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CRM-500: FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINOLOGY
The course of the Fundamentals of Criminology has been framed with the objective:
1. To provide information regarding the understanding of the socio-political nature of defining certain
acts of crime, gain familiarity with current and historical trends in crime and learn about the
importance of correlates of crime;
2. To enable the students to promptly gain grasp of classical and contemporary criminological and
sociological theories of crime and deviance; compare and contrast the different theoretical
perspectives and apply the theories to comprehend crime, deviance and crime control efforts.
3. To acquire detailed knowledge of social institutions, policies and cultural frameworks in crime.
4. To learn how the foregoing social structure can both contribute to and ameliorate observed social
inequalities.
5. To convey the student’s criminological knowledge in writing and orally to a range of audiences,
including the research community, policy makers and the general public.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
i. Criminology and its scope
ii. Criminology and other branches of learning
iii. Criminology and criminal law
2. Crime and Society
i. Related concepts: deviancy, sin, vice
ii. Crime as a social phenomenon
iii. Crime and social organization (institutions)
iv. Crime and social structure
v. Crime as a social problem
3. Juvenile Delinquency
i. Juvenile courts
ii. Juvenile reformatories
Probation
Other preventive programs
4. Crime and Criminals
i. The occasional criminal
ii. The habitual criminal
iii. The professional criminal
iv. The white-collar criminal
v. The organized crime
5. Explanations of Criminal Behavior
i. Biological explanation
ii. Environmental explanation
iii. Psychological explanation
iv. Psychiatric explanation
v. Economic explanation
vi. Sociological explanation
vii. Islamic point of view
6. Crime Statistics
i. Sources, difficulties and need
ii. National crime statistics and its sociological interpretation
iii. International crime statistics and its sociological interpretation
iv. Problems of reliability and validity
7. Detection of Crime
i. Agencies of Detection: formal, informal
ii. Techniques of detection
iii. Problems in detection
8. Trial and Conviction of Offenders
i. Agencies: formal, informal
ii. Criminal Courts: Procedures and problems
9. Punitive and Reformative Treatment of Criminals
(including Islamic Hudood, Qasas and Tazir)
i. Corporal, punishment
ii. Transportation for life
iii. Capital punishment
iv. Imprisonment
v. Prison and related problems
vi. Probation
vii. Parole
viii. Rehabilitation of criminals
10. Prevention of Crime
i. Long-term measures
ii. Short-term measures
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Anthony Walsh (2010) Introduction to Criminology: A Text/Reader
2. Carey, Hames T. 1978. An Introduction to Criminology. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall
3. Cavan. Ruth Shonle. 1956. Criminology. New York: Themas Y. Growell Co.
4. Conklin, John E. 1989. Criminology. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.
5. Gottfredson, Michael R. 1987. Positive Criminology. London: Sage Publications
6. Hagan, F. (2010). Introduction to Criminology, Beverly Hills
7. Hagan, Frank E. 1989. Research Methods in Criminal Justice and Criminology. New York:
Macmillan Publishing Co.
8. Hagan, John. 1987. Modern Criminology: Crime Criminal Behavior & its Control. New York:
McGraw Hill Book Co.
9. Howe, Adrian. 1994. Punish and Critique. London: Routledge.
10. Kelly, Delos H. 1984. Deviant Behavior: The Sociology of Deviance. New York: St. Martin’s Press
11. Larry J. Siegel – (2011) Criminology
12. Martin, Randy, Robert J. Mutchnick. W. Timothy Austin. 1990. Criminological Thought: Pioneers
Past and Present. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.
13. Reckless, Walter C. 1955. Crime Problem. New York: Appleton-Century Crofts. Inc.
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Miller, J. Mitchell (2009). 21st Century Criminology: A Reference Handbook, Volume 1, Sage
publications, USA.
2. Saima, Akif & Asif Manzoor (Engr.) (2011, 2nd Edition). Police in Pakistan (A Research Book of
Readings), March. lulu.com (UNITED STATES), page No. 101-114 & 168-189.
CRM-501: CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORY
The objectives of the course are to introduce students to the major themes of contemporary criminology
theory and current criminological concerns. The course will help in examining the learning perspective,
societal reaction perspective, critical criminology, conflict theory, feminism, corporate crime,
peacemaking, restorative justice, and state crimes, among other contemporary topics and theories. It will
also foster the application of theoretical perspectives to important current criminal problems.
CONTENTS
1 Introduction
Origin of criminological theory
Theological perspective
Supernatural explanation
2 Choice and Trait Theories
The Classical School
Ceseare Beccaria
The Positivistic School
Ceseare Lombroso
William Sheldon
The Psychological School
Sigmund Freud
Erik Erikson
Lawrence Kohlberg.
3 Social Structure Theories
The Chicago/Ecological School
Robert Ezra Park
Shaw & McKay
Cultural Deviance School
Albert Cohen
Richard Cloward& Lloyd Ohlin
Elijah Anderson
Wright Mills
Anomie & Strain School
Emile Durkheim
Robert K. Merton
4 Social Process Theories
Social Learning School
Edwin Sutherland & Differential Association
Social Control & Social Reinforcement School
Walter Reckless
Travis Hirschi
David Matza and Gresham Sykes
5 Social Reaction Theories:
The Labeling School
Howard Becker
Erving Goffman
The Conflict School
Karl Marx
Richard Quenney
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Durkheim, Emile. 1997 (reissue edition). Suicide. New York. Free Press
2. Garland, David (Ed), and Richard Sparks (Ed). 2006. Criminology and Social Theory. New York.
Oxford University Press
3. Lanier, Mark A. 2004. Essential Criminology. New York. West View Press.
4. Martin, Randy, Robert J. Matchnick and W. Timothy Austin.1990. Criminological Thought:
Pioneers Past and Present. New York. McMillan Publishing Company.
5. Siegel, Larry J. 2006. Criminology: Theories, Patterns, and Typologies. New York. Wadsworth
Publishing.
6. Stuart, Henry (Ed) and Werner Einstadter. 1997. The Criminology Theory Reader. New York. New
York University Press.
7. Williams III, Franklin P, and Marilyn D. McShane.1994. Criminological Theory. New Jersey.
Prentice Hall.
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Garland, David (Ed), and Richard Sparks (Ed). 2006. Criminology and Social Theory. New York.
Oxford University Press
2. Lanier, Mark A. 2004. Essential Criminology. New York. West View Press.
3. Siegel, Larry J. 2006. Criminology: Theories, Patterns, and Typologies. New York. Wadsworth
Publishing.
CRM-502: DEVIANCE AND CRIME
The students will gain knowledge of such criminological concepts as, social control, labeling, stigma, as
well to inbuilt an understanding of the concepts of crime and deviance. This course will review the history
of crime and deviance and make distinction between competing definitions of crime and deviance, and the
various theories digging deep into the underlying process of deviance and/or criminalized behavior. At the
end of this course, the students are to manifest the following skills in their behavior:
1. Recognize the causes and consequences of Deviance and Crime at the micro and macro levels and
match these with prominent criminological perspectives.
2. Apply theories of Deviance and Crime to describe actual and hypothetical scenarios, behaviors,
and trends.
3. Accept and explain macro-social inequities in Deviance and Crime processes by race, social class,
gender, region and age.
4. Locate and consult works in the Deviance and Crime to produce a research paper that is coherent,
cogent, and attentive to conventions of the field.
CONTENTS
1 Conceptualizing Crime and Deviance
Nature and origin
Typology of crime and deviance
2 Sociological Perspectives on Crime and Deviance
Reflecting on Sociological Perspectives
Constructing Deviance - Classical Sociological Approaches
Critical Approaches to Crime and Deviance
3 Media and Crime; Youth and Justice
Media and the Social Construction of Crime
Culture, Deviance, and Youth
Crime and Youth: Towards Justice
4 Feminist and Postcolonial Approaches to Crime and Deviance
Feminist Approaches to Deviance and Crime
Gender, Sex, Deviance, and Crime
Postcolonial Approaches and Race
5 The State and Social Control
Crime and Punishment
Emerging Arenas of Crime and Deviance
New Directions for the State and the Justice System
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Boba, Rachel. (2005). Crime Analysis and Crime Maping. Sage Publication: Lahore
2. Clinard, Marshall Barron. (2010). Sociology of Deviant Behavior
3. Curra, John. (1994). Understanding Social Deviance: From the Near Side to the outer limits, New
York, Harper Collins.
4. Cyndi Banks. (2004). Criminal Justice Ethics Theory and Practice
5. Farrington, David P. (1986). Understanding and Controlling Crime, New York: Springer-Verlag.
6. Fox, Vernon. (1985). Introduction to Criminology, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
7. Franzese, Robert J. (2009). The sociology of deviance: differences, tradition, and stigma
8. Hagon, John Modern. (1987). Criminology, New York, McGraw Hill.
9. Hagon, John Modern. (1987). Criminology, New York: McGraw Hill.
10. Heidensohn, Frances. (1989). Crime and Society, London: Mcmillan and Co.
11. Jupp, Victor. (1989). Methods of Criminological Research, London, Macmillan and Co.
12. Jupp, Victor. (1989). Methods of Criminological Research, London: Unwin, Hyman.
13. Kadish, Sanford H. (1983). Encyclopedia of Crime and Justice. The Free Press, A Division of
Macmillan.
14. Kramar, K. Criminology: Critical Canadian Perspectives. Toronto, ON: Pearson Education
Canada, 2011. Type: Textbook, ISBN: 978-0-13-175529-1
15. Ksenych, E. Exploring deviance in Canada: A Reader. Don Mills, ON: Oxford University Press,
2011. Type: Textbook, ISBN: 978-0-19-543990-8
16. Padhy, Prafullah. (2006). Organized Crime IshaBooks:Delhi
17. Reckless, Walter C. (1961). Crime Problem, New York: Appleton-
18. Resen Berg M. M. (1983). An Introduction to Sociology. Sage Publication: Methven, New York
19. Siegel, Larry J. (2004). Criminology Theories, Patterns and typologies
20. Weis, Joseph G. (2004). The Sociology of Deviance.
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Krohn, Lizotte & Hall., Marvin D., Alan J. and Gina Penly (2009). Handbook on Crime and
Deviance, Springer, New York.
2. Smart, Caro (2013). Women, Crime and Criminology: A Feminist Critique, Routledge & K. Paul,
UK.
CRM-503: STATISTICS IN CRIMINOLOGY
Statistics in Criminology helps students to understand the vital role that research, and statistics play in the
study of criminology by showing the students how to conduct and interpret statistics in real-world settings
with a step-by-step approach to solving problems in field of criminology. This practical, applied approach
offers students the fundamentals of descriptive and inferential statistics in a concise and easy-to-understand
format avoiding complicated proofs and discussions of statistical theory. Understanding and Using
Statistics for Criminology shows students how to critically examine the use and interpretation of statistics,
covering not only the basics but also the essential probabilistic statistics that students will need in their
future careers. The course introduces the students with the basics of statistics and its application in
criminology. Besides it focuses on the instruction on data types, data collection, and format development.
Also, it discusses the use of different programs for abstracting and data analysis.
CONTENTS
1 Introduction
Elementary mathematical concepts and notions
Meaning and Definition of Social Statistics
Use of Statistics in Modern Sociology
Grouped and Un-Grouped Data
Statistics: Descriptive and Inductive
Measurement: Nominal, Ordinal and Interval scales
Frequency Distribution: Tabular Organization and Graphic Presentation of Data
2 Measures of Centrality and Location
Mean, Median and Mode
Percentiles, Deciles and Quartiles
3 Measures of Dispersion
Range
Mean Deviation
Standard Deviation
Variance
Quartile Deviation
4 The Normal Distribution
Form of the normal Curve
Area under the Normal Curve
5 Probability
Basic concepts
Rules of Probability
Binomial Probabilities
6 Tests of Significance
Single Sample Tests involving Means & Proportions
Two Sample Tests: Difference of Means and Proportions
7 Estimation
Point Estimation
Interval Estimation
Confidence Intervals and Test of Hypotheses
8 Non-Parametric Tests
Chi Square Test
Other Non-Parametric Tests: The Sign Test, The Median Test, The Mann Whitney Test
9 Correlation and Regression
Regression Analysis
Person’s Correlation Coefficient
Rank Order Correlation
Partial and Multiple Correlation
10 The Analysis of Variance
One Way Analysis of Variance
Two Way Analysis of Variance
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Muhammad, F. 2005. “Statistical Methods and Data Analysis”, Kitab Markaz, Bhawana Bazar,
Faisalabad.
2. Walpole, R. E. 1982. “Introduction to statistics”, 3rd Ed., Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. New York.
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Muhammad, F. 2005. “Statistical Methods and Data Analysis”, Kitab Markaz, Bhawana Bazar,
Faisalabad.
CRM-503: APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER IN CRIMINOLOGY
This area of instruction provides content for knowledge and skills required in the technology-based
workplace specially in the field of social sciences research methods while analyzing data. The demand will
continue to expand for students prepared with knowledge of and skills in word processing, spreadsheets,
database, desktop publishing, and telecommunication. This training is vital for students planning to enter
the workforce or continue training for a career in research and evaluation or other related fields. Upon
successful completion of this course, students will be able to understand applications of computer and to
evaluate the use and abuse of computer technology.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction to Computers, Concepts, Functions, Applications, Hardware
2. Types of Computers
3. Input & Output Devices
4. Software
5. System Software
6. Application Software
7. Customized Software
8. Word Processing
9. Spreadsheet
10. Tools of Statistical Analyses Using Computer
11. Database Application
12. Internet Browser
13. E-mail: Personal Organizers
14. Multimedia Applications
15. Business Application
16. Payroll
17. Production
18. Market Planning
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Blalock Hubert. M. 1972. Social Statistics. Tokoyo: McGraw-Hill, Kogakusha, Ltd. (International
Students Edition)
2. Boniface, David R. 1995. Experiment Design and Statistical Methods. For Behavioral and Social
Research, London: Chapman & Hall
3. Calculations and Computer Techniques Using SPSS. London: Routledge
4. Cramer, Duncan. 1994. Introducing Statistics for Social Research. Step-by-Step
5. Edward, Allen L. 1960. Statistical Methods for Behavioral Science. New York: Rinehart and
Company, Inc.
6. Elifson, Kirk W. 1990. Fundamentals of Social Statistics. New York: McGraw Hill Book Co.
7. Hagood, Margaret Jarman and Daniel O. Price. 1952. Statistics for Sociologists. (Revised Edition)
New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston
8. Korin, Basil P. 1975. Statistical Concepts for the Social Sciences. Cambridge, (Mass): Winthrop
publishers Inc.
9. Long and Long (1999) Introduction to Computers
10. Peter Norton’s (2000), Introduction to Computers
11. Spiegel, Murray R. 1961.Theory and Problems of Statistics. New York: Schaum Publishing
Company
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Peter Norton’s (2000), Introduction to Computers
CRM-505: ACADEMIC WRITING AND PRESENTATION SKILLS
This course aims at sharpening the language learning skills of the students in order to cope with the
linguistic requirements of the students in Criminology. Moreover, the course enables the students to
engage in academic writing (particularly research oriented) and to compete the people in field. The
students will familiarize with the basic language skills which they can acquire and master by practicing by
going through this course in the respective semester. By the end of the course the students will have a better
comprehension and skillful knowledge of about the language.
CONTENTS
1. Paragraph Writing.
2. What is a paragraph? Types of Paragraph How to write a paragraph?
3. Essay Writing.
4. What is an essay? How to write an essay? Types of an Essay?
5. Precise Writing.
6. Presentation skills.
7. Engaging in Research: Writing a Research Proposal.
8. Report writing: Research Reports
9. Interview skills.
10. Discussion Skills.
11. CV Writing & Cover Letter.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. A Brief Guide to Writing. 6th Ed.
2. Aaron, J. 2003. The Compact Reader. New York: Bedford Axelrod, R. B and Cooper, C. R. 2002.
Reading Critical Writing Well: A Reader and Guide
3. Barnet, S. and Bedau, H. 2004. Critical Thinking, Reading and Writing:
4. Gardner, P. S. 2005. New Directions: Reading, Writing and Critical Thinking
5. George, D. and Trimbur, J. 2006. Reading Culture: Context for Critical Reading and Writing. 6th
Ed.
6. Goatly, A. 2000. Critical Reading and Writing: An Introduction Course.
7. HI Eastwood, J. 2004. Oxford Practice Grammar. New Ed., with tests and answers. O UP
8. Jordan, K. M. and Plakans L. 2003. Reading and Writing for Academic Success
9. Jordan, R. R. 1999. Academic Writing Course. C UP.
10. London: Taylor & Francis Grellet, F. Wrinting for Advanced Learners of English. C UP
11. Smith, L. C. 2003. Issues for Today: An Effective Reading Skills Text withrow, J. Effective
Writing. C UP
12. Wallace, M. 1992. Study Skills. C UP
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. George, D. and Trimbur, J. 2006. Reading Culture: Context for Critical Reading and Writing. 6th
Ed.
CRM-506: JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
Juvenile Delinquency is intended to the study of norm-violating behaviour among youth. In its study,
primary emphasis is laid on basic concepts, understanding of juvenile justice system, theories of delinquent
behaviour and social control responses in youth misconduct. Upon meaningful teaching of this course, the
student will be able to:
1. Define juvenile delinquency from legal and sociological perspective and create and document
history of delinquency.
2. Extrapolate juvenile crime trends and measure rates of delinquency.
3. Differentiate among various theories of delinquency and discuss how culture, diversity, social
stratification, families, schools, neighborhoods and peers play role in delinquent behaviour.
4. Consider detailed account of classical and contemporary research on the etiology of juvenile
delinquency, with reference to original sources.
5. Assess the extent of juvenile law- breaking behaviour in contemporary society and trace its
development.
CONTENTS
1 History, Definitions, and Sociological Analysis of Juvenile Delinquency
History of juvenile delinquency
Problems in definition of juvenile delinquency
Age differentiates the "child" from a "juvenile."
Behavioral vs. legal definitions
Official statistics of juvenile delinquency
Sociological approach to delinquency
2 Causes of Juvenile Delinquency.
Causes and characteristics of those involved in delinquent acts
Classical theories.
Sociological theories.
Biological theories.
Social learning theories.
3 Juvenile Delinquency in a Social Context
Family and juvenile delinquency.
School system and juvenile delinquency.
Youth culture and juvenile delinquency.
Juvenile gangs and delinquency.
Gender and Delinquency.
Peers and Delinquency: Juvenile Gangs and Groups.
Drug Use and Delinquency.
Delinquency Prevention: Social and Developmental Perspectives.
4 Purpose and Scope of the Juvenile Justice System.
Police Work with Juveniles.
Official procedures & unofficial procedures.
Juvenile Court Process: Pretrial, Trial, and Sentencing
Training and competence of juvenile officers.
Role of Prosecutor, Defense Counsel, Juvenile Judge, Juvenile Probation Officer, Court Personnel
Role of juvenile correctional institutions.
Delinquency and Juvenile Justice Abroad
5 Prevention Programs and Apparent Needs to Cope with Current Problems in Juvenile Delinquency
Intent of preventive programs.
Philosophy vs. practice in the establishment of programs.
Need for unification and/or uniformity in programs.
Need for better cooperation between various agencies.
Implications and potential for progress both present and future.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Clemens F. Bartollas (2010) Juvenile Delinquency
2. Donald J. Shoemaker (2009) Juvenile delinquency
3. Henry Herbert Goddard (2010) Juvenile Delinquency
4. James Burfeind (2011) Juvenile Delinquency: An Integrated Approach
5. Larry J. Siegel (2010) Juvenile Delinquency: The Core
6. Larry J. Siegel, (2011) Juvenile Delinquency: Theory, Practice, and Law
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Larry J. Siegel, (2011) Juvenile Delinquency: Theory, Practice, and Law
CRM-507: PENOLOGY
While studying Criminology and Criminal Justice in this course of Penology, the field of making
corrections is fundamental. These corrections are one of the largest, the most complex, and the most gigantic
controversial components of the criminal justice system. This course will probe correctional practices,
reforms, and the consequences as well as the various theories of social control. Included in its interrogation
will be the cultural, social, and theoretical contexts from which various correctional reforms have emerged
over the past several centuries. The course provides insight of the nature of punishment, its theories and its
impact upon correcting offenders. The students are expected to analyze the role of correctional institutions
for improving behavior of offenders. Further, they are expected to develop rehabilitation and its role in the
process of re-integration of the offenders in their behaviour.
CONTENTS
1 The Contemporary Conceptualization of Criminology and its Critique
2 Punishment
Theories of punishment
3 Prisons
A general history of prisons
Penal heritage of Pakistan: Prisons in colonial India
Prisons
Women prisons
Juvenile detention
4 Prison reform: Case Study of the US Prison Reform Movement
5 The Dynamics of the Modern Prison Institution
Management model
Prison architecture
Use of technology in the modern prisons: Case study of the impact of CCTV in Australian
prisons
Prisons programs: Educational and vocational programs: Case study of the impact of prison
programs in the US
6 Prisons System in Pakistan and the Rights of Prisoners
7 Juvenile Detention in Pakistan and the Rights of Juvenile Detainees
8 Women Prisoners in Pakistan
9 Society of Captives: A comparative Look at Some Issues in Prison Life
Prison society
Prison violence
Corruption in prisons
10 Conditions in Pakistani Prisons
Prison condition
Prison Life
Heath care issues
11 Future of Prisons
Privatization of prisons
The penology of terrorism
12 Probation and Parole in Pakistan
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Avofeso, A. (2011). Disciplinary architecture: Prison design and prisoner’s health.
2. Cressery, D. (1961). The Prison Studies in Institutional Organization and Change. New York: Holt,
Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
3. Fairchild, E. S. (1993). Comparative Criminal Justice System. Belmont: Wordsworth Publications.
4. Farse, R.S. (2006). Punishment purposes. Stanford Law Review, 58: 67 – 84.
5. Garland D. (1991). Punishment and Modern Society. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
6. Garland, D. (1991) Sociological perspective on punishment. Crime and Justice
7. Giallomalrdo, R. (1966). Society of Women: A Study of Women Prison New York: John Wiley.
8. Johnston, N. (2009). Evolving function. Early use of imprisonment as punishment. The Prison
Journal
9. Khan, M. M. (2010). The Prison System in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Criminology
10. Korn, R. and McKorkle, L. (1996). Criminology and Penology. New York Holt, Rinehart and
Winston, Inc.
11. Malik, M.A., and Shirazi, R.A. (2010). An Analytical Review of Juvenile Delinquents In Jails of
Sindh Province: Some Problems And Suggestions to Over Come. Journal of Management & Social
Sciences, 4(1):43-54.
12. Robbert, J. (1992). Dictionary of Criminology. New York: Paragon.
13. Rushe, G. (1989). Punishment and Socila Sturcture. New York: New York University Press.
14. Saeed, M. (2009). A Critical Review of Juvenile Justice Law in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of
Criminology
15. Samaha, J. (1991). Criminal Justice. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing
16. Souryal, S. S. (2009). Deterring Corruption by Prison Personnel: A Principle-Based Perspective,
The Prison Journal,
17. Tappan, P. W. (1951). Contemporary Correction. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
18. Walklate S. (1998). Understanding Criminology. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Khan, M. M. (2010). The Prison System in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Criminology
2. Souryal, S. S. (2009). Deterring Corruption by Prison Personnel: A Principle-Based Perspective,
The Prison Journal.
CRM-508: RESEARCH METHODS IN CRIMINOLOGY
Research in Criminology helps students to understand and learn the vital role of research it play in the study
of criminology by showing the students how to conduct and interpret statistics in real-world settings with
step-by-step approach to solving problems in field of criminology. This course introduces the students with
the basics of research and its application in criminology on the underlying research concepts, methodologies
and techniques appropriate for application in criminal justice environments, including the scientific method,
basic research designs and data collection techniques. The purpose behind teaching this course is that it will
prepare students to design effective, ethical investigations. Students will learn appropriate frameworks and
tools for qualitative and quantitative studies in criminology and sociology and other fields. In criminology,
as in any other science, theory plays an important role as a basis for formulating research questions and
later understanding the larger implications of one's research results.
CONTENTS
1 Introduction to Criminal Justice Research Methods: Theory and Method
i Scientific Research in Criminal Justice
ii Why Study Research Methods in Criminal Justice
iii Approaches to Theory and Method in Criminal Justice
iv Problem Formulation: Selection of Research Problem
2 Research Design: The Experimental Model and Its Variations
i Types of Research Design
ii The Experimental Model
iii Experimental Design
iv The Classic Experimental Design
3 Data-Gathering Strategies: The Experiment and Alternatives
i Advantages of Experiments
ii Disadvantages of Experiments
iii Alternative Data-Gathering Strategies
iv Social Surveys
v Uniform Crime Report
vi The Crime Index
4 Sampling and Survey Research: Questionnaires
i Types of Sampling
a Probability Samples
b Non-probability Samples
ii Survey Research
iii Some Guidelines for Questionnaire Construction
5 Survey Research: Interviews and Telephone Surveys
i Types of Interviews
ii Advantages of Interviews
iii Disadvantages of Interviews
iv Administration of the Structured Interview
v Probing
vi Victim Surveys in Criminal Justice
vii National Crime Survey
6 Participant Observation and Case Studies
i A critique of Experiments and Surveys
ii Participant Observation
iii Types of Participant Observation
iv Characteristics of Participant Observation
v General Procedures in Participant Observation
7 Unobtrusive Measures, Secondary Analysis, and the Uses of Official Statistics
i Major Types of Unobtrusive Methods
ii Physical Trace Analysis
iii Use of Available Data and Archives
8 Scaling and Index Construction
i Levels of Measurement
ii Scaling Procedure
iii The Uniform Crime Report as an Arbitrary Scale
iv Factor Analysis
9 Validity, Reliability, and Tabulation, and Data Management
i Ways of Determining Validity
ii Reliability and Validity of Self-Report Surveys
10 Data Analysis: Coding, Tabulation and Data Management
i Data Management
ii The Frequency Distribution
iii Graphic Presentation
iv Table Reading
a How to Construct Tables
11 Data Analysis: A User’s Guide to Statistics
i Why Study Statistics
ii Measures of Central Tendency for a Simple Distribution
iii Chi-Square-Based Measures of Association
iv Nature and Types of Statistics
v The t Test (Difference of Mean Test)
vi Correlation Coefficient (Pearson’s r)
vii Ordinal Level Measures of Relationship
viii Multivariate Analysis
12 Ethics in Criminal Justice Research
i The Researcher’s Role
ii A code of Ethics for Criminology/Criminal Justice Research
13 Policy Analysis, Evaluation Research, and Proposal Writing
i Policy Analysis
ii Evaluation Research
a A Systems Model of Evaluation Research
b Types of Evaluation Research
c Obstacles to Evaluation Research
RECOMMENDED BOOK
1. Bulmer, M. and D. P. Warwick. 1993 Research in Developing Countries Surveys and Censuses in
the third World. London, Routledge.
2. Cromwell, P. 1996. Criminals in Their own words, Los Angeles: Roxbury.
3. Garner, M., C. Wagner and B. Kawulich. 2009. Teaching Research Methods in the Social Sciences.
London, Ashgate Publishing limited.
4. Hagan, F. 2000. Research Methods in Criminal Justice and Criminology. Boston: Allyn& Bacon.
5. Hall, I. and D. Hall. 2004. Evaluation and Social Research, Introducing Small Scale practice. New
York, Palgrave McMillan.
6. Hancock, D.&Algozzine, B. 2006. Doing Case Study Research. NY: Teachers College Press.
7. Hess-Biber, S. N. and P. Leavy. 2004. Approaches to Qualitative Research, A Reader on Theory
and Practice. New York, Oxford University Press.
8. Laurel, B. 2003. Design Research, Methods and Perspectives. London England, The MIT Press.
9. Marvasti, A. B. 2004. Qualitative Research in Sociology, An Introduction. New Delhi, Sage
Publications.
10. McKenzie, G., J. Powell and R. Usher. 1997. Understanding Social Research: Perspectives on
Methodology and Practice. London, The Flame Press.
11. Miles, M. & M. Huberman. 1994. Qualitative Data Analysis. Thousand Oaks, Ca: Sage.
12. Neumen,L& B. Weigand. 2000. Criminal Justice Research Methods. Boston: Allyn& Bacon.
13. Somekh, B. and C. Lewin. 2005. Research Methods in the Social Sciences. New Delhi, Vistaar
Publications.
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Neumen,L& B. Weigand. 2000. Criminal Justice Research Methods. Boston: Allyn& Bacon.
2. Somekh, B. and C. Lewin. 2005. Research Methods in the Social Sciences. New Delhi, Vistaar
Publications.
CRM-509: CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY
This course pertains to an interrogation of psychology of human behavior relating to crime. The students
will be introduced to psychopathology, the sexually violent offence, and serial murder. They will also
interrogate violent juvenile offenders and the process of psychological conditioning which allows them to
commit violent criminal acts. The course intends to inculcate understanding of the role of inherent
biological, psychological and genetic factors underlying criminal behavior. The learners will be capable to
highlight various therapeutic models designed to help rehabilitate criminals
CONTENTS
1. Introduction to Criminal Psychology
i) Definition
ii) Perspective on Human Nature
iii) Approaches of Criminal Psychology
2. Mental Disorders and Criminality
i) Brain damage Criminality
ii) Psychosis and Criminality
iii) Neurotic Criminals
iv) Mentally Retarded Criminals
3. Personality
i) Definition
ii) Types
iii) Personality Disorders
iv) Antisocial Personality
4. Mental Health Issues and Criminal Justice
i) Evaluation of Competency
ii) Criminal Responsibilities & the Insanity Defense
iii) Civil Commitment of the Insane
iv) The Prediction of dangerousness
v) Aggression Potential
vi) Suicide
5. Psycho-Therapy of Victims
i) Typical Reactions after Assault: Fear, Surprise, Anger and Guilt
ii) Victimization: Facing Victimization, The Role of Popular Press
6. Avoidance, Escape and Anxiety Management
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. David, G. M. (1988). Social Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
2. Frank B. M. and McMahon, J. J. W. (1983). Abnormal Behaviour–Psychology’s View. Illinois.
The Dorsey Press, Homewood.
3. Hilgrd, E. R. and Atkinson, R. C. (1967). Introduction to Psychology.New York: McGraw – Hill,
Inc.
4. Leonand, G. (1995). Criminology. Toronto: Allyn and Bacon. Richard, R. B. and Joan, R. A.
(1988). Abnormal Psychology- Current
5. Richard, R. B. and Joan, R. A. (1988). Abnormal Psychology-Current
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Frank B. M. and McMahon, J. J. W. (1983). Abnormal Behaviour–Psychology’s View. Illinois.
The Dorsey Press, Homewood.
2. Weiner & Otto., Irving B. and Randy K. (2nd Edition, 2013). Handbook of Psychology, Forensic
Psychology, Volume 11 Forensic Psychology, John Wiley and Sons, Inc, Canada.
CRM-510: PATTERNS OF CRIME
The course familiarizes the students with the diversified patterns of crime. It helps to understand cultural
variations with respect to the patterns of crime and their implications. On the meaningful teaching of this
course, the students are intended to be able to reflect the following factors in their behaviour:
1. Acquire understanding of why societies punish certain behaviours in the first place, how the law
distinguishes between lawful and unlawful behaviours, and what legal safeguards have been
established in democratic societies against unfair and unreasonable patterns of crime;
2. Establish insight of how and why crimes are committed, and what means are adopted for individual
victim's rectification and safeguard of society;
3. Obtain understanding of the sequence of events that leads to guilt and/or innocence of an individual,
alleged to have committed a crime.
CONTENTS
1. Crime Against Person
a. Murder
b. Homicide
c. Genocide
d. Manslaughter
e. Suicide
f. Sexual Assault
g. Kidnapping
h. Battery
2. Crime Against Property
a. Dacoity
b. Robbery
c. Burglary
d. Larceny
e. Extortion
f. Fraud
3. Organizational Criminality
a. White Collar Crimes
b. Corporate Crime
c. Organized Crime
4. Crimes Against State
a. Treason
b. Sabotage
c. Espionage
d. Hate Crime
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
5. Abbanese, J.B., Criminal Justice System
6. Adler, Freda, Criminology
7. Barlow, H. D. (1984). Introduction to Criminology. Toronto: Little, Brown and Company.
8. Blork, Richard, Violent Crime 1977
9. Cavan, R. S. (1934). Criminology. New York: Thomas Y. Grow Company.
10. Felson, R. B., Patterns of Aggressive Social Interaction
11. Hagan, J. (1987). Modern Criminology; Crime, Criminal Behaviour, and its Control. New York:
McGraw
12. Hill Book Company.
13. Korn, R. Richard, Criminology and Penology
14. Mannheim, H. (1960). Pioneers in Criminology. Chicago: Quadrangle Books.
15. Roberts, A. R. (1994). Critical Issues in Crime and Justice. California: Sage Publications.
16. Seigel, L. (1989). Criminology. St. Paul, M. N.: West Publishing Company.
17. Sutherland, E. and Cressey, D. (1966). Principles of Criminology, New York: Lippencott.
18. Vold, G. (1958). Theoretical Criminology. New York: Oxford University Press.
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Brookman, Maguire, Pierpoint & Bennett, Fiona, Mike, Harriet and Trevor (Edt.) (2010).
Handbook on Crime, Willan Publishing, USA.
CM-600: CRIME PREVENTION
This course is about the teaching of the methods to prevent crime before it occurs. The objective is to teach
criminologists that crime can be prevented at an initial stage with the help of various techniques, strategies
and actions. On meaningful completion of this course the learners are expected to manifest the following
knacks in their behaviour:
1. Summarize, analyze and evaluate governmental as well as community-based approaches to crime
prevention.
2. Communicate principles of situational crime prevention and rooted security management as these
relate to real world settings.
3. Apply principles of situational crime prevention and adopt security managements in real
environments of the society.
CONTENTS
1 Introduction and the Field of Crime Prevention
i Conceptualizing Crime Prevention
ii The politics of crime prevention
iii Social, Political and Cultural Contexts of Crime Prevention
2 Approaches to Prevention
i Situational crime prevention
ii Social and Developmental crime prevention
iii The role of community in crime prevention
iv Partnerships in crime prevention
v Science and crime prevention
3 Strategies of Crime Prevention
i Evidence-based and risk-focused crime prevention
ii Crime Prevention through Urban Design and City Planning
iii Crime Prevention and the Media
iv The role of the police
4 Prevention in Practice-Select and Broader Issues
i Corporate crime prevention
ii Responses to fear of crime
iii Security through Privatization
iv Drugs, Crime and Crime Prevention
v Schools and Crime Prevention
vi Incapacitation and Incarceration
vii Rehabilitation
viii Effectiveness of crime prevention programs
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Adam (1998) “Conceptualizing Crime Prevention and Community Safety” in Crime Prevention
and Community Safety: Politics, Policies and Practices (New York: Longman), pp. 5-28
2. Clarke, R. (2005) “Seven Misconceptions of Situational Crime Prevention” pp. 39-70.
3. Crawford, Andrew (1998) “Community-focused Preventive Measures” in Crime Prevention and
Community Safety: Politics, Policies and Practices (New York: Longman), pp 124-160.
4. Crowe, Timothy and Zahm, Diane (1994) “Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design”
Land Development, Fall, 1994, pp. 22-27.
5. Farrington, David; Welsh, Brandon: Saving Children from a Life of Crime: Early Risk Factors and
Effective Interventions, Oxford University Press, 2007.
6. Felson, Marcus (2002) Crime and Everyday Life, pp. 1-35
7. Garland, David (2000) “The New Criminology of Everyday Life: Routine Activity Theory in
Historical and Social Context” in Ethical and Social Perspectives on Situational Crime Prevention
(Portland, OR: Hart), pp. 215-224.
8. Garland, David (2001) “The New Culture of Crime Control” in Culture of Control: Crime and
Social Order in Contemporary Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), pp.167-192.
9. Haggerty, Kevin (2003) “From Risk to Precaution: The Rationalities of Personal Crime
Prevention,” in Ericson, R. and A. Doyle (eds.) Risk and Morality (Toronto: University of Toronto
Press), pp. 193-214.
10. Jacobs, Jane (1961) “The Uses of Sidewalks: Safety” The Death and Life of Great American Cities,
pp. 29-54.
11. Jeffery, C. R. (1977) “Crime Prevention and Criminology” Crime Prevention through
Environmental Design (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage), pp. 33-47.
12. Lab, Steven (2014). Crime Prevention, 8e. Cincinnati: Anderson. ISBN: 1455731374
13. Newman, Oscar (1995): “Defensible space - A new physical planning tool for urban Revitalization”
Journal of the American Planning Association; vol. 61, no. 2 pp. 149-155.
14. Waller, Irvin: Less Law More Order-The Truth about Reducing Crime; Manor House Publishing
Incorporated.
15. Wilson, J. and G. Kelling (1982) “Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety”
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Tilley & Sidebottom, Nick and Aiden (2nd Edition, 2017). Handbook of Crime Prevention and
Community Safety, Routledge, New York.
CRM-601: CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
The main objectives of this course Criminal Justice System is understanding how we prevent the occurrence
of crime, punish the transgressors and the criminals, rehabilitate the transgressors and the criminals,
compensate the victims as far as possible, maintain law and order in the society & to deter the offenders
from committing any criminal act in the future. The course also examines the patterns of crime and
victimization; police operations, discretion and decision making; the criminal courts, including sentencing;
the corrections system, including correctional institutions and community-based models; the youth justice
system. At the end of this course, the students are expected to reflect the following abilities in their
behaviour:
1. Apply critically the core criminological studies and Criminal Justice System Principles to the
situations related to crime, criminal justice, and the related areas of practice;
2. Communicate effectively in writing and speaking in the presentation of ideas and their application
to issues and situations related to Criminal Justice System.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
i What is Criminal Justice System
ii Components of Criminal Justice System and its process
iii Functioning of Criminal Justice System in Pakistan
2. Police in Pakistan
i History and development of Police in Pakistan
ii Police System (local, provincial and federal) in Pakistan. Its administrative and operational
structure.
iii Police authority, its abuse and police corruption.
iv Police practices and constitutional safeguards.
v Police accountability and Police-Community Relations.
3. Prosecution in Pakistan
i Historical development
ii Prosecutorial functions and system in Pakistan
iii New rules in Criminal Procedure
iv Adversarial system of Prosecutional in Pakistan
v Islamic Values of evidence/Witnesses in Pakistan
vi Debatable issues in Prosecutorial system of Pakistan
vii Bail system and pre-trial detentions
4. Judicial System in Pakistan
i History of Islamic Adjudicature in the Indo-Pak and the development of Anglo-American System
of Criminal Justice
ii Types and levels and administration of judicial institutions in Pakistan
iii The Courtroom at work (judges and magistrates)
iv The Criminal Trial:
a Trial by Judge/Magistrate/Jirga
b Adversarial System
c Ple-Bargaining. PSI and Sentencing
d Probation as an alternative to incarceration
v Juvenile Justice System in Pakistan: Need & Prospects.
5. Prison Administration in Pakistan
i Imprisonment as sentence
ii Prison administration and its management
iii Prison classification and rehabilitative programs in prisons of Pakistan
iv Prison population and problems of overcrowding
v Community-Based Corrections (Parole)
vi Future of contemporary prison in Pakistan
6. Comparative Criminal Justice System
i Criminal Justice System of the world today
ii A Comparison among Pakistan. The British, the Japanese, the Chinese, the Saudi. and the American
Criminal Justice Systems
iii The Future directions of Criminal Justice System in Pakistan
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Auolakh. A. Majeed. Crime and Criminal Justice System in Pakistan, Lahore: Kausar Bros.
Pakistan.
2. Harry R. Dammer (2010) Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
3. Hudson, Barbara A. 2003. Understanding Justice: An introduction to ideas, perspectives and
controversies in modern panel theory. 2nd edition. Buckingham: Open University Press.
4. Mark Jones (2011) History of Criminal Justice
5. Nadeem, Azhar. Police System of Pakistan.
6. Senna. Joseph J. and Siegel. Larry J. Introduction to Criminal Justice system. St. Paul: West
Publishing Co. Current Edition
7. Sieh, Edward W. 2006. Community Corrections and human dignity. Boston: Jones and Bartlett
Publishers.
8. Usmani. Sultan Alam. Juvenile Delinquency Among male. A Social Economical Survey, Bureau
of Police Research and Development, Ministry of Interior. Islamabad, Pakistan.
9. Wrobleski. Henry M. and Hess. Karen M. Introduction to Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice.
St. Paul: West Publishing Co. Current Edition.
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Saima, Akif & Asif Manzoor (Engr.) (2011, 2nd Edition). Police in Pakistan (A Research Book of
Readings), March. lulu.com (UNITED STATES).
2. Saima, Akif, Manzoor (2015, 2nd Edition). NATIONAL HIGHWAYS AND MOTORWAY
POLICE IN PAKISTAN: AN ILLUMINATIVE STUDY, June. lulu.com (UNITED STATES).
3. Saima, Manzoor (2014). WOMEN POLICE UNFURLED IN PAKISTAN: PERSPECTIVE,
STATUS AND PROSPECTIVE, June. lulu.com (UNITED STATES).
CRM-603: APPLIED CRIMINOLOGY
The course attempts to provide practical understanding about crime, criminals, criminal behavior and
criminal justice system. The applied aspects of policing, forensic science and related dimensions will be
focused. The course is designed to provide the students with the skills and hands-on-training with regard to
practical issues. This course would also provide insight into the ethical issues related with criminal
investigation and criminal justice system. On accomplished teaching of this course, the students are
motivated to be able to reflect the following factors in their behaviour:
1. Analyze the nature, prevalence and patterns of crime and its links to criminological theory;
2. Exhibit knowledge of criminal justice policy and factors affecting its formulation;
3. Formulate solutions to the current crime problems.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction to Applied Criminology
i Concept and definition
ii Applied aspects of crime
iii Role of criminologist in crime prevention
2. Areas and Institutions
i Role of detective agencies
ii Role of forensic laboratories
iii Restorative justice and victim – offender’s mediation
3. Strategies and Approaches
i Problem solving policy
ii Criminal investigation analysis
iii Crime mapping and geographical crime analysis
iv Role of Citizen Police Liaison Committee (CPLC) in crime prevention
v Forensic evidence and justice system
4. Implications
i Individual Protection
ii Community Protection
iii Society Protection
iv Professional Justice for Inmate
v Criminology as Crime Solving Science
vi Professional Research
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Ashwoht, Andre, Sentencing and Criminal Justice, 5th ed. 2010, Cambridge University, Cambridge
2. Bennett, James, Crime investigation; the ultimate Guide to Forensic Science, 2007 Parregon Books,
London.
3. Brian Stout, Joe Yates, Applied Criminology, 2008, Sage Publications
4. Dutelle, Aric W., An introduction to Crime Scene Investigation, 2011, Jones and Bartlett
Publishing, Boston
5. Fido, Martin, True Crime, Notorious Villains of the modern worlds and their horrendous crime,
2007, Carlton Books London.
6. Goswami, B.K, A Critical study of Criminology and Penology, 1987, Allahabad law Agency,
Allahbad.
7. Horwell, John, The Practical of Crime Science Investigation, 2004, CRC Press, London
8. Kiely Terrence F. Forensic Evidence; Science and the Criminal Law, 2006, Tylor and
Francis,London
9. Melossi, Dario, Controlling Crime, Controlling Society, 2008, Polity Press, Cambridge
10. Paynich, Rebecca; Fundamentals of Crime Mapping, 2010, Jones and Bartlett Publishing, Boston
11. Schneider, Stephen, Crime prevention; Theory and Practice, 2010, Talor and Francis Group, New
York
12. Smith, Susan J., Crime, Space and Society, 2010, Cambridge University, Cambridge
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Stout, Yates & Williams, Brian, Joe and Brian (Edt.) (2008). Applied Criminology, Sage
publication, London.
CRM-604: FORENSIC CRIMINOLOGY
Forensic science is application of scientific methods involving public matters. One of its principle
applications is the scientific analysis of physical evidence generated by criminal activity. This course will
cover the basic concepts in forensic science that are applied in criminal justice system. Topics will include
physical evidence collection, analysis, fingerprints, impression evidence, firearms, questioned documents,
pathology, entomology, anthropology, and forensic science and law and ethics. On successful completion
of this course a student will be able to:
1. Understand the institutional collaboration of forensic psychology, criminal investigation and the
law and the characteristics of professionalism within each sector;
2. Understand the practical skills and technologies used in applied forensic criminology;
3. Identify key organisations and processes involved in criminal investigations;
4. Apply problem solving skills to the miscarriage of justice cases;
5. Grasp crime scene behaviours and the gathering of evidence for courtroom prosecution.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction to Forensic Science
i Definition and Scope of Forensic Science
ii History and Development of Forensic Science
iii Branches of Forensic Science
2 Crime Scene Investigation
i Crime scene investigation procedures
ii Methods for collection and preservation of physical evidence from crime scenes
iii Role of forensic science in crime scene investigation
3 Forensic Science Laboratory and Scientists
i Forensic science laboratory concepts
ii Fundamentals of crime laboratory culture and organization
iii Job functions of a chemist in a forensic science laboratory
4 Evidence
i Identify, characterize, and individualize evidence
ii Types of physical evidence and classify them by type
5 Ethics, Quality Assurance, Quality Control and Law in Forensic Science
i Ethics in the analysis of forensic evidence
ii Ethics in presentation of expert testimony in court
iii Quality assurance and control used in forensic science laboratories
iv Rules of evidence that apply to scientific and physical evidence
6 Pathology
i Role of a forensic pathologist in criminal investigations
ii Physical evidence analyzes by forensic pathologists
7 Anthropology and Odontology
i Role of a forensic anthropologist and odontologists in criminal investigations
ii Physical evidence analyzes by forensic anthropologists and odontologists
8 Entomology
i Role of a forensic entomologist in criminal investigations
ii Physical evidence analyzes by forensic entomologists
9 Friction Ridge Patterns
i Types of fingerprint patterns
ii Characteristics of fingerprints
iii Introduction to biometrics
10 Impression Evidence
i Types of impression evidence analyzes
ii Recognize the application of impression evidence such as tire treads and footwear and firearm and
tool mark analysis used in forensic science
11 Questioned Documents
i Describe forensic techniques used on questioned documents from an examiner’s analysis
12 Computer Forensics
i Key terms used in the computer forensic field
ii Role of a computer scientist in forensic investigation
13 Research in Forensic Science
i Fundamentals of research in forensic science
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Annas, G. J. and Elias, S. (1992). Gene Mapping: Using Law and IllicsasGuides. New York:
Oxford University Press.
2. Becker RF. Criminal Investigation 3rd Edition, Jones and Bartlett, Sudbury, Massachusetts, 2009.
3. Fisher BAJ, Tilstone WJ, Woytowicz C. Introduction to Criminalistics The Foundationof Forensic
Science, Elsevier, 2009.
4. Grifitts, I. J. F., Gelbart, W. M., Miller, J. M. And Lewontin, R. C. (1999). Modern Genetic
Analysis. New York: W. H. Treana.
5. Litken, C.G.G. (1995). Statistics And The Evaluation Of Guidance For Forensics Scientists. New
York: John Wiley.
6. Weir, B. S. (1995). Human Identification. The Use of DNA Markers. Netherlands: Kluwer
Academic Publishers.
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Saferstein & Hall, Richard and Adam B. (Edt.) (3rd Edition; 2018). Forensic Science Handbook,
Volume 1, CRC Press, USA.
CRM-606: CYBER CRIME
This course prepares students to become effective cybercrime investigators. Students will identify, evaluate,
classify, and demonstrate proficiency in investigating computer related crimes. Upon purposeful teaching
of this course, students will be able to reflect in their behaviour:
1. Understanding of the different theoretical and cross-disciplinary approaches (criminological,
political, legal, money laundering & information security/management) to the study of cyber-
security and the regulation of the Internet and the Internet of Things.
2. Grasping of structure, mechanics and evolution of the Internet in the context of emerging crime
threats, technological and other trends in cyberspace.
3. Distinguishing and classifying the forms of cybercriminal activity and the technological and 'social
engineering' methods used to undertake such crimes.
4. Investigating assumptions of the behaviour and role of offenders and victims in cyberspace and use
basic web-tools to explore behaviour on-line.
5. Evaluating the effectiveness of cyber-security, cyber-laws and other countermeasures against
cybercrime and cyber hybrid warfare.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
i Meaning and Definition
ii Significance
iii Causes
2. Types of Cyber Crime
i Theft by computer
ii Embezzlement
iii Harassment/Extortion
iv Bank Fraud
v Hacker Harassment
3. Computer Related Crimes
i Damage to Software/Hardware
ii Data Alteration
iii Software Pirating
4. Computer and Problem of Morality
i. Gambling
ii. Pornography
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Bogus Software, USA Today (August 30, 1991). p. ID
2. Brendan Koerner, Can Hackers be Stopped, U.S. News, Word Report (June 14, 1991), pp 46-52
3. Carroll Bogert, Newsweek (May 26, 1997), p. 82
4. Computer Bomb, USA Today (November 27, 1995), p.3
5. Computer Security a Mess, Report Says, USA Today (December 6, 1990), P.3; see also “Arrest in
Hacking at NASA, “New York Times (March 19, 1998), p. 19
6. Cyber wars, USA Today (April 24, 1998), p.8
7. David S. Wall (2007) Cybercrime: The Transformation of Crime in the Information Age, Polity
Press, Cambridge, UK
8. Hoag Levins, “Hackers Devastate Texas newspapers, Servers, Editor Publisher (June 28, 1997),
p.45
9. Koerner, Can Hackers be Stopped, pp. 46-52
10. Laura DiDio, Computr Crime Coasts on the Rise, Computer world (April 20, 1998), p. 55
11. Mark Lewyn, “Computer Verdict Sets ‘Present’, USA Today (September 21, 1998), p.1
12. Susan W. Brenner (2010) Cybercrime: Criminal Threats from Cyberspace
13. Wendy R. Leibowitz, Low Profile Feds Fashion Laws to Fight Cybercrime, The National Law
Journal (February 2, 1998), p. 1
14. William F. Skinners and Anne M. Fream, a Social Learning Analysis of Computer Crime among
College Students, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 34 (November 1997), pp. 495-
519
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. David S. Wall (2007) Cybercrime: The Transformation of Crime in the Information Age, Polity
Press, Cambridge, UK.
2. Susan W. Brenner (2010) Cybercrime: Criminal Threats from Cyberspace.
CRM-607: COMMUNITY JUSTICE AND CRIME PREVENTION
This course will focus and discuss set of crime theories that emphasize the role of community in crime
generation and prevention. Upon meaningful teaching of this course, the learners are intended to explain
the origins of criminal behaviour, society's response to crime, and the consequences of crime to society,
utilizing multiple perspectives and the prevention there-of in their behaviour:
1. Explain social injustices and social harms within criminal justice systems;
2. Compare theoretical frameworks to the causes and prevention of crime, the processes of
criminalization, and the impact that crime has on society;
3. Discuss the relationships between the courtroom and its procedures, the criminal law, and issues of
criminal procedure i.e., due process vs crime control;
4. Document police-related activities through effective report writing;
5. Differentiate and explain the key roles in the core criminal justice areas i.e., law enforcement, law
and corrections.
CONTENTS
1. Community Justice
i Introduction
ii Definition and Concept
iii Importance
2. Role of Community in Crime Prevention
i Concept
ii Models of Crime Prevention
iii Theories of Crime Prevention
3. Community Justice System in Pakistan
i Concept of Community Justice
ii Relationship between Community and Justice Professionals
iii Restorative Justice and Crime Prevention
iv Rural / Urban Justice System in Pakistan
v Role of Religious Institutions in Crime Prevention
4. Models and Theories of Social Control
i Norms, Values and Socialization
ii Types of Social Sanctions
iii Value Consensus
iv Peaceful Conflict Resolution
5. Community and Rehabilitation
i Crime and Social Conferencing
ii Right of Crime Victim
iii Rehabilitation of Crime Victim at Community level
iv Victim Compensation and Rehabilitation
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Beyer, L.R.(1993). Community Policing: Lessons from Victoria, Australian Institute of
Criminology: Canbera
2. Brake, M. & Hale, C. (1991). Public Order and Private Lives: The Politics of Law and Order,
Routledge: London
3. Brathwait, J and Petit, P. (1990). Not Just Deserts: A Republical Theory of Criminal Justice,
Clarendon Press: Oxford
4. Brodeur, J.P. (ed) (1995). Comparisons in Policing: An International Perspective, Avebury:
Aldeshot
5. Brown, D.W. (1995). When Strangers Cooperate: Using Social Conventions to Govern Ourselves,
Free Press: New York
6. Brycett, K. (1994). An Introduction to Policing, Butterworths: Sydney
7. Dolling, D. & Felts, T (1992). Community policing: Comparative Aspects of Community Oriented
Police Work, Felix Verlag: Holzkirchen
8. Ellem, B. (1995). Beyond Catching and Keeping: Police, Corrections and the Community, Centre
of Policing and Justice Studies, Monash University, Melbourne
9. Lilly, J.R., Cullen, F.T.(1989). Criminological Theory: Context and Consequences, sage
Publications: Newbury Park
10. Rosenbaum, D.P. (1994). The Challenges of Community Policing: Testing the Promises,
Sage Publications: California.
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Saima, Akif & Asif Manzoor (Engr.) (2011, 2nd Edition). Police in Pakistan (A Research Book of
Readings), March. lulu.com (UNITED STATES).
2. Tilley, Sidebottom (Edt), Nick and Aiden (2nd Edition, 2017). Handbook of Crime Prevention and
Community Safety, Routledge, New York.
CRM-608: POLICE AND COMMUNITY POLICING
During this course, the students acquire understanding of the professional demands and professional ethical
principles of police work, as well as the importance of multiculturalism and development of
internationalisation in police work. Additionally, they will acquire basic understanding of various schools
of thought in criminology. After purposeful completion of this course, the students will be able to:
1. Deal with operating environmental tasks, organisations, values and ethical foundations of policing.
2. Analyse and reflect in their own actions, as well as the significance of their attitude in professional
situations requiring interaction with policing.
3. Meet with different types of customers and customer groups and assess the importance of
multiculturalism in policing from social perspective.
4. Define the basic concepts of various schools of criminology, the theoretical reasons for crimes and
the general characteristics of crimes in Pakistan.
5. Describe the impact and possibilities of the development of internationalisation regarding their own
field.
CONTENTS
1 Policing
i Introduction
ii Definition
iii Types of policing
iv Role and functions
2 The Idea of Community Policing
i A History of Communities and Policing
ii The Changing Meaning of Community
iii Distinctive Community Policing Programs
iv Community Policing and Special Populations
v The Ten Principles of Community Policing
vi Understanding and Involving the Community Police History Relevant to Community Policing
vii Concepts, Strategies, Experiments, and Research Findings That Have Influenced Community
Policing
3 Understanding Police Culture
i The Police and Community Perception
ii Community Policing and Fear of Crime
iii Crime Prevention and Community Policing
iv Police Discretion, Police Misconduct, and Mechanisms to Control Police Misconduct
v Problem Solving: Proactive Policing.
4 Implementing Community Policing
i Problem-Oriented Policing
ii Community-Oriented Policing
iii Organizational Change and Community Policing
iv Planning the Implementation of Community Policing
v The Future of Community Policing
5 Police Reforms
i Improvement in selection and training procedure
ii Organizational restructuring
iii Job redesigning
iv Emphasis on community/problems-oriented policing
v Emphasis on human resource development programmes
vi Strengthening the system of internal and external accountability
vii Raising financial/occupational status
viii Stress management training
ix Introducing police cadet programme
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Bowes, S. (1966). Police and Civil Liberties. London: Lawrence and Wisnart.
2. Callison, H. G. (1983). Introduction to Community Based Corrections. New York: McGraw Hill
3. Chaudhry, M. A. K. (1997). Policing in Pakistan. Karachi: Vanguard Books Pvt. Ltd.
4. Elmer, F. (1962). The Police as a Carrier. London: Batsford.
5. Fink, J. (1974). The Community and the Police Conflict or Cooperation? New York: John Wiley.
6. Fox, V. B. (1977). Community Based Corrections. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc.
7. Government of Pakistan (1981). Crime in Pakistan 1947–80. Islamabad: Ministry of Interior,
Government of Pakistan.
8. Government of Pakistan, (1991). Bureau of Police Research and Development. Islamabad:
Government of Pakistan.
9. Hale Charles, D. (1971). Fundamentals of Police Administration, Boston: Halbroak.
10. Lerman, P. (1975). Community Treatment and Social Control. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press.
11. Linda S. Miller (2010) Community Policing: Partnerships for Problem Solving, Delmar Pub
12. McCarth, B. R. (1987). Intermediate Punishments: Intensive Supervision, Home Confinement and
Electronic Surveillance. New York: Criminal Justice Press.
13. Michael Palmiotto (2011) Community Policing: A Police-Citizen Partnership Routledge Taylor &
Francis
14. Victor E. Kappeler (2009) Policing: A Contemporary Perspective
15. Westley, W. H. (1970). Violence and the Police: A Sociological Study of Law, Custom and
Morality. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press.
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Saima, Akif & Asif Manzoor (Engr.) (2011, 2nd Edition). Police in Pakistan (A Research Book of
Readings), March. lulu.com (UNITED STATES).
2. Saima, Akif, Manzoor (2015, 2nd Edition). NATIONAL HIGHWAYS AND MOTORWAY
POLICE IN PAKISTAN: AN ILLUMINATIVE STUDY, June. lulu.com (UNITED STATES),
pages 59-94.
3. Saima, Manzoor (2014). WOMEN POLICE UNFURLED IN PAKISTAN: PERSPECTIVE,
STATUS AND PROSPECTIVE, June. lulu.com (UNITED STATES), pages 19-35.
CRM-609: ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVES ON CRIME & PUNISHMENT
This course will focus on the understanding of criminal procedure and human rights. It aims to build the
clear understanding of Islamic source of criminal law and punishment. After completion of this course
students will be able to critically discuss the way in which religion influences: criminal and antisocial
behaviour, punishment and the law, intergroup conflict and peace-making, and the rehabilitation of
offenders.
CONTENTS
1 Introduction
i Definition
ii “Crime” and “Sin” Differentiated
iii The Concept of Crime in Secular and Islamic System
2 Sources of Islamic Criminal Law
i The Quran
ii The Sunnah
iii Ijtehad (Consensus)
iv Qayas (Judicial Analogy)
v Customs and Cultural Traditions
3 Legal Structure of Punishment
i Hudood (Fixed Punishment)
ii Qisas– o–Diyat (Retaliation or Bloodmoney)
iii Tazeer (Chastisement or Discretionary Punishment)
iv Flexibility of Punishment in Islamic Law
v The Purposes of Criminal Sanctions
4 Islamic Criminal Procedure
i Equality and Islamic Justice
ii Modes of Proofs for Conviction
iii Islamic Law of Evidence
5 Human Rights in Islam
i The last Sermon of The Prophet (S.A.W.W)
ii Universal Islamic Declaration of Human Right (Islamic Council 1981)
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Abdullah O. Naseef (1982). Encyclopedia of Seerah, Pak Book Corporation, Aziz Chambers,
Lahore
2. Afiya, S. Z. (1994). Sex and Crime in Islamic Context, Rape, Class and Gender in Pakistan. Lahore:
ASR Publications.
3. Ansari, M. F. (1977). The Quranic Foundations and Structure of Muslim Society. Karachi: Trade
and Industry Publication Ltd.
4. Jehangir, A. and Jilani, H. (1990). The Hudood Ordinance. A Divine Sanctions Lahore: Rhotas
Books.
5. Sherif, F. (1985). A Guide to the Contents of the Quran. London: Ithaca Press.
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Saima, Akif & Asif Manzoor (Engr.) (2011, 2nd Edition). Police in Pakistan (A Research Book of
Readings), March. lulu.com (UNITED STATES).
CRM-610: CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION METHODS
This course presents the fundamentals of criminal investigation, the duties and responsibilities of
investigators both in the field and in the courtroom. Emphasis is placed on techniques and procedures that
investigative personnel commonly use to analyze various types of crimes in an attempt to solve them. After
studying this course, the student is expected to be able to:
1. Explain and discuss relevant investigative theory(ies).
2. Describe and discourse the collection and preservation of evidence.
3. Identify and give an account of sources of information.
4. Explain and discuss techniques of interview and interrogation.
5. Describe the uses of forensic sciences.
6. Determine with discussion some case for trial preparation.
CONTENTS
1 Introduction
i Evolution
ii Legal aspects of investigation
2 The Investigative Process and the Crime Scene
i Organization of the crime scene investigation
ii Types of crime scenes
iii Search procedures and documentation
iv Role of the investigator during the trial process
3 Organization and Facilities of an Investigative Unit
i Principles of Criminal Investigation
ii Preliminary Investigation’s Manual
iii Intelligence Operations
4 Legal and Ethical Guideline for Investigators
i Stop and Frisk Operation
ii Arrest Procedure
iii Search and Seizure
5 Physical Evidence
i Common types, identification and comparison
ii Class vs. individualization
iii Collection, preserving, packaging
6 Interviewing and Interrogation
i Objectives and techniques for interviewing and interrogation
ii Time, place, and setting for interviewing
iii Understanding witnesses
7 Field notes and Reporting
i Importance of note-taking
ii Incident reports
8 Follow-up Investigation
i Special techniques and resources
ii Intelligence gathering, analytical and investigative tools
9 Injury and Death Investigations
i Establishing cause, types and manner of death
ii Post-mortem observations
iii Wound identification
10 Sex-Related Offenses
i Classification of sex offenses
ii Rape and sex offense investigation including physical evidence
11 Crimes Against Children
i Assaults against children
ii Child abuse and molestation
iii Sudden infant death syndrome
iv Infant abduction
12 Robbery Investigations
i Elements of the crime
ii Typology of robberies
iii Follow-up investigative procedures
13 Burglary/Theft Investigations
i Elements of the crimes
ii Follow-up investigative procedures
iii Vehicle thefts
14 Other Types of Crimes
i Drug abuse
ii Arson and Explosion investigation
iii Computer crimes
iv Terrorism
15 Technological Advances
i Intelligence Gathering Aerial Investigation
ii Data Base Investigation
iii Electronic Investigation
iv Forensic Investigation
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Arne, S. and OTTO, W. (1955). Crime Detection Modern Methods of Criminal Investigation.
London: Cleaver Hume Press.
2. Bennett, W. & Hess, K. (2010). Criminal investigation, 9e. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
3. Berg & Horgan, Criminal Investigation, published by Pearson, Prentice Hall
4. Bloch, P. B. (1992). The Chemical Investigation. Washington, D. C.: National Institute of Law
Enforcement and Criminal Justice.
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Mauriello, Thomas P. (2018). Criminal Investigation Handbook (formerly Police Investigation
Handbook), LexisNexis publishers, New York.
2. Saima, Akif & Asif Manzoor (Engr.) (2011, 2nd Edition). Police in Pakistan (A Research Book of
Readings), March. lulu.com (UNITED STATES).
CRM-611: MONEY LAUNDERING
This course aims to recognize the consequences of financial crime on the individual, firm and society as a
whole and state the details of money laundering and counter-terrorist financing laws and regulations. Also,
it aims to know the money laundering offences and penalties. After completion of this course, students will
able to:
1. Understand the techniques used by money launderers;
2. Be fully aware of the vulnerabilities of different products and services to criminal abuse;
3. Understand the risk-based approach and apply in practice;
4. Apply customer due diligence (CDD) procedures to identify and manage key risk indicators within
customer relationships;
5. Profile, monitor and appreciate expected relationship activity reporting obligations.
CONTENTS
1 Introduction
i Definition of Organized Crime
ii Distinction Between Organized Crime and other Crimes
iii Fallacies of Organized Crime
2 History of Organized Crime
i Organized Crime in Past and Present
ii Religions Sanctions against Organized Crimes
iii Organized Crime: A Product of Materialistic Trends
3 Types of Organized Crime
i White Collar Crimes
ii Corporate / Syndicated Crimes
iii Drug Addiction
iv Smuggling
v Gambling
vi Kidnapping for Ransom
4 The Survival of Organized Crime
i Role Imperatives within Organized Crime
ii Labour Racketeering
iii Pseudo–Legitimate Enterprises
5 Money Laundering
i Meaning of the Laundering
ii Methods, Forms and Techniques
iii Black Money and Money Laundering
iv Impact of Money Laundering on Society
v Means and Control of Money Laundering.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Abadinsky, H. (1990). Organized Crime. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
2. Alexander, H. E. and Gerald, E. C. (1985). The Politics and Economics of Organized Crime.
Lexington Massachusetts: Lexington Books.
3. Block, A. A. and William, J. C. (1981). Organized Crime. New York: Elsevier.
4. Clinard, M. B. (1990). Corporate Corruption: The Abuse of Power. New York: Praeger.
5. Edelhertz, H. and Overeast, T. (1990). A Study of Organized Crime Business – Type Activities and
Their Implications for Law Enforcement. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office.
6. Groves, W. B. (1986). Punishment and Privilege, Albany. New York: Harrow and Heston.
7. Husk, D. (1992). Drugs and Rights. New York: Cambridge University Press.
8. Melntosh, M. (1975). The Organization of Crime. London: Macmillan
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Lin, Oliver (2018). Money Laundering - A Handbook for CDD Compliance, Notion Press,
Chennai.
CRM-612: DRUG ABUSE AND SELECTED CRIMES
This course aims to develop an understanding and extent of drug use in society. It promotes understanding
of the impelled relationship between drug use and crime and help to grasp multidisciplinary understanding
of the reasons why people use drugs and further augments thinking about different strategies to reducing
drug related crimes and their allied effectiveness. After completion of this course, the students will be able
to explain models of addiction, reasons as to why drug use or abuse is a more serious problem, and why the
genetic and biophysiological theories to use drug often lead to abuse in terms of addictive disorders, drug
addiction with various types of mental disorders, reinforcement or learning theory and some of its
applications to drug use and abuse, sensation-seeking individuals and drug use, primary and secondary
deviance, master status, retrospective interpretation, low-risk and high-risk drug choices which directly
affect drug use.
CONTENTS
1 Introduction
i Definition
ii Concepts
2 Culture and Drug Abuse
i The History of Drug Abuse
ii Types of Drug and their effects
iii Culture and Drug Abuse
iv Patterns / Types of Drug Abuse
v Causative Factors
vi Drug Abuse and Health Issues
vii Drug Abuse in Pakistan
3 Theoretical Perspectives
i Biological and Genetic Explanations
ii Psychological Explanations
iii Socio–Cultural Explanations
4 Drug Abuse and Crime
i Drugs, Crime and Corruption
ii Drugs and Sexual Morality of Offenders
iii Drugs and Violence / Terrorism
iv Drugs and Pornography
v Drugs and Homicide
vi Drug Trafficking
5 Drug Abuse and Law
i Criminalization
ii De–Criminalization
iii History of Legalization
6 Prevention and Control
i Strategies for Control
ii Treatment Modules
iii Role of Community in Prevention
iv Rehabilitation of Drug Addicts
v Policy and Prevention
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Adler, F., Mueller, Gerhard O. W. and Laufer, W. S. (1995). Criminology. New York: McGraw
Hill Inc.
2. Ahmed, M. (1973). Munshiat, Jinsi Azadi Aur Nai Nasal, Karachi: Safeena Publication.
3. Ashraf, M. M. (1987). Menace of Opiate Abuse in Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan Narcotics Control
Board.
4. Clutterbuck, R. (1995). Drugs, Crime and Corruption. New York: NewYork University Press.
5. Coleman, J. W. (1976). Addiction, Crime and Abstinence, An Investigation of Addict Behviour.
Michigan: Bell and Howell Information Company.
6. Cox, T. C. (1983). Drugs and Drug Abuse. Toronto: Addiction Research Foundation.
7. Girdano, D. A. and Dusek, D. (1980). Drug Education. London: Addison
8. Leech, K. (1983). What Everyone should know about Drugs. London: Sheldon Press., Wesley
Publishing Company.
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Karch, Steven B.MD (Edt.) (2006). Handbook of Drug Abuse Prevention, Springer, USA.
CRM-613: GENDER AND CRIME
This course examines the relationship among gender, crime and criminal justice system. Drawing upon
feminist historical, criminological and socio-legal relationship, the course studies the way in which gender
affects patterns of offending, victimization and imprisonment and in particular, attention is paid to the
treatment of women inside and outside the criminal justice system. On completing the course, the learners
are intended to be able to:
1. Identify the key concepts and issues in the relationship between gender and crime.
2. Explain and differentiate the major criminological theories related to gender and crime.
3. Assess the strengths and weaknesses of criminological theories in explaining gender.
4. Evaluate the differential treatment of men and women in the criminal justice system.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
i) Women and crime
ii) Issues related to women and crime
2. Female in Criminology
i) Crimes committed by women
ii) Women theft
iii) Women in drug trafficking
iv) Women and sex-related crimes
3. Crime Against Women
i) Rape
ii) Dowry death
iii) Honor killing
iv) Bride burning
v) Women battering
vi) Female infanticide/fanaticized
vii) Sexual harassment
viii) Kidnapping/abduction
ix) Women trafficking
4. Causes and Consequences
i) Social/cultural
ii) Psychological/personal
iii) Economic
iv) Legal
v) Compulsion
5. Women and Justice
i) Female crimes under P.P.C
ii) Female crime under special laws
iii) Juvenile girls under P.P.C
iv) Women and victimless crime
Women in prison
vi) Women policing
Islamic perspective on female criminality
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Eileen, M. (1982). Woman Working Prostitution Now. London: Biddles Ltd.
2. Feinman, C, (1986). Women in the Criminal Justice System. New York: Preager Publication.
3. Frances, M. H. (1985). Women and Crime, London: Macmillan Education Ltd.
4. Frances, M. H. (1985). Women and Crime. New York: New York University Press.
5. Hohn, R, and Frances, H. (1995). International Feminist–Perspectives in Criminology:
Engendering a Discipline. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
6. Ian, B. (1985). Investigation Rape New Approach for Police. London: Croom Helm Ltd.
7. Loraine, G. and Allison, M. (1994). Feminist Perspectives in Criminology. Philadelphia: Biddles
Ltd.
8. Pat, C. (1980). Women, Crime and Poverty. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
9. Shobra, S. (1995). Criminal Against Women and Protective Law. New Delhi: Deep and Deep
Publications.
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Gartner & McCarthy, Rosemary and Bill (Edt.) (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Gender, Sex, and
Crime, Oxford University Press, New York.
2. Saima, Manzoor (2014). WOMEN POLICE UNFURLED IN PAKISTAN: PERSPECTIVE,
STATUS AND PROSPECTIVE, June. lulu.com (UNITED STATES).
CRM-614: CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS
This course intends the students to develop critical awareness of the correctional institutions and their role
in reformation and rehabilitation of offenders. It creates understanding of how prison systems operate, and
the inmates are kept. Upon meaningful teaching of this course, the student are expected to be able to:
1. Provide a detailed account of the evolution of the correctional system.
2. Distinguish between parole and probation.
3. Explain the legal issues and liabilities that relate to offenders and corrections personnel.
4. Differentiate among public, private, federal, and local correctional systems.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
i Definitions and nature
ii History of correction
iii Models of correctional system
iv Modern trends
2. Need of Institutionalization of Offenders
i Defining therapeutic process
ii Institutional and non-institutional treatment
iii Techniques for individual treatment
iv Techniques for group therapy
3. Prison System
i Early history of imprisonment
ii New trends in prisons regimes and structures
iii Types of prison
iv Prison reforms with reference to Pakistan
4. Probation
i History, development and definition
ii Probation as a treatment process
iii The place of probation in the correctional program
iv Difficulties and inconsistencies
v Advantages and disadvantages
vi Rehabilitation and re-integration of criminals
5. Parole
i History, development and definition
ii Importance and methods
iii Parole process
iv Supervision in parole
v Advantages and disadvantages
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Bartollas, C. and Conrad, J. P. (1992). Introduction to Corrections. New York: Harper Collins.
2. Couklin, J. E. (1996). New Perspective in Criminology, Manchester: Allyn and Bacon.
3. Finckienauer, J. O. (1984). Juvenile Delinquency and Corrections: The Gap Between Theory and
Practice. Florida: Academic Press.
4. Henry, S. (1996). Constitutive Criminology: Beyond Postmodernism. London: Sage Publications.
5. Jappan, P. W. (1951). Contemporary Correction. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
6. Plamer, S. H. (1990). Deviant Behaviour: Patterns, Sources and Control, New York: Plenum Press.
7. Wolfgang, M. E. (1970). The Sociology of Crime and Delinquency. New York: John Wiley.
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Abadinsky, Howard (13th Edit. 2017). Probation and Parole: Corrections in the Community, 6th
January, Pearson, London.
2. Singer, Das & Ahilin, Jennie K., Dilip K. and Eileen (Edt.) (2013). Trends in Corrections:
Interviews with Corrections Leaders Around the World, CRC Press, New York.
CRM-615: CRIME AND MEDIA
This course intends the students to develop critical awareness of the ways in which crime and criminal
justice agencies have been and are portrayed by different media; it also paves way to understand the effect
of the media on the making of public opinion. Lastly, it provides more in-depth analysis and understanding
of the crime-politics-media nexus, through a critical investigation of the development and nature of ‘law
and order politics’ and the media's fascination with crime. Upon meaningful teaching of this course, the
students are expected to be able to:
1. Identify ways crimes are represented in different media forms;
2. Describe key concepts and theories that help explain how media shapes ideas and responses to
crime;
3. Project understanding of a particular chosen crime issue by engaging in intensive, independent
researched reflective writing;
4. Analyse and assess as to why the chosen crime issue is portrayed in a particular way.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
i Understanding media and crime
ii Researching media
2. The crime-media relationship
i Theorizing crime and the media
ii The construction of crime News: News Values, Newsworthiness and News Production
iii The media and Moral Panics
3. The Media Portrayal
i The Media Portrayal of crime and criminals
ii The Media Portrayal of Victims
4. The Media and Criminal Justice System
i New Media Technology and Crime
ii The Media, Punishment and Public Opinion
iii Crime, entrainment and creativity
iv Police and the Media
v Courts and the Media
vi Diversity, Crime and the Media: Victims and Offenders
vii Media and the Fear of Crime
viii Crime Surveillance and Risk
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Chris Greer (2010) Crime and Media, Published by Rout ledge
2. Criminology Surette, R. (2007). Media, Crime and Criminal Justice 3rd ed. Belmont: Thomson
Wadsworth
3. Jewkes, Y. (2004) Media and Crime 1st ed. London: Sage Publications
4. March and Melville (2008) Crime, Justice and the Media, Published by Rout ledge
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Barak, Gregg (1994). Media, Process, and the Social Construction of Crime: Studies in News
making Criminology, Garland Publications, New York.
2. Greer, Chris (2010). Crime and Media: A Reader, Routledge, London.
CRM-616: TERRORISM AND COUNTER TERRORISM
This course introduces students to the study of terrorism and political act. It takes detailed account of the
difference among state and oppositional terror, and terror by non-state actors; and focuses less on
substantive examples of terrorism, more on theories that can help explain terrorism. This course enables
the students to analyze the complex and ever-changing phenomena of terrorism in terms of:
1. Creating awareness leading towards terrorism and counter-terrorism research and allied theories;
2. Conducting, writing and presenting in-depth research proposals on this phenomenon;
3. Deliberating about difficulties and dilemmas in terrorism and counter-terrorism researches.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
i) Meaning and definition
ii) Forms of terrorism
iii) The structure and dynamics of terrorism
iv) Causes of terrorism
2. Historical Perspectives of Terrorism
i) Origin / Genesis of Terrorism
ii) Human Society and Terrorism
iii) Terrorism as a Global Phenomenon
3. Terrorism and Violence
i) Definition / Concept of Violence
ii) Terrorism and other Forms of Violence
iii) Terrorism and Mob Violence
4. Political Terrorism
i) History of Political Terrorism
ii) Terrorist Movements in South Asia
iii) Public and Official Perspectives of Political Terrorism
5. Political Violence
i) Introduction
ii) Politics as an Indicator of Political Climate
iii) Categories of Political Violence
iv) Sub – Culture of Political Violence
6. Terrorism and the Media
i) Introduction, Projection of Terrorist Activities in Media
ii) Media as a Controlling Source of Terrorism
iii) The Problem of Media Intrusion
7. Terrorism / Violence and Government Policies
i) Legislative Measures for the Control of Terrorism / Violence
ii) Preventive Measures
iii) Punitive Measures
iv) Counter Terrorism
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Alexander, Y. and Kilmarx, R. A. (1979). Political Terrorism and Business: The Threat and
Response. New York: Preager Press.
2. Alexander, Y., Carlton, D. and Wilkinson, P. (1979). Terrorism: Theory and Practice, Boulder.
Colorado: Westview Press.
3. Alexeander, Y. (1976). International Terrorism: National, Regional, and Global perspectives. New
York: Preager Press.
4. Bell, J. B. (1975). Transnational Terror. Stanford and Washington D.C.: Hoover Institution and
American Enterprise Institute.
5. Conquest, R. (1968). The Great Terror. New York: Macmillan, Inc.
6. Dallin, A. and Breslauer, G. W. (1970). Political Terror in Communist System.Stanford: Stanford
University Press.
7. Feierabend, I., Feierabend, R. L. and Gurr, T. R. (1972). Anger, Violence, and Politics: Theories
and Research. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. Prentice Hall.
8. Government of Pakistan, (1981). Crime in Pakistan 1947 – 1980. Islamabad: Ministry of Interior,
Government of Pakistan.
9. Hugh, D. G. and Gurr, T. R. (1970). Violence in America: Historical and Comparative Perspectives.
New York: Bantam Books.
10. Walter, E. V. (1969). Terror and Resistance: A Study of Political Violence. New York: Oxford
University Press.
SUGGESTED BOOKS
1. Silke, Andrew (Edt.) (2018). Routledge Handbook of Terrorism and Counterterrorism, Taylor &
Francis, UK.