Sports Med ­ Critical Question 2.notebook

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February 21, 2020

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Critical Question 2How does sports medicine address the demands of specific athletes?

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Syllabus

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Children and young athletes come with particular demands relating to medical conditions and the affect growing has on nutrient requirements and exercises levels. Adults and aged athletes come with health conditions that affect their ability to participate in some sports and can be life threatening. Adjustment in exercise and sports choice is required for some. Female athletes, though covering 50% of the population are addressed as specific athletes in How does sports medicine address the demands of specific athletes? This is because of the interactions within the female triad.

This critical question asks you to consider specific athletes as individuals and understand some of the key distinctive features that need to be considered in their treatment as specific athletes.

How does sports medicine address the demands of specific athletes? (DONT COPY)

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Big Heading: Critical Questions 2: How does medicine address the demands of specific athletes?

Heading: Children and Young Athletes

ꞏ Children are not little adults. ꞏ They have specific physical capabilities, and special care should be taken when they are involved in sport.

ꞏ Young athletes cannot cope with the same level of training as adults.

ꞏ Intensive training can often be boring, restrictive and socially isolating for maturing young performers.

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Heading: Medical Conditions (Asthma, Diabetes, Epilepsy)Sub: Asthma

Asthma is a respiratory condition that is characterised by severe spasms of the airways causing difficulty in breathing. (Exercise can be a trigger in some people)• Asthma levels are decreasing in Aus• 0­14 years more common males• 15+ more common in females

Sports Med ­ Critical Question 2.notebook

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February 21, 2020

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Sub: Asthma Implications

Asthma can be induced by exercise, and is more likely to be triggers in longer duration physical activity. An asthma “attack” is usually proportional to the intensity of the exercise. Having asthma should not stop a child or young person from participating in sport, but there are actions that should be in place to manage this medical condition ­ Have an asthma Management plan­ Carry a puffer­ Conduct proper warm up and cool downs

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Sub: Epilepsy

If a child or young athlete has a seizure:ꞏ Do not try and restrain the person.ꞏ Let the seizure occur, but move any objects awayꞏ Once the seizure has finished, place the person in the lateral position

ꞏ Loosen any tight clothing and reassure the person ꞏ If the seizure lasts longer than 5 mins, call an ambulance.

After a seizure, a person may be tired due to the energy their body has exerted during the seizure. They may like to rest, but monitoring their progress is still essential.

Epilepsy is a medical condition relating to disruption of normal brain activity that results in seizures. A seizure is when the brains nerve cells misfire and generate sudden, uncontrolled burst of electrical activity in the brain. Epileptic seizures can be subtle with only momentary loss of consciousness, or conspicuous causing sudden loss of body control

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Sub: Epilepsy Implications

Epilepsy should not limit sport choice for children and young athletes, but the type and possible triggers should be considered as sports are selected. Children and young athletes who have epilepsy should ensure others a present as they participate in sports, particularly activities such as: water sports, bike and horse riding.

Sub: Epilepsy Management

Epilepsy can be managed through medication, but the supervising adult should be aware of how to manage seizures, in case they occur.

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Sub: Diabetes Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease marked by high levels of glucose in the blood. It occurs when the pancreas stops producing insulin (type 1), produces too little insulin (type 2), or the body’s insulin becomes ineffective (type 2). Exercise can benefit children with type 2 Diabetes. Type 1 is more prevalent in children and young athletes.

If the sugar levels of a person with diabetes are not maintained during exercise, they may have a hypoglycaemic (low) episode, or a hyperglycaemic (high) episode.

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Cont...Treatment varies for Hypo or a Hyper:

Hypo:ꞏ fast­acting carbohydrates, such as jelly beans, fruit juice or a soft drink

ꞏ additional carbohydrates, such as a slice of bread, banana or sweet biscuits '

Hyper:ꞏ Seek medical adviceꞏ Insulin may be required

Sports Med ­ Critical Question 2.notebook

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February 21, 2020

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Diabetes ImplicationsAs a child or young athlete participates in sport, their muscle cells are opened for glucose transport without the need for insulin. This results in a decrease in blood glucose, which can become problematic for children and young athletes who have diabetes.

It is important that children and young athletes who have diabetes as a medical condition monitor their blood glucose levels closely, which normally means not having an insulin injection before or after sport, and eating meals before and after exercise to help balance blood glucose levels.

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Heading: Overuse Injuries

Overuse injuries are on the increase in children and young athletes, and occur when repetitive stress is placed on a body part (bone, tendon or muscle) without enough recovery time for the body to heal and repair.

These types of injuries can be related to improper technique, poorly fitted protective equipment, training errors, limited recovery time, muscle weakness and imbalance. Examples include:–shin splints, –stress fractures,–tendonitis –tennis elbow.

www.youtube.com/watch?v=l8TZLIVDxXM

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Heading: Overuse Injuries

Implications­ To avoid overuse injuries, young athletes are encouraged to not specialise at a young age and enjoy a wide range of sports­ Ensure they have adequate rest­ Ensure any injuries are fully recovered before resuming training.

ManagementTreatment should be managed by trained professionals (ie DR/Physio). Most are managed by refraining from whatever was causing the injury.

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Heading: Thermoregulation

• The process that allows the body to maintain its temperature. • Children and young athletes are at greater risk of heat and cold illnesses. (They will overheat 3­5x faster than adults• Because their bodies’ physiological structures are still growing, they are not as efficient at regulating body temperature as adults.

www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6ERs1KNYhc

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Cont...There are some preventive measures in place to assist with temperature regulation:

Heat:• Regular rest breaks (preferably in the shade)• Appropriate clothing to disperse heat and • Regular sips of water• No exercise above 34 degrees

Cold:• Appropriate warm clothing• Regular large muscle group exercise movements to maintain their core temperature.• Extended warm up

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Heading: Appropriateness of Resistance Training The current position on youth resistance training by the Australian Institute of Sport is that it is safe and can help increase strength, prevent injury, and enhance motor skills and performance.

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February 21, 2020

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Cont.. The key guidelines for strength training of young athletes are:• Strength training should focus on skills and technique rather than lifting ‘heavy’.• Strengthening all large muscle groups using body weight and progressing to light free weights when able.• The general rule with a frequency of two to three days per week on nonconsecutive days.• Children/young athletes should never ‘lift heavy’ (a weight that they cannot lift 10 times) until they have reached physical maturity. This is due to the high potential for damage to the growth plates.

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Heading: Adult and Aged AthletesAs Australia’s population continues to age, coaches need to the address the specific needs of adult and aged athletes, enabling these athletes to participate safely in physical activity.

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Sub: Heart Conditionsꞏ Heart conditions such as hypertension (high blood pressure) can lead to problems for the older athletes competing in higher intensity exercise.

ꞏ Participation in appropriate exercise can improve heart function and reduce blood pressure.

ꞏ Athletes who suffer from a heart conditions must seek medical advice before beginning a exercise program.

ꞏ A general consensus is that exercise should be low resistance, low impact and gradually increased as the athlete’s exercise tolerance improves.

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Sub: Fractures/Bone Densityꞏ As people age, so too do their bones. Bones lose some of their density and become brittle (osteoporosis), so older people have a higher risk of a fracture if they fall.

ꞏ Osteoporosis is more common in women, which is linked to changes in their hormone levels.

ꞏ Weight training or weight bearing exercise such as walking increases bone density, particularly in older women.

ꞏ People with low bone density should avoid contact sports where any knock or fall could increase the risk of injury. Example low impact exercises can include:> Write your own

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Sub: Flexibility/Joint Mobility

• Flexibility decreases with age because of a loss in elasticity of tendons, ligaments and muscles. • Regular, gentle and slow stretching is recommended.• Participation in activities such as yoga and tai chi can also assist in maintaining flexibility. • Swimming or exercise in an aquatic environment, such as aqua aerobics, is ideal for maintaining joint mobility. • It also allows light stretching to be done in a non­weight­bearing environment.

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Questions:

1. How does sports medicine address the appropriateness of resistance training for children and young athletes?

2. Debate the statement: ‘It’s unsafe for aged people to be physically active’.

3. How are the needs of adult and aged athletes with heart conditions addressed to enable their continued participation in sport?

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February 21, 2020

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Heading: Female AthletesParticipation in regular physical activity and sporttypically yields the same physical, psychological and social benefits for women as it does for men.However, there are a small number of factors aboutwhich the female athlete should be aware to ensure they are getting the most out of their training and participating safely.

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Sub: Eating DisordersAny athlete needs to ensure they consume adequate food to meet the increased energy demands on their body.

Sports such as gymnastics, dance, and beach volleyball may add extra pressure to fit the social pressures of the female physique and beauty, while still being a great athlete.

In order to obtain this physique, some female athletes take extreme dietary measures, such as restricting their food intake (anorexia nervosa) or binge eating and purging (bulimia).

Eating Disorder can lead to serious health risks:

•

Create a list for homework

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Sub: Eating DisordersEating disorders affect the energy and nutrition available to the female athlete. This affects both the bone health and menstrual cycle of the athlete. Together this can greatly affect sports performance and choices for the female athlete, especially one with an eating disorder.Simply put: Athletes need more nutrition, as less leads to:

­ Malnutrition (lack of nutrients)

­ Lack of physiological adaptations (cellular maintenance, growth, repair and thermoregulation)­ Slow recovery

­ Lethargy

­ Iron deficiency and Bone density issues (due to lack of nutrients)

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Sub: Iron Deficiency

ꞏ Females need twice as much iron as males. This difference is mainly due to blood loss during menstruation; iron is a major constituent of blood.

ꞏ Iron is also lost from the mother to her foetus during pregnancy.

ꞏ Iron is vital to the production of haemoglobin, which is responsible for the transport of oxygen in the bloodstream. This transported oxygen allows the body’s muscular and energy­producing systems to function.

ꞏ Low iron can lead to anaemia. (lack of RBC's)

ꞏ To avoid this diets high in red meats and leafy vegetables should be consumed.

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Sub: Bone DensityLow bone density is more common among female athletes, and becomes more so with age. A lack of bone density decreases the bone strength, therefore increasing the risk of fractures.

It is recommended that female athletes consume a diet high in calcium (at least 1000 milligrams per day) and participate in regular weight­bearing exercise. A decrease in density causes the bone to become more fragile, making the athlete more prone to fractures. This may affect female sport participation as high intensity and contact sports can cause the female athlete to suffer fractures

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Sub: PregnancyResearch suggests that physical activity during pregnancy is beneficial, not only for the mother but also the developing baby.

Mild to moderate exercise is safe and beneficial for pregnant women. Many elite athletes have trained and performed at various stages throughout and after pregnancy with no apparent problems.Benefits of exercising during pregnancy:• Controlled maternal weight• Decrease risk of gestational diabetes• Increase of baby weight

Sports Med ­ Critical Question 2.notebook

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February 21, 2020

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Sub: Pregnancy

Pregnancy can cause an increase in relaxin; a hormone that allows for greater flexibility across all joints. This can make dislocation more likely if joints are stretched beyond their normal ROM.

Pregnant athletes will also put on weight and have their centre of gravity shifting forward­ This can make women more unstable so sports such as ice skating are not advisable.

Women are also advised not to exercise during the heat of the day as it may cause overheating, which may be dangerous to the development of neural pathways.

So, pregnant female athletes can continue to participate in sports they are familiar with. Should probably avoid participation during he heat of the day, and not try new contact or dangerous sports, especially late in the pregnancy.

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The relationship between energy availability (eating disorders), menstruation (iron deficiency), and bone density is known as the female­triad

Sub: Female Triad

It is important to understand that an athlete’s diet, energy intake and eating disorders, will affect their menstrual cycle, iron levels and bone density levels. Though the diet may change from day to day, affects on the menstrual cycle may not appear for a month, and affects on the skeletal system may take a year or more.

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Questions

1.Assess the degree to which iron deficiency and bone density affect participation in sport (6 marks)?

2.Discuss the implications for a coach of training a young athlete with asthma. (4 marks)

3.Account for the considerations that need to be made when coaching aged athletes. (5 marks)

4.Analyse the impact of thermoregulation for children and young athletes participating in sport. (4 marks)

5.Describe the sport participation options that are available for aged people with medical conditions. (5marks)

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Female Videos

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2LTj7FZ520k­ Pregnancy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9sd5Bgfnn0M ­ Female athlete triad

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3B7Low4jfsY ­ Eating Disorders

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