• Creating Wildlife Habitat

Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards Addressed

HS‐LS2‐7. Design, evaluate, and refine a solution for reducing the impacts of human activities on the environment and biodiversity.* [Clarification Statement: Examples of human activities can include urbanization, building dams, and dissemination of invasive species.

Bell Work / Objectives

Explain how habitat growth is classified.

Describe the relationships of wildlife populations to habitat.

Identify earth changes that impact habitat.

Discuss the role of climate and weather in habitat production.

Explain the production of plants as food sources.

Terms

Atmosphere

Birth rate

Browse

Climate

Climax stage

Crust

Cyclical changes

Death rate

Diurnal species

Dormancy

Equinox

Forb

Habitat community

Herbage

Hibernation

Mast

Terms

Nocturnal species

Perennial

Population

Revolution

Rotation

Troposphere

Vertical stratification

Weather

Wildlife Food

The next view showsexamples of various wild berries, nuts, and seeds.

Can you identify what they are?

What wildlife would you suggest would eat this food?

How do you think we could promote greater production of these foods?

How is habitat growth classified?

Habitat growth is usually specific when it comes to a development sequence. Habitat layers influence the physical

environment and diversity of the wildlife species.

Habitat stages are based on growth succession.

Plant, animal, and other organisms interact in the environment to form a habitat community.

Habitat Layers

The physical nature of an area is often organized into layers or strata, known as vertical stratification.

There are usually two layers in a simple grassy field area: ground and herbaceous.

Habitat Layers

In more complex community there can be up to six layers: ground, herbaceous, low shrubs, low tree and high shrub, lower canopy, and upper canopy.The growth of native species is supported by water and soil to form these layers.

Habitat Layers!

Habitat stages are based on growth succession.

Many years are required from progression through the habitat stages.

There are six stages of plant succession, these stages occur with different vegetation types.

Grasses and forbs provide a few inches or feet of vertical strata. Forbs are low-growing broadleaf plants.

Habitat stages are based on growth succession.

The climax stage is the final stage where the vegetation tends to be stable and remain present for extended periods of time.

Disturbances can be caused by natural factors or human activity.

Six Stages of Plant Succession

Habitat Community

A habitat community is all the living things in an area.Many interactions are related to the presence of wildlife. Pattern is the distribution of all factors in a

community. Structure is the physical makeup of the area. Size is measured in acres and relates to the

needs of species. Layers are the heights of plants in a forest.

Population

Population refers to the number of organisms in an area or it could also refer to the combined number of all species or to the number of one specific species.

Population density is influenced by the number of new organisms added to the population and by the number that leave the area.

Population

Birth rate is important when talking about population density. Birth rate is the number of young

produced per unit of population over a given time.

Population

The death rate is the number of deaths per thousand population each year.

Both the birth rate and the death rate form a population curve. It shows populations declining due to

lack of food, hunting, disease, and other conditions.

Population Response

In some habitats, a small population may undergo a large, rapid increase. This increase will continue until the upper

limits are reached.

Some populations will decline due to starvation, disease, or other means.

Some population densities reach the maximum carrying capacity of the habitat.

Wildlife Population Curve

What are some earth changes that impact wildlife habitat?

Wildlife has to find ways to adapt to whatever the types of changes that occur. Cyclical changes Revolution of the earth resulting in

seasons. Unpredictable changes

Cyclical Changes

Cyclical changes are those that occur on a regular basis and follow a predictable pattern.

These changes involve the movement of Earth and the solar system on a regular basis.

Cyclical Changes

Rotation is the turning of Earth on an imaginary axis. This crates day and night for us on a

24 hour basis.

Cyclical Changes

Many wildlife organisms adjust to their survival depending on the earth’s rotations. Nocturnal species are species that are

most active at night, but rest during the day. (ex. Bats, owls, and raccoons)

Diurnal species are species that are active during the day and rest at night. (ex. Squirrels, turkey, and cardinals)

Cyclical Changes

Wildlife plants need both light and dark. The light is needed for plants to carry

out photosynthesis. Darkness is needed for plants to rest.

Revolution of Earth - Seasons

A revolution is the time it takes Earth to move around the Sun. This creates one year for us – 365.24 days

The seasons we experience on Earth are dependent on the position of Earth during the revolution. The angle at which Earth is tilted toward or

away from the Sun creates cool and warm seasons.

Revolution of Earth - Seasons

Each fall and spring the Sun is directly over the equator. This is called the equinox. During the equinox, night and day are

exactly the same number of hours. The change in day length does affect

the activity of a wildlife species.

Revolution of Earth - Seasons

The seasons strongly influence wildlife. Squirrels and chipmunks, for example,

store their food to get ready for winter. Other animals such as bears and

some turtles hibernate; which is the rest a variety of animals get that lasts all winter long.

Earth’s Revolution Influence Seasons

What is the role of climate and weather in habitat production?

Everything is affected by climate and weather. The atmosphere is the air that

surrounds Earth and is made of five layers.

Climate is governed by the weather. Climate is the weather that is

generally present in a location.

The Atmosphere

The atmosphere is the air that surrounds Earth and is made of five layers.

Humans and wildlife alike can only survive in the troposphere. The troposphere is the layer of the

atmosphere that is closes to Earth and it is approximately 10 miles from the earth’s surface.

The Atmosphere

Air is a mixture of gases, the majority being nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%). This is primarily air, water vapor, and

various particulate. Pollutants can alter the composition of the

air.

Above the troposphere is the ozone layer which protects the earth from the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation.

Climate is governed by the weather.

Weather is the current condition in the atmosphere. This includes moisture, wind, temperature,

and atmospheric pressure.

Depending on the weather fronts, different kinds of conditions can accompany the troposphere such as rain, snow, sleet, temperature change, and hazardous storms.

Climate is governed by the weather.

All wildlife organisms are affected by the weather. If there are sudden changes in the

weather, such as extreme temperatures, animals can suffer the consequences.

Climate is the weather that is present in a location.

Oftentimes, average measurements of temperature, precipitation, and other traits of the weather are used to describe climate.In most cases temperature controls the climate. Polar climates are cold year round. Temperate climates are moderate. Tropical climates are warm year round.

Climate is the weather that is present in a location.

Native wildlife species are accustom to the climate in which they live. Sometimes efforts to bring in non-

native species to a particular place fail because people do not consider the climate needed by the wildlife.

How does the production of plants serve as food for wildlife?

Wildlife animals must have food.

Three common types of plant food are: Browse Herbage Mast

Browse

Browse is the tender growth of shrubs and trees. Most animals that eat browse enjoy

the small trees with leaves, shoot, and stems near the ground. (deer)

Most shrubs have easily accessible growth with many branches low the the ground.

Browse

Many ruminants gorge on browse because their several compartments make the best use of browse. (ex. Deer)Most browse grows as a perennial. Perennial browse plants can live for several

years.During the winter, much browse goes dormant. Dormancy is a time when the plant is not

growing.

Herbage

Herbage is the succulent non-woody leaves and stems of herbaceous plants.These plants are small to medium in height and do not grow woody stems.Common types include grasses, vines, and weeds. Ruminant digestive systems usually make

the best of herbage because of the bacteria in their digestive system the lower quality grasses are converted to higher quality food materials.(ex. Elk, Pronghorn Antelope)

Mast

Mast is the fruits and nuts of trees and shrubs eaten by animal wildlife. Common nuts include acorns and hickory nuts. Common fruits include wild plums, blackberries,

and pokeweed berries. The nutrient materials are more concentrated in

mast. Usually monogastric animals such as rabbits and

squirrels like to eat mast.

Review / Summary

How is habitat growth classified?What are the relationships of wildlife populations compared to habitat?What are some earth changes that impact wildlife habitat?What is the role of climate and weather in habitat production?How does the production of plants serve as food sources for wildlife?

The End!