisiTac damokidebuli iyo saqarTveloze. qristianobac iq TandaTan mtkiced ikidebda fexs, ris Sedegadac saqarTvelos gavlena Crdilo kavkasiaSi kidev ufro aSkara xdeboda. am mxriv didi mniSvneloba hqonda agreTve xSir dinastiur qorwinebas saqarTvelosa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis samefo-samTavro saxlebs Soris. bolos da bolos saqarTvelos mefeebma SeZles Crdilo kavkasiis xeli-sufalTa TavianTi interesebis Sesabamisad gamoyeneba, Crdilo kavkasieli meomari tomebisagan warmomdgari samxedro Zalis saqarTvelos saWiroebisamebr warmarTva~. (30, gv.230).

istorikosis f at i m at t a x n a e v a s TqmiT: `XIII saukunisTvis qristianobas mkvidrad hqonda fexi mokidebuli daRestanSi. Sendeboda saydrebi, monastrebi, kulturis centrebi da yovelive es ara mxolod kulturologiuri, aramed udidesi mniSvnelobis mqone politikuri movlena iyo. aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia vilapa-

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rakoT imis Taobaze, rom im dros daRestani kavkasiis xalxTa erTgvar konfederaciaSi Sedioda, romelsac saqarTvelo aerTianebda.....

im dros daRestanSi ocamde qarTuli eklesia da sami eparqia iyo. rogor ggoniaT, es faqti rames metyvelebs Tu ara~. (60).

daRestnis miwa-wyalze, aRmoCenili arqeologiuri Zeglebi adastureben, rom aq, barsa da mTaSi saxlobdnen adamianebi uZvelesi droidan da maT gauvliaT pale-oliTisa da neoliTis xanebi. Zv. w. III aTaswleulSi daRestanSi gavrcelebula mtkvar-araqsis kultura. xolo Zv. w. II aTaswleulis dasasrulsa da I aTaswle-ulis dasawyisSi, aqaur mcxovreblebs gauvliaT gviandeli e. w. brinjaos xanis yaiaqenT-xoroCois kultura. (daRestnelebisa da CaCan tomTa arqeologiuri kultura).

antikuri wyaroebis cnobiT Zv. w. I aTaswleulSi daRestnis miwa-wyalze sax-lobdnen andakebi, gelebi, didurebi, kaspiebi, legebi, utiebi da sxva tomebi.

wyaroebidan cxadi xdeba, rom Zv. w. I aTaswleulis sxvadasxva dros, daRes- tanSi, CrdiloeTidan, SeWrilan msxemi tomebi: skviTebi, sarmatebi da sxv. xolo samxreTidan _ aqemenidebi (Zv. sparsuli saxelmwifo).

Zv. w. I aTaswleulis dasasruls daRestnis samxreTi nawili alvaneTis (àlba-neTis~, `kavka-siis alabaneTis~) gavlenis qveS moeqca. ax. w. II saukuneSi daRestnis zRvispireTi savirebma (xazarTa monaTesave tomi, zogierTi fiqrobs, rom savirebi hunTa erT-erTi tomi iyo) daipyres, SemdegSi, VII_VIII saukuneebSi isini Seerivnen adgilobriv tomebs.

IV saukuneSi daRestans Tavs esxmodnen TaTarTa modgmis tomebi hunebi. amave dros daRestnis samxreTi mxare daipyro sasanianTa iranma. Semdgom saukuneebSic daRestans gamudmebiT Tavs esxmo-dnen sxvadasxva momTabare da msxemi tomebi. VII saukunis Sua wlebSi CrdiloeT kavkasiis aRmo-savleTidan qvemo volgispireTamde Camoyalibda xazarTa saxakano (xazarTa kaRanati). (ix. zemoT).

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, VII saukuneSi amierkavkasiaSi arabebis gamoCenis Semdeg, daiwyo xazarebsa da arabebs Soris sastiki brZolebi. VIII saukunis Sua xanebSi, arabebis mier daRestnis mTlianad dapyrobis Semdeg, iwyeba q. darubandidan islamis gavrceleba, romelic, XV saukuneSi daRestnis dasavleTis mTiani da maRalmTianeTis mxareebi moicva da SemdegSi TandaTan mTels daRestanSi damkvidrda. XVIII sukunis miwurulsa da XIX saukunis dasawyisSi daRestnis mosaxleoba jer kidev inarCunebda Zvel adaT-wesebs, magram, ruseT-kavkasiis omis dros, imamebma SeZles gaerTianebinad daRestnis sxvadasxva tomebi da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ruseTis winaaRmdeg saRvTo omi wamoiwyes (ix. zemoT). romelic marcxiT damTavrda. magram islamma SeZlo daRestanSi mkvidrad fexis mokideba da dRevandel dRes, daRestanSi ìslami ori saxiT aris warmodgenili: sunizmis mimdevrebad (mosax-leobis 97%-mde) da Siizmad (daaxloebiT 3%). sunitebi, Tavis mxriv, iyofian Tarikatis da vahabizmis mimdevrebad, romelTa roli bolo dros mkveTrad Zlierdeba.

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amJamad rsepublikaSi daaxloebiT 2 aTasi meCeTi Ffunqcionirebs. religiuri cxovrebis xelmZRvaneleoba ZiriTadad xorcieldeba daRestnis musulmanTa sasu-liero sammarTvelos meSveobiT, romelic respublikis musulmanTa sasuliero cxovrebis marTvis oficialur organos warmoadgens.....…

daRestnis mosaxleobis didi umravlesoba (90,7%-ze meti islamis mimdevaria, danarCeni nawili qristianobas da iudaizmis aRiarebs. qristianebi iyofian marTl-madideblad da grigorianelebad. iudaizms aRiareben mTieli ebraelebi. maTi nakadi wamosulia babilonidan da sparseTidan, me-7 saukuneSi Cvens welTaRricxvamde (dRes maTi umravlesoba tatamebad iwodeba)~. (78).

`1996 wlis 1 ianvris monacemebiT, daRestanSi funqcionirebda 1670 meCeTi, 7 eklesia, 4 sinagoga, 3 adventistTa `meSvide dRis~ Temi, 4 evangelist qristian-baptistTa Temi~. (12, gv.150).

X saukunis bolos, xazarTa saxakanos daSlis Semdeg, daRestanSi warmoiqmna ramdenime damoukidebeli politikuri erTeuli (samTavroebi): darubandi, Tabasarani, lakzi, seriri, xaidayi, Rumiki, jidani da sxv.

qarTul da ucxour istoriul wyaroebSi moxsenebulia derbendi da darubandi. derbendi (darubandi, Cori), sparsulad niSnavs: dar _ kars, xolo band _ zRudes. mas uwodebdnen derbendis kars, derbendis gadasasvlels, vinaidan mdebareobs viwro xevSi kaspiis zRvasa da mTebs Soris.

darubandi daarsda VI saukuneSi. VII_IX saukuneebSi Sedioda arabTa saxalifoSi. X saukuneSi Camoyalibda darubandis samTavro. mis dasamorCileblad mimdinareobda brZolebi. am brZolebSi saqarTveloc Rebulobda monawileobas da XII saukuneSi saqarTvelom SeZlo misi damorCileba.

XIII saukunis II naxevridan darubandi daipyres monRolebma. xolo, XVI iranis mflobelobaSi gadavida. kavkasiaSi ruseTis gamoCenis Semdeg, vinaidan ruseTi cdilobda, rom xelSi Caegdo indoeTSi gasasvleli gzebi, petre I-ma 1722 wels darubandi daipyro, magram, 1735 wlis ganjis xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, isev irans daubrunda. 1747 wels, iranis Sahis nadir-Sah avSaris sikvdilis Semdeg, daRestanSi mdebare Tabasaranis, yaraxaidayisa da yubis saxanos Soris, Camoyalibda damoukidebeli darubandis (derbendis) saxano, romlis dedaqalaqi gaxda darubandi. Tumca, iranis erT-erT olqs warmoadgenda. azerbaijanis Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi mdebare yubis saxanos mmarTvelma f aT al i - x a n m a (1736_1789), 1759 wels darubandis saxano daipyro. misi Ze 1793 wels ruseTis qveSevrdomi gaxda. miuxedavad amisa, man ruseTis winaaRmdeg daiwyo brZola. 1796 wels darubandi ruseTma daikava, male ruseTi iZulebuli gaxda ukan daexia. 1806 wels adgilobrivi mosaxleobis daxmarebiT ruseTma xelaxla daikava q. darubandi. 1813 wels gulistanis zavis Tanaxmad sabolood q. darubandi SeuerTda ruseTs, xolo, danarCeni darubandis saxanos miwa-wyali gadaeca tarkis saSamxlos.

XI saukunis Sua wlebSi azerbaijani da daRestnis didi nawili daipyro selCukTa saxelmwifom. amave saukunidan TandaTan daRestansa (gansakuTrebiT mis

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mTian mxaresa) da saqarTvelos Soris myardeba politikur-kulturuli urTierToba. wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos mefem daviT IV aRmaSenebelma 1120 wels daimorCila Sirvani. xolo, `1121 saqarTvelos laSqarma aiRo darubandi~. (8, t.3, gv.403). ase, rom dRevandeli daRestanis miwa-wyalze mdebare samTavroebi, daviT IV aRmaSenebelis dros, saqarTvelos gavlenis qveS imyofeboda da rogorc wyaroebidan irkveva, daRestnis samxreTSi mdebare darubandis samTavroc saqarTvelos vasali yofila. (6, t.III, gv.275).

daviT IV-is Semdeg, d e m et r e I-is (1125_1156) drosac, darubandi isev saqarTvelos gavlenis qveS darCenila. `qveSevrdomebTan urTierTobis ganmtkicebis mizniT demetre mefe, mefe daviT aRmaSeneblis msgavsad, damoyvrebasac iyenebs (darubandis maliqs colad demetres asuli hyavda).

darubandi icavda amierkavkasias Crdilo kavkasiidan da amdenad keTilmezobluri urTierToba am politikur erTeulTan sasurveli iyo. magram rodesac darubandis amirebi Crdilo kavkasiel mflobelebTan erTad utevdnen Sarvans, maSin saqarTvelo Sarvan Sahis dasaxmareblad gamodioda. CrdiloeTidan Semotevebisagan icavdnen Sarvans daviT aRmaSenebeli, demetre da giorgi III-ec. saqarTvelos mefis giorgi III-is drosac daRestani saqarTvelos gavlenis qveS imyofeboda da aseve darCa Tamar mefis drosac.

rogorc cnobilia, XIII saukunis I naxevarSi, daRestani monRolebma daipyres. monRolebi pirvelad amierkavkasiaSi gamoCdnen 1220 wels, Cingis yaenis sardlebis j e b e da s u bu d a i s meTaurobiT. iranisa da azerbaijanis aoxrebisa da qarTvelebis damarcxebis Semdeg, 1222 wels darubandis gadasasvleliT CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gadavidnen. 1223 wels daamarcxes yivCayebisa da rusebis gaerTianebuli laSqari da Semdeg dabrundnen Cingis-yaenTan.

1239_40 wlebSi TaTar-monRolebi, isev darubandis gadasasvleliT SeiWrnen Sida daRestanSi da gaanadgures yazi-yumuxis saSamxlo.

XII saukunis Sua droidan XIII saukunis dasawyisamde, derbendis saamirosa da sxva samTa-vroebis garda, daRestanSi warmoiqmna mcire politikuri erTeulebi: avariis saxano, xaidayis sauwmio da yaziyumuxis saSamxlo.

male, daRestani moeqca, XIII saukunis 40-ian wlebSi, qvemo volgaze, monRolebis mier, axlad daarsebul oqros urdos (juCis ulusi) SemadgenlobaSi. XIV saukunis I naxevarSi, g i o r g i V b r w y i n v al i s (1314_1346) dros, saqrTvelo kvlav gaZlierda da aRidgina Zveli sazRvrebi: `nikofsiidan darubandamde~.

XIVBsaukunis bolos, Suaaziel mxedarTmTavar Temurlengsa da oqros urdos gamaerTianebel ToxTamiS-xanis dapirispirebis dros, Temur-lengi 1395 wels der-bendis gasasvleliT Seesia daRestans. md. TergTan moxda gadamwyveti didi brZola ToxTamiSsa da Temurlengs Soris. ToxTamiSi damarcxda da ukan daixia. `Temurlengma gaZarcva da daangria oqros urdos dedaqalaqi sarai berqe, dawva da gaanadgura samxreT ruseTis satranzito vaWrobis mTavari qalaqebi azovi da astraxani, gaZarcva mosaxleoba da wamoiyvana mravali tyve.

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ukan dabrunebis dros Temurlengma sagangebod dalaSqra CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTianeTi, gansakuTrebiT is qveynebi da xalxebi, romlebic kavkasionis mTis CrdiloeTis kalTebze cxovrobdnen, romlebsac kavSiri hqondaT saqarTvelosTan. Temurlengma maT qristianuli religiis sakulto Zeglebi daungria da ZaliT miaRebina islamis sarwmuneoba.

yovelive amis Semdeg Temurlengi ukan gamobrunda derbendisaken. es qalaqi man xelaxla gaamagra da mcvelebi miuCina. amis Semdeg jer SarvanSi dabanakda~, xolo `Semdeg Temurlengi Sua aziisken gaemarTa mTeli Tavisi banakiT da natyvev-naZarcviT da 1397 wlis ivlisis damdegs samaryandSi Cavida~. (6, t.III, gv.687_688).

Temurlengma sadac-ki miswvda yvelgan musri gaavlo da amoxoca daRestnis mosaxleoba. mTisZirisa da samxreT daRestnis mxare mosaxleobisagan dacarielda. rogorc mecnierebi vara-udoben, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, swored TaTar-monRolebis Semosevebis dros daiwyes daRestnelTa da sxvadasxva tomebma amierkavkasiaSi Camosaxleba, romelic zogjer mSvidad mimdinareobda, zogjer ki _ mwvaved.

Temurlengis Semdeg daRestani politikurad ufro metad daqucmacda da warmoiqmna wvrili adgilobrivi feodaluri erTeulebi. xolo, XV_XVI saukuneebSi daRestanSi aRorZinebisa da ganviTarebis xana daiwyo. warmoiqmna savaWro da samrewvelo qalaqebi. Camoyalibda msxvili feo-daluri gaerTianebebi: ̀ avariis saxano, yaziyumuxis saSamxlo (Samxali feodaluri mmarTvelis tituli iyo)~. da `XVI saukuneSi zRvispira daRestanSi dawinaurda marjve savaWro gzaze mdebare tarki (TarRu), romelic saSamxlos centrad iqca~. (6, t. IV, gv.88). magram, mis ganviTarebas xels uSlida sagareo da saSinao feodaluri omebi. TaTar-monRolebis Semdeg, daRestani gadaiqca saTareSo moednad osmaleTis, yirimis saxanosa da iranis dapirispirebis dros, xolo Semdeg, rodesac XVI saukuneSi, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ruseTi gamoCnda, daRestani aRmoCnda TurqeTis, iranisa da ruseTis saxelmwifoebs Soris davis sagani, romlebic, TviToeuli cal-calke cdilobda mTlianad kavkasiis xelSi Cagdebas.

zeviT aRvniSneT, rom 1475 wels TurqeTma yirimis saxano daipyro da is masze damokidebuli gaxda. amieridan yirimis saxano TurqeTisaTvis warmoadgenda Sav zRvaze ZiriTad dasayrdens. TerqeTma Seutia CrdiloeT kavkasias. TurqeTma da yirimis saxanom daiwyes brZola daRestanis dasamorCileblad. daRestnelebi medgrad icavdnen Tavs.

rogorc cnobilia, TurqeTma Zlierebas miaRwia XVI saukunis I naxevarSi osmaleTis sulTnis (1520_1566) s ul e i m a n I-is (1490_1566) dros. TurqeTi uzarmazari imperia gaxda, romlis saz-RvrebSi moeqca mcire azia, arabuli qveynebi, afrikisa da aRmosavleT evropis zogierTi saxel-mwifoebic. daRestanic TurqeTis qveSevrdomi gaxda. Turqebisagan Seviwroebulma daRestnelma tomebma daiwyes mezobel mxareSi, mTa-TuSeTSi da kaxeTSi Camosaxleba.

XVI saukunis II naxevarSi TandaTan iwyeba TurqeTis samxedro Zlierebis dacema. cnobilia, rom daRestnis feodalebi, osmaleTis winaaRmdeg, SeuTanxmdnen qarTve-

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lebs da 1582 wlis agvistoSi, qarTlis mefem simon I-ma, daRestanisa da iranis gaerTianebuli laSqriT daamarcxa osmalebi. Tumca, osmalebma 80-iani wlebis II-e naxevarSi SeZles amierkavkasiis dapyroba, Sirvanic maT xelSi aRmoCnda, daRestnis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi mdebare tarkis saSamxloc mis gamge-blobaSi moeqca. saqarTvelo garemoculi aRmoCnda osmaleTis mier da gansakuTrebiT qarTl-kaxeTs mZime dReebi daudga.

daRestanSi TurqeTis `gabatonebam metismetad gaamwvava urTierToba kaxeTis samefosa da daRestnis feodalebs Soris, kaxeTi mTiel feodalTa sistematuri rbevisa da aoxrebis obieqti Seiqmna. kaxeTis samefosaTvis SeuZlebeli gaxda daRestnel feodalTa TareSis alagmva, radgan isini aSkara da pirdapir oms gaurbodnen, moxerxebul dros irCevdnen, roca samefo laSqari dakavebuli iyo da yaCaRurad, patar-patara jgufebad gaerTianebulni moqmedebdnen. es iyo imis mizezi, rom saSamxlosTan urTierToba kaxeTs sagareo politikis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro mtkivneuli da saWirboroto sakiTxi gaxda~. (6, t.IV, gv.144).

zeviT aRvniSneT, rom XVI saukunis Sua wlebSi, rodesac kavkasiaSi ruseTi gamoCnda, TurqeTisagan Seviwroebulni CrdiloeT kavkasiis mebrZoli xalxebi, Tavisi Tavi, rom gadaerCinaT, imedis TvaliT Sehyurebdnen ruseTs da musulmanuri samyaros mier garSemortymuli kaxeTis samefomac, Tavis gadarCenis mizniT, daukavSirda erTmorwmune ruseTs. 1587 wlis 28 seqtembers kaxeTsa da ruseTs Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis (`ficis wigni~) Tanaxmad ruseTis qveSevrdomi gaxda. `ficis wignis~ Tanaxmad, ruseTs unda daecva kaxeTi gareSe mtrebisagan. es da SemdegSi momdevno SeTanxmebebi, (yovelTvis) faratina qaRaldi aRmoCnda, ruseTs arasodes ar Seusrulebia SeTanxmebebi. ruseTis mefe Tedore I Tavis Tavs ìveriis qveynisa da qarTveli mefeebis xelmwifes~ uwodebda. (6, t.IV, gv.146).

kaxeT-ruseTis SeTanxmebam, TurqeTis SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia. xolo, osmaleTis mier waxalisebulma yirimis xanma, saSamxlom da daRestanelma feodalebma, kaxeTs Semouties da kaxeTis mdgomareoba gauaresda. daRestnelebis Tavdasxmebs saqar-TveloSi `lekianibas~ uwodebdnen. ruseTsa da kaxeTs Soris kavSiri gagrZelda 1605 wlamde. kavSiri CaSala Sah abas I-ma.

1567 wels, ruseTis mier, md. sunjaze, xolo Semdeg, 1588 wels md. Tergis SesarTavTan axlos cixe-simagris agebis Semdeg, (1593-1594) wlebSi ruseTma gailaSqra daRestnis winaaRmdeg, magram saSamxlos mTavar qalaq tarkSi, gamagreba ver SeZlo. 1605 wels ruseTis laSqari xelaxla Seesia saSamxlosa da daRestans. Sah abas I-i Tvalyurs adevnebda rogorc osmaleTis, aseve ruseTis moqmedebas kavkasiaSi. ìrani SeaSfoTa kaspiis zRvis sanapiroze da gansakuTrebiT ki aRmo-savleT saqarTveloSi ruseTis gamoCenam: ruseTisa da kaxeTis mefeTa kavSiri, misTvis yovlad miuRebeli Canda. amitom iranis SahisaTvis, saqarTvelos erTianad mospoba, romelic yizilbaSobis winaaRmdeg yovelgvari xerxiT ibrZoda, gadaudebel amocanad iqca. Sah-abasma Tavisi gegmis ganxo-rcieleba ase daiwyo: 1602 wlidan, osmaleTTan omis ganaxlebis Semdeg, qarTlSi, loresa da debedas xeobaSi, yizilbaSuri saxanoebi,

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xolo kaxeTSi ki eniselis sasulTno Seqmna.... Sahi Cqarobda. ruseTma Tavi daaRwia garTulebul saSinao mdgomareobas da sanam

igi kavkasiis sarbielze xelaxla gamovidoda, Sah-abasi cdilobda misTvis daeswro da saqarTvelos sakiTxi sabolood gadaewyvita. amitom…man 1614 w., osmaleTTan zavis dadebis meore welsve, daiwyo brZola saqarTvelos politikuri erTeulebis srul SemoerTebisaTvis. mravali wlis samzadisi Sah-abass imeds aZlevda, rom qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebs advilad mouRebda bolos da yizil-baSur saxanoebad gadaaqcevda maT.~ (7. gv.290). man daiwyo brZola am miznis gansaxorcielebad. Sahma SeZlo daRestnis feodalebis da sxvadasxva gaerTianebebis mTavrebis saCuqrebiT da zogic qrTamiT, mimxroba da saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg amxedreba. amave wlebSi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi irans upirispirdeboda ruseTi. ruseTmac daRestanis zogierTi mTavari gadmoibira. 1614 wlis Semodgo-maze ruseTis erTgulebaze daifica avariis saxanos mmarTveli da zogierTi sxva mTavrebic. miuxe-davad imisa, rom abas I-ma qarTl-kaxeTi ara erTxel dalaSqra da aaoxra, xolo (1614_1617) wlebSi uTanasworo brZolebis Sedegad kaxeTis zogierTi qalaqi da sofeli gaaCanaga, 100 000-mde kaci brZolebSi daiRupa da 200 000-mde ki gadaasaxla da daiwyo Turqmanuli tomebis Camosaxleba, qarTveli xalxi mainc ver daimorCila da igi ganagrZobda brZolas. amave dros, Sah abasis mier qarTl-kaxeTis aoxrebiT da misive waqezebiT, isargebles daRestnelebma da daiwyes wvril-wvrili TareSebi da Tavdasxmebi. xolo, Semdeg, TandaTan dacarielebul da gaveranebul miwa-wyalze, sxvadasxva daRestneli tomebis Camosaxleba da damkvidreba. magram, 1625 wlis 25 marts didi mouravi, giorgi saakaZe ajanyda da gaanadgura Sahis jari da mis mier warmoebuli partizanuli omis Sedegad qarTl-kaxeTi TiTqmis ganTavisuflda yizilbaSebisagan. amis Semdeg, saakaZem gailaSqra daRestnisa da Samxalis winaaRmdeg da sastikad daamarcxa isini. giorgi saakaZis dauRalavi moqmedebebis Sedegad, daRestnelTa TareSi droebiT Sewyda da qarTl-kaxeTma daiwyo moSeneba.

Sah-abas I-is Semdeg, iranis Sahma (1642_1666) a b a s II-em (1633_1666) SeZlo daRestanis damorCileba. 50-ian wlebSi mis gamgeblobaSi moeqca derbendis saxano, kaitaRis sauwmeo, saSamxlo da sxv. vinaidan, qarTl-kaxeTi da daRestani mis xelSi aRmoCnda, amis Semdeg igi fiqrobda yaba-rdos damorCilebas, ris Semdeg igi gaxdeboda kavkasiis baton-patroni. magram, rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, iranis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen TurqeTi da ruseTi. TurqeTisa da yirimis xanis laSqroba 1663 wels, yabardos gavliT, rusebis qalaq Tergis asaRebad marcxiT damTavrda. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, vinaidan kavkasiis politikur sarbielze ukve gamodioda ruseTi, qarTvelma mesveurebma, musulmanuri samyaros Semotevebisagan samSoblos gadasarCenad, ufro energiulad Seudgnen, erTmorwmune ruseTis mxardaWeras.

XVII saukunis II naxevarSi saqarTvelosa da daRestans Soris mdgomareoba ufro gamwvavda. rasac xeli Seuwyo Sinafeodalurma omebma da iran-TurqeTis gamudmebulma Tavdasxmebma. xolo XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gaZlierda daRestnelTa tomebis Tavdasxmebi da amave dros md. alaznis gaRma

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ganapira napirebze, daiwyes avarielTa sxvadasxva tomebma Casaxleba. 1719 wels, moxda qarTl-kaxeTis mefeebis (Teimurazisa da erekles) da Sirvanis xanis SeTanxmeba daRestnelebis winaaRmdeg, magram, Sahis brZanebiT, maT dasaxmareblad wamosuli Sirvanis xani, lekebma sastikad daamarcxes, xanic am brZolis dros daiRupa da SeTanxmebac Cai-Sala. ase, rom jer osmaleTis, xolo Semdeg, iranis xelSewyobiTa da waqezebiT, kaxeTis samefos aRmosavleT mxareSi TandaTan, momravldnen da gaZlierdnen, Camosaxlebulni daRestneli tomebi: avarebi, waxurebi, Sirvanelebi, yarabaRelebi da sxva. sabolood kidevac Camoscilda kaxeTs, Zveli hereTis aRmosavleTis ganapira, kak-eniselis mxare da daiwyo lekuri mosaxleobisa da daRestnis feodalTa e. w. àswliani lekuri omi~, romelic gagrZelda saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebamde.

1722 wels petre I-ma daipyro daRestnis zRvispireTi da is ruseTs SeuerTa. Tumca, 1735 wels ganjis traqtatis Tanaxmad, es miwebi irans gadaeca.

1736 wels iranis Sahi gaxda sardali n a d i r - S a h a v S ar i (1688_1747). romelmac daRestnis dasamorCileblad mravalaTasiani jari gaagzavna. daRestnelebma medgari winaaRmdegoba gauwies nadir-Sahs da or wliani laSqrobis Semdeg, 1742 wels, nadir-Sahi iZulebuli gaxda daResta-nelebTan zavi daedo. ase, rom Sahi damarcxebuli dabrunda. wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom daRestnelebs zavi SeukravT 1733 wlidan qarTlis gamgebelTan, xolo SemdgomSi, 1744 wlidan qarTlis mefe Teimuraz II-Tan da `misTvis mZevlebic miuciaT, rogorc `Waris omebis qronika~ gadmogvcems, zavis dadebis Semdeg qarTvelebsa da lekebs Soris kargi urTierToba damyarebula da lekebi xSirad Camodiodnen kaxeTSi xorblis, simindisa da marilis SesaZenad~. (6, t.IV, gv.450). ar gasula didi dro da qarTl-kaxeTze isev ganaxlda daRestneli xanebis Tavdasxmebi. `1752 w. Semdeg qarTl-kaxeTi umTavresad daRestnis mxridan wvril-wvrili da zogjer sakmaod farTo, organizebuli Semosevebis winaaRmdeg brZolas ganagrZobda.

daRestanSi am dros gaZlierebuli iyo xunZaxis mflobeli nursal-begi, romelmac avarielTa didi nawili gaaerTiana da mezobeli provinciebis damor- Cilebas Seudga. sagareo omi avarielTa aseTi farTo gaerTianebisaTvisac jer kidev rCeboda Semosavlis erT wyarod. amitom iyo, rom 1754 w. nursal-begi mraval ricxovani laSqriT kaxeTs miadga. misi mZarcveluri jari dRe-dReze izrdeboda daRestnidan modenili axal-axali razmebiT. kaxeTi da qarTli didi safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndnen. qarTl-kaxeTis mosaxleoba daixizna~. (6, t.IV, gv.627). Teimuraz II-em da erekle II-em SeZles daRestnelTa jaris ganadgureba. 1755 wels nursal-begma xelaxla Sekriba jari, romelsac miemxrnen War-belaqnis, TarRus Samxali, yaziyumuxis xani, kakis sulTani, ganjis xani, Warelebi da 20 000 laSqariT kaxeTs Semoesia. magram, qarTvelebma isev sastikad daamarcxes. amis Semdeg 1756 wels nursal-begi iZulebuli gaxda zavi daedo da sxva daRestanis, War-belaqnis (sain-gilo) da elisus sasulTnos begebma qarTl-kaxeTis mefeebs morCileba gamoucxades. magram esec droebiTi iyo. daRestnelebma daarRvis zavi da araerTxel Semoesivnen

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qarTkaxeTs. 1759 wels isev damarcxdnen daRestnelebi. XVIII saukunis 80-ian wlebSi isev gaxSirda daRestnelebis Tavdasxma qarTl-

kaxeTze. `XVIII saukunis bolos daRestnis teritoriaze 10 SedarebiT msxvili politi-

kuri erTeuli da 60-mde e. w. `Tavisufali sazogadoeba~ iyo~. (8, t.3, gv.404). rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ruseTis Semosvlas CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, dasawyisSi,

sanam gamomJRavndeboda misi namdvili miznebi, osmaleTisa da yizilbaSebisagan Tavis daRwevis gamo, kavkasielebi ukavSirdebodnen ruseTs. magram, rodesac 1774 wlis quCuk-kainarjis zavis Sedegad, ruseTma Tavis mizans miaRwia da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi fexi moikida, ruseTma daiwyo koloniuri politikis gatareba. imierkavkasiaSi da aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi daiwyo antirusuli moZraoba da ajanyebebi. ruseTis gan-wyobac saqarTvelos mimarT Seicvala, mas erTiani da Zlieri saqarTvelo aRar sWir-deboda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTl-kaxeTis mefe Teimuraz II gamoirCeoda rogorc diplomati, xolo erekle II _ rogorc meomari mefe. igi ver mixvda ruseTis miznebs.

`Cawvda Tu ara erekle ruseTis politikis cvlilebas saqarTvelos mimarT, TviT erekles omis Semdgomi periodis moqmedebaSi ara Cans. piriqiT, miuxedavad im sayvedurebisa ruseTis samefo karisadmi, rom am omis gamo man `TurqeTi mtrad moikida~ da `saqmec safiqrelad gaixada~, is mainc ruseTis imedeulia. Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom igi amxanadve evropasac ar iviwyebda~. (32, gv.187).

erekle II-is mier 1783 wlis 24 ivliss ruseTTan dadebulma xelSekrulebam (giorgievskis traqtati) ver gadawyvita `lekuri mdgomareoba~, piriqiT, qarTl-kaxeTis mdgomareoba ufro gaam-wvava, radgan irani, TurqeTi da aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis mmarTvelebi am traqtats mtrulad Sexvdnen da maTi waqezebiT, daRestanisa da War-belaqanis gamoxdomebi ufro gaxSirda. mefis ruseTis mTavrobas ki qarTl-kaxeTis gauqmeba da mTeli saqrTvelos dapyroba surda. ase, rom es xelSekrulebac, rogorc ruseTis mier dadebuli yvela xelSekruleba, `faratina qaRaldi~ aRmoCnda.

`1785 w. qarTl-kaxeTis saxelmwifo iZulebuli gaxda, rom didi xarjebis gaRebiT èyida~ mSvidoba da daRestnidan gamanadgurebeli Semosevebi Seekavebina. avariel omar-xans erekles xazina yovelwliurad 5 aTas maneTs uxdida.... saxelmwifos finansebi klebulobda, xarjebi ki izrdeboda. wyali Seudga erekles xelisuflebas ganjis saxanoze, saidanac qarTl-kaxeTs sakmaod didi Semosavali hqonda~. (6, t.IV, gv.733).

1785 wlis martidan CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da daRestanSi, ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg `saRvTo omi~ farTovdeboda.

kavksiis dapyrobisaTvis gaCaRebul (1804_1813) wlebSi ruseT-iranis omis dros, irani damarcxda da iZulebuli gaxda 1813 wlis oqtomberSi xeli moewera gulistanis sazavo xelSekrulebisaTvis, romlis Tanaxmad daRestani da CrdiloeT azerbaijanis nawili ruseTs SeuerTda.

1818 wlidan ruseTma daiwyo ajanyebuli daRestnisa da CrdiloeT kavkasielTa

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dasamorCileblad moqmedeba, aSenebda stanicebs, cixe-simagreebs, aZlierebda saja-riso nawilebs. didi brZolebis Sedegad, 1859 wels ajanyeba damarcxda da 1860 wels daRestani sabolood ruseTs Seu-erTda da amierkavkasiis mxaris Semadgenlo-baSi Seqmnes daRestnis olqi, romelsac marTavda e. w. samxedro-saxalxo mmar-Tveloba.

ruseT-TurqeTis omis dawyebisTanave, 1877 wels, CaCnebma da daRestnelebma erTxel kidev moawyves ajanyeba, romelic ruseTis xelisuflebam umowyalod CaaxSo. ajanyebis meTaurebi CamoaxrCves, xolo danarCenebi ruseTSi sxvadasxva adgilebSi gadaasaxles.

1904 wels daRestanSi Camoyalibda social-demokratiuli kavSirebi. 1905-1907 wlebSi daRestanSi revolucionerebis mier ewyoboda muSebisa da glexTa gamosvlebi. xolo, 1910 wels daRestanSi daiwyo farTo revoluciuri moZraoba rsdmp-is daRestnis kavSiris xelmZRvanelobiT.

1913 wels daRestanSi gamoica kanoni, romliTac glexoba Tavisufldeboda batonymobisagan.

ruseTis oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg daRestanSi 1917 wels Camoyalibda samxedro revkomi ulu b i b u i n a q s k i s (1890_1919) xelmZRvanelobiT, romelmac 1917 wlis 1 (14) dakembers q. petrovsk-portSi gamoacxada daRestanSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyareba. 1918 wlis zafxulSi daRestani daikaves TurqeTis, germaniis da inglisis sajariso nawilebma. sabWoTa xelisufleba daeca. bolSevikebis nawili daiWires da daxvrites. 1919 wlis TebervalSi Camoyalibda daRestnis rkp (b) iatakqveSeTis saolqo komiteti. romelic daRestanSi qmnida wiTeli armiis mebrZol raz-mebs. amave wlis maisSi, daRestnis `mTielTa mTavrobam~ saolqo komitetis yvela wevri Seipyro da SariaTis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT daxvrita.

1919 wlis maiss-ivnisSi CrdiloeT kavkasiis dapyrobis Semdeg, daRestanSi Sevida denikini. amave wlis oqtombridan denikinis winaaRmdeg daiwyo brZolebi sabWoTa armiam da 1920 wlis martSi daRestanSi Sevida me-11 wiTeli armia g. orjonikiZisa da s. kirovis meTaurobiT. daRestanSi sabWoTa xelisufleba aRsdga.

1920 wlis 13 noembers gamocxadda daRestnis sabWoTa avtonomiis Seqmna. xolo, 1921 wlis 20 ianvars sruliad ruseTis cakma miiRo dadgenileba, rfr-is Semad-genlobaSi daRestnis avtono-miuri sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis Seqmnis Sesaxeb.

1921 wlis agvistoSi, mTian daRestansa da CaCneTSi, daiwyo ajanyeba sabWoTa wyobilebis winaaRmdeg, romelic grZeldeboda 1 wels. wiTelma sajariso nawilebma ajanyeba CaaxSves da ajanyebulebs sastikad gauswordnen.

meore msoflio omis dros, 1944 wels rodesac CaCneT-inguSebi Sua aziaSi gadaasaxles, daRe-stnidan lekebi, xolo kaxeTidan avarielebi Caasaxles CaCneTSi. Sua aziidan CaCnebis dabrunebis Semdeg, avarielebi isev kaxeTSi dabrundnen. 1991 wlis aRricxviT yvarelis raionSi 4 200 daRestaneli cxovrobda.

`sabWoTa xelisuflebis dros 1994 wlamde aTwleulebis manZilze axalgoris,

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duSeTis, TianeTis da yazbegis mecxvareebi iyenebdnen yizlaris sazamTro saZovrebs daRestanSi.

1990 wels garkveuli Zalebis waqezebiT qarTuli araformaluri SeiaraRe- buli dajgufebebi SeiWrnen daRestnelTa soflebSi da moiTxoves daetovebinaT saqarTvelo.

26 ivniss mahaCyalaSi da xasaviurTSi gaimarTa daRestnelebis mxardamWerebis mitingebi, romelsac avarelTa nacionaluri moZraobis erT-erTi wevri h a j i m a x a C e v i xelmZRvanelobda.

1991 wlis aprilSi daiwyo avarelebis gasaxleba saqarTvelodan. qarTul-daRestnuri molaparakebis Semdeg avarelebis umravlesoba darCa sacxovreblad kaxeTSi.

1991 wlis 2 noembers ruseTis specsamsaxurebis zegavleniT Samilis saxelobis avarelTa saxalxo frontma sazogadoeba `jamaaTma~ da moZraoba `demokratiulma daRestanma~ monawileoba miiRes soxumSi gamarTul kavkasiis mTiel xalxTa mesame yrilobaSi.

bolo wlebSi daRestnis xelisuflebam teritoriuli pretenziebi wauyena saqarTvelos. gare Zalebis waqezebiT sadao gaxda sasazRvro zolTan mdebare diklos mTa, romelsac odiTgan TuSebi iyenebdnen~. (56).

1991 wels saxalxo deputatebis II yrilobam daRestnis respublika isev ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi datova.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, 1994 wels miiRes daRestnis konstitucia, romlis Tanaxmad, daRestnis sakanonmdeblo organoSi irCevdnen pirebs pirdapir saxalxo krebaze. aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, romelsac uwodebdnen `kolegialur prezidents~, warmoadgenda 14 wevrisagan Sem-dgar sxvadasxva erovnebebis warmomad-genlebs. SemdegSi, vinaidan am `kolegialurma prezidentma~ ar gaamarTla, konstitu-ciaSi cvlilebebi Seitanes, amieridan, politikuri partiebis warmomadgnelebi, ruseTis prezidents, ugzavnian daRestnis prezidentis dasamtkiceblad, ramdenime kandidats. aqedan, erT-erT SerCeul pirovnebas amtkicebs daRestnis saxalxo kreba. romlis Semdeg damtkicebuli prezidenti niSnavs mTavrobis xelmZRvanels.

2010 wlis TebervalSi daRestanSi dainiSna, partia èdinaia rosias~ mier wardgenili kandidati m a g o m e d s al a m m a g o m e do v i .

zeviT aRvniSneT, rom daRestani warmoadgens erT-erT islamistur saxelmwifos, sadac `damkvidrda pirvelad islamuri sufizmis TviTmyofadi ganStoeba miuridizmi, romlis droSiTac imami Samili da CrdiloeT kavkasieli xalxebi aTwleulobiT ebrZodnen ruseTis imperias.

sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirobebSi es brZola Senelda, magram axali ZaliT ifeTqa gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan, roca axlo aRmosavleTidan regionSi SemoWra daiwyo salafitebis moZRvrebam. SemdegSi is vaxabizmis saxelwodebiT gaxda cnobili da dReisaTvis ukve islamis pirvandeli saxis aRdgenis sababiT da usamarTlobasTan brZolis mowodebiT Tavis garSemo mTeli regionis radikalurad moazrovne aTasobiT

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adamiani Semoikriba. saqveynod cnobilma e. w. `kavkaz imaratis~ liderma doku umarovma daRestani

sxva islamur Crdilokavkasiur respublikebTan erTad momavali islamuri saxelmwifo gaerTianebis nawilad aRiara, romlis ideologiad vaxabizmi da jixadia gamocxadebuli~. (56).

1999 wels, daRestanSi islamuri saxelmwifos dasaarseblad, moxda ajanyeba, romelic ruse-Tis SeiaraRebulma Zalebma CaaxSves. Tumca ruseTis federalur Zalebsa, policielebsa da adgi-lobriv partizanebs Soris Setakebebi da teraqtebi dRemde grZeldeba. ruseTis mier Catarebul sadamsjelo RonisZiebebs, ufro meti gaafTrebuli sapasuxo Setakebebi mohyva. daRestani, CaCneTi da inguSeTi, dRevandel dResac CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ruseTisaTvis erT-erT daumorCilebel mxared rCeba.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT daRestani warmoadgens mraval erovan saxelmwifos da ra Tqma unda, amas Tavisi jer kidev gadauWreli siZneleebi (sakiTxebi) axlavs.

daRestanSi sxvadasxva dros Casaxlebuli erebi (ebraelebi, TaTrebi, lezgebi, noRaelebi, rusebi, yalmuxelebi, yumuxebi, CaCnebi da sxv) teritoriuli sakiTxebisa da eTnikuri jgufebisaTvis uflebebis dacvas moiTxoven.

daRestanSi dasaxlebuli erT-erTi eri yumuxebi, ganekuTvnebian Turqul enovan yivCayur jgufs. TviT saxelwodebaa _ `yumuk~. saubroben sakuTar yumuxur enaze. igi warmoadgens Zvel damwerlobis literaturul enas. sarwmuneobis mxriv musulmanebi arian. maTi raodenoba 1979 wlis aRweris monacemebiT rf-Si 228 000 kacia, xolo, aqedan daRestanSi 202 000 kacia. cxovroben daRestnis mTis wineTSi da yumuxeTis dablobSi.

j. kviciani wers: `daRestanSi problemad rCeba yumuxebis problema. aq miwebis sakiTxi, ZiriTadad, yumuxebis baris miwebis xarjze wydeboda. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom maT 1990 wlis noe-mberSi, yumuxi xalxis meore yrilobaze, yumuxeTis respublikis Seqmna gamoacxades TavianT ìstoriul teritoriaze~ _ daRestnis Temir-xan-Suris, xasaviurtisa da maxaCkalas raionebi, kaspiis sanapiro da sxva adgilebi, sadac 1921 wels, daRestnis assr warmoqmnamde, yumuxebi mosaxleobis umravlesobas warmoadgendnen. 1989 wels Camoyalibebuli yumuxTa erovnuli moZra-oba `Teng-liki~ daRestanSi yvelaze organizebuli erovnuli organizaciaa, romelic terito-riuli gansaxlebis problemas kvlav aqtualurad miiCnevs, magram am sakiTxSi ukve kategoriuli aRar aris~. (12, gv.81).

2010 wlis 16 Tebervals, mahaCyalaSi Catarda yumuxi xalxis mitingi, romlis warmomadgenlebma `miiRes mimarTva ruseTis federaciis prezidentis d. medvedevis saxelze, romelSic gaprotestebuli iyo daRestnis saxelisuflo struqturebSi yumuxi xalxis uflebebis SezRudva da moiTxoves iseTi sakanonmdeblo sistemis miReba, romelic yvela xalxs miscemda saSualebas Tanabrad warmoedginaT Tavisi interesebi.

garda polikuri moTxovnebisa, mitingze wamoyenebuli iyo socialuri sakiTxebic, kerZod miwiT sargeblobis kanonmdeblobis xarvezebis Sesaxeb~. (77).

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`msgavsi problema aqvT noRaelebsac, romlebic 1990 wlis yurulTais (yrilo-bis) dadgeni-lebis Tanaxmad, daRestnis, stavropolis mxarisa da CeCneTis terito-riebis nawilebze noRais respublikis Seqmnas moiTxoven (ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi).

daRestnis kidev erT eTnoteritoriul problemas warmoadgens auxovis raionis aRdgena, romelic CeCen-akinTa gadasaxlebamde (1944 wlamde) arsebobda. sabWoTa kavSir-germaniis omis dros CeCen-akinTa mimarT ganxorcielebuli represiebis (iZulebiTi migraciis) Semdeg aq mTiani raionebidan lekebi daasaxles da novolakis raioni Seqmnes. miuxedavad imisa, rom daRestnis xelisufleba represirebul xalxTa reabilitaciis programis ganxorcielebas cdilobs, radikalurad ganwyobil CeCnebs misi tempebi ar akmayofilebT~. (12, gv.81).

8. x u n Z e b i ( a v a r i e l e b i ) . daRestnis xalxebs Soris yvelaze ufro mravalricxovanni arian àvarielebi~.

qarTul istoriul wyaroebSi ̀ xunZebis~, xunZeTi~ saxelwodebiT arian moxsenebulni. xunZebis sakuTari saxelwodebaa _ `maarulal~. maT enaze niSnavs `mTiels~.

xunZebi cxovroben dRevandeli daRestanis dasavleT nawilSi, md. sulakis auzSi. mdinareebis: avariis yoisus, andis yoisus da yarayoisus auzSi. agreTve Casaxlebulni arian CaCneTSi, yalmuxeTSi, yazaxeTSi, azerbaijanSi War-belaqanSi (saingi-loSi), zaqaTalisa da belaqnis raionebSi _ daaxloebiT 45 000 da saqarTveloSi yvarlis raionSi _ daaxloebiT 4 200. `2002 wlis monacemebiT, ruseTis federaciaSi 757 aTasi xunZi cxovrobda. daRestanSi 612, 6 aTasi xunZi iyo aRricxuli, Tumca am raodenobaSi maTi monaTesave ramdenime patara xalxicaa Seyvanili. 1926 w. aRweriT, 177, 2 aTasi xunZi mkvidrobda, 1989 wels maTma raodenobam 491 aTass gadaaWarba~. (14, gv.152).

xunZebi andielebTan da didoelebTan erTad qmnian erT jgufs. xunZuri ena ganekuTvneba iberiul-kavkasiur enebis daRestnur jgufs. xunZur-

andiur-cezur (didour) qvejgufSi Sedis da warmoadgens samwerlo enas. daRestnelebisaTvis xunZuri ena saerTaSorisoa.

cnobilia, rom xunZuri damwerloba Seiqmna XV_XVI saukuneebSi arabuli grafikis gamoye-nebiT. Tumca, mecnierebi varaudoben, rom xunZebsQadre hqoniaT albanuri (alvanuri) da qarTuli damwerloba. 1928 wels SemoRebul iqnaMlaTinuri anbani. xolo, gasabWoebis Semdeg, 1938 wels gadavidnen kirilicas grafikze.NA

mecnierTa nawili `maT eTnonims ptolomes (II s.) `sakarebs~ ukavSirebs~. (8, t.11, gv.516). r. TofCiSvili gadmogvcems, rom:

`rusebi xunZebs avarielebs uwodeben. es eTnonimi rusebisagan sxva xalxebSic gavrcelda. arc Tu ise didi xnis win xunZebiT dasaxlebul teritorias avarias da am teritoriaze mosaxleT avarielebs aravin ar uwodebda. mecnierebi fiqroben, rom sityva àvaria~ dakavSirebulia seriris mefe avarTan, romelic V s-Si mefobda (amis Sesaxeb cnoba moepoveba X s-is arab istorikoss ibn-rus-tas). dadgenilia,

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rom termini àvari~ araa dakavSirebuli VI_IX ss-is momTabare Turqulenovan xalxTan avarebTan. xunZaxis saxanos da misi mosaxleobis mimarT àvariisa~ da àva-rebis~ gamoyeneba Zalian gvian daiwyes. xunZaxis (avariis) yovel sazogadoebas sakuTari saxel-wodeba hqonda. rogorc aRvniSneT, mTieli xalxis aRmniSvneli endoeTnonimi maarulali iyo. XX s-is dasawyisamde am xalxis arc erTi adamiani ar ityoda, rom is avarielia. 1950-ian wlebSi bevrma moxucma arc ki icoda ra aris àvarieli~. xunZTa aRmniSvneli qarTuli eTnonimi `xunZebi erT-erTi didi soflisa da sazogadoebis saxelwodebidan _ xunZaxidan momdinareobs. mezobeli xalxebi daRestnel xunZebs sxvadasxva saxelebiT moixseniebdnen. darguelebisaTvis isini `kara-xan~-ebi iyvnen, lakebisaTvis _ ìarusa~, yumuxebisaTvis _ `Tavlular~, azerbaijanelebisaTvis _ `lezgiler~, CaCnebisaTvis _ `jai~, rac Seexeba qarTvelebs, isini xunZebTan erTad eTnonim leksac iyenebdnen, Tumca is qarTul enaSi ara mxolod xunZebs, aramed daRestnis yvela xalxs aRniSnavda~. (14, gv.153).

wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom Zv. w. I aTaswleulis II naxevarSi xunZeTis miwa-wyalze myofi tomebi emorCilebodnen alvaneTs (`kavkasiis albaneTi~).

VI saukuneSi daRestnis mTianeTSi, md. yoisus Sua welSi, warmoiqmna erT-erTi adrefe-odaluri msxvili saxelmwifo, romelic arabul da sparsul wyaroebSi seriris saxelwodebiT moixsenieba. seriris samefo ZiriTadaT xunZebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. XI saukunemde seriris samefo avariasac moicavda.

XII-is II naxevridan seriris samefos Zliereba TandaTan daeca da daqucmacda. `mecnierTa varaudiT, swored am droidan (XII_XIII ss-dan) feodalur saxelmwifo xunZeTTan (avariasTan) erTad Camoyalibda sazogadoebebi (sasoflo TemTa kavSirebi), romlebic damoukidebelni iyvnen sxva feodalebisagan da romelTaTvis dama-xasiaTebeli iyo demokratiuli mmarTveloba~. (14, gv.154). seriris samefo XIII saukuneSi Camoyalibda rogorc avariis sanucalo, romlis mTavari adgili gaxda xunZaxi. (xunZaxi _ `xan-za-bax~ _ xanebis adgilsamyofeli). `XVI s. damdegs sanucalos mmarTvelebma daimkvidres am wodebis memkvidroebiToba da igi avariis saxanod gadaaqcies~. (8, t.9, gv.299).

rogorc cnobilia, xunZebs, daRestnis sxavadasxva gaerTianebebsa da axlo mosazRvre tomebs Soris, yvelaze ufro axlo urTierToba hqonda damyarebuli, saqarTvelosTan rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve politikuric. VIII_XIV saukuneebSi daRestanSi gavrcelebuli iyo qarTuli kultura. aq qadagebdnen: p i m e n s alo s i , a nto n n a o xr e b el i s Z e , RunZeli kaTalikosi o q ro p i r i da sxv.

`qarTlis cxovreba~ gadmogvcems, rom XII saukuneSi, Tamar mefis dros, sxva mezobel saxe-lmwifoebTan erTad, xunZeTic saqarTvelos emorCileboda da Tavisuflad cxovrobda da `mterTagan uzrunvelni~ iyvnen. (3, gv 519).

XII saukunis dasawyisamde seriri iTvleboda rogorc qristianuli saxelmwifo. qristianuli sarwmuneoba ùpiratesad saqarTvelodan vrceldeboda. rasac

mowmobs iqauri eklesiebi, romlebsac qarTuli xuroTmoZRvruli gavleniT aris aRbeWdili (X s.). arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad xunZaxSi aRmoCnda amave

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saukunis qvis jvari, razedac qarTuli asoebiT qarTul-avariuli sityvebia amokveTili, rac SesaZlebelia miuTiTebdes qarTul anbanis safuZvelze xunZuri damwerlobis Seqmnis cdaze~. (8, t.9, gv.299).

a. TofCiSvili aRniSnavs, rom `VII s-dan aq TavianT religiebs avrcelebdnen arabebi, somxebi da qarTvelebi. qarTvelTa samisionero moRvaweoba swored xunZebiT dasaxlebuli teritoriiT SemoisazRvreboda. arabTa batonobam Tavisi gaitana da TiTqmis mTeli mosaxleoba islamis mimdevari gaxda. mas Semdeg ara marto xunZeTis, aramed daRestnis mTel teritoriaze farTo gasaqani mieca arabuli kulturis gavrcelebas.

Sua saukuneebis xunZeTSi SemorCenili iyo warmarTobis gadmonaSTebi. araerTi aulis mosaxleobas qristianoba hqonda miRebuli. mecnierTa varaudiT, amas bevri toponimikuri saxelwodeba adasturebs da agreTve zogierTi soflis, Tuxumisa Tu saxelis Sesaxeb gadmocema qarTuli da somxuri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. xunZaxSi, zemo CiriurtSi, anwuxSi eklesiebis nangrevebi, jvrebi da maTi qvaze gamosaxulebania SemorCenili. dRemde md. avariis yoisus xeobaSi kargadaa Semonaxuli X_XI ss-is qristianuli `daTunas~ saxeliT cnobili eklesia~. (14, gv.155).

rogorc cnobilia, X_XIII saukuneebSi saqarTvelos sazRvrebi moicavda `dasav-leTidan aRmosavleTiT e. w. `nikofsiT vidre darubandamdis~, xolo CrdiloeTiT ki xunZaxamde.

XIII saukuneSi `JamTaaRmwerelis~ gadmocemiT rodesac saqarTveloSi monRolebi gamoCndnen da qarTvelebi daamarcxes, amis Semdeg `warvides gzasa bnelaqnisasa, Sevides RunZeTs, rameTu wina-ganewyo mefe RunZTa. da sZles TaTarTanve, da ganmarjuebulni mivides berqa yaens winaSe~. (3, gv.595).

XIV_XVI saukuneebSi daRestnis sxvadasxva gaerTianebebs Soris, saqarTvelosTan yvelaze ufro dakavSirebulni iyvnen yazi-yumuxis saSamxlo da avariis saxano.

`daRestnis feodalur gaerTianebaTa Soris erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi adgili ekava yazi-yumuxis saSamxlosac, romelic adreul saukuneebSic cnobili iyo aseve Zlier lakzis samefod. XI_XII ss. lakzis gaerTianeba Sesustda, XIV s. 20-iani wlebisaTvis odnav moRonierebuli yazi-yumuxis saSamxlo kvlav erT-erT uZlieres gaerTianebad rCeba. Temur-lengis Zlieri mxardaWeriT yazi-yumuxi gadaiqca ara marto politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul centrad, aramed muslimanuri ideebis forpostadac. igi uaRresi TavdadebiT avrcelebda islams, rogorc TviT daRestanSi, ise mis farglebs gareTac. XV saukunesa da XVI s. meore naxevarSi yazi-yumuxis saSamxlom sakmaod didi gavlena moipova mezobel samxreT daRestnis feodalur gaerTianebebze~. (32. gv.21).

XVII saukunidan yazi-yumuxis saSamxlos Zliereba TandaTan daeca. XVII_XVIII saukuneebSi mTeli daRestani da maT Soris avariis saxano, Tavs

icavda TurqeTisa da iranis Semotevebisagan. 1741 wels daRestanSi SeiWra nadir-Sahi didi laSqriT, magram dam-arcxda da ukan daixia. nadir-Sahis winaaRmdeg, sxvadasxva daRestnel tomebs Soris ibrZodnen xunZebic.

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XVI_XVII saukuneebSi daRestanSi avariis saxano erT-erT mZlavr saxelmwifod iqca. romelmac Zlierebis mwvervals miaRwia XVIII saukuneSi. am dros avariis saxanoSi Sedioda mTeli daRestnis, rogorc CrdiloeTis, aseve dasavleTis mxareebi. avariis saxano imdenad momZlavrda, rom Tavisi gamudmebuli TavdasxmebiT SiSis zars scemda mTel amierkavkasiasac.

XVII saukunis 20_30-ian wlebSi, saxanos erT-erTi Zlieri marTvelis u m a -x a n i s dros (g. 1634 w.) Seiqmna daRestanSi pirveli samarTlis kodeqsi, sadac Tavmoyrili iyo yvela Zveli adaT-wesebi. mis dros, avaris saxanos gavlenaSi moeqca istoriul kaxeTis CrdiloeT-aRmosavleTis nawili _ War-belaqani.

XVI_XVII saukuneebidan dawyebuli, musulmanuri samyaros (sparseTisa da TurqeTis) zegavleniT, TandaTan urTierToba daRestansa da saqarTvelos Soris garTulda da gamwvavda. avariis xanebi gamudmebiT Tavs esxmodnen qarTl-kaxeTs.

`xunZTa TareSebs aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi lekianobas uwodebdnen. lekianoba daRestnel feodalTa da `Tavisufal~ sazogadoebaTa wvril-wvrili laSqrobebi iyo qarTlisa da kaxeTis mosaxleobaze. qarTvelebs stacebdnen qonebas, saqonels, Wirnaxuls, itacebdnen adamianebs. mogvi-anebiT moTareSeebma daiwyes dasaxlebuli teritoriebis dapyroba da damorCilebuli mosaxleobis daxarkva.... Waris, belaqanisa da Talis raionebSi xunZebma da waxurebma Seqmnes e. w. ùbatono Temebi~, romlebic Tavisebur placdarmad iqcnen Semdgomi TavdasxmebisaTvis. lekianoba gansakuTrebiT XVIII s-Si gaZlierda. osmaleTi Tavis teritoriaze xSirad aZlevda lekebs TavSesafars. amitom isini saqarTvelos axalcixis mxridanac esxmodnen Tavs. osmaleTis tyveTa bazari gzas uxsnida tyveebiT vaWrobas~. (14, gv.160).

XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi, erekle II, axalcixis faSa, Sirvanis, Saqis, baqosa da darubandis xanebic, TavianTi qveynisTvis mSvidoba, rom moepovebinaT, iZulebulni iyvnen saCuqrebi, gamosasyidi da jamagiric ki eZliaT, avariis saxanos mmarTvelisaTvis magram, igi xSirad arRvevda SeTanxmebas.

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ruseTis gamoCenam ufro gaamwvava mdgomareoba avariis saxanosa da saqarTvelos Soris.

rogorc zemoT aRvnoSneT, XVII saukuneSi kaxeTSi Camosaxldnen avarielebi, waxurebi da sxva daRestneli tomebi. osmaleTis mxardaWeriT isini TandaTan momZlavrdnen, daiwyes Tavdasxmebi qarTl-kaxeTze da daikaves md. alaznis piriqiTa soflebi. XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi qarTl-kaxeTs gamudmebiT uxdeboda daRes-tnelebis mogerieba.

XVIII saukuneSi momZlavrebul daRestanSi avariis saxanos, erekle II-is garda, saCuqrebs ugzavnidnen qarTveli mefeebi, rom daecvaT Tavisi samflobeloebi, maTi davdasxmebisagan.

avariis saxanos mmarTvelma o m a r - x a n a v a r i el m a (g. 1801) 1785 wels 20 000-iani jariT yaraRajTan md. alazani gadmolaxa da qarTlisaken gamoemarTa. qarTvelebi am brZolaSi dama-rcxdnen. 1787 wels omar-xanma, daRestanelTa sxvadasxva feodalTa jariT md. alazani xelaxla gadmolaxa, magram amjerad qarTvelebma

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daamarcxes. avariis saxanosa da ruseTs Soris kavSiri XVII saukuneSi daiwyo. zogierTi

xunZTa tomebi, musulmanuri ruseTis gamoCenas miesalma kidevac. 1801 wels, omar-xanis sikvdilis Semdeg, avariis saxanos mmarTveli gaxda

s ulT a n a h m e d - x a n i m e xTuli (1801_1833), romelmac ruseTis qveSerdomoba miiRo. miuxedavad amisa igi mainc ruseTis xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg moqmedebda. amitomac misi sikvdilis Semdeg ruseTis mTavroba cdilobda, rom avariis saxenos marTvelad ar daeSvaT maTTvis ara sasurveli xanebi.

1813 wlis gulistanis sazavo xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad avariis saxano ruseTs gadaeca.

cnobilia, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi axlad Camoyalibebulma religiuri mimdinareobis warmomadgenelma pirvelma imamatma yazi-muhamedma moindoma CrdiloeT kavkasielebis gaerTianeba, magram mas ar daemorCilnen avariis saxano da tarkis Samxali. (ix. zemoT ̀ CrdiloeT kavkasielebi~). amitom man gailaSqra orives winaaRmed. tarkis saSamxlo damarcxda, xolo avaris damarcxeba man ver SeZlo.

avariis saxanoSi areulobis gamo, 1828 wels kavkasiis samxedro xelmZRvanelobam avariis saxano or nawilad gayo. 1832 wlis 17 oqtombers, ruseTis jaris mier, imamis mTavari gamagrebuli adgilis gimris aRebisas yazi-muhamedi daiRupa. meore imami gaxda hamzaT-begi, romelmac SeZlo avariis saxanos damorCileba, Tumca male, 1834 wels igi SeTqmulebma mokles. mesame imami gaxda Samili. man 1837 wels avariis saxano daikava. amis Semdgom, ruseTma avaris saxanoSi sajariso nawilebi Seyvana. 1843 wels ruseTma gaauqma avariis saxano da Seqmna gamgeoba, romlis zeda-mxedvelad daniSna xunZaxis citadelis samxedro mmarTveli grigol orbeliani. magram, amave welsve avariis saxano isev Samilma daikava. man saerTod gaauqma xanebisa da begebis mmarTveloba.

1859 wels avariis saxano isev daikaves rusebma da 4 agvistos aRadgines avariis saxano. romlis mmarTvelad bariatinskis brZanebiT daniSnes, adrindeli xanis naTe-savi i b r a h i m - x a n i . romelic saxanos marTavda 1863 wlamde. igi Wkuidan aSli-lobis gamo gaanTavisufles.

1864 wels mefis xelisuflebam sabolood gaauqma avariis saxano da 1865 wels Seqmna avariis olqi.

zemoT aRvniSneT, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi Samilis Sepyrobis Semdeg, kavkasiaSi daiwyo muhajiroba. dRevandel dRes sazRvargareT avarebis (xunZebis) zusti mcxovrebTa raodenoba ar aris cnobili. vinaidan droTa ganmavlobaSi, muhajirelma avari-elebma ganicades kulturisa da enis mxriv zegavlena, rogorc adgilobrivi arabeTis mosaxleobisa, aseve sxva Crdilo-kavksaielebis, ufro metad adiReelebisa da CaCnebisa.

2011 wlis mosaxleobis aRricxvis Tanaxmad, TurqeTSi imyofebodnen 200 000 kaci, aqedan sakuTar enaze saubrobda 20 000 kaci. avarielebi imyofebian siriaSi da iordaniSi.

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wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom miuxedavad avariis saxanos 1813 wels ruseTTan SeerTebisa, daRestanelTa tomebi mainc ganagrZobdnen saqarTveloze Tavdasxmebs.

saqarTveloze avarielebisa da daRestaneli tomebis Tavdasxmebi Sewyda, rodesac ruseTma daipyro War-belaqani.

wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom lekebis winaaRmdeg ruseTis xelisuflebasac mouwia ara erTxel galaSqreba. `lekuri sakiTxi~ saqarTveloSi moixsna mxolod maSin, rodesac ruseTma SeZlo mTlianad imier da amierkavkasiis xelSi Cagdeba.

1895 wels ruseTis xelisuflebis mier Seviwroebuli daRestneli avarielebi, ilia WavWavaZis xelSewyobiT, kaxeTSi Camosaxldnen da Seqmnes sami sofeli.

j. kviciani avarielebis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs, rom: àvarielebi daRestanSi yvelaze mravalricxovan eTnoss warmoadgenen, rac,

faqtobrivad, adre da dResac am qveynis socialur-politikur da kulturul procesebs bevrad gansazRvravs. m. baxtaZes da g. mamulias... naSromSi moxmobili aqvT 1920 wlis 2 ivnisiT daTariRebuli saarqivo dokumenti, romelSic saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministris saxelze gamogzavnil werilSi k. alixanovi _ avariis xelmZRvaneli aRniSnavs: àvareTi (xunZaxi), Temur-lengis Semosevamde, saqarTvelos nawili iyo da amitom sulierad da sisxliT axlosaa masTano~. (12, gv.142).

9. m T i s e b r a e l e b i . mTis ebraelebi uZvelesi eria, romlebic Tavdapirvelad binadrobdnen aRmosavleT

kavkasiaSi, daRestansa da azerbaijanis mTianeTSi. maTi saxelwodebac aqedan momdinareobs. droTa ganmavlobaSi isini barSi Camosaxldnen. TviT saxelwodebaa jugur (jurgo), rac ebraelurad niSnavs ìudevels~ (iegudim). mTis ebraelebis salaparako ena miaxloebulia iranul enovan TaTebTan.

`mecnierTa umetesoba Tvlis, rom mTis ebraelebi Zveli ebraelebis STamomavalni arian, romlebic samxreT-dasavleT iranSi dasaxldnen, sadac maT SeiTvises garSemo- myofi mosaxleobis ena (TaTuri ena). SemdgomSi ki, sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo, mTis ebraelTa winaprebi CrdiloeT azerbaijansa da daRestanSi gansaxldnen da damoukidebel eTnosad Camoyalibdnen. samecniero literaturaSi mTis ebraelTa midia-atropatenadan kaspiispireTSi migracia ax. w. V_VI ss-Taa daTariRebuli. zogierTi mecnieri ki amtkicebda, rom mTis ebraelebi warmoSobiT iranelebi, TaTebi arian, rom-lebmac iudaizmi miiRes xazarTa kaRanatis (VIII_X ss.) mmarTvelTa mier am religiis miRebis periodSi~. (14. gv.65).

gamokvlevebis Sedegad damtkicda, rom mTis ebraelebi da is TaTebi, romlebic cxovroben daRestanSi da Tavis Tavs uwodeben TaTebs, sinamdvileSi arian mTieli-ebraelebis eTnosis STamo-mavalni. xolo, dRevandel dRes, iranulenovani TaTebi, warmoSobiT iranelebia, romlebic islamis sarwmuneobas aRiarebdnen da romlebic iranis mmarTvelebma adreul Sua saukuneSi gadmoasaxles, XIX saukunis bolos da XX saukunis dasawyisSi, isini azerbaijanelebi gaxdnen, azerbaijanuli ena aiTvises

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da Tavis Tavs azerbaijanelebad Tvlian. (143). mecnierebi, legendebis, istoriuli da lingvisturi monacemebis ganxilvis Sem-

deg fiqroben, rom mTis ebraelTa winaprebi, babilonis dapyrobis Semdeg, iyvnen gadasaxlebulni ierusalimidan sparseTSi, sadac sparselebsa da TaTebs Soris yofnis dros, maTi dedaena sparsuli enis TaTuri kilokavad gardaiqmna. Tumca, Tavisi enac SeinarCunes. Semdeg, daaxloebiT V_VI saukuneebSi iranSi sasanidi mmarTvelebis (226_651): k a v a d I-sa (488_531) da gansakuTrebiT x o s ro I a n u S i r v a n i s (531_579) dros, mTis ebraelebi da TaTebi, rogorc sparseTis kolonistebi, daasaxles aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi, sazRvrebis dasacavad da samxreT daRestansa da CrdiloeT azerbaijanSi.

zogierTi mecnieris azriT, kavad I-is dros iranSi daiwyo antifeodaluri moZraoba (mazdakizmi), romelsac xelmZRvanelobda mazdaki.

V saukunis II naxevrSi, iranis mdgomareoba gauaresda. didgvarovani moxeleebisa da zoro-astrieli qurumebis gaZlierebam, samefo xelisuflebis dasustebam, sagareo politikis waruma-teblobam, glexTa eqspluataciam da amave dros iranSi zedized momxdari stiqiurma ubedurebam, (gvalva, kaliebis Semoseva, mousavlianoba, daiwo SimSiloba), yovelive amis gamo, iransa da zogierT mis mezoblad mdebare qveynebSi, gamoiwvia religiur-filosofiuri moZRvrebis _ mazdakizmis gavrceleba. romlis ideis mixedviT msoflio ganviTarebas safuZvlad udevs naTel, keTil da borot, bnel ZalebTan brZola. pirvel SemTxvevaSi _ es aris gonierebisa da kanonzomierebis saTave; xolo, meore _ qaosisa da SemTxveviTobis saTave. sabolood imarjvebs sikeTe. mazdaki mouwodebda mis momxreebs ebrZolad socialuri uTanasworobis (borotebis) winaaRmdeg da Zalis gamoyenebiT mieRwiaT `RvTis boZebul~ sayovelTao TanasworobisaTvis. aqedan gamomdinare, mazdaki iZleoda Semdeg ganmartebas, rom aRsruldes da damyardes qveyanaSi `mSvidoba~ saWiroa ubralo ram: pirveli _ CamoerTvas mdidrebs simdidre da meore _ CamorTmeuli dagrovili simdidre gaunawildes Raribebs.

mazdaks SeuerTda axalgazrda ebraeli _ egzilarxi (babiloneli ebraelebis maRali sazogadoebis beladebis wodeba) m a r - z uTr a (496_529) da saTaveSi Caudga, iraneli satrapebis mier Seviwroebul ebraelTa ajanyebas. ajanyebulebma SeZles md. tigrze mdebare, uZvelesi qalaqis maxozas aReba (baRdadis maxloblad), romelic cnobili iyo rogorc ganviTarebuli mdidari da savaWro qalaqi. man gandevna qalaqidan sparselebi, Tavi maxozis mefed gamoacxada da Camoayaliba damoukidebeli ebraeluri saxelmwifo. 7 wlis ganmavlobaSi ebrZoda sparselebs da anTavisuflebda babilonis ebraelebis miwebs. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, VI saukunis SuawlebSi, xosro I-is 100 000-ani sparseTis laSqari SeiWra maxozSi, gaanadgures qalaqi, mar-zuTra Seipyres da maxozis mTavar xidze sikvdiliT dasajes. amis Semdeg sparseTSi ufro meti simkacriT daiwyes ebraelebis Seviwroeba da darbeva. amitom VII saukunis dasawyisSi ebraelebi garbodnen xazarTa saxakanoSi, romelic gamoir-Ceoda religiuri SemwynareblobiT. VIII saukunis dasawyisidan kidev ufro meti

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ebraeli miawyda xazareTs. xolo rodesac xazareTSi saxelmwifo religiad iudaizmi gamocxadda, mTiel ebraelebs xanmokle simSvide daudgaT. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, XIV saukunis bolos, CrdiloeT kavkasias Seesia Temurlengi da misi msxverplni mTieli ebraelebic gaxdnen. 1742 wels ki, nadir-Sahma mTieli ebraelebi da misi dasaxlebebi gaanadgura. `XVIII saukunis dasasruls ki maT Tavs yazi-yumuxis xani daesxa. Samilis dros muslimi fundamentalistebi ebraelTa soflebsa da ubnebs Zarcvavdnen. misi mcxovrebni Tavs afarebdnen rusul simagreebs. zogirTma ki islami iZulebiT miiRo, ris Semdegac adgilobriv mosaxleobas Seerivnen. adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mier mTis ebraelebis asimilaciis es erTaderTi SemTxveva ar yofila, risi dama--dasturebelicaa daRestanis baris, mTiswineTisa da mTis raionebSi arsebuli toponimi. am proce-sebis ufro metad damamtkicebelia zogierT daRestnur sofelSi Tuxumebi, romlebic TavianT warmomavlobas mTis ebraelebs ukavSireben. aseTi asimilaciuri procesebis mniSvnelovani winapi-roba iyo daRestnis xalxebisa da mTis ebraelebs Soris tradiciulad arsebuli megobroba da yonaRoba. mTis ebraelTa eTnosis formireba xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi daRestnis xalxebTan sameurneo-kulturuli urTierTobis fonze mimdinareobda~. (14. gv67).

XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi, mTieli ebraelebis mxare gadaiqca TurqeTis, ruseTisa da sparseTis saTareSo moednad. romlis gamo, mTielebma daiwyes Casaxleba qalaqebSi. xolo rodesac ruseTma SeierTa daRestani da azerbaijani, mTieli ebraelebi ruseTis qveSerdomni gaxdnen.

samoqalaqo omis dros, mTiel ebraelTa aulebis da maTi sacxovrebeli adgilebis ganadgurebis gamo, daiwyo ebraelebis Camosaxleba daRestnis qalaqebSi da gagrZelda meore msoflio omamde. (1941_1945) wlebSi, ebraelebi romlebic moxvdnen germanelebis mier CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da yirimSi dakavebul adgilebSi, faSistebma gaanadgures.

1989 wlis monacemebiT mTieli ebraelebi 3,6 aTasi iyo. `2 000 wels sxva ebraelebTan erTad daRestanSi aRiricxa 14,7 aTasi kaci. maTi umravlesoba (98%) cxovrobs qalaqebSi: derbendSi, mahaCyalaSi, buinaskSi, xasaiurtSi, kaspiiskSi da yizlarSi...

XX saukunis dasawyisidan ebraelebma daiwyes gadasaxleba israelSi. xolo bolo wlebSi, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ganviTarebuli omebis gamo, mTis ebraelebic daRestnidan sacxovreblad gadavidnen israelSi. (1989_1999) wlebSi daRestnidan gadasaxlda 12 000 kaci. ase rom warmoiqmna imis saSiSroeba, rom Tu ase gagrZelda gadasaxleba, daRestanSi male moispoba mTielTa ebraeloba~. (105).

* * * * * * wyaroebidan Cans, rom miuxedavad daRestansa da saqarTvelos politikurad

daZabuli mdgo-mareobisa, romelic mimdinareobda bolo saukuneebSi, am or qveynebs Soris, mainc ar Sewyvetila ekonomikuri da kulturuli kavSirebi da drodadro mainc xerxdeboda urTierTobis damyareba.

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daRestanidan savaWrod Camodiodnen qarTl-kaxeTSi. CamohqondaT TvianTi nawarmi: Coxa-nabadi, maudi, qeCa, civi iaraRebi (qarTvelebi `lekurs~ uwodebdnen) da sxv.

vinaidan daRestanSi meurneobis wamyvani dargi mesaqonleoba warmoadgenda da mTiani daRestanisTvis saZovrebi ar yofnidaT, xolo kaxeTSi ki sazamTro saZovrebi iyo, amitom mezobeli mxareebidan, anwuxelebs, didoelebs da sxv. CamohyavdaT cxvris farebi. aseve qarTveli mTielebi zafxulSi gadadiodnen daRestanSi.

`xelovnebis iSviaT nimuSebs warmoadgenda daRestneli xelosnebis mier damzadebuli qalis oqro-vercxleulis samkaulebi: beWdebi, samajurebi, yelsabamebi, sakinZebi, kulonebi, sayureebi da sxv. yvela es nawarmi marTalia fufunebis sagnebs Seadgenda, magram igi miuxedavad siZvirisa, mainc sakmaod didi raodenobiT Semodioda saqarTveloSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi lekebs saqarTveloSi savaWrod Camosvlisas baJs ar axdevinebdnen~. (32, gv.196). saqarTvelodan gahqondaT soflis meurneobis produqtebi da sxvadasxva qveynebidan Camotanili saqoneli.

unda aRiniSnos, rom am urTierTobis Sedegad, saqarTvelos mezoblad mdebare mxareebidan, daRestnis mosaxleoba Tavis sakuTar enasTan erTad Tavisuflad flobda qarTulsac.

`daRestanSi mosaxleobis didi nawili saerTod winaaRmdegi iyo saqarTveloze Tavdasxmebisa, ramdenadac, erTi mxriv, aseTi Tavdasxmebi saqarTvelos mxridan drodadro aranakleb gamana-dgurebel sapasuxo Tavdasxmebs iwvevda, xolo, meore mxriv ki, arc Tu yovelTvis Sedegiani iyo isini. saqme isaa, rom lek abragTa nawili am Tavdasxmebis dros qarTvelebTan brZolaSi fizikurad nadgurdeboda, xolo didi nawili ki xelcarieli brundeboda. yvelafer amas, rasakvirvelia kargad grZnobda xalxi da amitom Tavis gulisTqmas saukunod damkvidrebuli gamoTqmiTac gamoxa-tavda: `vin icis dabrundeba ki vinc saqarTveloSi saabragod wavidao~, an kidev `TavdasxmiT motanili nadavli isev Tavdasxmasve miaqvso~ da sxv.~. (32, gv.198).

àse, rom, XVI_XVIII saukuneebSi miuxedavad mTeli rigi daZabuli politikuri momentebisa, saqrTvelo-daRestnis kulturul-ekonomikur cxovrebaSi organul urTierTobaTa ritmi mainc ar Sewyvetila, rasac Tavis mxriv is gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda, rom principSi mTlianad iqna SenarCunebuli qarTveli da daRestanis xalxebis keTilmezobloba da saukunovani megobroba~. (32, gv.205).

b o l o T q m a . cnobili rusi literatori, kritikosi, filosofosi da publicisti b e s ar io n

b el i n s k i (1811_1848) werda: `yoveli xalxi aris raRac mTliani, gansakuTrebuli da individualuri, yvela

xals aqvs Tavisi cxovreba, Tavisi suliskveTeba, Tavisi xasiaTi, Tavisi Sexeduleba movlenebze, Tavisi qcevis Taviseburebis gageba da moqmedeba.

Cven vfiqrobT, rom jobs davutovoT yvelas Tavisi da rom SevicnoT sakuTari Rirseba, unda pativi vceT sxvis Rirsebas~. (96, gv.3).

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magram, ruseTis saxelmwifos mesveurebi sul sxvanairad fiqrobdnen. rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, moskovis samefos daarsebidan dRemde, maT arasdros qoniaT sakuTari `Rirseba~ da arc arasodes pativs scemdnen `sxvis Rirsebas~.

msoflioSi erT-erTi udidesi saxelmwifo _ ruseTi, romelic sabWoTa kavSiris drosac-ki, egreT wodebuli `mefis ruseTi~, TviT sabWoTa istorikosebis mier aRiarebuli iyo rogorc èvropis Jandarmi~, misi rRvevis Semdegac, Cven vxedavT, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi ruseTSi araferi Secvlila da isev cdilobs daimonos da daipyros mcire saxelmwifoebi da maT Soris kavkasiac.

romaeli politikuri moRvawe, oratori da mwerali m a r k u s c i c ero n i (Zv. w. 106_Zv. w. 43) werda:

ìstoriis pirveli kanonia _ unda geSinodes yovelgvari sicruis, xolo Semdeg _ ar unda geSinodes yovelgvari simarTlis~.

ruseTis imperiis dros da gansakuTrebiT mis Semdeg, sabWoTa wyobilebis dros, ra Tqma unda veravin gabedavda `moZme ruseTis~ winaaRmdeg raime simarTlis Tqmas. amitomac saWiroa, rom dRevandel dRes, ruseTis imperiaSi Semavali xalxTa istoria Tavidan daiweros.

zeviT Cven zogadad ganvixileT zogierTi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi rogorc adgilobrivi, aseve Camosaxlebulni sxvadasxva erebi, romlebic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Seerwymnen erTmaneTs miuxedavad maTi sarwmuneobrivi gansxvavebisa da Camoayalibes saxelmwifoebi. kavkasia warmoadgens mravalerovan saxelmwifos. zogi- erTi mecnieris azriT, miuxedavad imisa, rom CrdiloeT kavkasia warmoadgens Seda- rebiT mcire miwian qveyanas, romlis farTobi Seadgens daaxloebiT 250 000 kv. km-es da amave dros misi mniSvnelovani miwis nawili ukavia mTebs, aq imyofeba 100 eris warmomadgeneli. aqedan, daRestanis respublikaSi cxovrobs daaxloebiT 30 erovnebis xalxi. CrdiloeT kavkasielTa xalxTa umravlesoba mcirericxovani erebia (xSirad mxolod erT aulSi mcxovreblebi).

`daRestanSi ZirZveli mcirericxovani eria 19, romlis umravlesoba aRricxvas ar eqvemdebareba. andielebi _ 17-20 aTasi kaci; kaitagebi (kaitakebi) _ daaxl. 14 aTasi kaci; cezebi _ 8 aTasi kaci; bJetinelebi _ daaxl. 7 aTasi kaci; baguelebi, karataelebi, tindielebi da Wamalalebi _ daaxl. 5-6 aTasi kacia. Rodoberielebi daBboTlixelebi _ 4 aTasi kacia; axvaxelebi _ miaxloebiT 3,2_3,7 aTasi kacia; yubaCelebi _ 2,5 aTasze meti kacia; hunzibelebi _ 1,4 aTasi kaci; xvarSielebi _ daaxloebiT 1 aTasi; hinuxilebi _ daaxl. 200 kacia. zogierTebi 1989 w. aRweri- lobaSi moxvdnen (aRulebi da ruTulebi _ 15, 4 aTasi kaci; waxurebi _ 5,2 aTasi kaci)...

andi-cezuris mcire ricxovani jgufis xalxi (isinia 14) gamoacxades rogorc Serwymulni avarielebTan; yubaCelebi da kaitagebi _ darguelebTan. am xalxis saxelwodebebi saerTod gaqra sakavSiro aRweris siebidan.

is xalxi, romlebic ar moxvdnen aRweraTa siebSi, saerTod ar eqceodaT saTanado

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yuradReba maTi kulturis ganviTarebis mxriv, maTi ena darCa rogorc sayofacxovrebo-salaparako enad~. (109).

amaT garda daRestanSi arian iseTi metad mcire erovnebebi, romlebic rfr-s aTanado uyuradRebobis gamo (mag. hinuxebi darCa daaxl. 200 kaci) SeiZleba saerTod gaqrnen. aseTive mdgomareobaa CrdiloeT kavkasiis sxva respublikebSic.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, 2000 wlis 13 mais rfr-is prezidentis v. putinis brZanebiT Seiqmna samxreTis federaluri olqi. romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen: adiRes respublika, yalmuxeTis respublika, volgogradis olqi, rostovis olqi da krasnodaris mxare.

2010 wlis 19 ianvars, d. medvedevis brZanebis Tanaxmad, samxreT federalur olqs gamoeyo da Camoyalibda CrdiloeT-kavkasiis federaluri olqi. romlis mTavari qalaqi gaxda piatigorski. 2013 wlis 2 ianvris rfr-Si Catarebuli mosaxleobis aRricxvis Tanaxmad, misi mosaxleba iyo 9 540 753 kaci. masSi Sevidnen:

daRestnis respublika (mahaCyala) ------------------------- 2 946 035 kaci; CaCneTis respublika (grozno) ------------------------------ 1 324 767 kaci; inguSeTis respublika (magasi) --------------------------------- 442 255 kaci; yabardo-balyareTis respublika (nalCiki) ------------------ 858 946 kaci; yaraCai-CerqezeTis respublika (Cerkeski) ------------------- 471 847 kaci; CrdiloeT oseTis-alanias respublika (vladikavkazi) --- 706 123 kaci; stavropolis mxare (stavropoli) ------------------------- 2 790 785 kaci. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, TviT CrdiloeT kavkasielTa garda cxovroben rogorc

samxreT kavka-sielebi (qarTvelebi, azerbaijanelebi da somxebi), aseve sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi (Turqebi, TaTrebi, rusebi, ukrainelebi, belorusebi, berZnebi, germanelebi da sxv). unda aRiniSnos, rom CrdiloeT kavksiis mravalerovneba, ruseTis xelisuflebis mier ganxorcielebuli umarTebulo gegmebisa da sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebis moTxovnebis gauTvaliswinebuleba iwvevs rogorc politikur, aseve relegiur daZabulebas.

2002 wlis ruseTis sayovelTao àRweris monacemebiT, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi samxreT kavkasiis saxelmwifoebidan migrirebuli 826 aTasi kaci cxovrobda (somxebi, azerbaijanelebi da qarTve-lebi). aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom dRemde ar gamqrala Crdilokavkasieli xalxebis survili sakuTari saxelmwifoebriobis Seqmnisa, Tumca amgvari miznebi xSirad erTmaneTisadmi eTnopo-litikuri da eTnoteritoriuli pretenziebis safuZvlebi xdeba. amasTan erTad, aq mcxovreb TiTqmis milionamde somexs, azerbaijanelsa da qarTvels arasodes gamouTqvamT raime politikuri pretenzia da maT interesebs eTnopolitikuri xasiaTi ar miuRia. isini sakmaod warmatebulad Tanaarseboben CrdiloeT kavaksiaSi mcxovreb yvela xalxis warmomadgenlebTan~. (12, gv.91).

2010 wlis rfr-s mosaxleobis aRweris Tanaxmad, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi Semavali respublikebSi, olqebSi da mxareebSi, rusebis, qarTvelebis, azerbaijanelebis da somxebis Semdgenloba iyo Semdegi:

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daRestanSi: rusebi _ 104 000; qarTvelebi _ ar aris mocemuli; azerbaijanelebi _ 130 900; somxebi _ 5 000.

inguSeTSi: rusebi _ 3 215 000, qarTvelebi, azerbaijanelebi da somxebi _ ar aris mocemuli.

yabardo-balyareTSi: rusebi _ 193 155, qarTvelebi _ 1 545, azerbaijanelebi _ 2 063, somxebi _ 5 002.

yaraCai-CerqezeTSi: rusebi _ 150 025, qarTvelebi da azerbaijanelebi ar aris mocemuli, somxebi _ 2 737.

CrdiloeT oseTSi: rusebi _ 147 090, qarTvelebi _ 9 095, azerbaijanelebi _ 2 857, somxebi _ 16 235.

CaCneTSi: rusebi _ 24 382, qarTvelebi, azerbaijanelebi da somxebi _ ar aris mocemuli.

adiReSi: rusebi _ 270 714, qarTvelebi _ ar aris mocemuli, azerbaijanelebi _ 1 7 589, somxebi _ 15 561.

stavropolis mxareSi: rusebi _ 2 232 153, qarTvelebi _ 7 526, azerbaijanelebi _ 17 800, somxebi _ 161 324.

krasnodaris mxareSi: rusebi _ 4 522 900, qarTvelebi _ 17 800, azerbaijanelebi _ 10 200, somxebi _ ar aris mocemuli.

rostovis olqSi: rusebi _ 3 795 600 (maT Soris kazakebi _ 29 700), qarTvelebi _ 8 300, azerbaijanelebi _ 17 900, somxebi _ 110 700.

yvela cxrilSi 1 000 kacze naklebi erebi ar aris mocemuli. cxrilebidan Cans, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi 2010 wels daaxloebiT imyofebodnen:

rusebi _ 14 555 919, qarTvelebi _ 44 266, azerbaijanelebi _ 181 509, somxebi _ 205 859.

1 . q a r T v e l e b i C r d i l o e T k a v k a s i a S i . CrdiloeTkavkasielTa da qarTvelebis urTierTobebis Sesaxeb Cven nawilobriv

zeviT visaubreT. rac Seexeba qarTvelebis Casaxlebas CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, rogorc j. kviciani aRniSnavs, is òr ZiriTad periodad SeiZleba davyoT: pirveli _ XVI saukunis Sua xanebidan XIX saukunis dasawyisis CaTvliT da meore _ XIX saukunis pirveli naxevari _ XX dasawyisi. qarTvelebis nawili, romelic 1725 wels mefe vaxtang meeqvsis ruseTSi gamgzavrebis dros axlda, kaspis sanapiro raionebSi darCa. XVIII saukuneSi qarTvelebi upiratesad saxldebodnen yizlarSi (daRestanSi, 1735 wels) da mozdokSi (Crd. oseTSi, 1762_63 wlebSi)....

Crdilo kavkasiaSi qarTvelebis migraciis meore etapi im dros xdeba, rodesac saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiam miierTa da kavkasiis omi dasrulda. 1863_64 wlebSi, adiRebis masobrivi gada-saxlebis (muxajirobis) Sedegad, md. bzifidan (afxazeTSi) novorosiiskamde didi teritoriebi Tavisufldeboda. am teritoriebze carizmis politika mizanmimarTul migracias axorcielebda da im imediT, rom am mxaris

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imperiasTan mierTeba eTnografiuladac momxdariyo, xels upiratesad rusebis dasaxlebas uwyobda. Tumca aRsaniSnavia isic, rom carizmi ar krZalavda qarTvelebisaTvis da somxebisaTvis miwebis gadacemas da iq maT dafuZnebas.... qarTuli dasaxlebebi Cndeba Savi zRvis guberniaSi _ soWis midamoebSi (plastunka, mamaika, novaia zaria) da Tergis olqSi (alagiri, dRevandeli CrdiloeT oseTi). aRsaniSnavia, rom 1879-82 wlebSi alagirSi 120 qarTuli ojaxi cxovrobda, xolo 1897 wels soWTan axlos mdebare sofel plastunkaSi _ 97 qarTuli ojaxi, romlebic ZiriTadad dasavleT saqarTvelodan _ imereTidan, samegrelodan da raWidan iyvnen migrirebulni. XIX saukunis bolos qarTvelTa dasaxlebis procesi iwyeba yabardo-balyareTSi (nalCikSi)~. (12, gv,92_93).

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, meore msoflio omis dros, viTomdac Ralatis gamo CrdiloeT kavkasielebi gadaasaxles Sua aziaSi da yazaxeTSi. 1943 wlis 12 oqtombers `gamoica ssrk-is umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis saidumlo brZaneba: «yaraCais avtonomiuri olqis gauqmeba da misi teritoriis administraciulad mowyoba». pirvel muxlSi ewera, rom «yvela yaraCaeli, romlebic olqis teritoriaze cxovrobdnen» unda iyvnen gadasaxlebulni sssr-is sxvadasxva raionebSi, «xolo yaraCaelTa avtonomiuri olqi unda gauqmdes». meore muxlis `b~ punqtSi aRniSnuli iyo «gadaeces yofili yaraCaelis avtonomiuri olqis, uSkulanis da miqoianis raionis nawili saqa-rTvelos ssr-s, Camoyalibdes aRniSnul teritoriaze axali qluxoris raioni centriT qalaq miqoian-Saxari. q. miqoian-Saxars gadaerqvas q. qluxorad. dadgindes qluxoris raionis sazRvrebi rsfsr-sa da saqarTvelos ssr-s Soris: dasavleTiT _ yof. miqoianis arsebuli sazRvari, Semdeg aRmosavleTiT _ q. qluxoris CrdiloeTiT, da Semdeg md. mari, sof. qveda maris gamoricxviT, yof. uCkulanis raionis sazRvrebisken gasvliT, zemo maris samxreTiT da Semdeg samxreTiT yof. uCkulanis raionis aRmosavleTis sazRvrebi...». (110).

1944 wlis 23 Tebervlidan inguSebi, CaCnebi, yaraCaelebi da balyarelebi Sua aziaSi gada-saxlebis Semdeg, 1944 wlis 7 martis (Seicvala yabardo-oseTis sazRvrebi) da 8 aprilis (yaba-rdo-balyareTis assr gaxda yabardos assr) ssrk-s umaRlesi sabWos (us) prezidiumis brZanebis Tanaxmad gadasaxlebulTa avtonomiuri respublikebi gaauqmes da maTi miwa-wyali daanawevres da mezobel respublikebs SeuerTes. CeCneT-inguSeTis respublikis nawilze Camoyalibda groznos olqi. iTumyalis, Sarois das. nawili, galanCeJis, galaSkis da prigorodnis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilis midamoebi da agreTve CrdiloeT oseTis gizeldonis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilic saqar-Tvelos gadmoeca. amis garda yabrdos nawili elbruskisa da nagornis samxreT-dasavleT nawili saqarTvelos zemo svaneTs SeuerTes, aq Casaxldnen ZiriTadaT svanebi da raWvelebi. SemdegSi, 1955 wlis martis sssr-is us-s prezidiumis brZanebiT qluxori ruseTs gadaeca. xolo, 1957 wlis 9 ianvris sssr-is us-s prezidiumis brZanebis Tanaxmad, rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, saqarTvelom SemoierTebuli miwa-wylebi, yovelgvari Sexla-Semoxlis gareSe Zvel mflobelebs daubrunes da cdilobdnen maT daxmarebas.

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zeviT vTqviT, rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, CrdiloeT kavksielebsa da qarTvelebs Soris urTierToba Sesustda da ruseTis xelisufalTa xelis SewyobiT da waqezebiT, zogjer mtrulic gaxda. magram, miuxedavad amisa, CrdiloeT kavkasielebsa da qarTvelebs Soris urTi-erToba arasdros ar Sewyvetila.

`1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi afxazeTis konfliqtis Sedegebma da saqarTveloSi Seqmnilma mZime ekonomikurma viTarebam CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi qarTvelebis axali migracia ganapiroba...

postsabWour CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mimdinare demokratizaciis procesebs ukavSirdeba regionSi qarTuli kulturul-saganmanaTleblo centrebis Seqmnac: `varZia~ _ rostovis olqSi, èrToba~ _ Crdilo oseTSi, ìveria~ _ soWSi, `rioni~ _ nalCikSi~. (12, gv.94).

ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos, saqarTveloSi, 1944 wlis 15 noembris Rames, ra Tqma unda stalinis miTiTebiT, Catarebuli mesxeTSi e. w. `Turqi mesxebis~ gadasaxlebis Sesaxeb, romlebic ssrk-s us-s prezidiumis 1956 wlis 28 aprilis #135/42 dadgenilebis Tanaxmad gaTavisufldnen spec-gadasaxlebis adgilebidan sacxovrebel adgilebze (saqarTveloSi) dabrunebis uflebis gareSe da amis gamo gadasaxlebulTa nawili dRevandel dResac CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi imyofebian.

`sul saqarTvelos ssr-dan, ssrk-s Tavdacvis saxelmwifo komitetis 1944 wlis 31 ivlisis #6279-is dadgenilebis safuZvelze specgadasaxlebul iqna 19 818 ojaxi. maT Soris Turqebi _ 14 493 ojaxi; qurTebi _ 1 830 ojaxi; azerbaijanelebi _ 3 058 ojaxi; iezidebi _ 7 ojaxi; TaTrebi _ 126 ojaxi da xemSilebi _ 304 ojaxi....

garda amisa, Sinsaxkomis 1944 wlis 18 maisis #546 dadgenilebis safuZvelze saqarTvelos ssr-s yvarlis raionidan daRestnis assr-Si gadasaxlebulni iyvnen lezginuri warmomavlobis pirebi, sul 800 ojaxi~. (Turqi mesxebi).

`1944 wels sabWoTa kavSiris Tavdacvis saxelmwifo komitetis dadgenilebiT saqarTvelos ssr, aWaris assr, somxeTis ssr da azerbaijanis ssr-s naxiWevanis assr-dan uzbekeTis, yazaxeTisa da yirgizeTis ssr-Si gadasaxlebul iqnen mahmadianuri aRmsareblobis pirebi _ Turqebi, qurTebi, Taraqamebi da xemSilebi (mahmadiani somxebi). sabWoTa kavSiris Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisa-riatis monacemebiT sul samxreT kavkasiidan gasaxlda 94 955 adamiani. maTgan saqarTvelodan gasaxlda 68 447 adamiani, maTi eTnikuri TviTidentificirebis mixedviT 59 780 Turqi, 8 667 qurTi da 1 408 Taraqama (TurqTa ojaxebSi CasiZebuli pirebi) da xemSilebi (mahmadiani somxebi)~. (42).

sayuradReboa is faqti, rom saxelwodeba `Turqi mesxebi~ da `mahmadiani mesxebi~ romelic sabWoTa kavSiris sainformacio saSualebebis mier gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebis bolos gaCnda, simarTles ar Seefereba da sinamdviles ar asaxavs. vinaidan e. w. `Turqi mesxebi~ ar arsebobs. wodeba `Turqi mesxebi~ pirvelad warmoTqva cnobilma sabWoTa yirgizi mweralma C i n g i z a i t m ato v m a (1928_2008) 1989 wlis ivnisSi sabWoTa kavSiris saxalxo deputatTa yrilobaze. `faqtia, rom maTi

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naxevari aranair kavSirSi araa saqarTvelosTan, maT gadasaxlebul mSoblebs an sxva winaprebs mesxeTSi arc ki ucxovriaT~. (42). mecnierebis mier dadgenilia, rom e. w. `Turqi mesxebi~-is nawilni arian TurqeTTan mosazRvre saqarTvelos samxreT mxareSi _ samcxe-javaxeTSi: axalcixis, adigenis, axalqalaqisa da aspinZis ZirZveli mcxovreblebi (mesxebi), romlebmac droTa ganmavlobaSi iZulebiT miiRes musulmanoba. xolo, maT gverdiT imyofebodnen Casaxlebulni Turqebi. `Turqi mesxebi~-s wodeba, gansakuTrebiT miuRebelia qristiani mesxebi-saTvis. gadasaxlebisTanave e. w. `Turq mesxebs~ pirad sabuTebSi qarTvelis nacvlad, maT, romel respublikebSic isini imyofebodnen, yirgizelebad, azerbaijanelebad, Turqmenebad da sxv. aRniSnavdnen, gvarebic ki, mamis an papis saxelis mixedviT (Turquli wesiT) gadaukeTes.

saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli, sazogado moR-vawe, musikaTmcodne da poeti m e r a b ko st a v a (1939_1989) e. w. `Turqi mesxebis~ Sesaxeb werda:

`swored mesxebiT daiwyo ruseTis veraguli politika, miznad rom isaxavda da amJamadac isaxavs saqarTvelos asimilacias. ruseTis mTavrobam gangeb aRar gamoarCia erovneba sarwmune-obisagan da mahmadiani qarTvelebi Turqebad Seracxa. 1829 wels, saqarTvelos mTavarmarTeblis, paskeviCis xeliT man javaxeT-samcxis teritoriidan ahyara da TurqeTSi gadaasaxla mravali gamahmadianebuli qarTveli, xolo maT samkvidrebelSi yarsidan 30 aTasi somexi Seasaxla. magram anti-qarTuli RonisZiebebiT arc darCenili mesxebi Caugdia ukeTes dReSi. ruseTis mTavrobam 1900-ian wlebSi axalcixis mxaris qarTveli mahmadianebisaTvis Turquli skolebi gaaxsnevina, romelnic 1930 wlamde arsebobdnen, xolo 1930 wels ukve sabWoTa mTavrobam qarTulis nacvlad azerbaijanuli skolebi gauxsna mahmadian qarTvelebs, Tumca mosaxleobis umravlesoba qarTulad metyvelebda da qarTuli skolis msurveli iyo.

1944 wels 200 aTasi muslimani qarTveli ramdenime RameSi ahyares da sakuTari samkvidrebelidan Sua aziaSi gadaasaxles viTarca Turqni.

xrusCovisa da breJnevis droSi, rodesac gadasaxlebulni CeCnebi, inguSebi da a. S. daabrunes samSobloSi, muslimani qarTvelebis dabrunebis sakiTxic dadga. Tavdapirvelad mesxebma aRimaRles xma da maT mowinave qarveli inteligenciac mierTo. maTi qarTvelobis, maT mier Cadenili usamarTlo aqtis sakiTxi mecnierulad da iuridiulad damuSavda da wardgenil iqna saqarTvelos mTavrobis winaSe. TiTqo saqme aewyo da mesxebi is iyo unda sweodnen sanukvar mizans, rom anazdeulad moskovma xelis erTi aqneviT SeaCera Cinebulad dawyebuli saqme da mesxebs misca ssrk-s nebismier respublikaSi dasaxlebis ufleba, garda saqarTvelosi. amiT mTav-robam, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso deklara-ciaze, uxeSad daarRvia Tvis sabWoTa konstituciis muxli, sadac saubaria ssrk-s teritoriaze nebismieri moqalaqisaTvis sacxovbreblad adgilis Tavisuflad arCe-vaze. amgvarma Zalmomreobam ver amourecxa gulidan mesxebs samSobloSi dabrunebis survili~. (44).

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j. kviciani aRniSnavs, rom: `1957 wels, Crdilokavkasieli represirebuli xalxebis reabilitaciis

miuxedavad, saqarTve-lodan deportirebuli mesxebisa da Turqebis reabitilireba da maTi repatriacia ar momxdara, es ar ganxorcielebula arc xruSCoviseul ̀ daTbobis~ da arc gorbaCovisebul `perestroikis~ wlebSi. 1989 wels ferganaSi uzbekebTan momxdari sisxliani eTnikuri dapirispirebis Sedegad, mesxebi da Turqebi iZulebulni gaxdnen kavkasiisaken gamoqceuliyvnen. maTi nawili dasaxlda azerbaijanSi (80 aTasamde), nawili ki _ CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, umetesad krasnodaris mxareSi. amasTan, `Turqi mesxebis~ kompaqturad dasaxleba eTnosTaSorisi dapirispirebis maprovocirebuli mudmivi faqtori gaxda, romelic gansakuTrebiT krasnodaris mxareSi gamZafrda~. (12, gv.158). misive TqmiT: àRsaniSnavia, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi (umetesad yubanSi) cxovroben e. w. `Turqi mesxebi~ romelTa raodenoba 75 aTass aRwevs)~. (12, gv.94).

cnobilia, rom maTma warmomadgenlebma ara erTxel moiTxoves da saprotesto werilebi gaagzavnes sssrk-sa, Semdeg rfr-is da saqarTvelos mTavrobebSi, magram mdgomareoba ucvleli darCa.

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi adgilobrivsa da gadasaxlebulTa Soris imdenad daiZaba mdgomareoba, rom am rTuli sakiTxis gadasawyvetad saWiro gaxda rigi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis CarTva.

`2004 wlidan, ruseTsa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobebisa da migraciis saerTa-Soriso organizaciis xelSewyobiT daiwyo krasnodaris mxaridan mahmadiani mesxebis amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gadasaxlebis procesi. 2005 wlis seqtembridan 21 aTasma pirma Seitana gancxadeba da am programis meSveobiT, 5 000 adamiani gadasaxlda filadelfiaSi, atlantaSi, kentSi da amerikis 60-ze met qalaqSi. 2007 wlisaTvis aSS-Si gadasaxlebuli iqna daaxloebiT 11 aTasi Turqi-mesxi~. (90).

ruseTis xelmZRvanelebi dResac-ki ewinaaRmdegebian e. w. `Turqi-mesxebi~-s adrindel sacxovrebel adgilebze dabrunebas. xolo saqarTveloSi mdgomareoba garTulebulia imis gamo, rom gadasaxlebulTa datovebul adgilebSi ZiriTadaT Casaxlebulni arian, somxeTidan gadmoxvewilni, romlebic maT Camosvlas ewinaaRmdegebebian. maTi dabruneba gamoiwvevs eTnokofliqts. ase, rom gadasaxlebuli mesxebis dabrunebis sakiTxi gaWinaurda da miuxedavad imisa, rom wina saukunis 90-ian wlebis bolos saqarTvelos mesveurebma valdebuleba aiRes evrosabWos winaSe 2011 wlamde e. w. ̀ Turqi mesxebis~ dabrunebis Taobaze, dRevandel dResac, gadauWrel sakiTxad darCa.D

Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom e. w. `Turqi mesxebis~ dabrunebis Sesaxeb, saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva azri arsebobs. 2007 wels d a v i T a r a b i Z e werda:

`Tu ki evropis sabWom Tavis rigebSi gawevrianebisas danias, poloneTs, CexeTs, slovakeTs, slovenias, ruseTs ar daakisra valdebulebad 1944_1945 wlebSi gasaxlebuli germanelebisa da ungrelebis repatriacia da miT ufro somxeTs ar

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daakisra 2001 wels evropis sabWoSi miRebisas, 1944 wels gasaxlebuli mahmadiani pirebis repatriacias, migvaCnia, rom amgvari valdebuleba, arc saqarTvelos unda ekisrebodes.

Cveni azriT, rogorc xelisuflebis, aseve sazogadoebriobis amocanaa 1944 wels samxreT kavkasiidan gasaxlebulTa am ramdenime aseul aTasiani masividan moiZebnos Cveni Tvistomni da moxdes maTi etapobrivi dabruneba maT mSobliur miwaze. xolo maT vinc Tavs Turqad miiCnevs da maTi samkvidro iyo dRes agre rigad warmatebuli TurqeTis respublika. Tu vinmem unda agos am adamianTa mier 1944 wels gancdil dramatul movlenebze materialur-moraluri pasuxi, ssrk-s samarTalmemkvidre ruseTis fedraciam.

Cveni amocanaa _ gavufrTxildeT saqarTvelos, davicvaT igi~. (42). 2 . a z e r b a i j a n e l e b i C r d i l o e T k a v k a s i a S i . mecnierTa mier aRiarebulia, rom dRevandel azerbaijanis miwa-wyalze pirveli

mcxovrebni uZveles droidan iyvnen qarTvelTa monaTesave tomebi alvanelebi (kavkasiis albaneTi). Zv. w. I saukuneSi Camoyalibda alvaneTis saxelmwifo, romelic moicavda axlandel azerbaijanis miwa-wyals da daRestnis samxreT nawils `(mcire-kavkasiis mTianeTidan da md. araqsisa da mtkvris qvemowelidan mokidebuli kavkasionis qedis Crdilo-aRmosavleT monakveTamde da kaspiis zRvidan vidre ior-alaznis qvemowelamde anu iberiis samefos sazRvramde). àlbaneTi~ (Albania) pirvelad IV s. berZnul wyaroebSi ixsenieba. zogi mkvlevaris azriT, kavkasiis da balkaneTis naxevar-kunZulis albaneTis saxelwodebaTa damTxveva imiT aixsneba, rom kavkasia _ mcire azia _ xmel-TaSua zRvis samyaros uZvelesi mosaxleobis enaze sityva àlb~ _ àlp~ mTianeTs aRniSnavda. Zvel qarTul wyaroebSi àlbaneTi~ gvxvdeba formiT àlvaneTi~, somxurSi _ àRvanq-i~. albaneTis mosaxleoba sakmaod mravalferovani iyo (albanelebi, gargarelebi, gelebi, legebi, herebi, sujebi da sxv., sul antikur avtorTa cnobebiT, 26 enaze molaparake tomi). albanuri ena iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa jgufs ganekuTvneboda.... albanelTa warmarTuli panTeonis pirveli RvTaeba iyo mTvare, romlis mTavari taZari iberiis sazRvarTan mdebareobda. gavrcelebuli iyo mzis Tayvanismcemlobac~. (8, t.I, gv.276). alvaneTis dedaqalaqi iyo jer kabala, Semdeg gaxda barda.

ax. w. III saukuneSi alvaneTi sasaniaTa iranis gavlenis qveS moeqca, xolo IV saukuneSi mefis xelisufleba gauqmda da igi iranis erT-erTi kuTxe gaxda. IV saukuneSi alvaneTSi qristianoba saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadda da VIII sauku-nemde darCa. VII saukunis Sua xanebSi alvaneTi arabebma daipyres da daiwyo mosaxleobis gamahmadianeba. VIII saukunis bolos arabTa saxalifos Sesustebis Sedegad, azerbaijanis miwa-wyalze Camoyalibda ramdenime damoukidebeli samTavroebi: uranSahebi _ md. mtkvris marjvena sanapiroze, Sirvani _ mtkvris marcxena sanapiroze, hereTi _ moicavda saingilos, SignikaxeTs, kambeCans, Saqs da gaRmamxares (istoriuli

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kaxeTis mxare _ moicavda md. alazansa da kavkasionis qeds Soris midamoebs) da CrdiloeTiT _ darubandis samTavro. cnobilia, rom XI saukuneSi amierkavkasia daipyro Turq-selCukebma da daiwyo azer-baijanSi Turq-selCukTa tomebis Casaxleba da TandaTan maTi adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan Serwyma. XI_XIII saukuneebSi dasrulda azerbaijaneli xalxis Camoyalibeba. mecnierebi Tvlian, rom azer-baijanis eTnogenezSi monawileobas Rebulobdnen alvanelebi, manas (saxelmwifo urmis tbis midamoebSi) xalxebi, atropatenelebi (atropatena moicavda md. araqsisa da urmis tbis midamoebs), midielebi (saxelmwifo iranis Crdilo-dasavleTSi), iranul da Turqulenovani tomebi (kime-rielebi, skviTebi, hunebi, bulgarelebi, xazarebi, oRuzebi, paWanikebi da sxv.), Turq-selCukebi da TaTar-monRolebi.

azerbaijanelebi imyofebodnen dRevandel derbendsa da Tabasaranis midamoebSi. XVI da XVIII saukuneebSi daiwyo daRestanSi, kerZod derbendSi iranis Sahebis mier Tavisi Zalauflebis gasaZliereblad, azerbaijanidan sxvadasxva tomebis Casaxleba. 1500_1501 wlebSi sefianTa saxelmwifos damaarsebelma SahinSahma i s m a il I-ma (1487_1524) azerbaijani gaaerTiana. 1510 wels daipyro derbendi da Tavrizidan sxvadasxva tomebidan 500 ojaxi Caasaxla. 1540 wels iranis Sahma T a x m a s p e I (Taxnasib) (1514_1576) azerbaijanidan gadmoasaxla kidev 400 ojaxi. abas I-ma didma, 1579 wels derbendidan sunitebi gaasaxla, derbendis gasamagreblad yizilbaSebis samxedro nawilebi Caayena da azerbaijanidan momTabare tomebis 400 ojaxi daasaxla.

1741 wels nadir-Sahma, azerbaijanSi myofi tomebidan, derbendSi kidev ramdenime aseuli ojaxi Caasaxla.

XVIII saukuneSi daRestanSi myofi azerbaijanelebis mxareSi warmoiqmna derbendis saxano, romelic 1806 wels SeierTa ruseTis imperiam. daRestanSi ruseTis mier ganxorcielebuli administraciul-erTeulebis SemoRebis Semdeg azerbaijanelebi moxvdnen derbendis mazraSi.

(1860_1870) wlebSi derbendSi myof azerbaijanelebs daematnen mTieli ebraelebi da rusebi. magram, miuxedavad amisa, azerbaijanelebi derbendSi ufro metni iyvnen. 1886 wlis monacemebiT derbendSi 8 697 azerbaijanelebi imyofebodnen. xolo ebraelebi _ 1 830 kaci. amave wlis monacemebiT daRestanSi azerbaijanelebi iricxebodnen 13 697 kaci. 1899 wels Tergis olqSi azerbaijanelTa daaxloebiT 100 ojaxi imyofeboda, xolo 1903 wels _ 800 ojaxi. CrdiloeT kavkasiis qala-qebSi ZiriTadaT azerbaijanelebi vaWrobas eweodnen. Semdgom wlebSi, CrdiloeT kavaksiaSi azerbaijanelebi TandaTan matulobdnen.

sabWoTa kavSiris dros, Catarebuli gankulakebis mimdinareobisas, azerbaijanelebi azerbaijanidan da saqarTvelodan (borCalodan) gasaxlebulni iyvnen Sua aziaSi. xolo, 1944 wels, azerbaijanidan, saqarTvelodan (TurqebTan da qurTebTan erTad) da dRevandel somxeTidan, azerbaijanelebi gaasaxles TavianT mkvidr sacxovrebeli adgilebidan (erevnis saxanodanac).

meore msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdeg, azerbaijanelTa meomarTa nawili samu-

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damod darCa CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. amaT garda, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi darCnen iq mcxovrebni azerbaijanelebi. 1991 wlis 26 aprils, rf-is mier represirebuli xalxis reabilitaciis kanonis miRebis Semdeg, zogierT erovnebebs neba eZleodaT dabru-nebuliyvnen adrindel sacxovrebel adgilebze.

1988 wlis TebervalSi, somxeTsa da azerbaijans Soris dawyebuli eTnikuri ganxeTqilebis Sedegad, romelic gamowveuli iyo somxebis moTxovnilebis gamo, SeeerTebina azerbaijanis ssr-s mTiani-yarabaRis ao olqi somxeTis ssr-sTvis, damTavrda imiT, rom amave wlis martSi, somxebma asobiT aTasi azerbaijaneli gamoaZeves yarabaRidan da somxeTidan. gamoqceulTa umravlesoba dasaxlda CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom azerbaijanelTa gadasaxleba sacxovrebeli adgi-lebidan da azrbaijanis miwa-wylis gadacema somxebisaTvis xdeboda (1918_1920, 1948_1953 da 1988_1991) wlebSi.

CrdiloeT kavkasielebsa da azerbaijanlebs Soris, kerZod daRestanelebTan, xangrZlivi mezoblobis gamo, moxda maTi daaxloeba rogorc kulturulad aseve yofa-cxovrebis mxriv. azerbaijanelebi monawileobas Rebuloben rogorc soflis meurneobaSi aseve vaWrobaSi da warmoebebSi, gansakuTrebiT navTob mrewvelobaSi.

2000 wlis 18 oqtombers, daRestnis respublikis saxelmwifo sabWos #191 dadgenilebiT, azerbaijanelebi gamocxaddnen rogorc daRestnis respublikis mkvidr mcirericxovan xalxad.

àmjamad SeiniSneba Crdilokavkasieli azerbaijanelebis erovnuli TviTSegnebis zrda. regi-onis mTel rig qalaqebSi Seiqmna da moqmedebs azerbaijanuli kulturuli sazogadoebebi~. (12, gv.97).

3. s o m x e b i C r d i l o e T k a v k a s i a S i . CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi Casaxlebul sxvadasxva tomebs Soris, erT-erTni arian

somxebi, romle-bic, wyaroebidan Cans, rom somxebis nawili, X saukuneSi Sua aziidan, trapezuntidan, sinopidan da konstantinopolidan, wamosulan da dasaxlebulan yirimSi. XIII saukuneSi monRolebis mier somxeTis dapyrobis Semdeg, monRolebma somexi xelosnebi da vaWrebi gadaasaxles q. saraiSi, xolo iqedan, 100 wlis Semdeg gadasulan yirimis naxevar kunZulze _ feodosiaSi, Zvel yirimsa da kafaSi. fiqroben, rom monRolebis mier yirimSi laSqrobis Semdeg, somxebis nawilni gadavidnen adiReelebTan da damkvidrdnen sxvadasxva adgilebSi. cnobilia, rom XIV_XVII saukuneebSi somxebi imyofebodnen derbendsa da SemaxaSi (q. azerbaijanSi. kavkasionis samxreT-aRmosavleT mTiswineTSi. IX_XVI saukuneebSi Sirvanis dedaqalaqi). aqauri somxebi astraxanis gavliT vaWrobas awarmoebdnen ruseTSi.

XVIII saukunis wyaroebSi aRniSnulia, rom somxebi imyofebodnen md. Tergis midamoebSi. 1724 wlis 10 noembris petre I-is brZanebiT iranel 27 somexs neba eZleodaT, rom dasaxlebuliyvnen im adgilas sadac SemdegSi aRmocenda q. yizlari. 1733 wels derbendidan md. sulakze mdebare cixe-simagre wm. jvarSi gadasulan 700

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somxebi da qarTvelebi. xolo, 1736 wels cixe-simagris ganadgurebis Semdeg aq myofi mcxovrebTa nawili Casaxlebula yizlarSi.

wyaroebSi mocemulia, rom 1796 wels derbendSi iyo somxebis 100 saxli. 1799 wels pavle I-ma neba darTo, rom yizlarSi da mozdokSi dasaxlebuliyvnen iraneli da yarabaReli somxebi. cnobilia, rom XVIII saukuneSi yabardoSi imyofebodnen somxebi, romlebic ZiriTadaT vaWrobdnen. XIX saukuneSi somxebis dasaxlebebi aRniSnulia yirimSi, yubanSi da CrdiloeT kavkasiis sxva-dasxva adgilebSi, ZiriTadaT stanicebis midamoebSi.

`wyaroebi gviCveneben, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi xdeboda somxebis Casaxleba ZiriTadaT 4 nakadiT:

1. XII_XIII ss-Si _ mcire aziidan CrdiloeT dasavleT kavkasiaSi ZiriTadaT yirimidan.

2. XVIII saukinis pirveli meoTxedidan bolomde _ iranidan ZiriTadaT Tergis midamoebSi.

3. 1894_1895 ww-Si _ TurqeTidan CrdiloeT-dasavleT kavkasiaSi. 4. 1914_1916 ww-Si _ isev TurqeTidan CrdiloeT-dasavleT kavkasiaSi da Savi

zRvis sanapiroze. garda amisa, adgili qonda somxebis or msxvil gadmosaxlebas: 1778 wels,

rodesac somxebi yirimis naxevarkunZulidan gadavidnen donze da 1828 wels, gurkmanCais samSvidobo xelSekrulebis me-15-e statiis Tanaxmad, erTi wlis gan-mavlobaSi, neba eZleodaT somxebs, romlebic moisur-vebdnen, iranidan gadasaxle-buliyvnen ruseTSi.

ase, rom Tu XVIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi somxebis mosaxleobis mTavari centri iyo dasavleT-CrdiloeT kavkasia, XVIII saukunis dasawyisidan iranidan gadmosaxlebis Semdeg, maTi centri warmoiqmna Tergis auzSi. XIX saukunis bolos _ XX saukunis dasawyisSi, TurqeTidan gadmosaxlebulTa gamo, xelaxla icvleba Tanafardoba da iqmneba ufro msxvili ricxobrivi masiuri somxebis dasaxlebebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi~. (111).

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi sabWoTa kavSiris dros somexTa nakadma imata. 2002 wlis monacemebiT somxebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi Seadgenda 581 000 kacs. rusebTan, CaCnebTan da avariebTan erTad, somxebi warmoadgendnen yvelaze ufro mravalricxovan eTnikur jgufs. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi somexTa nakadma gansakuTrebiT imata somxeTSi momxdari miwisZvris Semdeg da azerbaijansa da somxeTs Soris yarabaRis dapirispirebis droidan. rfr-Si 2002 wels Catarebuli mosaxleobis aRweris mixedviT CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi somexTa raodenoba iyo 581 000 kaci. yvelaze metni iyvnen: krasnodaris olqSi _ 274 600; stavropolis mxareSi _ 149 300; rostovis olqSi _ 110 000.

`sabWoTa periodis CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi (dasavleT nawilSi) arsebobdnen iseTi admini-straciuli raionebi, romelTa mosaxleobis umetesobas somxebi Seadgendnen. magaliTad, 1926_ 1953 wlebSi maikopis olqis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda stanica

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elisavetpoli (daba Saumiani _ 1938 wels); qalaq donis rostovis axlos dResac arsebobs miasnikovis raioni (centriT sofel CaltirSi)....

dRes somexTa migraciis veqtori rusuli mograciis veqtors imeorebs _ samxreT-aRmo-savleTidan CrdiloeT-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT. garkveuli koreqtireba amaSi Seaqvs aqtiur imigracias somxeTidan da azerbaijanidan (somxur-azerbaijanuli konfliqtis Sedegad). somxuri mosaxleobis yovelwliuri zrda am regionSi eTnosTaSorisi daZabulobis garkveul safuZvels warmoadgens, radgan ekonomikis sferoSi interesTa konfliqti warmoiqmneba (pirvel rigSi, es exeba vaWrobisa da momsaxurebis sferoebs). (12. gv.96).

4 . r u s e b i C r d i l o e T k a v k a s i a S i . istorikosi S a xrud i n g a p u ro v i ruseTis xelisuflebis Sesaxeb wers: `maT ar daiviwyes da veraferi iswavles~ _ es gamonaTqvami XIX saukunis

dasawyisSi burbonebze, Zalauneburad modis mexsierebaSi, rodesac adareb CaCneTSi XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi mefis ruseTis kolonizatorebisa (gansakuTrebiT èrmolovis~ dros) da ruseTis xelisuflebis 1990 wlis naxevarSi ganxorcielebul moqmedebebs~. (107).

zeviT aRvniSneT, rom ruseTi, moskovis samTavros TandaTan gaZleierebis Semdeg, XV saukunis meore naxevarSi gamoCnda CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da daiwyo rusebis Casaxleba. XVI saukunidan dawyebuli 200 wlis manZilze rusebma daikaves md. volgis qveda midamoebi, uralis mxare, CrdiloeT kavkasiis bari da gadavidnen cimbirSi. rusebis Casaxleba CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi xdeboda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis didi winaaRmdegobis daZleviT da xSirad mTavrdeboda maTi ganadgurebiT. rodesac ruseTi imperia gaxda, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi rusebis Casaxleba ufro gaadvilda. xolo XIX saukuneSi, ruseTSi kapitalizmis ganviTarebam gamoiwvia CrdiloeT kavkasiis bunebrivi simdidris aTviseba da warmoebebis ganviTareba. aman ki gamoiwvia rusebis kidev didi raodenobiT Casaxleba CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi.

unda aRiniSnos, rom ruseTis imperiis dros, rogorc ruseTis ganapira mxare, CrdiloeT kavkasia warmoadgenda gadasaxlebis adgilsac.

XIX saukuneSi CrdiloeT-winakavkasiis barSi didi raodenobiT rusebi iyvnen dasaxlebulni, gansakuTrebiT md. donis midamoebsa da stavropolis mxareSi. mxolod Savi zRvis yubanispireTSi ukrainelebi ufro metni iyvnen.

samoqalaqo omma da sabWoTa wyobilebis mier kavkasieli kazakebis winaaRmdeg Catarebulma RonisZiebebma, mTielTa Camosaxlebam dablobebSi, koleqtivizaciam, `gankulakebam~ da (1932-1933) wlebSi momxdarma SimSilobam, gamoiwvia ara Tu rusebis, aramed mTel CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mosaxleobis cvlilebebi. xolo Semdeg, meore msoflio omma, (1943_1944) wlebSi ganxorci-elebulma gadasaxlebebma da (1946_1947) wlebSi SimSilobam, ufro metad Secvala mosaxleobis raodenoba.

XX saukunis 80_90-an wlebSi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gaizarda kavkasiis xalxTa

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Casaxleba da zogierT CrdiloeT kavkasiis mxareebSi xdeboda adgilobrivi rusebis mosaxleobis Semcireba (stavropolis zogierT raionebSi, daRestansa da yaraCai-CerqezeTSi).

r. TofCiSvili aRniSnavs, rom: `XX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan moyolebuli rusebis proce-ntuli da ricxobrivi raodenoba kavkasiaSi TvalsaCinod iklebs. es kleba ufro aSkaraa ukana-skneli oci wlis ganmavlobaSi. amis gamoa, rom 1970-iani wlebis Semdgomi periodis demografiul procesebs kavkasiaSi dRes rusul samec-niero literaturaSi derusifikaciis process uwodeben. Tu rogor ganviTardeba SemdgomSi movlenebi eTnopolitikuri, eTnodemografiuli TvalsazrisiT, kavkasiaSi amis ganWvreta erTob Znelia. yovelive amisaTvis ki garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvs kavkasiis xalxebis warsulis, eTnikuri istoriis, eTnikuri kulturis Seswavlas, erTi sityviT, saerTod istoriul-eTnografiul naSromebs... qarTvelTaTvisac friad aqtualuri da sainteresoa, radgan wignSi mimoxiluli yvela eTnosi Cveni mezobelia da saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos da qarTvel xalxs kavkasiis xalxebTan metnaklebad yovelmxrivi da mWidro urTierToba hqonda da momavalSic qarTveli eri maT mezoblobaSi, maTTan urTierTobaSi gaagrZelebs aq Tavis cxovrebas~. (14, gv.217).

miuxedavad CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mosaxleobis cvlilebebisa, ruseTis mosax-leobaTa ricxvi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, mainc ucvleli rCeboda, vinaidan xdeboda yofili sabWoTa respublikebidan rusebis Camosaxleba.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Tanamedrove CrdiloeT kavksiaSi, rusebis ricxobrivi raodenoba rfr-s 2010 wlis mosaxleobis aRweris mixedviT, Seadgens daaxloebiT 14 555 919 kacs. zemoT moyvanili cxrilidan Cans, rom rusebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi yvelaze mravalricxovani xalxia. rusebi arian krasnodaris mxareSi _ 4 552 900. rostovis olqSi _ 3 795 660; stavropolis mxareSi _ 2 232 153; inguSeTSi _ 321 500; adiReSi _ 270 714; yabardo-balyareTSi _ 193 155; yaraCai-CerqezeTSi _ 150 025; CrdiloeT oseTSi _ 147 096; daRestanSi _ 104 000; CaCneTSi _ 24 382.

dRevandel dRes, SeiniSneba CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi rusi mosaxleobis Semcireba, rac ZiriTadaT gamowveulia, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, kavkasiel xalxTa damoukideblobis mopovebisas, ruseTis xelisuflebasTan SeiaraRebuli Setakebebis gamo.

* * * * * * rogorc j. kviciani aRniSnavs: `samxreT ruseTis teritoriaze migraciul

procesebs, ZiriTadad, erTi veqtori aqvs _ samxreTidan da samxreT-aRmosavleTidan CrdiloeTiT da Crdilo-dasavleTiT. migraciuli nakadis ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa krasnodarisa da rostovis olqebis samxreTi da dasavleTi raionebi, mosaxleobis simWidrove obieqtur winapirobebs qmnis eTnosTaSoris daZabulobis da lokaluri konfliqtebis kerebis gaCenisaTvis~. (12, gv.101).

`dRes kavkasielis tradiciuli moralur _ eTikuri, zneobrivi faseulobebis

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axleburi Seswavla, meTodologiuri pluralizmis safuZvelze, axal SesaZleblobebs Seqmnis sazogadoebis remo-ralizaciis TvalsazrisiT. kavkasielebi didxans iyvnen mowyvetilni cxovrebis sakuTar niadags. warsulSi ganxorcielebuli da dResac mimdinare kavkasiuri sazogadoebis modernizaciis iseTi procesi, roca is sakuTar fesvebsa da niadagsaa mowyvetili, regionis ganviTarebisaTvis zianis momtanic SeiZleba iyos. amgvari situacia xels uSlis kavkasielis bunebriv mdgomareobas, romelic Tavisuflebisa da demokratiisaken swrafvaSi gamoixateba~. (12, gv.133).

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S i n a a r s i

Sesavali _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 Tavi I. CrdiloeT kavkasielebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 Tavi II. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi urdoebi da saxanoebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 47 1. yivCaRebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 47 2. didi urdo _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 49 3. TurqTa saxakano _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 50 4. xazarTa saxakano _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 51 5. yazanis saxano _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 53 6. astraxanis saxano _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 57 7. noRais urdo _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 57 8. yirimis saxano _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 61 Tavi III. kazakebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 78 1. seCi zaporoJiesi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 79 2. donis kazakebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 81 3. grebenis da Tergis kazakebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 83 4. yubanis kazakebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _G85 5. qarTvelebi da kazakebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 92 Tavi IV. muhajiroba _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 96 Tavi V. CrdiloeT-kavkasielTa tomebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 102 1. afsuebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 102 2. abazebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 108 3. kimerielebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 110 4. skviTebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 112 5. sarmatebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 113 6. roqsolanebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 116 7. iazigebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 117 8. sirakebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 118 9. aorsebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 119 10. alanebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 121 11. osebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 128 12. dvalebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 194 13. henioxebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 198 14. kerketebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 201 15. meotebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 202 16. aqaelebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 204 17. kolebi da koraqsebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 204 18. jiqebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 205 19. qaSagebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 212

355

20. afsilebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 213 21. abazgebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 214 22. sanigebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 216 Tavi VI. Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasielebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 217 1. adiReelebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 218 2. Cerqezebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 228 3. yaraCaelebi da balyarelebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 240 4. yabardoelebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 241 Tavi VII. CrdiloeT-aRmosavleT kavkasielebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 249 1. CaCnebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 250 2. inguSebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 288 3. durZukebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 301 4. veinaxebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 303 5. bacbebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 304 6. qistebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 307 7. daRestnelebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 103 8. xunZebi (avarelebi) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 325 9. mTis ebraelebi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 330 boloTqma _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 333 1. qarTvelebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 336 2. azerbaijanelebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 341 3. somxebi CrdiloeT kavaksiaSi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 343 4. rusebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 345 gamoyenebuli literatura _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 348 Sinaarsi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 354

Documents

CrdiloeT kavkasia, saqarTvelo, ruseTi da maTi ...dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/220925/1/... · zirixgerani, Tabasarani, lairani, lakzi, maskuti, Rumiki, jidani da sxv. VI saukunidan,