Anxiety refers to a generalized state of dread or uneasiness
that occurs in response to a vague or imagined danger, as opposed
to fear, which is a response to a real danger or threat.
Characterized by nervousness, inability to relax, concern about
losing control, trembling, sweating, rapid heart rate, shortness of
breath, and/or increased blood pressure. Everyone feels anxious at
times, but constant anxiety can interfere with effective
living.
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Phobic Disorder Phobia: derives from the Greek root phobos,
which means fear Specific phobia is the most common of all anxiety
disorders and refers to a persistent excessive fear of a particular
object or situation. Most common include Zoophobia: fear of animals
Claustrophobia: fear of enclosed spaces Acrophobia: fear of heights
Arachnophobia: fear of spiders Social phobia is characterized by
persistent fear of social situations in which one might be exposed
to the scrutiny of others.
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Common and uncommon fears Afraid of itBothers slightlyNot at
all afraid of it Being closed in, in a small place Being alone In a
house at night Percentage of people surveyed 100 90 80 70 60 50 40
30 20 10 0 SnakesBeing in high, exposed places MiceFlying on an
airplane Spiders and insects Thunder and lightning DogsDriving a
car Being In a crowd of people Cats
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Panic Disorder- People with panic disorder have recurring and
unexpected panic attacks, or relatively short periods of intense
fear or discomfort characterized by shortness of breath, dizziness,
rapid heart rate, trembling, choking, chest pain, etc. Agoraphobia-
the fear of being in places or situations in which escape may be
difficult or impossible such as crowded public places. Many people
with agoraphobia develop panic attacks when in public.
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder- An excessive or unrealistic worry
about life circumstances that lasts for at least six months. Few
people seek treatment because it does not differ, except in
intensity and duration, from the normal worries of everyday
life.
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Obsessions are unwanted
thoughts, ideas, or mental images that occur over and over again,
and most people try to ignore or suppress them. Compulsions are
repetitive ritual behaviors, often involving checking or cleaning
something. People are usually aware that the obsessions are
unjustified, which distinguishes obsessions from delusions.
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Common Obsessions and Compulsions Among People With
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Thought or BehaviorPercentage*
Reporting Symptom Obsessions (repetitive thoughts) Concern with
dirt, germs, or toxins 40 Something terrible happening (fire,
death, illness) 40 Symmetry order, or exactness 24 Excessive hand
washing, bathing, tooth brushing, 85 or grooming Compulsions
(repetitive behaviors) Repeating rituals (in/out of a door, 51
up/down from a chair) Checking doors, locks, appliances, 46 car
brake, homework
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PET Scan of brain of person with Obsessive/ Compulsive disorder
High metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe areas involved with
directing attention
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Stress Disorders- Include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
and acute stress disorder Similar symptoms, but PTSD is more severe
and longer-lasting PTSD occurs after rape, abuse, severe accident,
natural disasters, and war atrocities.
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Psychological Views: Psychoanalytic views are no longer widely
accepted, but have affected the classification of psychological
disorders. Learning theorists believe that phobias are learned in
childhood. Cognitive theorists believe that people make themselves
feel anxious by responding negatively to most situations.
Biological Views Heredity may play a role Studies of twins indicate
that having a parent or sibling with a disorder increases the
chance an individual will have a disorder. Some psychologists
believe that people who rapidly acquired strong fears of real
dangers would be more likely to live and reproduce.
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Most people have mood changes that reflect the normal ups and
downs of life, but mood changes that are inappropriate to a
situation can signal a mood disorder. Two types: depression and
bipolar disorder
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Bipolar Disorder- A cycle of mood changes from depression to
wild elation and back again Formerly called manic-depressive
disorder Period of mania, or extreme excitement characterized by
hyperactivity and chaotic behavior
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PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls
with emotional swings for those who have Bipolar Disorder.
Depressed stateManic stateDepressed state
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Major Depression- Feelings of helplessness, hopelessness,
worthlessness, guilt, irritability, restlessness, loss of interest
in once-pleasurable activities, fatigue, difficulty concentrating,
changes in appetite, persistent aches or pains, and great sadness
Some behaviors may include withdrawal from social activities,
insomnia or excessive sleeping The DSM-IV contains a list of
symptoms to help diagnose Postpartum Depression- Some women suffer
symptoms of depression after giving birth that can harm both mother
and child
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Percentage of population aged 18-84 experiencing major
depression at some point In life 20 15 10 5 0 USA Edmonton Puerto
Paris West Florence Beirut Taiwan Korea New Rico Germany Zealand
Around the world women are more susceptible to depression
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12-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+ Age in Years 10%
8 6 4 2 0 Percentage depressed Females Males
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15-24 25-34 35-44 45-44 55-64 65-74 75-84 85+ Suicides per
100,000 people 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Males Females The higher
suicide rate among men greatly increases in late adulthood
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Increasing rates of teen suicide 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year
12% 10 8 6 4 2 0 Suicide rate, ages 15 to 19 (per 100,000)
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Psychological Views The psychoanalytic view of depression
connects the past to the present Learning theorists: learned
helplessness makes people prone Cognitive theorists: habitual style
of explaining life events Attribution theory: people assign
different types of explanations to events, which affects
self-esteem and self-efficacy. Beck suggests that people who are
depressed have a negative view of themselves, their experiences,
and their future. Biological Views Mood disorders occur more often
in the close relatives of affected individuals than they do in the
general population Two neurotransmitters in the brainserotonin and
noradrenalinemay partly explain the connection between genes and
mood. A combination of factors is most likely at work
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Altering any one component of the chemistry- cognition-mood
circuit can alter the others Brain chemistry Cognition Mood
