• Home

  • Documents

  • Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables...
52

Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors

  • View
    224

  • Download
    3

Tags:

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors
Page 2: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors
Page 3: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors

Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships

• Concomitant variation

• Temporal ordering of variables

• Control over other possible causal factors

Page 4: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors
Page 5: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors
Page 6: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors
Page 7: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors

Threats to Internal Validity

Page 8: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors
Page 9: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors
Page 10: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors
Page 11: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors
Page 12: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors
Page 13: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors
Page 14: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors
Page 15: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors
Page 16: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors
Page 17: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors
Page 18: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors
Page 19: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors
Page 20: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors
Page 21: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors
Page 22: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors
Page 23: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors
Page 24: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors
Page 25: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors

Experiment

• A research investigation in which conditions are controlled

• One independent variable is manipulated (sometimes more than one)

• Its effect on a dependent variable is measured

• To test a hypothesis

Page 26: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors

Basic Issues of Experimental Design

• Manipulation of the Independent Variable

• Selection of Dependent Variable

• Assignment of Subjects (or other Test Units)

• Control Over Extraneous Variables

Page 27: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors

The experimenter has some degree of control over the independent variable. The variable is independent because its value can be manipulated by the experimenter to whatever he or she wishes it to be.

Page 28: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors

Experiment Treatment

Alternative manipulations of the independent variable

being investigated

Page 29: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors

Independent Variable

• The experimenter controls independent variable.

• The variable’s value can be manipulated by the experimenters to whatever they wish it to be.

Page 30: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors

Manipulation of Independent Variable

• Classificatory vs. continuous variables

• Experimental and control groups

• Treatment levels

• More than one independent variable

Page 31: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors

Experimental Treatments

• The alternative manipulations of the independent variable being investigated

Page 32: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors

Dependent Variable

• Its value is expected to be dependent on the experimenter’s manipulation

• Criterion or standard by which the results are judged

Page 33: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors

Dependent Variable

• Selection–e.g... sales volume, awareness,

recall,

• Measurement

Page 34: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors

Test Units

• Subjects or entities whose response to the experimental treatment are measured or observed.

Page 35: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors

Two Types of Experimental Error

• Constant errors• Random errors

Page 36: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors

Field versus Laboratory Experiments

Page 37: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors

Controlling Extraneous Variables

• Elimination of extraneous variables

• Constancy of conditions

• Order of presentation

• Blinding

• Random assignment

Page 38: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors

How May an Experimenter control forExtraneous Variation?

• Eliminate Extraneous Variables

• Hold Conditions Constant

• Randomization

• Matching Subjects

Page 39: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors

Demand Characteristics

• Experimental procedures that intentionally hint to subjects something about the experimenter’s hypothesis

Page 40: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors

Demand Characteristics

• Guinea pig effect

• Hawthorne effect

Page 41: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors

Field vs. Laboratory Experiment

Page 42: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors

Laboratory Experiment Field Experiment

Artificial-Low Realism

Few ExtraneousVariables

High control

Low Cost

Short Duration

Subjects Aware ofParticipation

Natural-High Realism

Many ExtraneousVariables

Low control

High Cost

Long Duration

Subjects Unaware ofParticipation

Page 43: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors

Control Groups

Isolate extraneous variation

Page 44: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors

When does an Experiment have Internal Validity?

Internal Validity - The ability of an experiment to answer the question whether the experimental treatment was the sole cause of changes in a dependent variable

Did the manipulation do what it was supposed to do?

Page 45: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors

Factors Influencing Internal Validity

• History

• Maturation

• Testing

• Instrumentation

• Selection

• Mortality

Page 46: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors

Isolating Extraneous Variationwith a Control Group

• History Effects

• Maturation Effects

• Mortality Effects

Page 47: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors

Type of Extraneous Variable Example

History - Specific events in theenvironment between the Beforeand After measurement that are beyond the experimenter’s control

Maturation - Subjects changeduring the course of the experiment

Testing - The Before measure alertsor sensitizes subject to nature of experiment or second measure.

A major employercloses its plant intest market area

Subjects become tired

Questionnaireabout the traditionalrole of women triggers enhanced awareness of womenin an experiment.

Page 48: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors

Instrument - Changes ininstrument result in response bias

Selection - Sample selectionerror because of differentialselection comparison groups

Mortality - Sample attrition; some subjects withdraw from experiment

New questions aboutwomen are interpreteddifferently from earlierquestions.

Control group and experimental group isself-selected groupbased on preference forsoft drinks

Subjects in one groupof a hair dying study marry rich widows and move to Florida

Page 49: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors

Increasing Internal Validity

• Control group

• Random assignment

• Pretesting and posttesting

• Posttest only

Page 50: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors
Page 51: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors
Page 52: Criteria for Establishing Causal Relationships Concomitant variation Temporal ordering of variables Control over other possible causal factors

SHREE GURU GOBIND SINGH TRICENTENARY ......clocks, vector clocks, causal ordering of messages, distributed mutual exclusion, token and non token based algorithms. Distributed file

SHREE GURU GOBIND SINGH TRICENTENARY ......clocks, vector clocks, causal ordering of messages, distributed mutual exclusion, token and non token based algorithms. Distributed file

Documents
Concomitant medullary thyroid carcinoma with paraganglioma

Concomitant medullary thyroid carcinoma with paraganglioma

Documents
Low Grade Appendiceal Mucinous Neoplasm with Concomitant

Low Grade Appendiceal Mucinous Neoplasm with Concomitant

Documents
Pneumocystis Pneumonia Concomitant with Ectopic ACTH

Pneumocystis Pneumonia Concomitant with Ectopic ACTH

Documents
Non-concomitant Strabismus 2

Non-concomitant Strabismus 2

Documents
Virtual Synchrony Jared Cantwell. Review Multicast Causal and total ordering Consistent Cuts Synchronized clocks Impossibility of consensus Distributed

Virtual Synchrony Jared Cantwell. Review Multicast Causal and total ordering Consistent Cuts Synchronized clocks Impossibility of consensus Distributed

Documents
Concomitant Spontaneous Tension Pneumothorax and Acute

Concomitant Spontaneous Tension Pneumothorax and Acute

Documents
Clocks - University of Washington · Lamport Clocks Framework for reasoning about event ordering - notion of logical time vs. physical time - causal ordering and vector clocks (e.g.,

Clocks - University of Washington · Lamport Clocks Framework for reasoning about event ordering - notion of logical time vs. physical time - causal ordering and vector clocks (e.g.,

Documents
Concomitant impacts of climate change, fragmentation and ...adn.biol.umontreal.ca/~numericalecology/Reprints/Kuczynski_et_al_Global_Ecology_and...RESEARCH PAPER Concomitant impacts

Concomitant impacts of climate change, fragmentation and ...adn.biol.umontreal.ca/~numericalecology/Reprints/Kuczynski_et_al_Global_Ecology_and...RESEARCH PAPER Concomitant impacts

Documents
Causal Laws I and Causal Instances

Causal Laws I and Causal Instances

Documents
Academic Self-Concept, Interest, Grades, And Standardized Test Scores Reciprocal Effects Models of Causal Ordering

Academic Self-Concept, Interest, Grades, And Standardized Test Scores Reciprocal Effects Models of Causal Ordering

Documents
Concomitant Wrapping of a Moderately Dilated Ascending

Concomitant Wrapping of a Moderately Dilated Ascending

Documents
L-10 Consistency 1. Important Lessons Lamport & vector clocks both give a logical timestamps Total ordering vs. causal ordering Other issues in coordinating

L-10 Consistency 1. Important Lessons Lamport & vector clocks both give a logical timestamps Total ordering vs. causal ordering Other issues in coordinating

Documents
Security und Gebäudeautomatisierung - TeleTrusT · Kompatibilität! ... Zuverlässigkeit ( integrity, no duplicates, liveness) Message ordering (single source FIFO, causal, total)

Security und Gebäudeautomatisierung - TeleTrusT · Kompatibilität! ... Zuverlässigkeit ( integrity, no duplicates, liveness) Message ordering (single source FIFO, causal, total)

Documents
Case Report Concomitant Imperforate Hymen and …

Case Report Concomitant Imperforate Hymen and …

Documents
concomitant strabismus

concomitant strabismus

Health & Medicine
HCaTS Ordering Guide Summary for Ordering Contracting Officer Ordering Guide (Rev Jan 2018)… · HCaTS Ordering Guide Summary for Ordering Contracting Officers ... HCaTS Ordering

HCaTS Ordering Guide Summary for Ordering Contracting Officer Ordering Guide (Rev Jan 2018)… · HCaTS Ordering Guide Summary for Ordering Contracting Officers ... HCaTS Ordering

Documents
CONCOMITANT SYMPTOMS & REMEDIEShomoeopathybooks.com/Repertory of Concomitant Symptoms-1/Repe… · CONCOMITANT SYMPTOMS & REMEDIES :- GRAPH., KALI FACE :[ABDOMEN] : ... aconite if

CONCOMITANT SYMPTOMS & REMEDIEShomoeopathybooks.com/Repertory of Concomitant Symptoms-1/Repe… · CONCOMITANT SYMPTOMS & REMEDIES :- GRAPH., KALI FACE :[ABDOMEN] : ... aconite if

Documents
Acute Mastoiditis Complicated with Concomitant Bezold’s ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/criot/2018/8702532.pdf · Acute Mastoiditis Complicated with Concomitant Bezold’s Abscess

Acute Mastoiditis Complicated with Concomitant Bezold’s ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/criot/2018/8702532.pdf · Acute Mastoiditis Complicated with Concomitant Bezold’s Abscess

Documents
WARNING: RISKS FROM CONCOMITANT USE WITH alprazolam tablets, USP CIV . WARNING: RISKS FROM CONCOMITANT USE WITH OPIOIDS . Concomitant use of benzodiazepines and opioids may result

WARNING: RISKS FROM CONCOMITANT USE WITH alprazolam tablets, USP CIV . WARNING: RISKS FROM CONCOMITANT USE WITH OPIOIDS . Concomitant use of benzodiazepines and opioids may result

Documents
Theories of Causal Ordering -

Theories of Causal Ordering -

Documents
CONCOMITANT MULTIPOTENT AND UNIPOTENT DENTAL PULP

CONCOMITANT MULTIPOTENT AND UNIPOTENT DENTAL PULP

Documents
Research Article Comparing the Efficacy of Concomitant

Research Article Comparing the Efficacy of Concomitant

Documents
Correction of concomitant gradient artifacts in experimental

Correction of concomitant gradient artifacts in experimental

Documents
B. Prabhakaran 1 Theoretical Aspects Logical Clocks Causal Ordering Global State Recording Termination Detection

B. Prabhakaran 1 Theoretical Aspects Logical Clocks Causal Ordering Global State Recording Termination Detection

Documents
( Causas de acci)Analisis causal árbol causal

( Causas de acci)Analisis causal árbol causal

Documents
HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION Concomitant use …

HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION Concomitant use …

Documents
Concomitant influence of helminth infection and landscape

Concomitant influence of helminth infection and landscape

Documents
Concomitant Retroperitoneal and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ... · Concomitant Retroperitoneal and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Due to Segmental Arterial Mediolysis ... Fig. 2 Histology of

Concomitant Retroperitoneal and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ... · Concomitant Retroperitoneal and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Due to Segmental Arterial Mediolysis ... Fig. 2 Histology of

Documents
Tutorial Causal Model Search - Homepage - CMU Causal Model Search ... Representing/Modeling Causal Systems 1) Causal Graphs 2) ... Load charity.txt (tabular

Tutorial Causal Model Search - Homepage - CMU Causal Model Search ... Representing/Modeling Causal Systems 1) Causal Graphs 2) ... Load charity.txt (tabular

Documents