Critical Thinking in Everyday Life.docx

7/26/2019 Critical Thinking in Everyday Life.docx

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http://www.hoasen.edu.vn/sites/default/files/2014/08/user6079/dc202dv01_tu_duy_phan_bien__de_cuon!_19feb201".doc

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unli$ely to ta$e place in the absence of a conscious co##it#ent to learn. s lon! as we ta$e our thin$in! for !ranted'we dont do the wor$ reNuired for i#prove#ent.=evelop#ent in thin$in! reNuires a !radual process reNuirin! plateaus of learnin! and ust plain hard wor$. |t is notpossible to beco#e an ePcellent thin$er si#ply because one wills it. [han!in! ones habits of thou!ht is a lon!ran!eproect' happenin! over years' not wee$s or #onths. &he essential traits of a critical thin$er reNuire an ePtendedperiod of develop#ent.ow' then' can we develop as critical thin$ers ow can we help ourselves and our students to practice better

thin$in! in everyday life

irst' we #ust understand that there are sta!es reNuired for develop#ent as a critical thin$er:Dt(g" Sn"&he nreflective &hin$er ]we are unaware of si!nificant proble#s in our thin$in!Dt(g" TU#&he [hallen!ed &hin$er ]we beco#e aware of proble#s in our thin$in!Dt(g" Thr""&he e!innin! &hin$er ]we try to i#prove but without re!ular practiceDt(g" V#ur&he racticin! &hin$er ]we reco!nie the necessity of re!ular practiceDt(g" Viv"&he dvanced &hin$er ]we advance in accordance with our practiceDt(g" Di/&he }aster &hin$er ]s$illed insi!htful thin$in! beco#e second nature to us~e develop throu!h these sta!es if we:

WIaccept the fact that there are serious proble#s in our thin$in! ]acceptin! the challen!e to our thin$in! andXIbe!in re!ular practice.

|n this article' we will ePplain 9 strate!ies that any #otivated person can use to develop as a thin$er. s we ePplainthe strate!y' we will describe it as if we were tal$in! directly to such a person. urther details to our descriptions #ay

need to be added for those who $now little about critical thin$in!. ere are the 9:

W1se ~asted &i#e.X1 roble# =ay.Y1|nternalie |ntellectual tandards.Z1eep n |ntellectual ournal.[1eshape our [haracter.\1=eal with our !o.]1edefine the ~ay ou ee &hin!s.^1 et in touch with your e#otions._1nalye !roup influences on your life.

&here is nothin! #a!ical about our ideas. Yo one of the# is essential. Yevertheless' each represents a plausible wayto be!in to do so#ethin! concrete to i#prove thin$in! in a re!ular way. &hou!h you probably cant do all of these atthe sa#e ti#e' we reco##end an approach in which you ePperi#ent with all of these over an ePtended period ofti#e.

Vir*t Dtr(t"gy`*" a(*t"d Tim"1ll hu#ans waste so#e ti#e that is' fail to use all of their ti#e productively oreven pleasurably. o#eti#es we u#p fro# one diversion to another' without enoyin! any of the#. o#eti#es webeco#e irritated about #atters beyond our control. o#eti#es we fail to plan well causin! us ne!ative conseNuenceswe could easily have avoided ]for ePa#ple' we spend ti#e unnecessarily trapped in traffic thou!h we could haveleft a half hour earlier and avoided the rush. o#eti#es we worry unproductively. o#eti#es we spend ti#ere!rettin! what is past. o#eti#es we ust stare off blan$ly into space.&he $ey is that the ti#e is !one even thou!h' if we had thou!ht about it and considered our options' we would neverhave deliberately spent our ti#e in the way we did. o why not ta$e advanta!e of the ti#e you nor#ally waste bypracticin! your critical thin$in! durin! that otherwise wasted ti#e or ePa#ple' instead of sittin! in front of the & atthe end of the day flic$in! fro# channel to channel in a vain search for a pro!ra# worth watchin!' spend that ti#e' orat least part of it' thin$in! bac$ over your day and evaluatin! your stren!ths and wea$nesses. or ePa#ple' you #i!htas$ yourself Nuestions li$e these:~hen did | do #y worst thin$in! today ~hen did | do #y best ~hat in fact did | thin$ about today =id | fi!ureanythin! out =id | allow any ne!ative thin$in! to frustrate #e unnecessarily |f | had to repeat today what would | dodifferently ~hy =id | do anythin! today to further #y lon!ter# !oals =id | act in accordance with #y ownePpressed values |f | spent every day this way for 10 years' would | at the end have acco#plished so#ethin! worthyof that ti#e|t would be i#portant of course to ta$e a little ti#e with each Nuestion. |t would also be useful to record yourobservations so that you are forced to spell out details and be ePplicit in what you reco!nie and see. s ti#e passes'you will notice patterns in your thin$in!.

D"c#nd Dtr(t"gy er#bl"m f(y1t the be!innin! of each day ]perhaps drivin! to wor$ or !oin! to schoolchoose a proble# to wor$ on when you have free #o#ents. i!ure out the lo!ic of the proble# by identifyin! itsele#ents. |n other words' syste#atically thin$ throu!h the Nuestions: ~hat ePactly is the proble# ow can | put itinto the for# of a Nuestion. ow does it relate to #y !oals' purposes' and needs


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WI~herever possible ta$e proble#s one by one. tate the proble# as clearly and precisely as you can.

XI tudy the proble# to #a$e clear the $ind of proble# you are dealin! with. i!ure out' for ePa#ple' whatsorts of thin!s you are !oin! to have to do to solve it. =istin!uish roble#s over which you have so#e controlfro# proble#s over which you have no control. et aside the proble#s over which you have no control'concentratin! your efforts on those proble#s you can potentially solve.

YIi!ure out the infor#ation you need and actively see$ that infor#ation.

ZI[arefully analye and interpret the infor#ation you collect' drawin! what reasonable inferences you can.

[I i!ure out your options for action. ~hat can you do in the short ter# |n the lon! ter# =istin!uishproble#s under your control fro# proble#s beyond your control. eco!nie ePplicitly your li#itations as far as#oney' ti#e' and power.

\I valuate your options' ta$in! into account their advanta!es and disadvanta!es in the situation you are in.

]Idopt a strate!ic approach to the proble# and follow throu!h on that strate!y. &his #ay involve directaction or a carefully thou!htthrou!h waitandsee strate!y.

^I ~hen you act' #onitor the i#plications of your action as they be!in to e#er!e. e ready at a #o#entsnotice to revise your strate!y if the situation reNuires it. e prepared to shift your strate!y or your analysis or

state#ent of the proble#' or all three' as #ore infor#ation about the proble# beco#es available to you.

Third Dtr(t"gynt"rn(li" nt"ll"ctu(l Dt(nd(rd*1ach wee$' develop a hei!htened awareness of one of theuniversal intellectual standards ]clarity' precision' accuracy' relevance' depth' breadth' lo!icalness' si!nificance.ocus one wee$ on clarity' the nePt on accuracy' etc. or ePa#ple' if you are focusin! on clarity for the wee$' try tonotice when you are bein! unclear in co##unicatin! with others. Yotice when others are unclear in what they aresayin!.~hen you are readin!' notice whether you are clear about what you are readin!. ~hen you orally ePpress or writeout your views ]for whatever reason' as$ yourself whether you are clear about what you are tryin! to say. |n doin!this' of course' focus on four techniNues of clarification : WI Dt(ting Uh(t y#u (r" *(yingePplicitly and precisely ]withcareful consideration !iven to your choice of words' XIl(b#r(tingon your #eanin! in other words' YIjiving"/(mpl"*of what you #ean fro# ePperiences you have had' and ZI`*ing (n(l#gi"*' #etaphors' pictures' ordia!ra#s to illustrate what you #ean. |n other words' you will freNuently &&' {&' |&&' Y=}| your points. ou will re!ularly as$ others to do the sa#e.V#urth Dtr(t"gyk""p n nt"ll"ctu(l #urn(l1ach wee$' write out a certain nu#ber of ournal entries. se the

followin! for#at ]$eepin! each nu#bered sta!e separate:

W1ituation. =escribe a situation that is' or was' e#otionally si!nificant to you ]that is' that you deeply careabout. ocus on one situation at a ti#e.

X1our esponse. =escribe what you did in response to that situation. e specific and ePact.

Y1nalysis. &hen analye' in the li!ht of what you have written' what precisely was !oin! on in the situation.=i! beneath the surface.

Z1ssess#ent. ssess the i#plications of your analysis. ~hat did you learn about yourself ~hat would youdo differently if you could relive the situation

Dtr(t"gy Viv""*h(p" #ur oh(r(ct"r1 [hoose one intellectual traitintellectual perseverance' autono#y'e#pathy' coura!e' hu#ility' etc. to strive for each #onth' focusin! on how you can develop that trait in yourself. orePa#ple' concentratin! on intellectual hu#ility' be!in to notice when you ad#it you are wron!. Yotice when yourefuse to ad#it you are wron!' even in the face of !larin! evidence that you are in fact wron!. Yotice when youbeco#e defensive when another person tries to point out a deficiency in your wor$' or your thin$in!. Yotice whenyour intellectual arro!ance $eeps you fro# learnin!' for ePa#ple' when you say to yourself | already $now everythin!| need to $now about this subect. {r' | $now as #uch as he does. ~ho does he thin$ he is forcin! his opinions on#e y ownin! your i!norance' you can be!in to deal with it.Dtr(t"gy Di/f"(l Uith #ur g#c"ntri*m1!ocentric thin$in! is found in the disposition in hu#an nature to thin$with an auto#atic subconscious bias in favor of oneself. {n a daily basis' you can be!in to observe your e!ocentricthin$in! in action by conte#platin! Nuestions li$e these: nder what circu#stances do | thin$ with a bias in favor of#yself =id | ever beco#e irritable over s#all thin!s =id | do or say anythin! irrational to !et #y way =id | try to


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i#pose #y will upon others =id | ever fail to spea$ #y #ind when | felt stron!ly about so#ethin!' and then later feelresent#ent {nce you identify e!ocentric thin$in! in operation' you can then wor$ to replace it with #ore rationalthou!ht throu!h syste#atic selfreflection' thin$in! alon! the lines of: ~hat would a rational person feel in this or thatsituation ~hat would a rational person do ow does that co#pare with what | want to do ]int: |f you find that youcontinually conclude that a rational person would behave ust as you behaved you are probably en!a!in! in selfdeception.Dtr(t"gy D"v"n"d"in" th" (y #u D"" Thing*. ~e live in a world' both personal and social' in which every

situation is defined' that is' !iven a #eanin!. ow a situation is defined deter#ines not only how we feel about it'but also how we act in it' and what i#plications it has for us. owever' virtually every situation can be defined in #orethan one way. &his fact carries with it tre#endous opportunities. |n principle' it lies within your power and #ine to#a$e our lives #ore happy and fulfillin! than they are. }any of the ne!ative definitions that we !ive to situations inour lives could in principle be transfor#ed into positive ones. ~e can be happy when otherwise we would have beensad.~e can be fulfilled when otherwise we would have been frustrated. |n this strate!y' we practice redefinin! the way wesee thin!s' turnin! ne!atives into positives' deadends into new be!innin!s' #ista$es into opportunities to learn. &o#a$e this strate!y practical' we should create so#e specific !uidelines for ourselves. or ePa#ple' we #i!ht #a$eourselves a list of five to ten recurrent ne!ative contePts in which we feel frustrated' an!ry' unhappy' or worried. ~ecould then identify the definition in each case that is at the root of the ne!ative e#otion. ~e would then choose aplausible alternative definition for each and then plan for our new responses as well as new e#otions. or ePa#ple' ifyou tend to worry about all proble#s' both the ones you can do so#ethin! about and those that you cant you canreview the thin$in! in this nursery rhy#e:or every proble# under the sun' there is a solution or there is none. |f there be one' thin$ til you find it. |f there be

none' then never #ind it.ets loo$ at another ePa#ple. ou do not have to define your initial approach to a #e#ber of the opposite seP inter#s of the definition his/her response will deter#ine whether or not | a# an attractive person. lternatively' youcould define it in ter#s of the definition let #e test to see if this person is initially drawn to #e!iven the way theyperceive #e. ~ith the first definition in #ind' you feel personally put down if the person is not interested in you withthe second definition you ePplicitly reco!nie that people respond not to the way a stran!er is' but the way they loo$to the# subectively. ou therefore do not ta$e a failure to show interest in you ]on the part of another as a defect inyou.Dtr(t"gy ightj"t in t#uch Uith y#ur "m#ti#n* ~henever you feel so#e ne!ative e#otion' syste#atically as$yourself: ~hat' ePactly' is the thin$in! leadin! to this e#otion or ePa#ple' if you are an!ry' as$ yourself' what is thethin$in! that is #a$in! #e an!ry ~hat other ways could | thin$ about this situation or ePa#ple' can you thin$about the situation so as to see the hu#or in it and what is pitiable in it |f you can' concentrate on that thin$in! andyour e#otions will ]eventually shift to #atch it.Dtr(t"gy in"n(ly" gr#up inlu"nc"* #n y#ur li" [losely analye the behavior that is encoura!ed' anddiscoura!ed' in the !roups to which you belon!. or any !iven !roup' what are you reNuired to believe ~hat are

you forbidden to do very !roup enforces so#e level of confor#ity. }ost people live #uch too #uch within theview of the#selves proected by others. =iscover what pressure you are bowin! to and thin$ ePplicitly about whetheror not to reect that pressure.o#nclu*i#n&he $ey point to $eep in #ind when devisin! strate!ies is that you are en!a!ed in a personalePperi#ent. ou are testin! ideas in your everyday life. ou are inte!ratin! the#' and buildin! on the#' in the li!ht ofyour actual ePperience. or ePa#ple' suppose you find the strate!y edefine the ~ay ou ee &hin!s to beintuitive to you. o you use it to be!in. retty soon you find yourself noticin! the social definitions that rule #anysituations in your life. ou reco!nie how your behavior is shaped and controlled by the definitions in use:1. |# !ivin! a party' ]veryone therefore $nows to act in a partyin! way2. &he funeral is &uesday' ]&here are specific social behaviors ePpected at a funeral". ac$ is an acNuaintance' not really a friend. ]~e behave very differently in the two cases

ou be!in to see how i#portant and pervasive social definitions are. ou be!in to redefine situations in ways that runcontrary to so#e co##only accepted definitions. ou notice then how redefinin! situations ]and relationshipsenables you to et in &ouch ~ith our #otions. ou reco!nie that the way you thin$ ]that is' define thin!s!enerates the e#otions you ePperience. ~hen you thin$ you are threatened ]i.e.' define a situation as threatenin!'you feel fear. |f you define a situation as a failure' you #ay feel depressed. {n the other hand' if you define thatsa#e situation as a lesson or opportunity to learn you feel e#powered to learn. ~hen you reco!nie this controlthat you are capable of ePercisin!' the two strate!ies be!in to wor$ to!ether and reinforce each other.YePt consider how you could inte!rate strate!y z9 ]nalye !roup influences on your life into your practice. {ne ofthe #ain thin!s that !roups do is control us by controllin! the definitions we are allowed to operate with. ~hen a!roup defines so#e thin!s as cool and so#e as du#b' the #e#bers of the !roup try to appear cool and notappear du#b. ~hen the boss of a business says' &hat #a$es a lot of sense' his subordinates $now they are notto say' Yo' it is ridiculous. nd they $now this because definin! so#eone as the boss !ives hi#/her specialprivile!es to define situations and relationships.ou now have three interwoven strate!ies: you edefine the ~ay ou ee &hin!s' et in touch with your


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e#otions' and nalye !roup influences on your life. &he three strate!ies are inte!rated into one. ou can nowePperi#ent with any of the other strate!ies' loo$in! for opportunities to inte!rate the# into your thin$in! and your life.|f you follow throu!h on so#e plan analo!ous to what we have described' you are developin! as a thin$er. }oreprecisely' you are beco#in! a racticin! &hin$er. our practice will brin! advance#ent. nd with advance#ent's$illed and insi!htful thin$in! #ay beco#es #ore and #ore natural to you.

aul' . lder' . ]2001. }odified fro# the boo$ by aul' . lder' . ]2001.Critical Thinking Tools forTaking Charg of >our "arning and >our "if?

httpYZZ[[[.critic"(thin&ing.rgZp"g\sZcritic"(]thin&ing]in]\v\ry4"y](i^\]_]str"t\gi\sZ`ab
http://www.criticalthinking.org/store/products/critical-thinking-tools-for-taking-charge-of-your-learning-amp-your-life-2nd-edition/143http://www.criticalthinking.org/store/products/critical-thinking-tools-for-taking-charge-of-your-learning-amp-your-life-2nd-edition/143http://www.criticalthinking.org/store/products/critical-thinking-tools-for-taking-charge-of-your-learning-amp-your-life-2nd-edition/143http://www.criticalthinking.org/store/products/critical-thinking-tools-for-taking-charge-of-your-learning-amp-your-life-2nd-edition/143http://www.criticalthinking.org/pages/critical-thinking-in-everyday-life-9-strategies/512http://www.criticalthinking.org/pages/critical-thinking-in-everyday-life-9-strategies/512http://www.criticalthinking.org/store/products/critical-thinking-tools-for-taking-charge-of-your-learning-amp-your-life-2nd-edition/143http://www.criticalthinking.org/store/products/critical-thinking-tools-for-taking-charge-of-your-learning-amp-your-life-2nd-edition/143http://www.criticalthinking.org/pages/critical-thinking-in-everyday-life-9-strategies/512http://www.criticalthinking.org/pages/critical-thinking-in-everyday-life-9-strategies/512

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