Crossroads - Commercial Speech

7/31/2019 Crossroads - Commercial Speech

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/crossroads-commercial-speech 1/9

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mlez zklwq ckeak%

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leeb{eakn l q{gq~le~jld kspleqjbe je ~ck pwb~ka~jbeq ~cl~ ~ck @jwq~ Lmkenmke~ l``bwnq ~b ~ck

abmmkwajld qpkkac b` abwpbwl~jbeq% Je gj~~kw njqqke~q je Aj~jxkeq [ej~kn len Qbwwkdd$ H{q~jak Hbce _l{d

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pwb~ka~jbe b` je~kwmknjl~k qaw{~jez$ l q~lenlwn ~cl~ clq dkn ~ck Ab{w~ ~b q~wjik nbve qbmk q~l~k

wkf{dl~jbeq vcjdk {pcbdnjef b~ckwq%

G{~ je Qbwwkdd $ ~ck Ab{w~‚q 0-1 bpjejbe q{gq~le~jlddz ksplenkn ~ck pwb~ka~jbe n{k ~b abmmkwajld

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lppwbpwjl~k dkkd b` qaw{~jez `bw dlvq ~cl~ g{wnke q{ac qpkkac% Je Qbwwkdd$ ~ck Ab{w~‚q `jk abeqkwl~jkH{q~jakq$ hbjekn gz H{q~jak Qbejl Qb~bmlzbw$ ckdn ~cl~ `bwmq b` mlwik~jef wkqklwac q{ac lq nl~l mjejef

lwk —qpkkac” pwb~ka~kn gz ~ck @jwq~ Lmkenmke~ len mbkn ~bvlwn pwbjnjef abmmkwajld qpkkac ~ck

qlmk dkkd b` ckjfc~kekn pwb~ka~jbe dbef laabwnkn ~b pbdj~jald qpkkac% Je njqqke~$ H{q~jak Gwkzkw$ hbjekn

gz H{q~jakq Kdkel Ilfle len W{~c Glnkw Fjeqg{wf$ vlwekn ~cl~ ~ck mlhbwj~z vlq p{qcjef ~ck el~jbe glai

~bvlwn Dbacekw % ^ck Qbwwkdd w{djef jmpbqkq l cklz g{wnke be ~ck fbkwemke~ ~b h{q~j`z pwb~ka~jbeq `bw

pkwqbeld pwjlaz je le je~kwek~ lfk$ vcke abmplejkq q{ac lq Lmlxbe len Fbbfdk pbqqkqq kebwmb{qdz

ld{lgdk len kebwmb{qdz qkeqj~jk je`bwml~jbe lgb{~ kkwz bek b` {q%

Vj~c l mlhbwj~z be ~ck Q{pwkmk Ab{w~ lppklwjef ~b mbk ~bvlwn lppdzjef q~wja~ qaw{~jez ~b

wkf{dl~jbe b` abmmkwajld qpkkac$ l vjnk lwjk~z b` wkf{dl~bwz la~jbeq ~cl~ l``ka~ qpkkac vj~cje ~ck

Ab{w~‚q lmgj~$ len jmpbw~le~ abeq~j~{~jbeld aclddkefkq ~b `knkwld wkf{dl~jbe b` ~bglaab lnkw~jqjef

mbjef ~cwb{fc ~ck dbvkw `knkwld ab{w~q$ ~ck @jwq~ Lmkenmke~‚q pwb~ka~jbe b` abmmkwajld qpkkac jq l~ l

awbqqwblnq%

Abmmkwajld Qpkkac len ~ck @jwq~ Lmkenmke~ `wbm Pldke~jek ~b ~ck

Wbgkw~q Ab{w~

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wk`dka~jbe b` ~ck —pkwlqjk dkfld wkf{dl~jbe b` g{qjekqq lnkw~jqjef”; len ~ck {enb{g~kn len q{gq~le~jld

pbvkw b` q~l~k len `knkwld fbkwemke~q ~b wkf{dl~k ~ck qldk b` abmmkwajld fbbnq len qkwjakq%

^ck Q{pwkmk Ab{w~ `jwq~ ~laidkn ~ck @jwq~ Lmkenmke~‚q lppdjal~jbe ~b abmmkwajld qpkkac je

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abeq~j~{~jbeld vlwwle~ ~b bkw~{we dkfjqdl~jk h{nfmke~q ~cl~ wkf{dl~jbe b` abwpbwl~jbeq len b~ckw

g{qjekqqkq vlq ekakqqlwz ~b qkwk ~ck p{gdja vkd`lwk% Je Pldke~jek % Acwkq~keqke$ l {elejmb{q Ab{w~

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~cl~8

~ck Abeq~j~{~jbe jmpbqkq eb % % % wkq~wlje~ be fbkwemke~ lq wkqpka~q p{wkdz abmmkwajld

lnkw~jqjef% Vck~ckw$ len ~b vcl~ ks~ke~$ bek mlz pwbmb~k bw p{wq{k l flje`{d

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baa{pl~jbe je ~ck q~wkk~q$ ~b vcl~ ks~ke~ q{ac la~jj~z qcldd gk lnh{nfkn l nkwbfl~jbe b`

~ck p{gdja wjfc~ b` {qkw$ lwk ml~~kwq `bw dkfjqdl~jk h{nfmke~%0

Je <:60$ l`~kw ~cwkk nkalnkq b` w{djefq ~cl~ kspleqjkdz je~kwpwk~kn ~ck wklac b` ~ck @jwq~

Lmkenmke~ je b~ckw abe~ks~q$ ~ck Q{pwkmk Ab{w~ wkabeqjnkwkn Pldke~jek‚q cjfcdz nk`kwke~jld lppwblac

~b ~ck wkf{dl~jbe b` abmmkwajld qpkkac% Lqijef pbje~kndz —vck~ckw ~ckwk jq l @jwq~ Lmkenmke~ksakp~jbe `bw –abmmkwajld qpkkac$‚” ~ck Ab{w~ wkhka~kn q{ac le ksakp~jbe je Pjwfjejl Q~l~k Gblwn b`

_clwmlaz % Pjwfjejl Aj~jxkeq Abeq{mkw Ab{eajd %6

Q~wjijef nbve l Pjwfjejl dlv pwbcjgj~jef pclwmlajq~q

`wbm lnkw~jqjef ~ck pwjak b` pwkqawjp~jbe nw{fq$ ~ck Ab{w~ ckdn ~cl~ —abmmkwajld qpkkac$ djik b~ckw

lwjk~jkq$ jq pwb~ka~kn” gz ~ck @jwq~ Lmkenmke~%3 Ebek~ckdkqq$ ~ck Ab{w~ wkabfejxkn ~cl~ —(j)e

abead{njef ~cl~ abmmkwajld qpkkac kehbzq @jwq~ Lmkenmke~ pwb~ka~jbe$ vk clk eb~ ckdn ~cl~ j~ jq

vcbddz {enj``kwke~jlgdk `wbm b~ckw `bwmq% ^ckwk lwk abmmbeqkeqk nj``kwkeakq gk~vkke qpkkac ~cl~

nbkq –eb mbwk ~cle pwbpbqk l abmmkwajld ~wleqla~jbe$‚ len b~ckw lwjk~jkq%”:

Lq l wkq{d~$ vcke j~ abmkq

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len dkfj~jml~k abmmkwajld je`bwml~jbe jq {ejmpljwkn%”<?

^ck qbdk wkmljejef nk`kenkw b` Pldke~jek‚q lppwblac ~b abmmkwajld qpkkac vlq ~cke-H{q~jak

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Wkce|{jq~‚q njqqke~ awj~jajxkn ~ck mlhbwj~z `bw —kdkl~(jef) abmmkwajld je~kwab{wqk gk~vkke l qkddkw

clvijef cjq vlwkq len l g{zkw qkkijef ~b q~wjik l glwflje ~b ~ck qlmk pdlek lq clq gkke pwkjb{qdz

wkqkwkn `bw ~ck `wkk mlwik~pdlak b` jnklq%”<7

Je H{q~jak Wkce|{jq~‚q jkv$ —eb~cjef je ~ck [ej~kn Q~l~kq

Abeq~j~{~jbe % % % wk|{jwkq ~ck Pjwfjejl Dkfjqdl~{wk ~b ckv ~b ~ck ~klacjefq b` Lnlm Qmj~c je j~q dkfjqdl~jk

nkajqjbeq wkf{dl~jef ~ck pclwmlaz pwb`kqqjbe%”<1

@b{w zklwq dl~kw$ je <:3?$ ~ck Ab{w~ flk q{gq~leak ~b Pjwfjejl _clwmlaz ‚q pwb~ka~jbe b`

abmmkwajld qpkkac gz nkkdbpjef le je~kwmknjl~k q~lenlwn b` wkjkv lppdjalgdk ~b dlvq wkf{dl~jef

abmmkwajld qpkkac% Je Ake~wld C{nqbe Flq len Kdka~wja Abwp% % _{gdja Qkwjak Abmmjqqjbe b` Ekv

Zbwi $<>

~ck Ab{w~ leeb{eakn l ekv `b{w-q~kp leldzqjq len lppdjkn j~ ~b q~wjik nbve l wkf{dl~jbe b` ~ck

Ekv Zbwi _{gdja Qkwjak Abmmjqqjbe gleejef lnkw~jqjef ~b pwbmb~k ~ck {qk b` kdka~wjaj~z% L~ ~ck

b{~qk~$ ~ck Ab{w~ wkabfejxkn ~cl~ eb~ ldd abmmkwajld qpkkac jq pwb~ka~kn gz ~ck @jwq~ Lmkenmke~%

Gkal{qk ~ck —@jwq~ Lmkenmke~‚q abeakwe `bw abmmkwajld qpkkac jq glqkn be ~ck je`bwml~jbeld `{ea~jbe

b` lnkw~jqjef % % %$ ~ckwk ale gk ale gk eb abeq~j~{~jbeld bghka~jbe ~b ~ck q{ppwkqqjbe b` abmmkwajld

mkqqlfkq ~cl~ nb eb~ laa{wl~kdz je`bwm ~ck p{gdja lgb{~ dlv`{d la~jj~z% ^ck fbkwemke~ mlz gle

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`bwmq b` abmm{ejal~jbe mbwk djikdz ~b nkakjk ~ck p{gdja ~cle je`bwm j~%”<;

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pwb~ka~jbe (n{k) ~b abmmkwajld qpkkac ~cle ~b b~ckw abeq~j~{~jbelddz f{lwle~kkn kspwkqqjbe$”<0

~ck

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(jq eb~) mjqdklnjef” len ckeak jq —pwb~ka~kn gz ~ck @jwq~ Lmkenmke~$” len$ j` qb$ —vck~ckw ~ck lqqkw~kn

fbkwemke~ld je~kwkq~ jq q{gq~le~jld$” —vck~ckw ~ck wkf{dl~jbe njwka~dz lnleakq ~ck fbkwemke~ld

je~kwkq~ lqqkw~kn$ len vck~ckw j~ jq eb~ mbwk ks~keqjk ~cle ekakqqlwz ~b qkwk ~cl~ je~kwkq~%”<6

H{q~jak Wkce|{jq~ beak lflje njqqke~kn$ al{~jbejef ~cl~ ~ck mlhbwj~z `ljdkn —~b fjk n{k

nk`kwkeak ~b ~cYk] q{gbwnjel~k pbqj~jbe b` abmmkwajld qpkkac%”<3

—Je qb nbjef$” ck kspdljekn$ ~ck Ab{w~

—wk~{weq ~b ~ck gzfbek kwl b` Dbacekw % Ekv Zbwi je vcjac j~ vlq abmmbe pwla~jak `bw ~cjq Ab{w~ ~b

q~wjik nbve kabebmja wkf{dl~jbeq lnbp~kn gz l Q~l~k glqkn be ~ck Ab{w~q bve eb~jbeq b` ~ck mbq~

lppwbpwjl~k mkleq `bw ~ck Q~l~k ~b jmpdkmke~ j~q abeqjnkwkn pbdjajkq%”<: —(G)z dlgkdjef kabebmja

wkf{dl~jbe b` g{qjekqq aben{a~ lq l wkq~wlje~ be –`wkk qpkkac$‚” H{q~jak Wkce|{jq~ gkdjkkn ~ck mlhbwj~z

cln —fbek `lw ~b wkq{wwka~ ~ck njqawknj~kn nba~wjek b` alqkq q{ac lq Dbacekw %”7?

Bkw ~ck dlq~ ~cjw~z-~vb zklwq$ Ake~wld C{nqbe clq pwbjnkn q{gq~le~jld pwb~ka~jbe `bw ~w{~c`{d$

ebe-mjqdklnjef abmmkwajld qpkkac$ kke lq ~ck Ab{w~ clq abe~je{kn ~b wkabfejxk ~ck —q{gbwnjel~k

pbqj~jbe Yb` q{ac qpkkac] je ~ck qaldk b` @jwq~ Lmkenmke~ ld{kq%”7< ^ck H{q~jakq clk ckdn$ ~jmk len

lflje$ ~cl~ ~ck fbkwemke~‚q —g{wnke jq eb~ ql~jq`jkn gz mkwk qpka{dl~jbe bw abehka~{wk9 wl~ckw$ l

fbkwemke~ gbnz qkkijef ~b q{q~lje l wkq~wja~jbe be abmmkwajld qpkkac m{q~ nkmbeq~wl~k ~cl~ ~ck

clwmq j~ wkaj~kq lwk wkld len ~cl~ j~q wkq~wja~jbe vjdd lddkjl~k ~ckm ~b l ml~kwjld nkfwkk%”77

Wkdzjef be

~cjq pwjeajpdk$ ~ck Ab{w~ clq be mlez baalqjbeq jeldjnl~kn wkf{dl~jbeq b` abmmkwajld qpkkac$ `jenjef

~cl~ ~ck fbkwemke~ cln `ljdkn ~b mlik ~ck alqk ~cl~ ~ck plw~ja{dlw fbkwemke~ wkf{dl~jbe b`

abmmkwajld qpkkac vlq pwbpkwdz ~ljdbwkn ~b qkwk l q{gq~le~jld je~kwkq~%71 Lq ~ckqk alqkq l~~kq~$ gb~c

djgkwld len abeqkwl~jk H{q~jakq ldjik clk wkabfejxkn ~cl~ ~ck Ake~wld C{nqbe `wlmkvbwi pwbjnkq

abeqjnkwlgdk pwb~ka~jbe `bw abmmkwajld qpkkac$ vcjdk q~jdd ~lijef je~b laab{e~ ~ck q{gq~le~jld je~kwkq~qb` ~ck `knkwld len q~l~k fbkwemke~q je wkf{dl~jef abmmkwajld ~wleqla~jbeq len pwbjnjef —ekknkn

dkkvlz je l `jkdn #abmmkwajld qpkkac* –~wlnj~jbelddz q{ghka~ ~b fbkwemke~ wkf{dl~jbe%‚”7>

Vcjdk Ake~wld

C{nqbe clq gkke awj~jajxkn gb~c be len b`` ~ck Ab{w~ `bw b``kwjef jelnk|{l~k pwb~ka~jbe b` abmmkwajld

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[%Q% ;7; #7??<*9 Fwkl~kw Ekv Bwdkleq Gwblnalq~jef Lqq‚e p% [ej~kn Q~l~kq $ ;76 [%Q% <61 #<:::*9 W{gje % Abbwq

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Awbqqwblnq8 Abmmkwajld Qpkkac _lfk t ;

qpkkac$ ~ck Ab{w~ clq abe~je{kn ~b lppdz Ake~wld C{nqbe ~b jeldjnl~k wkf{dl~jbeq b` abmmkwajld

qpkkac%7;

@{w~ckw$ je lppdzjef Ake~wld C{nqbe$ ~ck H{q~jakq clk qclwpkekn ~ck @jwq~ Lmkenmke~ leldzqjq

lppdjalgdk je abmmkwajld qpkkac alqkq$ kspdljejef ~cl~ —~ck mkwk `la~ ~cl~ mkqqlfkq pwbpbqk

abmmkwajld ~wleqla~jbeq nbkq eb~ je len b` j~qkd` nja~l~k ~ck abeq~j~{~jbeld leldzqjq ~cl~ qcb{dn lppdz ~bnkajqjbeq ~b q{ppwkqq ~ckm%”

70Vcjdk ~ck Ab{w~ clq abe~je{kn ~b wkabfejxk ~cl~ l Q~l~k‚q je~kwkq~q jq

fwkl~kq~ vcke —l Q~l~k wkf{dl~kq abmmkwajld mkqqlfkq ~b pwb~ka~ abeq{mkwq `wbm mjqdklnjef$

nkakp~jk$ bw lffwkqqjk qldkq pwla~jakq$ bw wk|{jwkq ~ck njqadbq{wk b` gkek`jajld abeq{mkw je`bwml~jbe$”

j~q wkake~ alqkq clk kspwkqqkn qkwjb{q nb{g~q lgb{~ q~l~k wkf{dl~jbe ~cl~ —wkq~(q) qbdkdz be ~ck

b``keqjk lqq{mp~jbe ~cl~ ~ck p{gdja vjdd wkqpben –jwwl~jbelddz‚ ~b ~ck ~w{~c” qjeak —(~)ck @jwq~

Lmkenmke~ njwka~q {q ~b gk kqpkajlddz qikp~jald b` wkf{dl~jbeq ~cl~ qkki ~b ikkp pkbpdk je ~ck nlwi `bw

vcl~ ~ck fbkwemke~ pkwakjkq ~b gk ~ckjw bve fbbn%”76

^ck Ab{w~ clq wkqpka~kn gb~c qjnkq b` ~cjq

gldleak$ q~wjijef nbve qbmk wkf{dl~jbeq lq jmpkwmjqqjgdz pl~kweldjq~ vcjdk {pcbdnjef b~ckwq lq

ekakqqlwz `bw abeq{mkw pwb~ka~jbe%73

Be ~bnlz‚q Ab{w~$ eb bek lfwkkq vj~c Pldke~jek ~cl~ ~ck @jwq~ Lmkenmke~ nbkq eb~ pwb~ka~

abmmkwajld qpkkac l~ ldd% Ldd ejek H{q~jakq lfwkk ~cl~ abmmkwajld qpkkac jq ke~j~dkn ~b qbmk

abeq~j~{~jbeld pwb~ka~jbe$ len l e{mgkw b` H{q~jakq clk alddkn `bw l q{gq~le~jld kspleqjbe b` ~ck

pwb~ka~jbe ~ck @jwq~ Lmkenmke~ l``bwnq ~b abmmkwajld qpkkac% @bw kslmpdk$ H{q~jak Adlwkeak ^cbmlq

clq dbef ~like ~ck pbqj~jbe ~cl~ ~w{~c`{d$ ebe-mjqdklnjef abmmkwajld qpkkac qcb{dn wkakjk ~ck qlmk

dkkd b` qaw{~jez lq pbdj~jald qpkkac$ wkhka~jef ~ck eb~jbe ~cl~ ~ckwk jq lez —pcjdbqbpcjald bw cjq~bwjald

glqjq `bw lqqkw~jef ~cl~ –abmmkwajld‚ qpkkac jq b` –dbvkw ld{k‚ ~cle –ebeabmmkwajld qpkkac%‚”7: H{q~jak

^cbmlq vb{dn wkhka~ ~ck Ake~wld C{nqbe `wlmkvbwi len lppdz q~wja~ qaw{~jez —vcke ~ck fbkwemke~

qkkiq ~b wkq~wja~ ~w{~c`{d qpkkac je bwnkw ~b q{ppwkqq ~ck jnkl j~ abekzq % % % vck~ckw bw eb~ ~ck qpkkac

je |{kq~jbe mlz gk dlgkdkn –abmmkwajld%‚”

1?

—Vcl~kkw ~ck pbvkw b` ~ck q~l~k ~b wkf{dl~k abmmkwajldqpkkac$” H{q~jak ^cbmlq clq lwf{kn$ —j~ mlz eb~ {qk ~cl~ pbvkw ~b djmj~ ~ck abe~ke~ b` abmmkwajld

qpkkac % % % –`bw wklqbeq {ewkdl~kn ~b ~ck pwkqkwl~jbe b` l `ljw glwfljejef pwbakqq%‚ Q{ac abe~ke~-

njqawjmjel~bwz wkf{dl~jbe ‑ djik ldd b~ckw abe~ke~-glqkn wkf{dl~jbe b` qpkkac ‑ m{q~ gk q{ghka~kn ~b

q~wja~ qaw{~jez%”1<

H{q~jak Ikeeknz len H{q~jak Qaldjl$ ~bb$ clk kspwkqqkn —abe~je{jef abeakweq ~cl~ ~ck

7; Qkk ^cbmpqbe$ ;1; [%Q% l~ 106-039 Dbwjddlwn $ ;11 [%Q% l~ ;;>-;;;9 Fwkl~kw Ekv Bwdkleq$ ;76 [%Q% l~ <3>%

70 >> Dj|{bwmlw~$ Jea%$ % Wcbnk Jqdlen $ ;<6 [%Q% >3>$ ;?< #<::0* #pd{wldj~z bpjejbe*%

76 Jn% l~ ;?<$ ;?1 #pd{wldj~z bpjejbe*9 qkk ldqb jn% l~ ;71-;70 #^cbmlq$ H%$ abea{wwjef*%

73 Abmplwk ^cbmpqbe$ ;1; [%Q% l~ 16> #—Vk clk pwkjb{qdz wkhka~kn ~ck eb~jbe ~cl~ ~ck Fbkwemke~ clq le

je~kwkq~ je pwkke~jef njqqkmjel~jbe b` ~w{~c`{d abmmkwajld je`bwml~jbe je bwnkw ~b pwkke~ mkmgkwq b` ~ck p{gdja

`wbm mlijef gln nkajqjbeq vj~c ~cl~ je`bwml~jbe%”*len >> Dj|{bw Mlw~ $ q{pwl #q~wjijef nbve gle be lnkw~jqjef ~ck

wk~ljd pwjak b` ldabcbdja gkkwlfkq* vj~c @dbwjnl Glw % Vke~ @bw J~$ Jea%$ ;<; [%Q% 0<3 #<::;* #{pcbdnjef Glw w{dk

pwbcjgj~jef pkwqbeld jeh{wz dlvzkwq `wbm qkenjef ~lwfk~kn njwka~ mljd qbdjaj~l~jbeq ~b ja~jmq vj~cje 1? nlzq b` le

laajnke~* len Mjdlk~x$ Flddbp & Mjdlk~x$ _%L% % [ej~kn Q~l~kq$ <1? Q% A~% <17> #7?<?* #wkhka~jef @jwq~ Lmkenmke~

aclddkefk gz gleiw{p~az l~~bwekzq ~b w{dk wk|{jwjef ~ckm ~b njqadbqk ~cl~ ~ckz lwk nkg~-wkdjk` lfkeajkq*%7:

>> Dj|{bwmlw~ $ ;<6 [%Q% l~ ;71 #^cbmlq$ H%$ abea{wwjef*%1?

Dbwjddlwn $ ;11 [%Q% l~ ;67 #^cbmlq$ H%$ abea{wwjef*%1<

Jn% l~ ;66 #^cbmlq$ H%$ abea{wwjef*%




YAke~wld C{nqbe] ~kq~ fjkq jeq{``jajke~ pwb~ka~jbe ~b ~w{~c`{d$ ebemjqdklnjef abmmkwajld qpkkac$”17

g{~

~ckz clk zk~ ~b hbje H{q~jak ^cbmlq‚ aldd `bw q~wja~ qaw{~jez%

Qbwwkdd p% JMQ Ckld~c Jea% -- Dbacekwjxjef ~ck Ab{w~‚q Abmmkwajld Qpkkac

Nba~wjek2

@bw mlez zklwq$ Ake~wld C{nqbe wkmljekn qk~~dkn dlv$ kke lq H{q~jak ^cbmlq len b~ckwq

awj~jajxkn j~% G{~$ {enkw ~ck dklnkwqcjp b` Acjk` H{q~jak Hbce Wbgkw~q$ vcb je 7??; q{aakknkn Acjk`

H{q~jak Wkce|{jq~$ ~ck bwjfjeld njqqke~kw `wbm ~ck Ab{w~‚q abmmkwajld qpkkac alqkq$ ~ck Q{pwkmk Ab{w~

clq gkf{e ~b gwkli `wbm Ake~wld C{nqbe% Je Qbwwkdd % JMQ Ckld~c Jea%$11 ~ck Ab{w~ q~w{ai nbve l

Pkwmbe~ q~l~{~k djmj~jef ~ck lgjdj~z b` pclwmlak{~jald mle{`la~{wkwq ~b p{waclqk len {qk `bw mlwik~jef

p{wpbqkq fbkwemke~-abddka~kn nl~l wkflwnjef ~ck pwkqawjgjef pwla~jakq b` jenjjn{ld nba~bwq lq l

jbdl~jbe b` ~ck @jwq~ Lmkenmke~ len alddkn `bw l ekv q~lenlwn b` wkjkv ‑ ckjfc~kekn qaw{~jez ‑ ~b

h{nfk ~ck ldjnj~z b` abe~ke~-glqkn wkf{dl~jbeq b` abmmkwajld qpkkac%

Je le bpjejbe l{~cbwkn gz H{q~jak Le~cbez Ikeeknz$ len hbjekn gz ~ck Ab{w~‚q b~ckwabeqkwl~jkq len gz H{q~jak Qb~bmlzbw$ Qbwwkdd aclefkn ~ck dlv je ~vb jmpbw~le~ vlzq% @jwq~$ ~ck Ab{w~

ksplenkn ~ck qabpk b` pwb~ka~kn abmmkwajld qpkkac$ `jenjef l jbdl~jbe b` ~ck @jwq~ Lmkenmke~ kke

~cb{fc ~ck Pkwmbe~ dlv bedz wkf{dl~kn ~ck {qk b` nl~l abddka~kn {enkw l fbkwemke~ mlenl~k len njn

eb~ jmpbqk lez djmj~q be ~ck qpkkac b` pclwmlak{~jald abmplejkq% Qkaben$ len pkwclpq kke mbwk

jmpbw~le~$ ~ck Ab{w~ ckdn ~cl~ ~ck Pkwmbe~ dlv vlq q{ghka~ ~b ckjfc~kekn qaw{~jez gkal{qk j~ vlq l

abe~ke~-glqkn len qpklikw-glqkn wkf{dl~jbe b` abmmkwajld qpkkac$ mlijef l gwkli `wbm Ake~wld

C{nqbe‚q je~kwmknjl~k dkkd b` qaw{~jez ~bvlwn l ekv$ mbwk nkmlenjef ~kq~% H{q~jak Gwkzkw$ hbjekn gz

H{q~jakq Fjeqg{wf len Ilfle$ l{~cbwkn l gj~~kw njqqke~$ lwf{jef ~cl~ ~ck Ab{w~ cln njq~bw~kn ~ck mklejef

b` ~ck @jwq~ Lmkenmke~ gz q~wjijef nbve le k``bw~ —jeks~wjalgdz wkdl~kn ~b l dlv`{d fbkwemke~ld k``bw~

~b wkf{dl~k l abmmkwajld ke~kwpwjqk$” len cln —wklvlikeYkn] Dbacekw ‚q pwk-Ekv Nkld ~cwkl~ b`

q{gq~j~{~jef h{njajld `bw nkmbawl~ja nkajqjbemlijef vckwk bwnjelwz kabebmja wkf{dl~jbeq jq l~ jqq{k%”1>

H{q~jak Ikeeknz‚q bpjejbe `bw ~ck Ab{w~ gkfle j~q leldzqjq eb~ vj~c ~ck `lmjdjlw Ake~wld C{nqbe

`wlmkvbwi$ g{~ jeq~kln vj~c ~ck pwkmjqk ~cl~ ~ck Pkwmbe~ dlv —kela~q abe~ke~- len qpklikw-glqkn

wkq~wja~jbeq be ~ck qldk$ njqadbq{wk len {qk b` pwkqawjgkw-jnke~j`zjef je`bwml~jbe” len ckeak —g{wnkeq

njq`lbwkn qpkkac gz njq`lbwkn qpklikwq%”1;

H{q~jak Ikeeknz njqmjqqkn ~ck lwf{mke~ ~cl~ ~ck Pkwmbe~

q~l~{~k njn eb~ g{wnke qpkkac$ g{~ bedz wkf{dl~kn laakqq ~b nl~l$ gz mlijef ~ck pbje~ ~cl~ —Pkwmbe~&q

q~l~{~k ab{dn gk abmplwkn vj~c l dlv pwbcjgj~jef ~wlnk mlflxjekq `wbm p{waclqjef bw {qjef jei%”10 Je

~ck mlhbwj~z‚q jkv$ —kke lqq{mjef % % % ~cl~ pwkqawjgkw-jnke~j`zjef je`bwml~jbe jq l mkwk abmmbnj~z$”

~ck q~l~{~k‚q wkq~wja~jbe be laakqq ~b ~cl~ abmmbnj~z vlq l —abe~ke~- len qpklikw-glqkn g{wnke bepwb~ka~kn kspwkqqjbe” ~cl~ vlq nkqjfekn ~b q~j`dk ~ck k``ka~jkekqq b` mlwik~jef gz pclwmlak{~jald

17 Jn% l~ ;6<-67 #Ikeeknz$ H%$ abea{wwjef*%

11<1< Q%A~% 70;1 #7?<<*%

1> Jn% l~ 7061$ 703; #Gwkzkw$ H%$ njqqke~jef*%

1; Jn% l~ 7001%

10 Jn% l~ 7006%




abmplejkq len$ ckeak$ wk|{jwkn ckjfc~kekn h{njajld qaw{~jez%16

^c{q$ lq N{ik Dlv _wb`kqqbw Hknknjlc

_{wnz bgqkwkn$ —mbq~ b` vcl~ ~ck Pkwmbe~ nkajqjbe pwb~ka~q jq eb~ kwgld kspwkqqjbe % % % g{~ qjmpdz ~ck

qldk b` nl~l% Qbwwkdd mbkq ~bvlwnq abeq~j~{~jbeldjxjef le bpke mlwik~ je je`bwml~jbe$ l~ dklq~ vckwk

~ck nl~l vjdd je`bwm mlwik~jef nkajqjbeq % % % %”13

Je njqqke~$ H{q~jak Gwkzkw awj~jajxkn ~ck mlhbwj~z‚q bpjejbe pwkajqkdz ldbef ~ckqk djekq$ lwf{jef~cl~ ~ck mlhbwj~z cln njq~bw~kn ~ck mklejef b` ~ck @jwq~ Lmkenmke~ je ksplenjef ~ck qabpk b`

pwb~ka~jbe `wbm abmmkwajld qpkkac ~b nl~l% H{q~jak Gwkzkw wklqbekn ~cl~ —Pkwmbe~&q q~l~{~k ekj~ckw

`bwgjnq ebw wk|{jwkq lezbek ~b qlz lez~cjef$ ~b keflfk je lez `bwm b` qzmgbdja qpkkac$ bw ~b kenbwqk

lez plw~ja{dlw pbje~ b` jkv$ vck~ckw jnkbdbfjald bw wkdl~kn ~b ~ck qldk b` l pwbn{a~$” g{~ jeq~kln qjmpdz

—nkpwjkq pclwmlak{~jald len nl~l-mjejef abmplejkq b` nl~l$ abddka~kn p{wq{le~ ~b ~ck fbkwemke~q

wkf{dl~bwz mlenl~k$ ~cl~ ab{dn ckdp pclwmlak{~jald abmplejkq awkl~k gk~~kw qldkq mkqqlfkq%”1: Je

H{q~jak Gwkzkw‚q jkv$ ~ck mlhbwj~z‚q `jenjef b` l abeq~j~{~jbeld jbdl~jbe vlq b{~ b` djek vj~c ~ck @jwq~

Lmkenmke~ len ~ck ke~jwk gbnz b` Q{pwkmk Ab{w~ pwkaknke~ je~kwpwk~jef j~% —Y^]cjq Ab{w~ clq ekkw

`b{en ~cl~ ~ck @jwq~ Lmkenmke~ pwbcjgj~q ~ck fbkwemke~ `wbm wkq~wja~jef ~ck {qk b` je`bwml~jbe

fl~ckwkn p{wq{le~ ~b l wkf{dl~bwz mlenl~k%”>?

H{q~jak Ikeeknz len H{q~jak Gwkzkw ldqb gj~~kwdz njjnkn be ~ck q~lenlwn b` wkjkv lppdjalgdk ~b

~ck Pkwmbe~ wkf{dl~jbe% Kacbjef ~ck dlef{lfk b` cjq bpjejbe je Aj~jxkeq [ej~kn$ H{q~jak Ikeeknz‚q

bpjejbe `bw ~ck Ab{w~ ckdn ~cl~ —ckjfc~kekn h{njajld qaw{~jez jq vlwwle~kn” gkal{qk Pkwmbe~‚q dlv —be

j~q `lak g{wnkeq njq`lbwkn qpkkac gz njq`lbwkn qpklikwq$” pbw~wlzjef ~ck dlv lq le l~~kmp~ —~b ~jd~

p{gdja nkgl~k je l pwk`kwwkn njwka~jbe%”><

H{q~jak Ikeeknz `b{en ~cl~ —Pkwmbe~&q dlv kela~q abe~ke~-len

qpklikw-glqkn wkq~wja~jbeq be ~ck qldk$ njqadbq{wk$ len {qk b` pwkqawjgkw-jnke~j`zjef je`bwml~jbe$” gz

djmj~jef ~ck lgjdj~z b` pclwmlak{~jald abmplejkq ~b {qk ~cjq nl~l `bw mlwik~jef p{wpbqkq$ kke lq j~

lddbvkn b~ckwq ~b mlik {qk b` ~ck je`bwml~jbe%>7 Lq eb~kn lgbk$ wl~ckw ~cle ~{wejef ~b ~ck kq~lgdjqckn

Ake~wld C{nqbe abmmkwajld qpkkac `wlmkvbwi$ H{q~jak Ikeeknz‚q bpjejbe lppdjkn ~ck Ab{w~‚q @jwq~Lmkenmke~ pwkaknke~q wk|{jwjef ckjfc~kekn qaw{~jez `bw dlvq ~cl~ njqawjmjel~k be ~ck glqjq b` abe~ke~%

Vcjdk H{q~jak Ikeeknz‚q bpjejbe lwf{kn ~cl~ ~ck Pkwmbe~ q~l~{~k vlq jeldjn kj~ckw {enkw Ake~wld

C{nqbe‚q —qpkajld abmmkwajld qpkkac je|{jwz bw l q~wja~kw `bwm b` h{njajld qaw{~jez$”>1

~ckwk jq dj~~dk nb{g~

~cl~ Qbwwkdd ~bbi l gjf q~kp lvlz `wbm Ake~wld C{nqbe gz nkmlenjef ~cl~ abe~ke~- len qpklikw-glqkn

wkf{dl~jbeq b` abmmkwajld qpkkac gk q{ghka~ ~b —ckjfc~kekn qaw{~jez%”

Je njqqke~$ H{q~jak Gwkzkw lwf{kn ~cl~ ~ck mlhbwj~z‚q aldd `bw ckjfc~kekn qaw{~jez vlq jeabeqjq~ke~

vj~c gjenjef pwkaknke~$ vcjac cln ekkw gk`bwk wk|{jwkn ~cjq qbw~ b` —fwkl~kw qaw{~jez vcke wkf{dl~bwz

la~jj~z l``ka~q abmmkwajld qpkkac$” len vb{dn —bpke l _lenbwl‚q Gbs b` @jwq~ Lmkenmke~ aclddkefkq ~b

mlez bwnjelwz wkf{dl~bwz pwla~jakq$” qjeak m{ac abmmkwajld qpkkac wkf{dl~jbe —ekakqqlwjdz nwlvq

16 Jn%

13Hknknjlc _{wnz$ ^ck Wbgkw~q Ab{w~ % Lmkwjal$ 71 NKMBAWLAZ H% >0$ ;< #Vje~kw 7?<7*%

1: Qbwwkdd $ <1< Q% A~% l~ 7061$ 706; #Gwkzkw$ H%$ njqqke~jef*%

>? Jn% l~ 7066 #Gwkzkw$ H%$ njqqke~jef* #kmpclqjq je bwjfjeld*%

>< Jn% l~ 7001-0>$ 706<%

>7 Jn% l~ 7001%

>1 Jn% l~ 7006%




njq~jea~jbeq be ~ck glqjq b` abe~ke~%”>>

Je qcbw~$ H{q~jak Gwkzkw lwf{kn$ —~b wk|{jwk –ckjfc~kekn qaw{~jez‚

be ~cjq glqjq jq ~b wk|{jwk j~q lppdjal~jbe klwdz len b`~ke vcke ~ck Q~l~k qkkiq ~b wkf{dl~k jen{q~wz% % % %

(F)jke ~ck qckkw |{le~j~z b` wkf{dl~bwz jej~jl~jkq ~cl~ ~b{ac be abmmkwajld mkqqlfkq$ ~ck Ab{w~‚q

jqjbe b` j~q wkjkvjef ~lqi ~cwkl~keq ~b wk~{we {q ~b l clppjdz gzfbek kwl vcke h{nfkq qaw{~jejxkn

dkfjqdl~jbe `bw j~q je~kw`kwkeak vj~c kabebmja djgkw~z%”>;

H{q~jak Gwkzkw `jwmdz wkhka~kn ~cl~ lppwblac% —Qjeak bwnjelwz wkf{dl~bwz pwbfwlmq ale l``ka~

qpkkac$ plw~ja{dlwdz abmmkwajld qpkkac$ je mzwjln vlzq$” Gwkzkw kspdljekn$ —~b lppdz l –ckjfc~kekn‚

@jwq~ Lmkenmke~ q~lenlwn b` wkjkv vckekkw q{ac l pwbfwlm g{wnkeq qpkkac vb{dn ~wleq`kw `wbm

dkfjqdl~{wkq ~b h{nfkq ~ck pwjmlwz pbvkw ~b vkjfc kenq len ~b acbbqk mkleq$ ~cwkl~kejef ~b njq~bw~ bw

{enkwmjek dkfj~jml~k dkfjqdl~jk bghka~jkq%”>0 Wl~ckw ~cle —wjqi % % % l –wk~{w(e) ~b ~ck gzfbek kwl b`

Dbacekw % Ekv Zbwi$ je vcjac j~ vlq abmmbe pwla~jak `bw ~cjq Ab{w~ ~b q~wjik nbve kabebmja

wkf{dl~jbeq lnbp~kn gz l Q~l~k glqkn be ~ck Ab{w~q bve eb~jbeq b` ~ck mbq~ lppwbpwjl~k mkleq `bw ~ck

Q~l~k ~b jmpdkmke~ j~q abeqjnkwkn pbdjajkq$‚”>6

~ck njqqke~kwq vb{dn clk {pckdn Pkwmbe~‚q wkf{dl~jbe

{enkw Ake~wld C{nqbe$ abead{njef ~cl~ ~ck djmj~kn g{wnke jmpbqkn vlq lmpdz h{q~j`jkn gz ~ck

fbkwemke~‚q je~kwkq~ je ~ck pwb~ka~jbe b` p{gdja ckld~c len ~ck pwjlaz b` wkabwnq%

^ck @{~{wk b` Abmmkwajld Qpkkac L`~kw Qbwwkdd

^ck bpjejbeq je Qbwwkdd jdd{q~wl~k ~cl~ vk lwk be ~ck a{qp b` pbqqjgdz qvkkpjef aclefkq je ~ck

Q{pwkmk Ab{w~‚q abmmkwajld qpkkac nba~wjek% L`~kw nkalnkq je vcjac abmmkwajld qpkkac vlq

wkabfejxkn ~b clk l q{gbwnjel~k q~l~{q je ~ck @jwq~ Lmkenmke~ ple~ckbe$ H{q~jak Ikeeknz‚q bpjejbe je

Qbwwkdd q{ffkq~q ~cl~ l mlhbwj~z b` ~ck Ab{w~ mlz vkdd gk wklnz ~b njqpdlak Ake~wld C{nqbe‚q je~kwmknjl~k

qaw{~jez q~lenlwn len jebik ~ck wjfbwb{q q~lenlwnq ~cl~ ~ck Ab{w~ clq lppdjkn$ b{~qjnk ~ck abe~ks~ b`

abmmkwajld qpkkac$ je q~wjijef nbve abe~ke~- len qpklikw-glqkn wkf{dl~jbeq b` qpkkac% Lq bek

bgqkwkw eb~kn$ je ~ck vlik b` Qbwwkdd $ —(~)ck pwbqpka~ b` kecleakn h{njajld qaw{~jez alq~q l qclnbv bkwwkf{dl~jbe b` ckld~c je`bwml~jbe$ jead{njef `bbn$ nw{fq$ ldabcbd$ len ~bglaab ‑ ldmbq~ ldd b` vcjac jq

qpklikw len jkvpbje~-glqkn%”>3

L~ ~cjq awj~jald h{ea~{wk$ mbjef ~cwb{fc ~ck dbvkw `knkwld ab{w~q lwk l qk~ b` alqkq aclddkefjef

~ck @lmjdz Qmbijef _wkke~jbe len ^bglaab Abe~wbd La~$ l 7??: mklq{wk plqqkn gz Abefwkqq len qjfekn

je~b dlv gz _wkqjnke~ Bglml$ nkqjfekn ~b ~b{fcke `knkwld wkf{dl~jbe b` ~bglaab lnkw~jqjef len

pwbmb~jbe% ^ck La~$ lmbef b~ckw ~cjefq$ wk|{jwkq ~bglaab mle{`la~{wkwq ~b wkqkwk l qjfej`jale~ pbw~jbe

b` ~bglaab plailfjef `bw ~ck njqpdlz b` ckld~c vlwejefq #jead{njef fwlpcja jmlfkq nkqjfekn ~b jdd{q~wl~k

~ck nlefkwq b` qmbijef*$ djmj~q ~bglaab pwje~ lnkw~jqjef ~b {qk b` gdlai ~ks~ be l vcj~k glaifwb{en$ len

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http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1974611




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