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Cresterea zmeurei

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Cresterea zmeureihttp://www.focusimm.ro/documente/documente/documentatii/Cresterea%20zmeurei/Cresterea%20zmeurei.pdfRubusidaeusL.American red raspberryRUIDSummaryDurationPerennialGrowth HabitSubshrubNative StatusL48 (NI), AK (NI), CAN (NI), SPM (N)Federal T/E StatusNational Wetland IndicatorUPL, FACMorphology/PhysiologyActive Growth PeriodSpringAfter Harvest Regrowth RateNoneBloatNoneC:N RatioMediumCoppice PotentialNoFall ConspicuousNoFire ResistantYesFlower ColorWhiteFlower ConspicuousNoFoliage ColorGreenFoliage Porosity SummerModerateFoliage Porosity WinterPorousFoliage TextureCoarseFruit/Seed ColorRedFruit/Seed ConspicuousYesGrowth FormThicket FormingGrowth RateModerateHeight at 20 Years, Maximum (feet)9Height, Mature (feet)6.00Known AllelopathNoLeaf RetentionNoLifespanShortLow Growing GrassNoNitrogen FixationResprout AbilityYesShape and OrientationErectToxicitySlightGrowth RequirementsAdapted to Coarse Textured SoilsNoAdapted to Fine Textured SoilsNoAdapted to Medium Textured SoilsNoAnaerobic ToleranceCaCO3 ToleranceCold Stratification RequiredYesDrought ToleranceHighFertility RequirementMediumFire ToleranceMediumFrost Free Days, MinimumHedge ToleranceLowMoisture UsepH, Minimum6.00pH, Maximum6.50Planting Density per Acre, Minimum320Planting Density per Acre, Maximum1280Precipitation, Minimum12Precipitation, Maximum24Root Depth, Minimum (inches)12Salinity ToleranceNoneShade ToleranceTolerantTemperature, Minimum (F)-10ReproductionBloom PeriodSpringCommercial AvailabilityRoutinely AvailableFruit/Seed AbundanceFruit/Seed Period BeginSummerFruit/Seed Period EndSummerFruit/Seed PersistenceYesPropagated by Bare RootYesPropagated by BulbNoPropagated by ContainerYesPropagated by CormNoPropagated by CuttingsYesPropagated by SeedYesPropagated by SodNoPropagated by SprigsYesPropagated by TubersNoSeed per Pound270000Seed Spread RateSeedling VigorHighSmall GrainNoVegetative Spread RateSuitability/UseBerry/Nut/Seed ProductYesChristmas Tree ProductNoFodder ProductNoFuelwood ProductNoneLumber ProductNoNaval Store ProductNoNursery Stock ProductYesPalatable Browse AnimalLowPalatable Graze AnimalLowPalatable HumanYesPost ProductNoProtein PotentialPulpwood ProductNoVeneer ProductNoEver-bearing and Summer-bearing Raspberries

Raspberry plants can be divided into two categories based the season in which they produce fruit. Ever-bearing varieties produce fruit in the summer as well as the fall, while summer-bearing varieties only produce fruit in the summer. Raspberry plants can also be divided into categories by color; varieties may produce reddish fruit or fruit in shades of yellow/gold, purple, and black.Popular Raspberry Varieties

Popular varieties include Amity, Latham, Meeker, Willamette, Fall Gold, Brandywine, and Black Hawk, as well as many others. Amity raspberries are ever-bearing with medium to large dark red berries which are very firm. They feature a distinctive raspberry flavor which is excellent for pies and jams. Developed in Minnesota, Latham raspberries are summer-bearing, with round, deep-red berries ranging in size from small to large. Meeker raspberries are also summer-bearing, producing a large deep-red thimble-shaped berry with high sugar content. Summer-bearing Willamette raspberries produce a firm, conical, medium to large, dark-red berry and have a slightly tart taste due to lower sugar content. Fall Gold raspberry plants are ever-bearing, producing golden-colored medium to large conical berries that are extremely sweet. Originating in New York, Brandywine raspberries are summer-bearing, with large purple fruit. Black Hawk is a black medium-large raspberry originating in Iowa and peaking in mid-summer.Commercial availability of raspberries depends largely on location and growing season, but most varieties freeze well and are a treat to be enjoyed no matter what the season!Some knowledge of the different raspberry varieties and cultivars can aid gardeners and farmers in growing raspberries successfully. The tables below highlight the characteristics of many commonly-grown raspberries, and can help you determine which varieties are suited to your local climate and soil conditions.Red Raspberries

VarietySeasonFruit SizeOriginUSDA ZoneAlgonquinMid to Late SummerSmall-MediumBritish Columbia5 - 8AmityEver-bearingMediumOregon3 - 8August RedEver-bearingMediumNew Hampshire3 - ?Autumn BlissEver-bearingLargeEngland3 - ?Autumn BrittenEver-bearingLargeEngland4 - ?BoyneEarly SummerSmall-MediumManitoba3 - 7CanbyMid-SummerLargeOregon5 - 8CarolineEver-bearingLargeMaryland4 - 8ChilcotinMid to Late SummerLargeCitadelMid SummerLargeMaryland3 - 8CometEarly to Mid SummerMediumCanadaDinkumEver-bearingLargeAustralia3 - 11Dorman RedMid JuneLarge6 - 10Double DelightEarly Fall3 - ?DurhamFallMedium4 - 7EncoreLate SummerLargeNew York4 - ?FallredEver-bearingMediumNew Hampshire4 - 7FestivalMid-SummerMediumOntario3 - ?GatineauVery Early SummerMediumOntarioHaidaLate SummerMediumHeritageEver-bearingMedium-LargeNew York4 - 8HiltonMid-SummerLargeNew YorkIndian SummerFallLarge4 - 7K81-6Late SummerLargeNova ScotiaKillarneyEarly to Mid SummerMediumManitoba4 - 6Latham?SmallMinnesota3 - 8LaurenMid SummerLargeMaryland4 - ?MeekerMid SummerMedium-LargeWashington State4 - 8NewburghMid SummerMediumNew YorkNovaEver-bearingMedium-LargeNova Scotia3 - 8PolanaMid-FallLargePoland4 - ?PreludeVery Early SummerMediumNew York4 - ?PuyallupMid-SummerLarge4 - 8QualicumMid-SummerLargeRed RiverEarly FallMedium3 - ?RedwingEver-bearingLargeMinnesota4 - 8RegencyMid-SummerMediumReveilleEarly SummerMedium-LargeMaryland4 - 8TaylorLate SummerMedium-LargeNew York4 - 8TitanMid to Late SummerVery LargeNew YorkTulameenVery Late SummerLarge6 - 9WillametteMid-SummerMediumOregon5 - 8Yellow/Gold Raspberries

VarietySeasonFruit SizeOriginUSDA ZoneFallgoldEver-bearingMedium5 - 9Golden HarvestEver-bearingLargeNew YorkGoldieEver-BearingLargeNew York5 - 7Kiwi GoldEver-BearingNew Zealand4 - 8Purple Raspberries

VarietySeasonFruit SizeOriginUSDA ZoneBrandywineLate SummerLargeNew York3 - ?RoyaltyLateLargeNew York4 - 7SuccessMid to Late SummerSmallNew HampshireBlack Raspberries

VarietySeasonFruit SizeOriginUSDA ZoneAllenEarly to Mid SummerLargeNew York5 - 8Black HawkMid SummerMedium-LargeIowa5 - 9BristolMedium-LargeNew York5 - 8CumberlandMid to Late SummerLargePennsylvania5 - 9HautEarlyMaryland5 - 8JewelEarly to Mid SummerMedium-LargeNew York5 - 8MungerMid SummerLargeOhio

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1Crop Profile forRed RaspberriesinWashingtonProduction FactsvWashingtonproduces 59% of the raspberries grown in the UnitedStates and over 10% of the raspberries grown worldwide (1).vWashingtonis ranked first in the nation for raspberry production (2).vFrom 1995 to 1997,Washingtonproduced on average 53.2 millionpounds of red raspberries per year valued at $31.2 million per year (2).vOn average, from 1995 to 1997, raspberries were grown on 6900 acresof farmland inWashington(2).vOver this same period, average yield ranged from 6500 to 8900 poundsper acre and average price ranged from 47 to 75 cents per pound (2).vThe total average cost to produce an acre of raspberries is $3500 (1).vFresh market sales account for less than 2% of total production (1).Production RegionsThe entire area of Washington State west of the Cascade mountainsis considered raspberry production area. However, Whatcom County produces77% of the state total, followed by Skagit County (10%) and Clark andCowlitz counties combined (11%) (2).Whatcom County, 77%Skagit County, 10%ClarkandCowlitzCounties, 11%2Cultural PracticesRed raspberries are a biennial, summer bearingcrop. The root system is perennial and plantsare capable of living forseveral years. Their growthhabit is to produce vegetativeprimocanes the first year,that then become floweringand fruiting floricanes thesecond year, which then die.Each established field willcontain both primocanes andfloricanes at the time. Underideal soil conditions andgood cultural maintenance, aplanting may remain productivefor 10 years or more inthis region. The maritimeclimate of westernWashington,combined with welldrained,deep sandy loamsoils scattered throughoutthe above regions makesthese areas ideal for longtermcommercial production(3).Although over 10 differentcultivars are growncommercially, the Meeker variety now dominates(80% of planted acres) due to several characteristicswhich make it suitable for both the fresh andprocessed markets. These include superior yield,good color and fruit firmness, compatibility withmachine harvesting, vigorousgrowth, and relativelylow susceptibility toPhytophthoraroot rot comparedto other varieties.TheWillamettevariety accountsfor 19% of totalacreage, with the balancingacreage, 1% spread overseveral varieties pickedmostly for fresh marketsales (1).A raspberry field isestablished by planting certified,nursery grown rootstock. Plants are set 2 to3 ft. apart in rows about 10 ft. apart. The first yearplanting produces vegetative canes only(primocanes). In the fall, these primocanes aretrained to a single trellis wireabout 5 ft. from the ground.In mid-summer of the followingseason, these overwinteringcanes (now calledfloricanes) will flower andproduce fruit. It is necessaryto bring in honeybees for the6 week bloom period (mid-May through late June) foradequate pollination to occur.A new flush ofprimocanes begins to emergefrom the root crown areaevery spring beginning in lateMarch. In order to maximizeyield, control cane growth,and reduce fungal disease,growers practice chemicalcane burning to suppress thisfirst flush of primocanes. Asecond flush of primocanesemerges in mid-April, growing8 to 12 feet tall bysummer's end. Floricanesare cut out each fall after harvest, and the remainingprimocanes are tied in bundles and secured tothe top trellis wire. This combination ofprimocanes and floricanes are maintained in ahedge type row, which allows for the machine har-Above: A row of raspberries in earlyJune bloom period. Below: Primocanebundles tied to trellis.3vesting operation. Only fruitgrown for the fresh market (