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TITLE LIST

1 Corrosion Protection and Condition Monitoring Using 'Smart' Appliques

2 Modeling and analysis for the development of Lightweight Piezoceramic Composite Actuators (LIPCA)

3 Smart Materials, Precision Sensors/Actuators, Smart Structures, and Structronic Systems

4 Material design and shape memory properties of smart composites composed of polymer and ferromagnetic shape memory alloy particles.

5 Deformation Behaviour and Microstructure Development of Magnesium AZ 31 Alloy During Hot and Semi-hot Deformation

6 Shape memory alloy flexures

7 A TiNiPd thin film microvalve for high temperature applications

8 Thermo- and Magneto-elastic Metallic Actuator/Sensor Materials.

9 Crack Control in Titanium Nickel Fiber Reinforced Polycarbonate Composites

10 Nonlinear finite element modelling of composite structures with integrated piezoelectric layers

11 Anisotropic nonlinear piezo-electro-chemo-thermo-viscoelasticity: characterization, simulations, probabilistic failures and structural integrity

12 The Relaxed Work Functional in Linear Viscoelasticity.

13 Mechanical Modeling of Ultrasonic Welding.

14 Fatigue crack propagation in pseudoelastic TiNi smart microcomponents.

15 Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Designing, Processing and Properties of Advanced Engineering Materials

16 Nondestructive evaluation and fracture mechanism of smart material.

17 Intelligent materials and meterial development-High function and intelligence of materials. High function and intelligence of adhesion. I.

18 Overview of the Japanese Smart Materials Demonstrator Program and Structures System Project

19 Advances in Nondestructive Evaluation

20 High Resolution Microellipsometry [for materials inspection].

21 Experimental Research on Two-way Shape Memory Effect of TiNi Shape Memory Alloy

22 Experimental Research on Mechanical Properties of a New TiNi Shape Memory Alloy

23 Overview of the DARPA Smart Wing Project

24 Smart Material-Actuated Rotor Technology - SMART [for helicopters].

25 Power Systems and Requirements for Integration of Smart Structures into Aircraft

26 Over to the smart side.

27 Heavy metal responsive decontaminating coatings.

28 Constitutive modelling of magneto-sensitive Cauchy-elastic solids

TITLE LIST

29 Progress of self-repair composites.

30 Damage index sensor for smart structures.

31 Phase transformation in smooth specimen and at notch root in shape memory alloy TiNi.

32 Inverse finite element analysis of load on piezoelectric thin plate smart structure.

33 Part I. Thermomechanical characteristics of shape memory alloys.

34 Shape memory micromechanisms for microvalve applications

35 Experimental characterization of an airfoil-based actuator using high temperature shape memory alloys

36 Magnetic Forces Controlling Magnetic Shape Memory in Ni-Mn-Ga and Their Practical Measurement From the Mechanical Testing Experiments in Constant Magnetic Fields

37 The influence of composition and thermomechanical treatments on the magnetic shape memory effect of Ni-Mn-Ga single crystals

38 Design and modeling of a single-crystal iron-gallium large magnetostrictive dynamic research transducer

39 Damping of Polycrystalline Ni-Mn-Ga, Bulk, PLD, and Sputtered Thin Film

40 Phenomenological modeling of ferromagnetic shape memory alloys

41 High Energy Absorption in Bulk Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloys (Ni50Mn29Ga21)

42 Magnetic properties of single crystals of Ni-Mn-Ga magnetic shape memory alloys

43 Pseudoelasticity: experimental observations, thermomechanical modeling, and identification of the material parameters

44 Nonlinear Dynamic Behaviour of a Shape Memory Alloy

45 Energy Absorption Material using Buckling Strength of Shape Memory Alloy Plate

46 Modeling of Two-Way Shape Memory Effect Based on Phase Interaction Energy Function

47 Stability of dispersive bi-atomic crystals

48 Multi scale continuum mechanics model for phase transformations in SMA single crystals

49 Thermomechanical behavior of Cu-Al-Ni single crystal high temperature shape memory alloy: Reorientation

50 Indentation characteristics of superelastic nickel-titanium wires and a preliminary study of copper-bonded joints between them

51 Spectral Element formulation for SMA beams under random vibration excitation

52 High corrosion-resistance Fe-Mn-Si-based alloys exhibiting nearly perfect shape memory effects

53 Interaction of oxygen vacancies with domain walls and its impact on fatigue in ferroelectric thin films

54 Piezoelectric behavior of pre-stressed curved actuators under load

55 Degradation of Terfenol-D Particle Epoxy Composites Under Low Frequency Cyclic Magneto-Mechanical Loading at the Matrix Glass Transition Start and Finish Temperatures

56 Magnetic and mechanical properties of polycrystalline Galfenol

TITLE LIST

57 Comparison of transduction behavior of polycrystalline gallium-iron alloys and Terfenol-D

58 Magnetostriction of Stress Annealed Fe-Ga-Al and Fe-Ga Alloys Under Compressive and Tensile Stress

59 Measured Iron-Gallium Alloy Tensile Properties under Magnetic Fields

60 Effect of Stoichiometry on Sensing Behavior of Iron-Gallium

61 Energy minimization of ferromagnetic particles

62 RHEOLOGICAL PARAMETER ESTIMATION FOR A FERROUS NANOPARTICLE-BASED MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL FLUID USING GENETIC ALGORITHMS

63 Dynamic Behavior and Stiffness Tuning in Solenoid Based Ni-Mn-Ga Transducers

64 Quasi-Static Modeling of NiMnGa Magnetic Shape Memory Alloy

65 Stress-strain behavior of Cu-Al-Ni single crystal shape memory alloy at high temperature: Shape Memory Effects

66 Microstructure and Solidification Behavior of Ni-Mn-Ga Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys

67 Shape Memory Alloys Honeycomb: Design and Properties

68 Forced Volume Magnetostriction in Composite Gd5Si2Ge2

69 Smart materials group at the national institute of applied science recent data and trends.

70 Structural Health Monitoring: Before and after Crack Birth.

71 Can shape memory alloy composites be smart?

72 Progress and challenges in aeronautical smart structure systems.

73 Microscopic shape memory and superelastic effects under complex loading conditions.

74 Recent Developments in Applying Smart Structural Materials.

75 The Past, Present, and Future of DARPA's Investment Strategy in Smart Materials.

76 Experimental research on the relationship between SMA wire wound angle and SMA torsion actuator primary performances.

77 Fabrication and characterization of TiNi/Al smart composites.

78 Development of texture-controlled bulky actuator/sensor materials by combining rapid-solidified fiber/ribbon elements and spark plasma sintering/joining (SPSJ).

79 Characterization of NiTiNOL for smart structural systems using ACES methodology.

80 Materials and Devices for Smart Systems as held at the 2003 MRS Fall Meeting

81 The development of active and sensitive structural material systems.

82 Active disassembly - the end of electronic life as we know it.

83 Static analysis of hybrid smart composite structures.

84 Hybrid-stabilized solid-shell model of laminated composite piezoelectric structures under non-linear distribution of electric potential through thickness.

TITLE LIST

85 One-dimensional incremental constitutive relation for SMA fiber reinforced smart composites with damages.

86 An efficient coupled layerwise theory for static analysis of piezoelectric sandwich beams.

87 Advances in aeroengine materials.

88 Nondestructive Evaluation and Smart Materials.

89 Property evaluation of NiTi shape memory alloy.

90 Metal embedded fiber Bragg grating sensors in layered manufacturing.

91 Materials Transactions, Vol. 44, No. 1 (2003), PP. 204 to 210. Valence Electron Concentration and Phase Transformation of Shape Memory Alloys Ni-Mn-Ga-X

92 One-dimensional shape memory alloy models for use with reinforced composite structures.

93 Optical and structural characterization of bacterio-rhodopsin films on Si-based materials

94 Damping properties of metal-piezoelectric composites.

95 Fractal neural network diagnosis method of smart structure damage.

96 Research on smart structural systems.

97 Influence of magnetic field on the phase transformation of TbDyFe/NiTi composite film.

98 Textural and shape memory characteristics of Fe-29.9 at.% Pd melt-spun ribbons.

99 THERMEC'2003: International Conference on Processing & Manufacturing of Advanced Materials

100 THERMEC 2003 (Part I): International Conference Processing and Manufacturing of Advanced Materials

101 THERMEC 2003 (Part 5): International Conference on Processing & Manufacturing of Advanced Materials

102 3rd Hungarian Conference on Materials Science, Testing and Information.

103 NJIT to Develop Smart Coatings for U.S. Army.

104 Processing of advanced shape memory materials by powder metallurgy.

105 Smart materials in damage detection and prognosis.

106 Proceedings of the Second Moscow International Symposium on Magnetism (MISM).

107 Ti-Ni-based shape memory alloys as smart materials.

108 Nondestructive evaluation and smart materials

109 Effect of radiation on Reyleigh-Benard convection in ferromagnetic fluids.

110 The hybrid composite with shape memory alloy and its smartness.

111 Intelligent catheter for medical dosage.

112 Intelligent materials and meterial development-High function and intelligence of materials. IV. Intelligent materials and transform elements. I.

113 Optimization of Laminated Composites and Overview of Smart Material Applications

TITLE LIST

114 Two-way shape memory effect of ferromagnetic Ni-Mn-Ga sputter-deposited films.

115 Accelerated testing of self-healing coatings.

116 Hierarchical modeling of active materials.

117 Influence of alloying elements on hot corrosion of superalloys and coatings: necessity of smart coatings for gas turbine engines.

118 FEM analysis of pseudoelastic TiNi alloy under normal contact using two material models

119 Monitoring of fatigue crack growth of cracked thick aluminum plate repaired with a bonded composite patch using transmission-type extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric optical fiber sensors

120 A resistance-based damage location sensor for carbon-fibre composites

121 Effect of transformation volume contraction on the toughness of superelastic shape memory alloys

122 Functionally gradient materials.

123 Effect of transformation volume contraction on the toughness of superelastic shape memory alloys.

124 Monitoring of fatigue crack growth of cracked thick aluminum plate repaired with a bonded composite patch using transmission-type extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric optical fiber sensors.

125 Experimental studies on adaptive fuzzy control of a smart structure

126 Review of state of art of smart structures and integrated systems

127 Health monitoring of composite repairs and joints using optical fibres

128 Development of the Crack Propagation Resistant Intelligent Materials (1) Mechanism of Nb-Al Intelligent Material

129 Wave propagation in a piezoelectric coupled cylindrical membrane shell

130 Experimental studies on adaptive fuzzy control of a smart structure.

131 Development of the Crack Propagation Resistant Intelligent Materials (1) Mechanism of Nb-Al Intelligent Material.

132 Titanium implants with oxidized surfaces: the background and long-term results

133 Pulsed laser-induced micro- and nanosized morphology and composition of titanium dental implants

134 Modelling of Lamb waves in composite laminated plates excited by interdigital transducers

135 Active stiffening of laminated composite beams using piezoelectric actuators

136 Active control of FGM shells subjected to a temperature gradient via piezoelectric sensor/actuator patches

137 Smart materials for early damage detection

138 Shape memory characteristics of thermoelastic TiNi system rapid-solidified fibers

139 Research on active vibration suppression of smart structure embedded with shape memory alloy.

140 Detection of impact damage in thermoplastic-based fiber-metal laminates using optical fiber sensors

141 MATEHN '02: The 3rd International Conference on Materials and Manufacturing Technologies.

TITLE LIST

142 Shape memory alloy actuators for active disassembly using 'smart' materials of consumer electronic products

143 An experimental study on applicability of passive electric potential CT method using piezoelectric material to crack identification

144 Characterisation of phase transformation in Ti sub 50+x Pd sub 30 Ni sub 20-x alloys

145 Analyzing models of reversible shape responsive strain and responsive force of constrained TiNi shape memory alloy wires

146 Experimental characterization of free convection during thermal phase transformations in shape memory alloy wires

147 Comparison of Active Constrained Layer Damping by Using Extension and Shear Mode Piezoceramic Actuators

148 Use of FEA Derived Impedances to Design Active Structures

149 A Modified Electro-mechanical Impedance Model of Piezoelectric Actuator-sensors for Debonding Detection of Composite Patches

150 Non-destructive evaluation of smart materials by using extrinsic Fabry--Perot interferometric and fiber Bragg grating sensors

151 Effect of aging time on shape memory properties of sputtered Ni-rich Ni sub 2 MnGa alloy films

152 Magnetic domain structures in Co-Ni-Al shape memory alloys studied by Lorentz microscopy and electron holography

153 System Identification and Controller Design of a Self-sensing Piezoelectric Cantilever Structure

154 An overview of vibration and seismic applications of NiTi shape memory alloy

155 Stainless steel-based integrated mass-flow controller for reactive and corrosive gases

156 Development of advanced actuators using shape memory alloys and electrorheological fluids

157 Proposal of an active composite with embedded sensor

158 Design and fabrication of functionally graded PZT/Pt piezoelectric bimorph actuator

159 Stress-sense property of TiNi shape memory alloy and its mechanism

160 Stress-sense property of TiNi shape memory alloy and its mechanism.

161 Giant magnetostriction in ferromagnetic shape-memory alloys

162 Science and technology of shape-memory alloys: new developments

163 Piezoelectric actuator orientation optimization for static shape control of composite plates

164 Research activities in the KAIST composite materials

165 Structural Health Monitoring by Using Fiber-Optic Sensors for Large Composite Structures

166 Development of shape memory alloy smart composites. A new method for fabricating SMA smart polymer matrix composites.

167 Fatigue of alumina-based ceramics and chrome carbide composites

168 Metallurgical and shape memory characteristics of grain-refined Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloys

TITLE LIST

169 Shape memory alloys - Properties and engineering applications

170 Study of the effect of thermal cycling under constant stress on R-phase in NiTi shape memory alloy

171 Vibration control of sandwich beams using electro-rheological fluids.

172 Distribution of Active and Passive Constraining Sections for Hybrid Constrained Layer Damping Treatments

173 Multi-dimensional superelastic behavior of shape memory alloys via nonlinear finite element method

174 A Model for the Analysis of Beams with Embedded Piezoelectric Layers

175 Ceramic tribo-coatings in Japan - a report on sate-of-the art materials

176 NDE of smart structures using multimode fiber optic vibration sensor

177 Effect of rapid solidification on giant magnetostriction in Fe-Pd alloy

178 Application of acoustic emission in research of shape memory alloys

179 Development of low-order state space model for an intelligent composite I-beam for automatic vibration control.

180 Damage modelling and prediction using smart structure concepts - A finite element analysis approach.

181 Stress analysis of smart composite structures with piezoelectric patch using thermal-piezoelectric-mechanical loading.

182 Finite element modeling of shape memory alloy composite actuators: theory and experiment

183 Phase Equilibria and Phase Transformations in New B2-type Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloys of Co-Ni-Ga and Co-Ni-Al Systems

184 Modeling and numerical simulation on thermomechanical behavior of SMA plates with two-way shape memory effect

185 Development of an aluminum based smart composite with embedded oxidized titanium fiber

186 Fabrication of nickel based active composites

187 JISSE-7: Seventh Japan International Sampe Symposium

188 Mechanical properties of metallic closed cellular materials containing organic material for smart structures

189 In-situ mechanical characterization of a freestanding 100 nanometer thick aluminum film in SEM using MEMS sensors

190 Recent researches on fibre optic smart structures in Italy and future trends in Europe

191 Strain measurements with FBGs embedded into cast metal alloys

192 Image-Based Characterization and Finite Element Analysis of Porous SMA Behavior.

193 A layer-wise Reissner-Mindlin-type model for the vibration analysis and suppression of piezoactuated plates

194 Integration of expert system with analytic hierarchy process for the design of material handling equipment selection system

195 Constitutive modeling of aluminum matrix NiTi fiber-reinforced smart composite

196 Vibration suppression of structures using passive shape memory alloy energy dissipation devices

TITLE LIST

197 Soft magnetic materials for automotive applications

198 Reverse martensitic transformation of prestrained TiNi shape memory alloy in cement composite

199 Integrated structural/control design of micro-positioner for boring bar tool insert

200 The self-thermal-plastic response of NiTi shape memory alloy fiber actuated metal matrix composites

201 Finite element modeling of MFC/AFC actuators and performance of MFC

202 Sense and sensibility of products around the home

203 Elastic memory composite (EMC) deployment hinges for solar arrays.

204 Surface-mounted optical strain sensors for structural health monitoring of composite structures.

205 Sixteenth Technical Conference of the American Society for Composites

206 Mode and transducer selection for long range lamb wave inspection

207 Embedded fibre Bragg grating sensors in advanced composite materials

208 Integrated SMA elements array for smart material applications

209 Influence of the mechanical loading history on the stress assisted two way memory effect in a Ti-Ni-Cu Alloy

210 Eleventh International Conference on Composite Structures

211 High-speed shape recovery of SMA

212 Structural health monitoring from fiber-reinforced composites to steel-reinforced concrete

213 Application of ARMAV models to the identification and damage detection of mechanical and civil engineering structures

242 Dynamic response of active twist rotor blades

243 On the twist performance of a multiple-cell active helicopter blade

244 Magnetorheological fluid damper feedback linearization control for helicopter rotor application

245 Wind tunnel testing of a Mach-scaled rotor model with trailing-edge flaps

246 Design of piezostack-driven trailing-edge flap actuator for helicopter rotors

247 Optimal control of helicopter vibration through cyclic variations in blade root stiffness

248 In-flight tracking of helicopter rotor blades using shape memory alloy actuators

249 Control of transient thermoelastic displacement in a piezoelectric based intelligent plate

214 Ways and options for aircraft structural health management

215 Application of model-based damage identification to a seismically loaded structure

216 Identification of damage parameters of a full-scale steel structure damaged by seismic loading

217 Validation of the Eurofighter Typhoon structural health and usage monitoring system

218 Damage identification on the Z24 bridge using vibration monitoring

TITLE LIST

219 Vibration-based damage detection in civil engineering: excitation sources and temperature effects

220 Deployment of a fiber Bragg grating-based measurement system in a structural health monitoring application

221 Structural health monitoring of innovative bridges in Canada with fiber optic sensors

222 Ship hull structure monitoring using fibre optic sensors

223 Vibration-based damage assessment in steel frames using neural networks

224 Damage detection testing on a helicopter flexbeam

225 Aerospace and structures: where are we headed?

226 Improved Surface Treatment of SMA Foils and Damage Suppression of SMA-Foil Embedded CFRP Laminates

227 Two-way Shape Memory Behavior Obtained by Combined Loading Training

228 Adaptronics as a key technology for intelligent lightweight structures

229 Residual strain measurement and impact response of optical fibre Bragg grating sensors in fibre metal laminates

230 Compensation for thermal deformation of a paraboloid shell using distributed structural actuation

231 Design of a smart functionally graded thermopiezoelectric composite structure

232 Cast Metal Matrix Composites: Past, Present and Future

233 Fabrication of TiNi/PZT heterostructure films for smart systems

234 Adaptive imperfect column with piezoelectric actuators

235 Functional properties of cement-matrix composites

236 Corrosion and its importance in selection of materials for biomedical applications

237 Proceedings of the Second Moscow International Symposium on Magnetism (MISM)

238 Three-dimensional solutions of smart functionally graded plates

239 Thermally induced fracture of a smart functionally graded composite structure

240 Analysis of a bending-torsion coupled actuator for a smart rotor with active blade tips

241 Blade-vortex interaction noise reduction with active twist smart rotor technology

250 Vibration control of rotating beams with active constrained layer damping

251 Adaptive composites with embedded shape memory alloy wires.

252 ASSET-Applications of Smart Structures in Engineering and Technology

253 Auburn University

254 Brij N. Agrawal

255 Computational materials.

256 Demountable couplings of smart materials: Reverse shape memory effect in TiNi alloy.

TITLE LIST

257 Experiments for smart composite structures using optical fiber sensors.

258 Fact Sheet - Smart structures for bridges

259 The fiber optic smart structures laboratory.

260 Fiber optics sensor-based smart materials and structures.

261 GB-154R smart materials: A technology and market assessment.

262 Intelligent Gels

263 ISIS Canada: Intelligent Sensing for Innovative Structures

264 Kyushu University

265 Latch-release pin puller with shape-memory-alloy actuator.

266 Maria Q. Feng

267 Mauro Pierucci

268 MEMS / Smart Matter Research at PARC

269 New level in 'smart' materials; Carbon composite is semiconductor, Chung discovers

270 Optical fiber Sagnac interferometry for space platform and other smart structure applications.

271 Optically Based Smart Materials and Nanocomposites

272 Paul D.Calvert

273 Photonics, fiber optic sensors and their application in smart structures.

274 Photonics, fiber optic sensors and their application in smart structures.

275 Professor Faryar Jabbari

276 Professor Kameshwar Poolla

277 Responsive (smart) materials

278 Roy Want

279 Shape memory materials.

280 Smart matter & MEMS-based control of structural instability.

281 Smart near-surface nanocomposites formed using ion-beam techniques: New physics and new devices.

282 Smart Structures and Materials 1998: Sensory Phenomena and Measurement Instrumentation for Smart Structures and Materials

283 Smart structures and materials 1999: Smart materials technologies.

284 Smart systems: Microphones, fish farming, and beyond

285 Structure-property relations in smart materials.

286 Structures and composites laboratory

TITLE LIST

287 SUNY at Buffalo's MAE: People: Faculty: Wetherhold

288 A temperature insensitive smart optical strain sensor.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

1 Corrosion Protection and Condition Monitoring Using 'Smart' Appliques 200411-35-3105 (MD); 200410-21-0955 (EA)

Dams, G D; Varg, T G; Dalgleish, A W; Deason, D

JOURNAL NAME - Materials Performance. Vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 32-36. Aug. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - DACCO SCI (USA) DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0094-1492 PUBLICATION PLACE - NACE International, P.O. Box 218340, Houston, TX, 77218, USA LANGUAGE - English

The tropical marine environment is highly corrosive, and improved corrosion protection and control methods are needed to protect assets and infrastructure subjected to it. One solution to this problem is the "smart" applique. The technology, a peel-and-stick fluoropolymer film with a sensor electrode and pressure sensitive adhesive, provides corrosion protection and condition monitoring to alert an inspector if the applique has been damaged or has deteriorated. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements using the embedded sensors allow condition monitoring. The sensors can detect poor applique installation or damage to the applique before any damage to the structure occurs. In experimental work, aluminum and steel panels were prepared using MIL-P-24441 type IV epoxy-polyamide primer and appliques with embedded corrosion sensors. The panels underwent 2000 h of salt fog exposure.

2 Modeling and analysis for the development of Lightweight Piezoceramic Composite Actuators (LIPCA) 200411-62-1878 (MD); 200411-C1-D-3293 (EM); 200410-81-2307 (CI); 200410-34-0169 (SO)

Haris, A; Goo, N S; Park, H C; Yoon, K J

JOURNAL NAME - Computational Materials Science. Vol. 30, no. 3-4, pp. 474-481. Aug. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0927-0256 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science BV, P.O. Box 211, Amsterdam, 1000 AE, Netherlands LANGUAGE - English

This paper focuses on the modeling and analysis of Lightweight Piezoceramic Composite Actuators (LIPCA) for developmental purposes. A simple analytical model and a numerical model for predicting the displacement of the actuators due to both an applied input voltage and transverse load to the piezoelectric ceramic layer are presented. The analytical model describing the laminated beam actuation results in two primary design parameters, an actuationcoefficient of a laminated beam Culb and the bending stiffness of a laminated beam EIlb. The Culb is a parameter when maximum displacement is required. The bending stiffness affects the displacement performance when a transverse load is applied to the actuators. An experiment was performed to verify the proposed laminated beam model. The numerical model, a NASTRAN finite element model, is used to assess the effect of initial dome heights ofactuators on the displacement. An increase in the initial dome height produces a positive effect for the low anisotropicactuators and gives a negative effect for the high anisotropic actuators. In conclusion, the results indicate that designing to maximize the Culb, the EIlb, and the initial dome height of the low anisotropic actuators could generate LIPCA-type actuators with larger displacement and higher force.

3 Smart Materials, Precision Sensors/Actuators, Smart Structures, and Structronic Systems 200410-61-0598 (MD); 200407-61-6106 (MT); 200409-20-3150 (EA); 200409-10-0009 (SO)

Tzou, H S; Lee, H J; Arnold, S M

JOURNAL NAME - Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures. Vol. 11, no. 4-5, pp. 367-393. July-Oct. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Kentucky DOCUMENT TYPE - Review ISSN - 1537-6494 PUBLICATION PLACE - Taylor & Francis Ltd , 11 New Fetter Lane, London, EC4P 4EE, UK LANGUAGE - English

Many electroactive functional materials have been used in small-and microscale transducers and precision mechatronic control systems for years. It was not until the mid-1980s that scientists started integrating electroactive materials with large-scale structures as in situ sensors and/or actuators, thus introducing the concept of smart materials, smart structures, and structronic systems. This paper provides an overview of present smart materials andtheir sensor/actuator/structure applications. Fundamental multifield optomagnetopiezoelectric-thermoelastic behaviors and novel transducer technologies applied to complex multifield problems involving elastic, electric, temperature, magnetic, light, and other interactions are emphasized. Material histories, characteristics, material varieties, limitations, sensor/actuator /structure applications, and so forth of piezoelectrics, shape-memory materials, electro-and magnetostrictive materials, electro-and magnetorheological fluids, polyelectrolyte gels, superconductors, pyroelectrics, photostrictive materials, photoferroelectrics, magneto-optical materials, and so forth are thoroughly reviewed.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

4 Material design and shape memory properties of smart composites composed of polymer and ferromagneticshape memory alloy particles. 200411-54-0813 (MD); 200411-C1-D-3317 (EM); 200409-61-6935 (MT); 200410-20-3550 (EA)

Hosoda, H; Takeuchi, S; Inamura, T; Wakashima, K

JOURNAL NAME - Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. Vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 503-509. July 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Tokyo University of Technology (Japan) DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1468-6996 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science Ltd , Oxford Fulfillment Centre, P.O. Box 800, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1DX, UKLANGUAGE - English

Ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (FSMAs) such as NiMnGa are expected to be new practical actuator materials with high driving frequency by magnetic field and large strain due to the shape memory effect (SME). However, the brittleness and poor workability of FSMAs, especially at a polycrystalline state, are serious problems and should be improved for a practical use. From this viewpoint a smart composite has been designed by a combination of a polymer matrix and FSMA particles (FSMAP), and a systematic investigation has been done for a NiMnGa-FSMAP/epoxy smart composite. This paper summarizes the design concept and some experimental results of the smart composite. It is pointed out that the single-crystal NiMnGa-FSMAP are easily made by mechanical crush due to the brittleness of FSMAs, and microstructural control is also possible by applying magnetic field during curing. Experimental study revealed that the NiMnGa-FSMAP/epoxy smart composites exhibit both tensile ductility and SME, and that shape memory properties become improved by decreasing particle size of FSMAP. It is concluded that the FSMAP/polymer smart composite has a large potential to be a new practical actuator material.

5 Deformation Behaviour and Microstructure Development of Magnesium AZ 31 Alloy During Hot and Semi-hot Deformation 200501-52-02670 (MD); 200501-61-01372 (MT); 200501-34-01091 (SO)

Kawalla, R; Stolnikov, A

JOURNAL NAME - Advanced Engineering Materials. Vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 525-529. July 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Technische Universitat Bergakademie Freiberg DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1438-1656 PUBLICATION PLACE - Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, P.O. Box 10 11 61, Weinheim, D-69451, Germany LANGUAGE - English

The requirement of the reduction of fuel consumption for motor vehicles can be achieved by both constructive measures, as well as by intelligent material related solutions. In this context, Magnesium material will play an important role. Especially, the forgeable alloys which have today a small share of the total production of Magnesium alloys will be increasingly used in new light weight metal constructions. Therefore, it is necessary to specify the requirements for the property profile of semi-finished products and also the basic knowledge of plasticity and deformation behaviour of the metal. In this way it is possible to optimise both properties, as well as technologies to encourage the application of forgeable Magnesium alloys. This includes the information concerning the hardening and softening behaviour in temperature regions suitable for Magnesium alloys, and also the knowledge concerning the correlation between microstructure and properties. Simultaneously, these factors are also the basic requirement for a numeric simulation of deformation processes of manufacturing and further processing of the semi-finished products. The result of the investigations of flow curves will be presented as dynamic and static processes of formation of microstructure.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

6 Shape memory alloy flexures 200411-53-1068 (MD); 200409-61-6904 (MT)

Bellouard, Y; Clavel, R

JOURNAL NAME - Materials Science and Engineering A. Vol. 378, no. 1-2, pp. 210-215. 25 July 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0921-5093 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science SA, P.O. Box 564, Lausanne 1, CH-1001, Switzerland LANGUAGE - English

Flexures are used in precision engineering where highly accurate, wear-free, smooth and repeatable motion is desired. Flexures are based on deformation of material to achieve a motion between elastically joined parts. They are used in a variety of precision mechanisms such as high-resolution balances or high accuracy optical positioning stages. Shape memory alloys (SMA) are an attractive option in designing flexures. Superelastic flexures can withstand larger deformations for the same weight as a conventional flexure. In addition, the damping properties of SMA, controllable through the phase transformation, offer new design opportunities for adaptive compliant mechanisms. The martensitic phase transformation can also be used to shift the natural frequency of flexures adding useful functionalities such as vibration rejection. This paper presents design principles of SMA flexures based on non-linear beam theory. Results show a good agreement between measured and predicted data. In addition, experimental results on phase transformation effects on damping behavior are also presented. Both, natural-frequency shift and increased damping were observed in bulk-micro machined flexures using the R-phase transformation. These results demonstrate the feasibility of natural-frequency-tunable flexures.

7 A TiNiPd thin film microvalve for high temperature applications 200411-58-1238 (MD); 200409-61-6903 (MT)

Liu, Y; Kohl, M; Okutsu, K; Miyazaki, S

JOURNAL NAME - Materials Science and Engineering A. Vol. 378, no. 1-2, pp. 205-209. 25 July 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0921-5093 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science SA, P.O. Box 564, Lausanne 1, CH-1001, Switzerland LANGUAGE - English

A microvalve with high operation temperature ranging up to 120 deg C is presented, which is driven by a TiNiPd thin film microactuator. Fabrication is based on a hybrid integration concept. The main fabrication technologies are magnetron sputtering, photochemical micromachining, and thin film transfer. Infrared microscopy investigations of temperature profiles and force-deflection tests are performed to determine optimum operation conditions of the TiNiPd microactuator. Gas flow measurements demonstrate control of pressure differences up to 70 kPa. The high phase transformation temperatures allow a cooling time of the microactuator of 22 ms at room temperature resulting in a maximum operation frequency of the microvalve of 30 Hz.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

8 Thermo- and Magneto-elastic Metallic Actuator/Sensor Materials. 200409-11-1337 (MD)

Furuya, Y; Okazaki, T

JOURNAL NAME - Materials Technology (UK). Vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 101-108. June 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1066-7857 PUBLICATION PLACE - MATRICE TECHNOLOGY LIMITED, P.O. Box 41, Poulton, Lancashire, FY6 8GD, UK, [mailto:dave@materials-technology.com] LANGUAGE - English

Recently, the technological demand for development of higher performance actuator materials having large strain, rapid response time and long durability has been increasing for fabricating advanced machine systems such as MEMS, intelligent/smart material systems and structures. This study describes the development of fine fiber and foil-type sensor/actuator material elements (by using an originally designed rapid solidification apparatus) and controlling the microstructures for application as solid-state metallic sensor/ actuator materials with higher performances and new functions. At the 1st Japan-France Seminar on Intelligent Materials and Structures (held in Sendai, Japan in Oct.1997) the author proposed an original design for an electro-magnetically controlled nozzle-less melt-spinning method. This method is characterized by combining the control of the flow down of the metal melts after electromagnetic float-melting (i.e., levitation) with rapid solidification by a high-speed rotating roll. The equipment was fabricated to develop advanced functional new metallic materials. More recently, in 2001, we have developed a further advanced multi-functional type of rapid-solidified melt-spinning machine that can produce two types of actuator /sensor. i.e. fiber and thin foil (ribbon) as shown schematically in Figure 3. Up to the present the authors have been developing various types of composite actuators, medical catheter grippers and smart composite boards with ferromagnetic shape memory fillers for structural health-monitoring. Thermoelastic shape memory TiNiCu alloy foils and ferromagnetic shape memory FePd, FePt alloy foils are discussed.

9 Crack Control in Titanium Nickel Fiber Reinforced Polycarbonate Composites 200412-62-2126 (MD)

Lee, C C; Shimamoto, A

JOURNAL NAME - Materials Transactions. Vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 1839-1846. June 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Saitama University of Technology DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1345-9678 PUBLICATION PLACE - Japan Institute of Metals, 1-14-32, Ichiban-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8544, Japan LANGUAGE - English

Titanium nickel fiber reinforced composites have great potential as intelligent materials. In this paper, titanium nickel fiber reinforced polycarbonate composites are developed with different prestrains of the embedded titanium nickel fiber. The effect of reducing the stress concentration, the enhancement of mechanical properties and the resistance to deformation of the titanium nickel fiber reinforced polycarbonate composites were investigated. The stress intensity factor, K1, was determined using photoelasticity and digital image processing to examine the crack closure effect in the titanium nickel fiber reinforced polycarbonate composites. The result shows that the crack closure effect is dramatically improved. The shape memory effect and the thermal expansion behavior of the matrix, caused by temperature increases, improve the resistance to fracture by decreasing the stress intensity factor, K1. The effect of crack closure is attributed to the compressive stress field in the matrix due to the shrinkage of the titanium nickel fibers above the austenitic finishing temperature (Af).

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

10 Nonlinear finite element modelling of composite structures with integrated piezoelectric layers 200502-61-06450 (MD); 200502-C1-D-01568 (EM); 200502-62-03072 (CE); 200502-62-04784 (MT)

Lentzen, S; Schmidt, R

JOURNAL NAME - Second International Conference on High Performance Structures and Materials; Ancona; Italy; June 2004. pp. 67-76. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - WIT Press, c/o Computational Mechanics Inc , 25 Bridge Street, Billerica, MA, 01821, USA, [mailto:marketing@compmech.com] LANGUAGE - English

In recent years, much research has been conducted investigating the possibilities that integration of piezoelectric material into smart structures can bear. Geometrically linear theories and numerical methods have been developed by many authors. Considerably less work can be found in the area of geometrically nonlinear modelling. In this work, a moderate rotation theory of composite shells with integrated piezoelectric layers is developed. A geometrically nonlinear composite shell element with integrated piezoelectric layers is presented. Three translational and two rotational nodal degrees of freedom are used for the first-order transverse shear approximation. The finite element is tested on a number of static problems using the piezoelectric layers as actuators as well as sensors. The numerical approximations to these static problems are obtained using the total Lagrangian formulation for the moderate rotation shell theory. The significance of a geometrically nonlinear formulation in order to pre-dict the sensor properties is shown.

11 Anisotropic nonlinear piezo-electro-chemo-thermo-viscoelasticity: characterization, simulations, probabilistic failures and structural integrity 200502-62-06536 (MD); 200502-C1-Z-01572 (EM); 200502-24-01828 (CE); 200502-61-03963 (MT)

Hilton, H H; Vinson, J R; Yi, S; Kohl, C H

JOURNAL NAME - Second International Conference on High Performance Structures and Materials; Ancona; Italy; June 2004. pp. 263-274. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign) DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - WIT Press, c/o Computational Mechanics Inc , 25 Bridge Street, Billerica, MA, 01821, USA, [mailto:marketing@compmech.com] LANGUAGE - English

The generalized nonlinear three dimensional large deformation theory of anisotropic piezo-electro-chemo-thermo-viscoelasticity is formulated and represents the confluence of anisotropic elasticity and thermo-viscoelasticity, nonhomogeneous layered media and piezoelectricity. In addition to piezoelectric contributions, the anisotropic nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive relations also include thermal expansions, and curing and aging effects. The individual responses of the structure, piezo devices and their bonding agents are considered by the inclusion of distinct viscoelastic constitutive relations for each of these parts. For linear materials and small deformations, a piezoelastic/piezo-viscoelastic analogy is established in terms of integral Fourier and Laplace transforms. These developments are used in the present paper to evaluate the dynamic interactions between viscoelastic material damping and piezoelectric effects on voltage generation and structural control. These problems are solved analytically and numerically using fast Fourier transforms and Schapery's approximate inversion method. A cantilever beam and a circular plate both with piezoelectric upper and lower surface strips are chosen as vehicles for such sensitivity analyses. Each model has three distinct viscoelastic properties, namely the beam itself, the strip rigidity and a viscoelastic-emf constitutive relation. It is shown that delamination failure probabilities can be significantly reduced by piezoelectric viscoelastic control. Results of such an analysis permit the designer to properly select structural materials, such as composites, for prescribed life times based on preassigned probabilities of delamination.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

12 The Relaxed Work Functional in Linear Viscoelasticity. 200407-31-2920 (MD)

Del Piero, G

JOURNAL NAME - Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids. Vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 175-208. Apr. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Universita di Ferrara (Italy) DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1081-2865 PUBLICATION PLACE - Sage Science Press, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA, [mailto:sagescience@sagepub.com] LANGUAGE - English

In a series of papers on the foundations of linear viscoelasticity [1-3], Luca Deseri and I succeeded in identifying the linear viscoelastic material element as a system in the sense of the theory of Coleman and Owen [4]. This suggested answers to some basic, long debated issues, including the definition of state, the topology of the state space, and the definition of free energy. A crucial step in our analysis was the introduction of a specific semimetric for the space of histories, with the property of attributing a zero distance to pairs of histories, which give the same stress response when continued by the same deformation process. The equivalence relation among histories associated with this semimetric led to the definition of a state of the system as a pair, formed by a deformation and an equivalence class of histories. With this definition, it was possible to prove that the work done in a continuation has the properties of an action in the sense of [4], and to define the free energy as an upper potential for this action.

13 Mechanical Modeling of Ultrasonic Welding. 200406-55-1224 (MD); 200406-P.5-0296 (AI)

Doumanidis, C; Gao, Y

JOURNAL NAME - Welding Journal. Vol. 83, no. 4, pp. 140S-146S. Apr. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Cyprus DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0043-2296 PUBLICATION PLACE - American Welding Society, 550 NW LeJeune Rd , P.O. Box 351040, Miami, FL, 33135, USA LANGUAGE - English

This article analyzes the mechanics of the metal ultrasonic welding process as a basis for a new solid free-form fabrication technology. Three-dimensional prototypes are constructed by ultrasonic welding of overlaid metal foil laminations, followed by contour cutting of the 2-D layers. This was implemented in the laboratory by a computer-automated ultrasonic welding station, and the normal compression, ultrasonic vibration, and process time for a single weld were experimentally optimized. The layered prototypes from aluminum foil exhibit density and stiffness comparable to solid specimens. Using strain gauge measurements on the prototype surface, the friction conditions at the foil-substrate interface were characterized via a simple analytical model of the elastic stress field and used to calibrate a full numerical simulation of the ultrasonic welding mechanics in order to relate the propagation of plastic deformation to the bond development. Besides solid metal and multi-material composites, "cold" ultrasonic welding enables integration of prefabricated components into intelligent structures, yielding active prototypes with internal functionality.

14 Fatigue crack propagation in pseudoelastic TiNi smart microcomponents. 200409-31-3830 (MD); 200407-61-5627 (MT); 200409-52-0413 (CI)

Filip, P; Paliwal, M; Mazanec, K

JOURNAL NAME - Zeitschrift fur Metallkunde. Vol. 95, no. 5, pp. 356-361. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0044-3093 PUBLICATION PLACE - Carl Hanser Verlag, P.O.B. 860420, Kolbergerstrasse 22, Munich 80, D-8000, Germany, [mailto:info@hanser.de] LANGUAGE - English

Mechanisms of fatigue crack propagation in pseudoelastic TiNi thin strips are similar in air, physiological 0.9 NaCl, and aerated Hank's solution, when tested at 40'C and a loading frequency of 15 Hz. The threshold values DeltaKth, the Paris-Erdogan exponents, and the maximum applied DeltaK at instability prior to failure were found to be similar for all three environments. In a good correlation with finite element analysis, B 19'martensite forms at the crack tip during cycling with applied external loads significantly lower than the critical stress required for stress-induced phase transformation. Formation of martensite may be eliminated due to work hardening at the crack tip, which contrasts with former assumptions. Cracks typically propagate by bridging the crack tip with microvoids formed in front of the advancing crack at locations with maximum stress intensity. TiNi thin strips exhibited a lower fatigue crack growth resistance when compared to data previously published for bulky TiNi.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

15 Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Designing, Processing and Properties of Advanced Engineering Materials 200407-72-0092 (MD); 200407-G2-Z-0051 (EM)

Kang, S G; Kobayashi, T

JOURNAL NAME - Materials Science Forum. Vol. 449-452, no. Part 2, pp. 675. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper; Journal Article ISSN - 0255-5476 PUBLICATION PLACE - Trans Tech Publications Ltd , Trans Tech House, Aedermannsdorf, 4711, Switzerland LANGUAGE - English

Published in Materials Science Forum. 90 papers selected and abstracted for Metals Abstracts. 76 papers selected and abstracted for Engineered Materials Abstracts. Topics include: properties of advanced engineering materials, development of functional materials, bio-materials, surface modification, and smart materials.

16 Nondestructive evaluation and fracture mechanism of smart material. 200409-62-1580 (MD); 200409-R.5-0909 (AI)

Lee, J K; Park, Y C; Lee, J H; Lee, S P; Hur, K D

JOURNAL NAME - Key Engineering Materials. Vol. 261-263, no. Part 2, pp. 1379-1384. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Dongeui University (South Korea) DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1013-9826 PUBLICATION PLACE - Trans Tech Publications Ltd , Brandrain 6, Zurich-Utikon, CH-8707, Switzerland, [mailto:ttp@ttp.net] LANGUAGE - English

Tensile residual stress occurring due to the difference of coefficients of thermal expansion between fiber and matrix is one of the serious problems in metal matrix composites (MMC). In this study, TiNi alloy fiber was used to solve the problem of the tensile residual stress of TiNi/Al6061 shape memory alloy(SMA) composite as the reinforced material. TiNi alloy fiber improves the tensile strength of a composite by inducing compressive residual stress in the matrix using its shape memory effect. The fixture was made to hold TiNi shape memory fiber uniformly. Some tensiletest specimens with several volume fractions are made by the hot pressing method under the optimum processing condition. In order to generate the compressive residual stress in TiNi/Al6061 SMA composite, 1%, 3% and 5% pre-strain was added in advance. It was evaluated the effect of compressive residual stress corresponding to pre-strains variation using the acoustic emission(AE) technique. AE technique was also used to clarify the damage behavior and the microscopic failure mechanism of TiNi/Al6061 SMA composite. In addition, a two-dimensional AE source location technique was applied to measure the position of the crack initiation and propagation in composites.

17 Intelligent materials and meterial development-High function and intelligence of materials. High function and intelligence of adhesion. I. 200411-55-2144 (MD); 200411-E5-D-0364 (EM)

Miyairi, H

JOURNAL NAME - Kogyo Zairyo (Engineering Materials). Vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 97-102. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Tokyo Denki University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0452-2834 PUBLICATION PLACE - Industrial Daily News, 8-10, 1-chome, Kudankita, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102, Japan LANGUAGE - Japanese

The high function of adhesives such as adhesives for structures, oil surface, and weld-bond of metal, elastic adhesives, second generation acrylic adhesives, and hot melt adhesives is introduced. The complex adhesives of elastomer added thermoplastic resin are the main trend for structure uses. The application of elastic adhesives in the parts required high elongation and impact resistance is explained. The adhesion of lightweight structures and FRP large structures by using second generation acrylic adhesives is discussed. The characteristics of hot melt adhesives and their suitability to metal materials are presented. The adhesion mechanism and types of adhesives for oil surface (i.e., steel plate) are described. The effect of adhesive on the stress relaxation of welding-bonding joint is analyzed.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

18 Overview of the Japanese Smart Materials Demonstrator Program and Structures System Project 200501-61-03237 (MD); 200501-F1-C-01279 (EM); 200501-11-00078 (MT); 200501-45-01391 (EA)

Tajima, N; Sakurai, T; Sasajima, M; Takeda, N; Kishi, T

JOURNAL NAME - Advanced Composite Materials. Vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 3-15. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Bridgestone Toranomon Future Industries DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0924-3046 PUBLICATION PLACE - VSP BV, P.O. Box 346, Zeist, 3700 AH, Netherlands, [mailto:vsppub@compuserve.com] LANGUAGE - English

The Japanese Smart Materials and Structures System Project started in 1998 as a five-year program funded by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) and supported by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO). This project was primarily conducted by the Academic Institutions Centered Program, a collaborative research and development project among universities, industries, and national laboratories. Initially, this project consisted of four research groups: structural health monitoring, smart manufacturing, active/adaptive structures, and actuator material/devices. Two years later, two demonstrator programs were added in order to integrate the developed sensor and actuator elements into the smart structure system and to verify the research and development results of the four research groups. The application target of these demonstrators was the airplane, and two demonstrators whose shapes simulated the fuselage of a small commercial airplane (for example, Boeing B737) were established. The first demonstrator integrated the following six innovative techniques: (1) impact monitoring using embedded, small diameter optical fiber sensors newly developed in this program, (2) impact monitoring using integrated acoustic emission (AE) systems, (3) whole-field strain mapping using the BOTDR/FBG integrated system, (4) damage suppression using embedded shape memory alloy (SMA) films, (5) maximum and cyclic strain sensing using smart composite patches, and (6) smart manufacturing using the integrated sensing system. The second demonstrator was for suppressing vibration and acoustic noise generated in a composite cylindrical structure. In this program, high-performance PZT actuators/sensors (developed in this project) were also installed. All tests and evaluations were completed. This paper outlines the demonstrator programs.

19 Advances in Nondestructive Evaluation 200501-72-00027 (MD)

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - Key Engineering Materials. Vol. 270-273, no. Part 1, pp. 900. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper; Journal Article ISSN - 1013-9826 PUBLICATION PLACE - Trans Tech Publications Ltd , Brandrain 6, Zurich-Utikon, CH-8707, Switzerland, [mailto:ttp@ttp.net] LANGUAGE - English

Various technical sessions included materials characterization, signal & image processing, ultrasonics, magnetic method, optical method, industrial applications, NDE in agriculture, microsensor/MEMS/nano, fatigue & fracture, radiography & neutron radiography, acoustic and vibration, civil infrastructure, personal qualification & standards, reliability, composite materials and structures, health monitoring, bio & medical NDE, smart materials and structures, nuclear industry, and welding.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

20 High Resolution Microellipsometry [for materials inspection]. 200502-23-04247 (MD); 200502-B3-Z-01528 (EM); 200502-11-02154 (MT); 200502-20-02079 (EA); 200502-10-02094 (SO)

Zhan, Q

JOURNAL NAME - Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. pp. 356-373 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION DOCUMENT TYPE - Book PUBLICATION PLACE - Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Tiergartenstrasse 7, Postfach 10 51 60, Heidelberg, D-6900, Germany LANGUAGE - English

Optical inspection and metrology are widely used in materials diagnostics and characterization. From the simple qualitative information obtained from imaging and phase contrast optics to the highly precise measurements provided by interferometry, polarimetry, and ellipsometry, optical techniques have been instrumental in advancing the state-of-the-art in materials science, microelectronics, biology, and many other disciplines. The non-destructive nature of most optical measurements and their inherent simplicity have made them valuable to modern research and fabrication. Thin film structures are commonly involved in the materials systems for optics, semiconductor, and data storage industries and biological sciences. New concepts for surface treatments, corrosion protection, improvement of mechanical surface properties and smart materials with integrated sensor and actuator functions for aircraft are based on thin firm technologies. The accurate characterization of the topography and properties of surfaces and thin films plays a critical role in development and modern fabrication of these materials and structures. Due to the tremendous advances in nanolithography and micro-fabrication, the ever-decreasing feature sizes in industrial fabrication severely stretches the capabilities of optical characterization techniques and put a strong requirement on characterizing patterned structures. In this chapter, microellipsometry techniques that can perform high spatial resolution materials characterization are presented. Applications of these techniques to characterize patterned surface structures, unresolved surface features, residual axial birefringence and micro-optical components will also be discussed. [Materials: PMMA grating atop a SiO2 thin film and Si substrate].

21 Experimental Research on Two-way Shape Memory Effect of TiNi Shape Memory Alloy 200503-31-07561 (MD); 200503-61-07545 (MT)

Kato, T; Tokuda, M; Inaba, T; Yamazaki, M

JOURNAL NAME - Key Engineering Materials. Vol. 274-276, no. Part 2, pp. 1095-1100. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mie University, Kamihama 1515, Tsu 514-8507, Japan DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1013-9826 PUBLICATION PLACE - Trans Tech Publications Ltd , Brandrain 6, Zurich-Utikon, CH-8707, Switzerland, [mailto:ttp@ttp.net] LANGUAGE - English

The two-way shape memory effect is expected as prospective property for new engineering applications of shape memory alloys. In this study, the two-way shape memory behavior obtained by the mechanical loading training was investigated experimentally. The obtained results are presented and discussed in this paper.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

22 Experimental Research on Mechanical Properties of a New TiNi Shape Memory Alloy 200503-31-07560 (MD); 200503-61-07544 (MT); 200503-61-04473 (EA)

Hayashi, A; Tokuda, M; Inaba, T; Hashimoto, K

JOURNAL NAME - Key Engineering Materials. Vol. 274-276, no. Part 2, pp. 1089-1094. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mie University, Kamihama 1515, Tsu 514-8507, Japan DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1013-9826 PUBLICATION PLACE - Trans Tech Publications Ltd , Brandrain 6, Zurich-Utikon, CH-8707, Switzerland, [mailto:ttp@ttp.net] LANGUAGE - English

The shape memory alloy with a shape memory property and pseudo-elastic property has been noted as one of the most attractive smart materials. Especially, the TiNi shape memory alloy shows the high performance compared to other shape memory materials, and has additional excellent properties, for example, anti-erosion property, anti-abrasion property, anti-vibration property and so on. In these days, the Ti-Ni shape memory alloy has been applied in the engineering/industrial field. However, it is rather difficult to produce the homogeneous bulk material, and thus the provided TiNi shape memory material is mainly wire or plate, and thus its application is quite limited (for example, the antenna of mobile telephone, frame of eye-glasses and so on). Recently, our joint research group (university and industry) developed a new technology to produce the homogeneous bulk TiNi shape memory alloy by applying a sintering-powder technology. By using this technology, arbitrary shape of Ti-Ni shape memory material can be obtained in a high quality. In our laboratory, the thermo-mechanical property was confirmed experimentally, by using several loading processes: tension, compression, torsion, and combined loading process of thin-walled tube specimen. In this paper, the results are shown and discussed.

23 Overview of the DARPA Smart Wing Project 200503-31-07479 (MD); 200503-11-05430 (MT); A05-05-10255 (AH)

Kudva, J N

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. Vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 261-267. Apr. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1045-389X PUBLICATION PLACE - Sage Science Press, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA, [mailto:sagescience@sagepub.com] LANGUAGE - English

The recently completed DARPA/AFRL/NASA Smart Wing program, performed by a team led by Northrop Grumman Corporation (NGC), addressed the development and demonstration of smart materials based concepts to improve the aerodynamic and aeroelastic performance of military aircraft. This paper presents an overview of the program. The program was divided into two phases. Under Phase 1 (January 1995 to February 1999), the NGC-led team developed adaptive wing structures with integrated actuation mechanisms to replace standard hinged control surfaces and provide variable, optimal aerodynamic shapes for a variety of flight regimes. An important limitation of the Phase 1 effort, the low bandwidth achievable in Shape Memory Alloy (SMA)-based actuation, was addressed in Phase 2 (January 1997 to November 2001). Under Phase 2, a 30-percent scale full span wind tunnel model of an NGC Uninhabited Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV) design was developed. For the Phase 2 first wind tunnel test, completed in March 2000, SMA-actuat

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

24 Smart Material-Actuated Rotor Technology - SMART [for helicopters]. 200503-31-07482 (MD); 200503-11-05436 (MT); A05-05-12533 (AH); 200503-45-04378 (EA)

Straub, F K; Kennedy, D K; Domzalski, D B; Hassan, A A; Ngo, H; Anand, V; Birchette, T

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. Vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 249-260. Apr. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1045-389X PUBLICATION PLACE - Sage Science Press, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA, [mailto:sagescience@sagepub.com] LANGUAGE - English

Vibration, noise, and aerodynamic design compromises are primary barriers to further improvements in effectiveness of the helicopter. The MD900 light utility helicopter main rotor system is modified to include in-blade smart material actuation for active control. A piezoelectric (PE)-driven trailing edge flap is used for vibration, noise, and aerodynamic performance improvements. A shape memory alloy (SMA)-driven trailing edge trim tab is used for in-flight blade tracking.Sizing and conceptual design of an active flap and trim tab system for the MD900 helicopter were completed. Several two-dimensional airfoil and flap/tab models were wind tunnel tested and an aerodynamic database was established. Structural samples of the flap actuator mounts, flap section, tab, and full-span flap were fabricated and successfully tested. Several prototype actuators were developed and extensively tested to establish their performance and robustness in the dynamic operating environment.

25 Power Systems and Requirements for Integration of Smart Structures into Aircraft 200503-31-07481 (MD); 200503-11-05435 (MT); A05-05-12532 (AH); 200503-45-04377 (EA)

Lockyer, A J; Martin, C A; Lindner, D K; Walia, P S; Carpenter, B F

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. Vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 305-315. Apr. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1045-389X PUBLICATION PLACE - Sage Science Press, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA, [mailto:sagescience@sagepub.com] LANGUAGE - English

Electrical power distribution for recently developed smart actuators becomes an important air-vehicle challenge if projected smart actuation benefits are to be met. Among the items under development are variable shape inlets and control surfaces that utilize shape memory alloys (SMAs); full-span, chord-wise and span-wise contouring trailing control surfaces that use SMA or piezoelectric materials for actuation; and other strain-based actuators for buffet load alleviation, flutter suppression and flow control. At first glance, such technologies afford overall vehicle performance improvement. However, integration system impacts have yet to be determined or quantified. Power systems to support smart structures initiatives are the focus of the current paper.

26 Over to the smart side. 200408-61-0469 (MD); 200406-61-4562 (MT); 283782

Butler, P

JOURNAL NAME - Materials World. Vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 34-36. Mar. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Oxford DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0967-8638 PUBLICATION PLACE - Institute of Materials, 1 Carlton House Terrace, London, SW1Y 5DB, UK LANGUAGE - English

The recently published Materials Foresight report 'Smart Materials for the 21st Century' recommended food and packaging as one of three market sectors on which to focus. The key requirement was the development of materials technologies that could provide pragmatic and cost-effective solutions to smart labelling and smart packaging, consolidating the UK's lead within Europe in product sophistication, range and quality, combined with the usage of online purchasing and superior supply chain efficiencies. Paul Butler reports on how material-based technologies will help make consumer packaging smarter. The core properties of packaging - to preserve and protect the product and provide information to the consumer - have been around for so long that they are almost taken for granted. Today, packaging is being challenged to do much more. It is being asked to stand out from the crowd and help differentiate a product in a sea of look-alikes through effective design. Increasingly it is being asked to provide functionality, or smartness, by enhancing the product, or aspects of the product's consumption, convenience and security.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

27 Heavy metal responsive decontaminating coatings. 200408-57-1425 (MD); 200408-E7-C-0381 (EM); 200408-P.7-0266 (AI)

Butler, S; Zancanella, M; Gravy, H N

JOURNAL NAME - Polymer Preprints. Vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 822-823. Mar. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Texas (Tyler) DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper; Journal Article ISSN - 0032-3934 PUBLICATION PLACE - American Chemical Society, Division of Polymer Chemistry, P.O. Box 20453, Newark, NJ, 07101, USA, [mailto:service@acs.org] LANGUAGE - English

Previously we have reported our success in the development of strippable decontaminating coatings for the detection and removal of uranium and plutonium from contaminated surfaces. Here we report our continued progress on the design and development of contaminant-sensing, decontaminating coatings as tools for the decontamination of fouled surfaces. Decontamination factors for glass, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, painted aluminum, and painted cement were measured.

28 Constitutive modelling of magneto-sensitive Cauchy-elastic solids 200405-33-0330 (MD); 200405-61-0367 (SO)

Dorfmann, A; Brigadnov, I A

JOURNAL NAME - Computational Materials Science. Vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 270-282. Mar. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0927-0256 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science BV, P.O. Box 211, Amsterdam, 1000 AE, Netherlands LANGUAGE - English

Magneto-sensitive (MS) elastomers are a class of smart materials whose mechanical properties may be rapidly varied by the application of a magnetic field. These materials typically consist of micron-sized ferrous particles dispersed in an elastomeric matrix. The full system of equations for highly deformable MS solids in an electro-magnetic field is considered. The material constitutive relations for isotropic MS Cauchy-elastic solids are presented. To illustrate the correctness of these models the shear deformation of a MS elastomer between two parallel plates under the application of a magnetic field normal to the plates is studied.

29 Progress of self-repair composites. 200409-62-1530 (MD); 200409-F1-D-0213 (EM)

Miao, Q J; Fang, Z P; Cai, G P

JOURNAL NAME - Cailiao Kexue yu Gongcheng (Materials Science and Engineering) (China). Vol. 22, pp. 301-303. Mar.-Apr. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Zhejiang University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1004-793X PUBLICATION PLACE - Zhejiang University, China LANGUAGE - Chinese

The intelligent composite with self-diagnose and self-healing function has become a hot research field of advanced materials. This paper introduced the conception, theory and model of the intelligent material with self-repair function from the fields of carbon and ceramic, polymer, metal matrix composites. It is pointed out that the embedded technology is of potential for self-healing composites.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

30 Damage index sensor for smart structures. 200409-31-3787 (MD); 200407-62-13277 (CE); 200407-62-4297 (MT); 20048070 (EQ)

Mita, A; Takahira, S

JOURNAL NAME - Structural Engineering and Mechanics. Vol. 17, no. 3-4, pp. 331-346. Mar.-Apr. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1225-4568 PUBLICATION PLACE - Techno-Press, P.O. Box 33, Yusong, Taejon, 305-600, South Korea, [mailto:technop2@chollian.net] LANGUAGE - English

A new sensor system is proposed for measuring damage indexes. The damage index is a physical value that is well correlated to a critical damage in a device or a structure. The mechanism proposed here utilizes elastic buckling of a thin wire and does not require any external power supply for memorizing the index. The mechanisms to detect peak strain, peak displacement, peak acceleration and cumulative deformation as examples of damage indexes are presented. Furthermore, passive and active wireless data retrieval mechanisms using electromagnetic induction are proposed. The passive wireless system is achieved by forming a closed LC circuit to oscillate at its natural frequency. The active wireless sensor can transmit the data much further than the passive system at the sacrifice of slightly complicated electric circuit for the sensor. For wireless data retrieval, no wire is needed for the sensor to supply electrical power. For the active system, electrical power is supplied to the sensor by radio waves emitted from the retrieval system. Thus, external power supply is only needed for the retrieval system when the retrieval becomes necessary. Theoretical and experimental studies to show excellent performance of the proposed sensor are presented. Finally, a prototype damage index sensor installed into a 7 storey base-isolated building is explained.

31 Phase transformation in smooth specimen and at notch root in shape memory alloy TiNi. 200411-31-4276 (MD); 200409-24-08644 (CE); 200409-62-4890 (MT)

Akiniva, Y; Kimura, H; Taxaka, K; Morii, Y

JOURNAL NAME - JAERI-Review , no. 2004-005, pp. 133-134. Mar. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Nagoya University DOCUMENT TYPE - Report PUBLICATION PLACE - Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, 2-2, Uchisaiwai-cho, 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100, Japan LANGUAGE - English

The equiatomic TiNi alloy is an intermetallic compound that shows not only excellent resistance against corrosion and wear but also shape memory effect with large recovery strain and superelasticity. Though TiNi has been used for pipe couplings and the frames of glasses utilizing the shape memory effect and superelastic property, the practical application is limited because the fatigue properties of TiNi has not been fully clarified. In addition to the conventional use, TiNi has attracted attention as an actuator of intelligent structure in recent years and the fatigue reliability over long-term use has been recognized as an important subject in the utilization. In order to evaluate the fatigue properties, it is necessary to understand the martensitic transformation behavior under applied loads, especially at stress concentration area. In this study, stress-induced martensitic transformation was investigated in shape memory TiNi, hereinafter denoted as FML4, and superelastic TiNi. FMLG. The smooth specimen and notched specimen were utilized for the measurement by neutron diffraction patterns in order to clarify the overall martensitic transformation and the local transformation around the notch root.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

32 Inverse finite element analysis of load on piezoelectric thin plate smart structure. 200501-62-03399 (MD); 200501-C1-D-00367 (EM); 200501-11-00097 (MT); 200501-52-00615 (CI)

Zhou, W; Wang, X

JOURNAL NAME - Jisuan Lixue Xuebao (Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics) (China). Vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 164-168. Mar.-Apr. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1007-4708 PUBLICATION PLACE - Dalian University of Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, China, [mailto:jslxxb@dlut.edu.cn] LANGUAGE - Chinese

The identification of external loads on composite materials is a important branch of advanced structural health monitoring. If the exterior of a structure comprises composite materials then impacts can cause the delamination beneath the surface. Composite structures with this type of damage possess the potential for sudden and catastrophic failure without warning. Smart technology offers a potential solution to the problem of impact damage. The location and extent of the damage could be estimated by monitoring the loads of the structures in service. The present effort is aimed at developing a finite element-based methodology involving an inverse formulation that employs measured surface strain. The key is to obtain an accurate and stable solution. In this paper, based on the finite element inverse analysis and the least square method, a method is proposed to identify the magnitude and location of the undefined load applied on the piezoelectric smart structure. The method chooses the piezoelectric responsive charge as fitting parameter in the object function. The initial load is determined by the unit load pre-approached method. First, the sensor principle of the piezoelectric smart structure is introduced. Then the detail numerical algorithm about load parameter is obtained. The existence and uniqueness of load identification equation solution are discussed. Finally, two numerical simulations are carried out for plate-loading and aircraft wing box. The results show that the method is simple, credible and has high precision and rapid calculation velocity. Therefore, it may find its uses in the load identification of future smart structures.

33 Part I. Thermomechanical characteristics of shape memory alloys. 200406-31-2532 (MD)

Tsoi, K A; Schrooten, J; Stalmans, R

JOURNAL NAME - Materials Science and Engineering A. Vol. 368, no. 1-2, pp. 286-298. 15 Mar. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Belgium) DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0921-5093 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science SA, P.O. Box 564, Lausanne 1, CH-1001, Switzerland LANGUAGE - English

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are a group of alloys that exhibit a phenomenon known as the shape memory effect, (SME). This effect gives the alloys the ability to 'recover' their original shape by heating above a certain transition temperature. There is also a large recovery strain, of up to 8%, associated with the transition. Because of this uniqueproperty, a large research effort is currently being undertaken, directed towards the use of SMAs in the actuation of smart structures for shape control, vibration control and for damage mitigation. SMAs also have a very high damping capacity due to a superelastic effect. This property of SMAs is extremely useful in vibration damping as well as reducing impact damage in structures. As such there has been much interest in using SMA-composites in structures. With the possibility of using SMA-composites in real structures such as in aviation, high speed transport industry and the automotive industry, there is increasing demands on knowing how the composites will react under everyday conditions. This paper details an investigation into the thermomechanical behaviour of SMA wires, looking at the recovery stresses produced and the stress and strain behaviour with respect to temperature, as well as changes in resistance of the wires with pre-strain. (Materials: NiTi, NiTiCu.)

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

34 Shape memory micromechanisms for microvalve applications 200501-61-03296 (MD); 200501-61-01384 (MT); 200501-21-00669 (EA)

Kohl, M; Popp, M; Krevet, B

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 106-117. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

For positioning or switching applications in small dimensions, micromechanical mechanisms are required to adjust and maintain well-defined positions. Two micromechanisms including a microactuator of a shape memory alloy (SMA) and a retaining system are presented which are implemented in a microvalve to maintain a closed condition while no power is supplied. In one design, the retaining system is realized by a pseudoelastic SMA microspring coupled to the SMA microactuator. Alternatively, pressure compensation mechanism is developed based on two mechanically coupled membranes, which are located above and below the SMA microactuator. The mechanical, electrical and thermal behaviors of the SMA microactuator are simulated by a coupled finite element program. Based on force-displacement characteristics of microspring and microactuator, a design of the two micromechanisms is developed. The investigation reveals several advantages of the pressure-compensation mechanism. In particular, pressure compensation allows a maximum controllable pressure difference of more than 500 kPa compared to 100 kPa for the microspring mechanism. Furthermore, a larger actuation stroke close to the maximum possible design value is achieved. Dynamic flow measurements reveal similar time constants for both mechanisms of 15 and 55 ms for opening and closing, respectively.

35 Experimental characterization of an airfoil-based actuator using high temperature shape memory alloys 200501-31-01748 (MD); 200501-61-01385 (MT); 200501-21-00670 (EA)

Bhattacharyy, A; W L Ables,; Kumara, G; Qidwai, M A

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 118-127. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Arkansas (Little Rock) DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

If shape memory alloys are porposed for actuation in high temperature environment, it is desirable that the SMA has attributes of high stress-free transformation temperatures and excellent cyclic ability. This paper reports experimental results of an airfoil-based flap actuator that is actuated using high temperature Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) polycrystal and Copper-Aluminium-Nickel (CuAlNi) single crystal wires with a nominal diameter of 1.5 mm. The stress-free transformation temperatures of the commercially available NiTi wires are MDGf =53 DGC , MDGs = 70 deg C, ADGs = 95 deg C, ADGf = 110 DGC whereas those for the CuAlNi wires are MDGf =80 DGC , MDGs = 100.5 deg C, ADGs = 104.5 DGC , A deg f = 117 DGC . Due to a significantly low electrical resistivity of the CuAlNi, the commonly used joule heating approach for thermal actuation is shelved for a heating coil approach. Uniaxial stress measurements, trailing edge flap deflections and temperature measurements are recorded during a typical heating and cooling cycle using a load cell in line with the SMA wire, a LVDT at the trailing edge tip and a thermocouple on the wire (outside the heating coil). It is seen that actuation by the CuAlNi (with a prestrain = 5.5%) leads to about a 50% higher tip deflection and about a 67% lower cooling time after actuation as compared to the corresponding values for NiTi (with a prestrain = 5.6%). The larger tip deflection is attributed to a higher strain recovery for the CuAlNi as compared to the NiTi during phase transformation whereas the lower actuation time is attributed, in part, to the narrow hysteresis in the stress-free transformation temperatures of the CuAlNi (~37 DGC) as compared to the NiTi (~57 DGC ).

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

36 Magnetic Forces Controlling Magnetic Shape Memory in Ni-Mn-Ga and Their Practical Measurement From the Mechanical Testing Experiments in Constant Magnetic Fields 200501-33-02011 (MD); 200501-61-01386 (MT); 200501-21-00671 (EA); 200501-37-01236 (SO)

Likhachev, A A; Sozinov, A; Ullakko, K

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 128-136. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Helsinki University of Technology (Finland) DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

Magnetic shape memory alloys have been actively studied during the past few years, and Ni-Mn-Ga is undoubtedly the best representative of them. Performing mechanical testing experiments in all the different martensitic phases of Ni-Mn-Ga under the constant magnetic field applied perpendicular to the load direction we show that such a magnetic field can dramatically modify standard zero field strain stress relationships of MSMA's like Ni-Mn-Ga. In a particular case of 5M and 7M martensites we observe a so-called pseudo-elastic or rubber-like behavior during the standard compression-decompression cycling under the field at about 1T. This effect is finally discussed from the point of the general thermodynamic background and some particular modeling concepts.

37 The influence of composition and thermomechanical treatments on the magnetic shape memory effect of Ni-Mn-Ga single crystals 200501-33-02012 (MD); 200501-61-01387 (MT); 200501-21-00672 (EA); 200501-37-01237 (SO)

Cheng, L M; Farrell, S P; Ham-Su, R; Hyatt, C V

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 137-146. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Defence Research and Development Canada DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

Ferromagnetic shape memory alloys have received much attention in recent years, since Ullakko et al. observed a large reversible, magnetic field-induced strain in Ni-Mn-Ga alloys. In the current work, repeated mechanical and magnetic forces have been applied to Ni-Mn-Ga samples with different compositions and different thermomechanical histories in order to determine the combined effects of these parameters on the magnetic shape memory effects, especially the magneto-mechanical properties, of these alloys. The results demonstrate that prior history has strong influence on the twinning start stress and twinning strain. In addition, heat treatment of the materials seems to increase the amount of strain that can be obtained (up to the theoretical limit). Moreover, there is indication that prior heat treatment may also affect the martensite crystal structure that is formed during cooling. In addition, the dependence of martensitic transformation on composition and prior thermomechanical treatments was also studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

38 Design and modeling of a single-crystal iron-gallium large magnetostrictive dynamic research transducer 200501-33-02013 (MD); 200501-61-01388 (MT); 200501-21-00673 (EA); 200501-37-01238 (SO)

Twarek, L M; Haack, S J; Flatau, A B

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 147-155. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Maryland DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

Alloys of iron and non-magnetic gallium (of the form Fe(1-x)Gax where x ranges from 13 to 30) exhibit large magnetostrictions of over 300 ppm at room temperature that are produced by saturation magnetic fields of approximately 600 Oe. While not producing magnetostrictions of the degree achievable with giant magnetostrictives, large magnetostrictive alloys of iron and gallium - called Galfenol - have much more desirable mechanical characteristics, such as non-brittleness and in-plane auxetic behavior. Additionally, Galfenol requires a much smaller saturation magnetic field than the giant magnetostrictives Terfenol and Terfenol-D (alloys of Iron and non-metallic Terbium and Dysprosium). Beginning from the body of knowledge gained from Terfenol and Terfenol-D dynamic research transducer designs is a good starting point for designing a Galfenol dynamic research transducer. However, several modifications are being made to adapt the transducer to some of Galfenol's unique properties. Any measured value uncertainty will quickly propagate through the calculated material properties. While not completely successful at addressing all the unique aspects Galfenol in this transducer design, the data presented will assist in future design attempts.

39 Damping of Polycrystalline Ni-Mn-Ga, Bulk, PLD, and Sputtered Thin Film 200501-31-01749 (MD); 200501-61-01389 (MT); 200501-21-00674 (EA)

Ruggles, D A; Gans, E; Mohanchandra, K P; Carman, G P; Ngo, E; Nothwang, W; Cole, M W

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 156-163. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of California (Los Angeles) DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

Currently, there is a need for damping harsh vibrations associated with MEMS inertial guidance devices. Devices, such as angular rate sensors, are utilized in advanced missile and munitions systems and subjected to high and harsh in-flight vibrations. On possible solution is a thin film shape memory alloy with damping caused by stress activated twin boundary motion. A potential candidate is Ni-Mn-Ga, but a comparison between damping properties of bulk polycrystalline Ni-Mn-Ga and thin film made from the bulk has not been reported. Polycrystalline Ni-Mn-Ga in bulk, pulsed laser deposition (PLD) thin film, and radio frequency (RF) sputtered thin film are studied. A thin film of direct current (DC) magnetron sputter deposited NiTi was also used in the study. A polycrystalline Ni-Mn-Ga bulk sample was measured to have a tan delta = 0.4925 and a maximum elastic modulus E = 7.3 GPa. Material characterization studies were performed on polycrystalline Ni-Mn-Ga thin films deposited by PLD onto single crystal (100) Si and (100) MgO substrates at substrate temperatures ranging from 550DGC to 650DGC. Damping measurements on RF sputter deposition of 1 mum Ni-Mn-Ga and 10 mm of NiTi both on copper substrates were performed in cantilever beam ring down tests. Results show 1 mm RF sputter deposited Ni-Mn-Ga thin film on a 54 mm copper substrate improves damping properties.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

40 Phenomenological modeling of ferromagnetic shape memory alloys 200501-33-02014 (MD); 200501-62-01303 (CE); 200501-62-01758 (MT); 200501-37-01239 (SO)

Kiefer, B; Lagoudas, D C

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 164-176. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Texas A&M University (College Station) DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

A thermodynamically consistent phenomenological model is presented which captures the ferromagnetic shape memory effect, i. e. the large macroscopically observable shape change of magnetic shape memory materials under the application of external magnetic fields. In its most general form the model includes the influence of the microstructure for both the volume fraction of different martensitic variants and magnetic domains on the described macroscopic constitutive behavior. A phase diagram based approach is taken to postulate functions governing the onset and termination of the reorientation process. A numerical example is given for an experiment on a NiMnGa single crystal specimen reported in the literature, for which the model is reduced to a two-dimensional case of an assumed magnetic domain structure.

41 High Energy Absorption in Bulk Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloys (Ni50Mn29Ga21) 200501-31-01750 (MD); 200501-61-01390 (MT); 200501-34-01093 (SO)

Gans, E; Henry, C; Carman, G P

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 177-185. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of California DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

Ferromagnetic shape memory alloys are of research interest due to their large strains produced by either mechanical or magnetic laoding. Mechanical testing of a bulk, single-crystal sample of Ni50Mn29Ga21 produced large hysteresis loops indicating the potential for the material to be used as a damper. Damping capacity was measured as a function of energy absorbed by the material relative to the mechanical energy input to the system. Tan delta, the tangent of the phase lag between stress and strain, was calculated and shown to increase as a function of maximum strain level. Five strain levels were evaluated (1%, 2%, 3%, 3.5%, and 3.7%) with tan 8 values increasing from 0.6 at 1% strain level to 1.1 at 3.7% strain level. The secant modulus of these curves was also evaluated at each strain level to characterize the sample in terms of both damping and stiffness. The maximum secant modulus of 285 MPa occurred at the 1% strain level and decreased to 56 MPa at 3.7% strain. Examining the stress and strain values in the time domain reveals a varying time lag and thus the reported values for tan 8 are considered an average measure of the material's damping capacity.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

42 Magnetic properties of single crystals of Ni-Mn-Ga magnetic shape memory alloys 200501-33-02015 (MD); 200501-61-01391 (MT); 200501-21-00675 (EA); 200501-37-01240 (SO)

Farrell, S P; Dunlap, R A; Cheng, L M; Ham-Su, R; Gharghouric, M A; Hyatta, C V

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 186-197. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Defence Research and Development Canada DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

Magnetic shape memory alloys are a relatively new class of sensor/actuator materials. The magnetic shape memory (MSM) effect occurs in some ferromagnetic martensitic alloys at temperatures below the martensite finish temperature and involves the re-orientation of martensite variants by twin boundary motion, in response to an applied stress and/or magnetic field. The driving force for twin boundary motion is the magnetic anisotropy. In this study, magnetization measurements as a function of magnetic field were made on several oriented single crystals of Ni-Mn-Ga alloys using a vibrating sample magnetometer. The magnetization versus magnetic field curves were characteristic of magnetically soft materials with magnetic anisotropy consistent with literature estimates for the different martensite structures observed in Ni-Mn-Ga alloys. Differences in the slope of the curves were due to the martensite structure, the relative proportion of martensite variants present, and their respective easy and hard axis orientations. Thermo-magneto-mechanical training was applied in an attempt to transform multi-variant specimens to single variant martensite. Training of the orthorhombic 7M martensites was sufficient to produce a near single variant of martensite, while the tetragonal 5M martensite responded well to training and produced a single-variant state. The strength of the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy constant for single-variant tetragonal 5M martensite, Ni52.9Mn27.3Ga19.8, was calculated to be Ku=l.8 x 10(5) J/m3, consistent with literature values. To obtain single-variant martensites, heat treatment of the specimens prior to thermo-magneto-mechanical training is necessary.

43 Pseudoelasticity: experimental observations, thermomechanical modeling, and identification of the material parameters 200501-31-01751 (MD); 200501-61-01392 (MT); 200501-60-00773 (CI)

Helm, D

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 198-209. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Universitat Kassel DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

The pseudoelastic behavior of shape memory alloys enables exceptional products like stents and eyeglass frames. To develop and improve such innovative products, thermomechanical simulations are required. In a certain temperature range, NiTi and other shape memory alloys show the so-called pseudoelastic effect. In the present study, the pseudoelasticity of NiTi is experimentally investigated in tension tests on thin-walled tubes. The observed phenomena are modeled within the framework of continuum thermomechanics regarding a geometric linear theory. The model is based on a free energy function in order to represent the occurring energy storage and release effects. Additionally, evolution equations for internal variables, like the inelastic strain tensor and the fraction of martensite, are introduced. The proposed system of constitutive equations represents the observed history-dependent material behavior. To identify the material parameters, the theory of neural networks is applied.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

44 Nonlinear Dynamic Behaviour of a Shape Memory Alloy 200501-31-01752 (MD); 200501-62-01304 (CE); 200501-61-01393 (MT); 200501-52-00688 (CI)

Collet, M; Heller, E F L; Lexcellent, C

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 210-217. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Universite de Franche-Comte (France) DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

Shape Memory Alloys are now well recognized as potential materials for structural control. Even if some applications already exist, the dynamic behaviour of SMAs has not been clearly explained. This paper focuses on the study of a martensitic Cu-Al-Be beam under dynamical loading. A simplification of the thermomechanical model is necessary to build a Finite Element formulation able to perform dynamic simulations. In a first part, we study a classical tensile test in order to choose the way the model should be simplified. In a second part, dynamic test on the cantilever beam are presented and discussed. Wavelet techniques are also used to underline non linear behavior of this material in showing the dependence of the non linear natural frequency on the vibration magnitude.

45 Energy Absorption Material using Buckling Strength of Shape Memory Alloy Plate 200501-31-01753 (MD); 200501-R.5-00595 (AI); 200501-62-01305 (CE); 200501-61-01394 (MT)

Suzuki, S; Urushiyama, Y; Taya, M

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 218-226. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Honda Research and Development (Japan) DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

The buckling behavior of TiNi Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) plates is evaluated numerically and experimentally with aim of using TiNi as an Energy Absorption (EA) material. To this end, we performed FEM analysis for TiNi plates of several thickness and length. The present analytical study shows promising result of using TiNi as an EA material. This is confirmed by the experiment work. The post-buckling shape and the load-displacement relationship are quite different from those of conventional materials such as aluminum and steel. Post-buckling strength of the conventional materials decreases gradually with increase in applied loading (or deformation). This reduction in the load bearing capacity at higher loads is attributed to the localized high strain in deformed specimen under compression while the majority of the specimen volume deform at modest strain. If this localized high strain is avoided and high straining can be made more uniformly in the entire specimen under compression load, then such a plate is expected to exhibit large energy absorption, i.e. a new EA material. The present study reveals that the energy absorption in TiNi plate under compression is 3 times larger than that of aluminum plate for the same level of compression loading.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

46 Modeling of Two-Way Shape Memory Effect Based on Phase Interaction Energy Function 200501-31-01754 (MD); 200501-61-01395 (MT); 200501-34-01094 (SO)

Naito, H; Sato, J; Matsuzaki, Y

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 227-238. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

We present an analysis on a complicated combined process of martensitic transformation and two-way shape memory effect due to cyclic loadings of stress and heat in order to further develop the constitutive model of an SMA wire which is based on the phase interaction energy function proposed in our previous studies. Stress-induced martensitic transformation is modeled by introducing residual martensite in the transformation process between austenite and detwinned martensite. As for heat-induced two-way shape memory effect, it is assumed that a mixed-state of austenite and residual detwinned martensite changes into another mixed-state of twinned and detwinned martensites during cooling of the alloy, whereas a reversal change between the mixed-states occurs during heating. To examine the effectiveness of this analytical model based on the phase interaction energy function, an experiment is performed using a uniform SMA wire. Numerical analysis is carried out to compare with experimental data on the stress-induced martensitic transformation and the heat-induced two-way shape memory effect, which reveal very complicated training effect. (Example material: NiTi.)

47 Stability of dispersive bi-atomic crystals 200501-11-01275 (MD); 200501-61-01396 (MT); 200501-32-00999 (SO)

Elliott, R S; Shaw, J A; Triantafyllidis, N

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 239-248. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Michigan DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

Understanding thermoelastic martensitic transformations is a fundamental component in the study of shape memory alloys. These transformations involve a hysteretie change in stability of the crystal lattice between an austenite (high symmetry) phase and a martensite (low symmetry) phase within a small temperature range. In previous work, a continuum energy density W(U; theta) (as a function of the right stretch tensor U and temperature theta) for a perfect bi-atomic crystal was derived based on temperature-dependent atomic pair-potentials. For this model, only high symmetry cubic configurations were found to be stable (local energy minimizers). The present work derives an energy density W(U, P(1), P(2), ..; theta) that explicitly accounts for a set of internal atomic shifts P(i). In addition, themodel permits the calculation of the crystal's dispersion relations which determine the stability of the crystal with respect to bounded perturbations of all wavelengths (Bloch-waves). Using a specific model of a bi-atomic crystal with the temperature serving as the loading parameter, a stress-free bifurcation diagram is generated. Stable equilibrium branches corresponding to the B2 (cubic) and B19 (orthorhombic) crystal structures are found to exist and overlap for certain temperatures. The group-subgroup relationship between these two crystal structures is necessary for the shape memory effect. Thus, our results are consistent with the transformations that occur in shape memory alloys such as AuCd and NiTi.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

48 Multi scale continuum mechanics model for phase transformations in SMA single crystals 200501-11-01276 (MD); 200501-61-01397 (MT); 200501-32-01000 (SO)

Stoilov, V; Bhattacharyya, A

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 249-259. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Windsor (Canada) DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

This work aims to connect atomistic model with continuum theory of phase transformations in Shape memory alloys(SMA). A formulation of the Helmholtz free energy potential based on the Lennard-Jones potential has been developed. Lennard-Jones potential was used to describe the inter-atomic interactions in bi-atomic crystal of NiTi. The microscopic expressions of the instantaneous mechanical (continuum) variables of mass, momentum, internal energy and temperature have been derived in terms of the atomic variables. The developed Helmholtz thermodynamic potential is used in the context of the sharp phase front-based continuum framework proposed by Stoilov et. el. to study the micro-macro transition during the thermomechanical response of NiTi crystals. The developed model has been successfully used to predict the response of 1D single crystal system.

49 Thermomechanical behavior of Cu-Al-Ni single crystal high temperature shape memory alloy: Reorientation 200501-31-01755 (MD); 200501-61-01398 (MT); 200501-21-00676 (EA); 200501-34-01095 (SO)

Trigwell, S; Kumara, G; Bhattacharyya, A; Pulnev, S; Vahhi, I

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 260-267. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Arkansas (Little Rock) DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

Copper-Aluminum-Nickel (Cu-Al-Ni) single crystal shape memory alloy (SMA) wires show great potential in actuator applications due to their high stress-free transformation temperatures and superior mechanical stability compared to common Nickel-Titanium SMAs. In this paper, Cu-13.3%AI-4%oNi (wt. %) single crystal wires with stress-free transformation temperatures in the range of 80 DGC to 120 DGC were subjected to stress cycling tests at ambient temperatures up to 100 DGC at low deformation rates. Stress/strain curves up to 9% and 3% strain in the range of the transformation temperatures point to the possibility of phase transformation by detwinning. However, the residual overall strain after unloading decreased significantly at 60 DGC for both 3% and 9% strains. Accumulation of plastic deformation was observed for subsequent cycles.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

50 Indentation characteristics of superelastic nickel-titanium wires and a preliminary study of copper-bonded joints between them 200501-55-02913 (MD); 200501-24-00384 (CE); 200501-61-01399 (MT)

Wood, A J M; Gergely, V; Clyne, T W

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 268-275. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Cambridge (UK) DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

Wires of nickel-titanium have been tensile tested to evaluate their elastic constants, super-elastic characteristics and strength. These data are compared with the response of the same material to (hot stage) indentation testing, using both nano-indentation and micro-indentation equipment, and both a Berkovich and a spherical indenter. Indentation characteristics indicative of super-elastic behaviour are identified. In particular, the observation of enhanced indentation strain recovery when tested above the Af temperature, compared with tests performed at lower temperature, is recorded here and appears to represent a reliable indicator of super-elastic behaviour. Wires have also been joined together by liquid phase sintering, after a copper electroplating treatment, and by solid state diffusion bonding. Microstructural studies of these joints revealed the expected phases. Preliminary mechanical studies have given an indication that it may be possible to produce strong, highly porous super-elastic material in this way.

51 Spectral Element formulation for SMA beams under random vibration excitation 200501-31-01756 (MD); 200501-62-01307 (CE); 200501-61-01401 (MT)

Scarpa, F; Ruzzene, M; Hassan, M R

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 286-293. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Sheffield (UK) DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

A complex modulus approach typical of viscoelastic materials is used to linearize the equation of motions of a combined beam-rod SMA pseudoelastic element and use a Spectral Finite Element formulation to study the dynamic behavior in the frequency domain. The complex modulus approach allows using viscoelastic SFE formulations presented in literature and adapt them to Ni-Ti alloy elements with different tensile pre-strain levels. The dispersion relations of Love rod and Euler-Bernoulli beams are discussed in view of the use of the experimental available complex modulus curves of the materials. As a demonstration of the use of the SFE technique, a cantilever beam loaded with a tip force is then modeled with a single Spectral Element, with increased accuracy of lower number of linear FE elements per unit wavelength.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

52 High corrosion-resistance Fe-Mn-Si-based alloys exhibiting nearly perfect shape memory effects 200501-31-01757 (MD); 200501-61-01402 (MT); 200501-34-01096 (SO)

Dong, Z Z; Kajiwara, S; Kikuchi, T; Shinya, N

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 294-301. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - National Institute for Materials Science (Japan) DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

Recently our group has succeeded, by producing very small particles of NbC carbides in austenite, in improvement of shape memory effect (SME) of the low-cost conventional Fe-Mn-Si based SMAs to such an extent that the so-called "training" treatment is no longer necessary. It was also found that the shape memory properties of the Fe-Mn-Si based SMAs were further improved by pre-rolling at 870K. The present paper describes similar improvement of shape memory properties of an Fe- 15Mn-5Si-9Cr-5Ni-0.5NbC (mass %) by more convenient way of pre-extension at room temperature. This alloy is high corrosion-resistant (equivalent to SUS430) as well as low cost material, which is also one of the important requisites for industry application in various fields. A nearly perfect shape recovery (90%) of an initial 4% strain was achieved when the alloy was pre-extended 12% at room temperature and then aged at 1070K for 10min. The origin of this improvement of SME has been studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It is concluded that uniform distribution of fine martensite plates with the same variant on the primary system is the key factor to obtain a perfect shape memory recovery.

53 Interaction of oxygen vacancies with domain walls and its impact on fatigue in ferroelectric thin films 200501-33-02016 (MD); 200501-81-01525 (CI); 200501-22-00915 (EA)

Xiao, Y; Bhattacharya, K

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 354-365. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - California Institute of Technology DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

Fatigue or the loss of switchable polarization under bipolar cycling and dielectric breakdown are two critical issues which have hindered the commercialization of ferroelectric memory devices. The role of oxygen vacancies in fatigue and dielectric breakdown has been a topic of intense research in ferroelectric perovskites like BaTiO3. This paper presents a comprehensive model that treats the ferroelectrics as polarizable wide band-gap semiconductors where the oxygen vacancies act as donors. First, a fully coupled nonlinear model is developed with space charges, polarization, electric potential and elastic displacements as variables without making any a priori assumptions on the space charge distribution and the polarization. Second, a Pt/BaTiO3/Pt structure is considered. Full-field coupled numerical simulations are used to investigate the structure of 180DG and 90DG domain walls in both perfect and defected crystals. The interactions of oxygen vacancies with domain walls are explored. Numerical results show that there is pronounced charge trapping near 90DG domain walls, giving rise to possible domain wall pinning and dielectric breakdown. Third, a simple analytical solution of the potential profile for a metal/ferroelectric semiconductor interface is obtained and the depletion layer width is estimated. These analytical estimates agree with our numerical results and provide a useful tool to discuss the implications of our results.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

54 Piezoelectric behavior of pre-stressed curved actuators under load 200501-62-03453 (MD); 200501-C1-D-00479 (EM); 200501-B.5-00109 (AI); 200501-61-01407 (MT); 200501-21-00689 (EA)

Mossi, K; Costley, J; Ounaies, Z; Bryant, R

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 432-441. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Virginia Commonwealth University DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

Pre-stressed curved actuators typically consist of a piezoelectric ceramic (lead zirconate titanate or PZT) laminated between various layered materials. In one configuration, THUNDER, the bottom layer is stainless steel and the top layer is aluminum; the metallic layers are attached to the PZT ceramic using a polymeric adhesive. In another configuration, Lipca-C2, the layers comprise a glass/epoxy composite and a carbon/epoxy composite. Experimental and numerical results of displacement performance under unloaded conditions have been investigated in the past. The results show that the Lipca-C2 devices produced more displacement than the THUNDER devices when clamped and unloaded. The present study includes a comparative performance of both devices under load to evaluate their lifting capability. Both out-of-plane and in-plane displacements are assessed as a function of load and voltage at low frequency. A non-contact laser was used for the out-of-plane measurements simultaneously with an optic fiber for in-plane displacement at 0 to 5N load values. The load is attached to one end of the actuators, and to avoid possible damage to the actuators, it is moved through a mechanism that utilizes a frictionless linear bearing and a pulley.

55 Degradation of Terfenol-D Particle Epoxy Composites Under Low Frequency Cyclic Magneto-Mechanical Loading at the Matrix Glass Transition Start and Finish Temperatures 200501-33-02017 (MD); 200501-C1-D-00480 (EM); 200501-21-00690 (EA)

Armstrong, W D; Shanmugham, M; Bailey, H

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 442-447. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Wyoming DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

Theoretical work has shown how the particulate actuated composite with Terfenol-D should be expected to produce lower magnetostriction than bulk alloy, due to the matrix constrain and the loss of internal field strength due to small-scale flux loops between misaligned particles. One issue of particular concern with particle composites has been degradation of the composite due to failure of the particle-matrix interfacial bond. This type of damage is particularly serious for strain active composites because the disruption of the interfacial bond degrades the ability of the particle to transfer strain into the composite as a whole. The present paper presents cyclic strain amplitude and longitudinal strain measurements of longitudinally compressed Terfenol-D particle samples subjected to magneto-strain cycling. A comparison is made of the responses of material strain cycle tested at temperatures near the matrix glass transition start temperature, and material strain cycle tested at a temperature near the matrix glass transition finish temperature. The cyclic strain amplitude of the material was significantly larger when tested at a temperature near the matrix glass transition finish temperature. A useful range of longitudinal applied stress exists where the composite suffers little apparent degradation. Beyond this range the composite exhibits steadily decreasing cyclic strain amplitude with increases in longitudinal compressive stress magnitude.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

56 Magnetic and mechanical properties of polycrystalline Galfenol 200501-12-01413 (MD); 200501-61-01408 (MT); 200501-37-01244 (SO)

Summers, E; Lograsso, T A; Snodgrass, J D; Slaughter, J

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 448-459. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - JCS Etrema Products DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

The Zone Melt Crystal Growth Method (FSZM) has been used to produce polycrystalline Galfenol specimens, Fe81.6Ga18.4, with preferred {100} orientation. This crystal growth technique has advantages over conventional Bridgman methods in that zone rates used were at least an order of magnitude greater; 350 mm/hr versus 2-4 mm/hr. This material had measured magnetostrictions ranging from 168 ppm to 220 ppm compared to 290 ppm for a single crystal with a similar composition. It was discovered that upon machining a large increase in magnetostriction occurred, ~15%. Using Orientation Imaging Microscopy (OIM) techniques it was shown that the magnetostriction increase is due to the removal of off-axis grains located on the circumference of the FSZM samples. The room temperature mechanical properties were measured to be 72.4 GPa - 86.3 GPa modulus of elasticity, 348 MPa - 370 MPa ultimate strength, and elongation values of 0.81% - 1.2% depending upon zoning conditions.

57 Comparison of transduction behavior of polycrystalline gallium-iron alloys and Terfenol-D 200501-33-02018 (MD); 200501-61-01409 (MT); 200501-21-00691 (EA); 200501-37-01245 (SO)

Slaughter, J; Summers, E; Snodgrass, J

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 460-467. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - JCS Etrema Products DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

This investigation focused on dynamic characterization of a laminated polycrystalline sample of Fe81.6Ga18.4 alloy grown by the FSZM process. Previous studies using static characterization methods have shown unique properties of the alloy for use in transducers and active structures. Static characterization values were verified and material properties were contrasted with the "giant" magnetostrictive material Terfenol-D. Common test methods were used for dynamic characterization to calculate Young's modulus, coupling coefficient, magnetostrictive coefficient, and permeability. In addition, mechanical Q and potential efficiency were calculated. Comparison with static testing of single crystal samples showed that modulus, permeability, and magnetostrictive coefficient were very close to static values, with any differences being attributed to test fixture effects and material differences. Coupling coefficient appeared to be quite low, but no correction was applied for the test fixture losses and magnetic circuit effects. Comparisons with Terfenol-D show that with significantly less magnetic field, iron-gallium alloys can be used in high Q systems to achieve large acceleration and force output. The unique structural and magnetic properties of gallium-iron alloys enable applications that would be difficult or impossible with Terfenol-D.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

58 Magnetostriction of Stress Annealed Fe-Ga-Al and Fe-Ga Alloys Under Compressive and Tensile Stress 200501-33-02019 (MD); 200501-61-01410 (MT); 200501-37-01246 (SO)

Wun-Fogle, M; Restorff, J B; Clark, A E

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 468-475. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - US Naval Surface Warfare Center (Maryland) DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

The addition of Al and Ga to b.c.c. a-Fe increases the magnetostriction of Fe in the [100] direction (a factor of 12 for Fe81Ga19). Fe-based magnetostrictive materials are machineable, mechanically tough and relatively inexpensive. They can be used with tensile loading and saturate in fields of only a few hundred Oe, even under compressive loads up to -100 MPa. The effects of annealing single crystal Fe86.9Ga4.1A19.0 and Fe86.9Ga8.7A14.4 and polycrystalline Fe81.6Ga18.4 rods under stress were examined. Stress annealing allows the material to achieve most of its strain without applying a prestress, simplifying device design. Most importantly, it allows the materials to operate magnetostrictively under a tensile load. Annealing was performed in a vacuum furnace with a -100 MPa stress for 10 minutes. The Fe-Ga-Al samples were annealed at 700DGC and the Fe-Ga samples at 625DGC. The magnetostriction was determined before and after stress annealing using compressive stresses of -0.7 MPa to -28 MPa for the Fe-Ga-Al samples and from ~0 to -97 MPa for the Fe-Ga samples. One of the stress annealed Fe81.6Ga18.4 samples was measured under tensile stresses up to 34 MPa. After annealing, all samples showed full performance at near-zero stresses and tensile stress up to +20 MPa.

59 Measured Iron-Gallium Alloy Tensile Properties under Magnetic Fields 200501-31-01758 (MD); 200501-61-01411 (MT); 200501-21-00692 (EA); 200501-34-01099 (SO)

Yoo, J H; Flatau, A B

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 476-486. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Maryland DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

Alloys of iron substitued with nonmagnetic gallium exhibit coupling between their mechanical and magnetic states and offer promise as mechanically robust actuator/sensing materials. Tension testing is used to identify Galfenol material properties under low level DC magnetic bias fields. Dog bone shaped specimens of single crystal Fe100-xGax, where 17 < or = x < or = 33, underwent tensile testing along two crystalographic axis orientations, [ 110] and [100]. The material properties being investigated and calculated from measured quantities are: Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. Data are presented that demonstrate the dependence of these material properties on applied magnetic field levels and provide a preliminary assessment of the trends in material properties for performance under varied operating conditions. The elastic properties of Fe-Ga alloys were observed to be increasingly anisotropic with rising Ga content for the stoichiometries examined. The largest elastic anisotropies were manifested in [110] Poisson's ratios of as low as -0.63 in one specimen. This negative Poisson's ratio creates a significant in-plane auxetic behavior that could be exploited in applications that capitalize on unique area effects produced under uniaxial loading.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

60 Effect of Stoichiometry on Sensing Behavior of Iron-Gallium 200501-33-02020 (MD); 200501-61-01412 (MT); 200501-21-00693 (EA); 200501-37-01247 (SO)

Atulasimha, J; Flatau, A B; Chopra, I; Kellogg, R A

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 487-497. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Maryland DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

Iron-Gallium alloys demonstrate moderate magnetostriction (~350 ppm) and saturation material induction (~1 T) under low magnetic fields (~400 Oe) as well as high tensile strength (~500 MPa) and limited dependence of magnetomechanical properties on temperatures between -20DGC and 80DGC, making them promising materials for sensing and actuation applications. However, the mechanical and magnetic properties of these materials vary significantly with the percentage of gallium, which motivates this study on the effect of stoichiometry on the behavior of Fe-Ga alloys. Major loop compressive tests (loading to 110 MPa and unloading, at magnetic fields ranging from 0 to 891 Oe) were performed on single crystal 19% Ga and 24% Ga samples with longitudinal axis in the [100] direction. The effect of Ga on Young's modulus, saturation magnetization (Msat), DeltaE-effect and d*33 are discussed and explained. Furthermore, it was found that the magnetic field (H) through the sample changed with applied stress. A simple magnetic circuit analysis is developed in the latter part of the paper to model this effect. The ramification of both stoichiometry effects and variation in field on the design of Fe-Ga sensors is discussed.

61 Energy minimization of ferromagnetic particles 200501-33-02021 (MD); 200501-61-01413 (MT); 200501-21-00694 (EA); 200501-37-01248 (SO)

Qu, H; Li, J

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 498-502. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Nebraska (Lincoln) DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

Ferromagnetic materials are widely used for energy storage and data storage due to their ability to maintain a remanent magnetization under a zero magnetic field and their magnetization reversal under an opposite magnetic field. It is highly desirable to control and optimize the remanence and coercivity of magnetic materials. In this paper, we present an energy-minimization theory of ferromagnetic particles to characterize the magnetiza-tion reversal and hysteresis loop of ferromagnetic polycrystals, with the inter-granular magneto-static interactions accounted for through the effective medium approximation. The energy-minimizing magnetization distribution is determined, and the remanence and coercivity are predicted.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

62 RHEOLOGICAL PARAMETER ESTIMATION FOR A FERROUS NANOPARTICLE-BASED MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL FLUID USING GENETIC ALGORITHMS 200501-33-02022 (MD); 200501-62-01313 (CE); 200501-62-01765 (MT)

Chaudhuri, A; Wereley, N M; Radhakrishnan, R; Sudarshan, T S

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 503-512. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Maryland DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

The primary objective of this study is to estimate the parameters of a constitutive model characterizing the rheological properties of a ferrous nanoparticle-based magnetorheological fluid. Constant shear rate rheometer measurements were carried out using suspensions of nanometer sized iron particles in hydraulic oil. These measurements provided shear stress vs. shear rate as a function of applied magnetic field. The 1\IR fluid was characterized using both a Bingham-Plastic constitutive model and a Herschel-Bulkley constitutive model. Both these models have two regimes: a rigid pre-yield behavior for shear stress less than a field-dependant yield stress, and viscous behavior for higher shear rates. While the Bingham-Plastic model assumes linear post-yield behavior, the Herschel-Bulkley model uses a power law dependent on the dynamic yield shear stress, a consistency parameter and a flow behavior index. Determination of the model parameters is a complex problem due to the non-linearity of the model and the large amount of scatter in the experimentally observed data. Usual gradient based numerical methods are not sufficient to determine the characteristic values. In order to estimate the rheological parameters, we have used a genetic algorithm and carried out global optimization. The obtained results provide a good fit to the data and support the choice of the Herschel-Bulkley fluid model.

63 Dynamic Behavior and Stiffness Tuning in Solenoid Based Ni-Mn-Ga Transducers 200501-31-01759 (MD); 200501-61-01415 (MT); 200501-21-00696 (EA)

Faidley, L E; Dapino, M J; Washington, G N; Lograsso, T A

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 519-527. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Ohio State University DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

Ferromagnetic shape memory nickel-manganese-gallium (Ni-Mn-Ga) has shown tremendous promise as an actu-ator material due to its large strain and high bandwidth. However, current Ni-Mn-Ga devices are electromagnet based as this configuration allows for an externally applied force perpendicular to the applied field, and are therefore bulky, energy inefficient, and narrowband. `Ve investigate the dynamic response of Ni-Mn-Ga driven by a solenoid transducer in which the magnetic field is aligned collinearly with the loading stress. The work fo-cusses on the quasistatic and dynamic testing of a Ni50Mn28.7Ga21.3 sample which is believed to have an internal stress field which plays the role of the restoring force necessary for reversible strains. This sample is shown to exhibit reversible compressive strains of -0.41% with no external forces applied. Several experimental apparatus are used in order to verify these results. The measurements demonstrate a 231% change in stiffness with applied dc magnetic fields.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

64 Quasi-Static Modeling of NiMnGa Magnetic Shape Memory Alloy 200501-31-01760 (MD); 200501-61-01416 (MT); 200501-21-00697 (EA); 200501-34-01100 (SO)

Couch, R N; Chopra, I

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 528-541. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Maryland DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

A quasi-static model for NiMnGa magnetic shape memory alloy (MSMA) is formulated on the basis of NiTi SMA constitutive models such as the Brinson model, because of the similarities that exist in the behavior of both materials. NiMnGa shows a magnetically induced shape memory effect as well as a pseudoelastic behavior. Quasi-static tests at constant applied magnetic field and stress were conducted to identify the model parameters. The material parameters include free strain, Young's modulus, critical threshold fields and stress-influence coefficients. The Young's moduli of the material in its field preferred and stress preferred states were determined to be 450 MPa and 820 MPa respectively. Critical threshold fields as a function of stress were determined from constant stress testing. These test data were used to assemble a critical stress-temperature profile that is useful in predicting the various states of the material for a wide range of magnetic or mechanical loading conditions. Although the constant applied field and constant stress data have yet to be fully correlated, the model parameters identified from the experiments were used to implement an initial version of the quasi-static model. The model shows good correlation with test data and captures both the magnetic shape memory effect and pseudoelasticity. This introductory model provides a sound basis for further refinements of a quasi-static NiMnGa model.

65 Stress-strain behavior of Cu-Al-Ni single crystal shape memory alloy at high temperature: Shape Memory Effects 200501-31-01761 (MD); 200501-61-01417 (MT); 200501-21-00698 (EA)

Kumara, G; Trigwell, S; A Bhattacharyya,; Viahhi, I; S Pulnev,

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 542-548. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Arkansas (Little Rock) DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

The experimental results of a preliminary study on stress-strain behavior of Cu-13.3% Al- 4% Ni (by wt.) single crystal shape memory alloy grown along the [001] direction at high temperatures are given. An Instron testing machine with a high temperature environmental chamber has been used to study the quasi-static stress-strain response of 1.5 mm diameter Cu-Al-Ni single crystal wires at different ambient temperatures in the range 100 - 160DGC. Local strain measurements using a highly sensitive extensometer are compared with overall strain measurements computed from the net displacements between grips. The effect of stress cycles on overall strain on full loading, after unloading and after heating in between stress cycles has been discussed.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

66 Microstructure and Solidification Behavior of Ni-Mn-Ga Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys 200501-11-01277 (MD); 200501-61-01418 (MT)

Chen, J; Gharghouri, M A; Hyatt, C V

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 549-556. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Dalhousie University (Canada) DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

NiMnGa is a leading material in a new class of active materials that exhibit large reversible strains when exposed to a magnetic field. In order to understand the solidification behavior of Ni-Mn-Ga alloys, ingots with different compositions were prepared by arc melting. Two series of compositions were investigated: Ni100-2xMnxGax (15 < or = x < or = 30) and Ni50Mn50-yGay (0 < or = y < or = 50). The microstructures obtained were observed and the compositions of the phases occurring in the ingots were identified by energy dispersive spectroscopy in the scanning electron microscope. Based on these observations, three solidification paths were identified: direct solidification of gamma-Ni from the liquid, direct solidification of beta-NiMnGa from the liquid, and solidification of beta-NiMnGa phase via a peritectic reaction. It was found that the gamma-Ni liquidus surface covers a large area of the ternary phase diagram. The gamma-Ni liquidus boundary is located between Ni50Mn25Ga25 and Ni45Mn275Ga27.5 in the equal Mn and Ga alloy series, and between Ni50Mn5Ga45 and Ni50Mn10Ga40 in the 50 at.% Ni alloy series. The alloys with compositions close to the stoichiometric Ni2MnGa composition that show the magnetic shape memory effect are all covered by the gamma-Ni liquidus surface. The beta-NiMnGa liquidus surface covers the remaining alloy compositions.

67 Shape Memory Alloys Honeycomb: Design and Properties 200501-31-01762 (MD); 200501-61-01419 (MT)

Hassan, M R; Scarpa, F; Mohamed, N A

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 557-564. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Sheffield (UK) DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

Cellular structures and materials are composed of interconnected network of solid struts or plates that form the edges and faces of a cell. One of the most popular examples of cellular solid is the honeycomb structure. This work illustrates the design, manufacturing and tensile testing of a novel concept of honeycomb structure made of shape memory alloy (SMA) core material. The honeycomb is manufactured using SMA Nitinol ribbons inserted in a special dye and using cyanoacrilate to bond the longitudinal strips of the unit cells. Analytical and Numerical FE models of the ribbons are developed to predict the homogenized properties and the overall tensile test behavior of the honeycomb sample. Good agreement is observed between numerical nonlinear simulations and experimental results carried out at room temperature (martensite phase).

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

68 Forced Volume Magnetostriction in Composite Gd5Si2Ge2 200501-33-02010 (MD); 200501-C3-D-00700 (EM); 200501-61-01381 (MT); 200501-21-00668 (EA)

Nersessian, N; Or, S W; Carman, G P; McCall, S; Choe, W; Pecharsky, HBRK; Pecharsky, A O

JOURNAL NAME - Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics as held at the International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials 2004; San Diego, CA; USA; 15-18 Mar. 2004. pp. 64-71. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of California (Los Angeles) DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1000 20th Street, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA, [mailto:spie@spie.org] LANGUAGE - English

Since the discovery of the giant magnetocaloric effect near room temperature for Gd5Si2Ge2, this and related compounds have been studied extensively, as they hold promise for future applications in energy efficient and environmentally benign magnetic refrigeration devices. One problem with magnetic actuators is eddy current losses when actuated at high frequencies. A solution to this problem is to embed the magnetic particles in a non-conducting binder to create a composite. Smaller particle sizes substantially reduce eddy currents without lowering the strain significantly. A -1200 ppm forced volume magnetostriction has been obtained in a [0-3], resin-bonded, Gd5Si2Ge2 particulate composite. The strain is a result of a magnetically induced phase transformation from a high volume (high temperature, low magnetic field) monoclinic phase to a low volume (low temperature, high magnetic field) orthorhombic phase. The particles used in the composite were ball-milled from a bulk sample and sieved to obtain a size distribution of < or = 600 mm. Bulk Gd5Si2Ge2 was manufactured via arc melting and subsequently annealed at 1300 DGC for 1 hour to produce a homogenous, polycrystalline sample. The transformation temperatures of the bulk sample, as measured using a Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), were Ms = -9.3 DGC, Mf = -14.6 DGC, A,, = -4.4 DGC, and Af = -1.2 DGC. The composite and the bulk samples were magnetically characterized using a SQUID magnetometer, and found to undergo a paramagnetic to ferromagnetic transition during the phase transformation, consistent with published results. The bulk sample was also found to possess a maximum linear magnetostriction of 2500 ppm.

69 Smart materials group at the national institute of applied science recent data and trends. 200408-22-0450 (MD); 200408-B2-D-0242 (EM); 200406-61-4327 (MT)

Gobin, P F; Jayet, Y; Guy, P; Godin, N; Morin, M; Gauthier, C; Kleber, X; Reynaud, P; Courbon, J; Cavaille, J Y

JOURNAL NAME - Materials Transactions. Vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 166-172. Feb. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Lyon DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1345-9678 PUBLICATION PLACE - Japan Institute of Metals, Nihon Kinzoku Gakkai Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai, 980, Japan LANGUAGE - English

During the last decade constant improvements have been made in materials and structures design and control. But now some performance objectives in particular in the field of the reliability cannot be achieved using classical technologies and require the use of the 'smart materials concept'. Periodical maintenance NDT based inspections are today of a general acceptance for almost all complex technological structures. Nevertheless the idea that the integrated and continuous sensing techniques can optimize the operating conditions is now in progress. Different aspects of this evolution towards the desirable continuous health monitoring are discussed in relation with the smart materials concept through this non exhaustive review of some realisations or experiences. In the domain of sensitive materials, passive techniques such as Barkhausen effect, thermoelectric power, electrical impedance monitoring, acoustic emission, and active piezoelectric implant based methods, are briefly presented. Moreover, taking into account the growing demand in the field of actuators and artificial muscles for robotic and biomimetic devices, shape memory alloys and electroactive polymers are in progress. Finally the 'self healing' concept will be presented in the case of one ceramic-ceramic composite.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

70 Structural Health Monitoring: Before and after Crack Birth. 200404-31-1525 (MD); 200404-R.5-0367 (AI)

Duke, J C

JOURNAL NAME - Materials Evaluation. Vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 53-55. Jan. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0025-5327 PUBLICATION PLACE - American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1711 Arlingate Lane, P.O. Box 28518, Columbus, OH, 43228-0518, USA LANGUAGE - English

As an honorary lecturer once noted, selection for such an honor is bitter sweet in that it signals that you have reached an age where your friends have risen to positions of influence within the Society. Nevertheless, I would like to use the opportunity to offer some comments regarding the direction of the American Society for Nondestructive Testing as well as the technical field of nondestructive testing. Historically, nondestructive testing has been directed at reliably detecting and quantifying imperfections in materials and structures. It has long been recognized, as well, that most of the nondestructive methods offer significant capability for characterizing materials. Within the nondestructive testing community, a small segment has explored the application, by necessity, of nondestructive methods for detecting and tracking damage, where damage is meant to describe any change occurring in the structure or system, - more specifically, the material of which it is composed - that reduces its strength or life. Presently, this technical area finds itself one of a number of so called "sexy" research areas including "assets management," "system prognosis," "damage science," "structural health management," "smart materials," "self healing materials" and so on. I stand in debt to Robert E. Green, Jr., my PhD advisor, for introducing me 30 years ago to this exciting area. At that time our objective was to monitor fatigue damage development in aircraft aluminum alloys due to cyclic loading.

71 Can shape memory alloy composites be smart? 200402-62-0391 (MD)

Michaud, V

JOURNAL NAME - Scripta Materialia. Vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 249-253. Jan. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1359-6462 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science Inc , 650 Avenue of the Americas, 2nd Floor, New York, NY, 10010-2098, USA LANGUAGE - English

Shape memory alloys and their composites are often associated with the term smart material. In probing whether this is justified, we first attempt to define the term, then provide an opinion on the potential and remaining hurdles for SMAs and their composites to constitute smart materials, based on recent research.

72 Progress and challenges in aeronautical smart structure systems. 200411-62-1945 (MD); 200409-61-7024 (MT)

Chen, Y; Xiong, K; Wang, X W; Liang, D K

JOURNAL NAME - Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica. Vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 21-25. Jan.-Feb. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1000-6893 PUBLICATION PLACE - PRESS OF ACTA AERONAUTICA ET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 37 Xueyuan Rd , Beijing, 100083, China, [mailto:aaas@buaa.edu.cn] LANGUAGE - Chinese

Aeronautical smart structure is an integrated system composed of distributed sensor, actuator and controller network. It provides load-bearing, measuring, decision making and actuation functions to aeronautical structures, and improves the performance of modern aircraft. In this paper, a comprehensive review is made of the research in state-of-the-art aeronautical smart structures. The basic principles, technical approaches and latest progress in online load monitoring and damage diagnosis technology, active vibration control and noise suppression technology, adaptive wing and smart rotor technology, and active fluid control technology of micro aerial vehicle are discussed in detail. Some important topics, including the development of reliable embedded sensor and actuator elements, dynamic modeling and control method in multi-fields coupling non-linear systems, the damage failure and tolerance theories, are put forward as the fundamental problems and technical challenges in future aeronautical smart structure system research. Multi-scale and multi-disciplinary modeling, analysis, simulation and optimization method, advanced information processing and fusion technology, and robust control theories are suggested as potential technical approaches to solve these difficulties.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

73 Microscopic shape memory and superelastic effects under complex loading conditions. 200406-31-2438 (MD)

Ni, W; Cheng, Y T; Grummon, D S

JOURNAL NAME - Surface and Coatings Technology. Vol. 177-178, pp. 512-517. 30 Jan. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - General Motors Research and Development Center (Michigan) DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper; Journal Article ISSN - 0257-8972 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science SA, P.O. Box 564, Lausanne 1, CH-1001, Switzerland LANGUAGE - English

The microscopic shape memory (SM) and superelastic (SE) effects of martensitic and austenitic NiTi alloys were probed by instrumented indentation techniques. Both spherical and pyramidal indenters (i.e. Berkovich and Vickers) were used to determine the mechanical response of the NiTi alloys over a wide range of indentation loads and depths. The magnitude of any SM effects was quantitatively characterized by the thermally activated depth recovery ratio of the residual indentation depth. The magnitude of SE was quantitatively characterized by the depth and work recovery ratios obtained from the load-displacement curves. We show that (1) microscopic SM and SE effects exist under complex loading conditions, (2) the magnitude of the SM and SE effects can be rationalized using the concept of the representative strain and maximum strain and (3) instrumented indentation techniques are useful in quantifying SM and SE effects in the micro- and nano-meter length scales.

74 Recent Developments in Applying Smart Structural Materials. 200403-61-0269 (MD); 200401-62-0314 (CE); 200401-62-0551 (MT)

Hardwicke, C U

JOURNAL NAME - JOM. Vol. 55, no. 12, pp. 15-16. Dec. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - GE Global Research Center DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1047-4838 PUBLICATION PLACE - Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 184 Thorn Hill Road, Warrendale, PA, 15086-7528, USA LANGUAGE - English

Smart structures and materials are those that can sense external stimuli, via internal sensing and/or actuation, and then respond with active control to those stimuli in real or near-real time. Smart systems respond and adapt to changes in condition or environment by integrating the functions of sense, logic, action, and control, usually in a repetitive manner. This broad and strongly interdisciplinary field is still emerging. Current application areas include transport, civil engineering, medical hardware, and manufacturing technology. The interest is in applying capabilities to both existing and new structures. Current activities in the field range from the design, fabrication, and test of fully integrated structural systems to enabling research in individual discipline areas such as materials, sensing and actuation techniques, control algorithms and architectures, and signal processing.

75 The Past, Present, and Future of DARPA's Investment Strategy in Smart Materials. 200403-61-0270 (MD); 200401-61-0668 (MT)

Wax, S G; Fischer, G M; Sands, R R

JOURNAL NAME - JOM. Vol. 55, no. 12, pp. 17-23. Dec. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - DARPA DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1047-4838 PUBLICATION PLACE - Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 184 Thorn Hill Road, Warrendale, PA, 15086-7528, USA LANGUAGE - English

The Defense Advanced Research Projects-Agency (DARPA) smart materials research programs past, present, and future are reviewed in this article. Several articles have been written about the history of smart materials at DARPA; therefore, discussions of past efforts are limited and present and future work is emphasized. More importantly, this article presents the authors' vision of what is next in the smart materials arena, for it is their belief that the journey to truly smart materials and structures has really just begun.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

76 Experimental research on the relationship between SMA wire wound angle and SMA torsion actuator primary performances. 200406-31-2372 (MD); 200403-61-1549 (MT)

Xiong, K; Shen, W

JOURNAL NAME - Jixie Gongcheng Xuebao (Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering) (China). Vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 123-128. Dec. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0577-6686 PUBLICATION PLACE - Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 22 Baiwanzhuang Dajie, Beijing, 100037, China, [mailto:fjliang@mail.machineinfo.gov.cn] LANGUAGE - Chinese

Shape memory alloy (SMA) is noticed for its special thermomechanical properties in the research on smart structural actuator system. The SMA torsion actuator is made up of nickel-titanium alloy wire and a thin-walled tube, in which plastically elongated wire is wound and pasted on a tube with a certain angle referenced to the generatrix of the tube. The SMA torsion actuator can yield the torsion deformation and moment, which may provide new ideas for the wing control system design. The SMA wire wound angle is an important parameter that affects actuator primary performances. For actuators with SMA wire wound angles of 40 deg , 45 deg , 55 deg , 60 deg and 75 deg , the experimental curves of temperature-wound angle-torsion angle and torque are obtained under free, fixed and flexible-restricted conditions. Results show that the actuator with the wound angle of 60 deg can produce the maximum torsion angle and the maximum moment. The research is of important value to the investigation of the mechanical model and the structural parameter optimization of SMA torsion actuators.

77 Fabrication and characterization of TiNi/Al smart composites. 200409-62-1627 (MD); 200409-R.5-0917 (AI)

Lee, G C; Lee, J H; Park, Y C

JOURNAL NAME - Materials and Devices for Smart Systems as held at the 2003 MRS Fall Meeting; Boston, MA; USA; 1-5 Dec. 2003. pp. 185-194. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Research Institute for Industrial Science and Technology DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - Materials Research Society, 506 Keystone Drive, Warrendale, PA, 15086, USA LANGUAGE - English

An attempt was made to fabricate composite material of an Al alloy [6061] matrix reinforced by TiNi shape memory fiber using a hot-press method and to investigate its microstructures and mechanical properties. The analysis of SEM and EDS showed that the composite material had good interface bonding. The stress-strain behavior of the composite material was evaluated at room temperature and 363 K as a function of pre-strain, and it showed that the yield stress at 363 K is higher than that at room temperature. It is also found that the yield stress of the composite material increased with increasing the amount of pre-strain and depended on the volume fraction of the fiber and heat treatment. The smartness of the composite could be given due to the shape memory effect of the TiNi fiber, which generated compressive residual stress in the matrix material when heated after being pre-strained. Microstructural observation revealed that interfacial reactions occurred between the matrix and fiber, creating two intermetallic layers.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

78 Development of texture-controlled bulky actuator/sensor materials by combining rapid-solidified fiber/ribbon elements and spark plasma sintering/joining (SPSJ). 200409-62-1629 (MD)

Furuya, Y; Yokoyama, M; Saito, C; Okazaki, T; Omori, M

JOURNAL NAME - Materials and Devices for Smart Systems as held at the 2003 MRS Fall Meeting; Boston, MA; USA; 1-5 Dec. 2003. pp. 439-444. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Hirosaki University DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - Materials Research Society, 506 Keystone Drive, Warrendale, PA, 15086, USA LANGUAGE - English

The authors have showed that rapid-solidified (RS) melt-spun fiber/ribbon/foil type samples have very often strongly textured fine columnar grains, and those can have very high performance of the metallic actuator/sensor properties. However, as for the applications of these sample materials in smart material systems, the developed rapid-solidified samples are thought to be inevitably too small force to move the machines and structures in the engineering field. In this paper, we propose one novel material processing technique that can produce the bulk type solid-state actuator/sensor materials by combing the rapid-solidified fiber/ribbon and short time spark plasma sintering/joining (SPS) method. The produced samples, both 1) the disk-type sample from stacked layers of RS-ribbons and 2) the sintered compact from ball-milled RS-fibers of shape memory Ti50Ni40Cu10 (NITINOL) alloy, showed clear thermoelastic phase transformation by DSC evaluation as well as shape recovery. The same approach was also tried for making bulky magnetostrictive FeGa (Galfenol) alloy systems from stacked FeGa ribbons. Laminated FeGa ribbons maintained large magnetostriction of about 100-200 ppm under increasing stressed condition as much as in the case of the strongly textured ribbon sample.

79 Characterization of NiTiNOL for smart structural systems using ACES methodology. 200409-11-1266 (MD)

Mizar, S P; Pryputniewicz, R J

JOURNAL NAME - Materials and Devices for Smart Systems as held at the 2003 MRS Fall Meeting; Boston, MA; USA; 1-5 Dec. 2003. pp. 233-238. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Worcester Polytechnic Institute DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - Materials Research Society, 506 Keystone Drive, Warrendale, PA, 15086, USA LANGUAGE - English

SMAs are engineering alloys that recover extensive amounts of deformation when subjected to a temperature change. The recovery of deformation is as result of a phase transformation from martensite to austenite. For example, for NiTiNOL, a very popular SMA, this transformation occurs at 60 deg C. Actuation is a type of shape memory process that utilizes deformation recovery that is used in smart structural systems. These systems are designed to detect and control structural deformations due to external time varying loads encountered during functional operation. In this paper, the actuating properties of NiTiNOL are characterized using an analytical, computational, and experimental solution (ACES) methodology. Analytical models are utilized to calculate the deformation under dynamic loads. Finite element method (FEM) is used for computational investigations. Optoelectronic holography (OEH) is the experimental method utilized to obtain temperature dependent behavior of NiTiNOL. As a result of the phase transformation, NiTiNOL undergoes a stiffness change indicated by a change in the modulus of elasticity from 33 GPa to 75 GPa. Deformations of NiTiNOL samples subjected to static loads at different temperatures were measured indicating recovery of 85% due to the phase transformation. In addition, amplitudes of vibration were measured as a function of excitation frequency and temperature to determine the effects of phase transformation. The results show effectiveness of NiTiNOL in development of smart structural systems.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

80 Materials and Devices for Smart Systems as held at the 2003 MRS Fall Meeting 200409-72-0131 (MD); 200409-G2-Z-0075 (EM)

Furuya, Y; Quandt, E; Zhang, Q; Inoue, K; Shahinpoor, M

JOURNAL NAME - Materials and Devices for Smart Systems as held at the 2003 MRS Fall Meeting; Boston, MA; USA; 1-5 Dec. 2003. 525 pp. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Hirosaki University DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - Materials Research Society, 506 Keystone Drive, Warrendale, PA, 15086, USA LANGUAGE - English

27 papers selected and abstracted for Metals Abstracts and 19 papers selected and abstracted for Engineered Materials Abstracts.

81 The development of active and sensitive structural material systems. 200409-62-1630 (MD); 200409-F1-D-0215 (EM); 200409-B.5-0212 (AI); 200407-61-5763 (MT)

Asanuma, H

JOURNAL NAME - Materials and Devices for Smart Systems as held at the 2003 MRS Fall Meeting; Boston, MA; USA; 1-5 Dec. 2003. pp. 445-453. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Chiba University DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - Materials Research Society, 506 Keystone Drive, Warrendale, PA, 15086, USA LANGUAGE - English

This paper describes new concepts the author has proposed and demonstrated to realize metal and polymer based sensitive and/or active structural material systems suitable for smart structures. Most of the developments have been done by simple and innovative methods without using sophisticated and expensive sensors and actuators. The following topics are mainly examined: (1) forming optical interference and loss type strain sensors in epoxy matrix simply by embedding and breaking notched optical fiber in it; (2) forming a multifunctional sensor in aluminum matrix for temperature and strain monitorings by embedding an oxidized nickel fiber, (3) fabricating multifunctional composites by using conventional structural materials - an active laminate of CFRP/aluminum of which unidirectional actuation is realized by electrical resistance heating of carbon fiber in the CFRP layer and its curvature change can be monitored using optical fiber multiply fractured in the CFRP layer, (4) fabricating active fiber-reinforced metals such as SiC/Al and SiC/Ni systems by laminating a reinforced layer with a unreinforced layer to cause thermal deformation. In the case of SiC/Al composite, actuation was performed only in the fiber direction and is useful for making a light-weight active panel. In the case of SiC/Ni composite, actuation took place up to above 1200K and is useful for making a high temperature actuator.

82 Active disassembly - the end of electronic life as we know it. 200403-43-0117 (MD); 200403-94-0002 (EA)

Hussein, H

JOURNAL NAME - Materials World. Vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 20-22. Nov. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Brunel University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0967-8638 PUBLICATION PLACE - Institute of Materials, 1 Carlton House Terrace, London, SW1Y 5DB, UK LANGUAGE - English

It is now just two months until the EU Waste and Electronic Equipment directive (WEEE) comes into force. Many electronics manufacturers are unprepared, but research co-ordinated by Habib Hussein at Brunet University, in partnership with Nokia, Sony and Motorola, could help companies meet their WEEE obligations. Active disassembly of electronic products using smart materials could enable cheaper and more efficient recycling. However, it is not just the technology that poses a challenge. Sally Wilkes reports.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

83 Static analysis of hybrid smart composite structures. 200412-62-2058 (MD)

Wang, J; Li, Z; Wang, J

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Vol. 29, no. 11, pp. 988-992. Nov. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Beihang University (China) DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1001-5965 PUBLICATION PLACE - Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing, 100083, China, [mailto:JBUAA@buaa.edu.cn] LANGUAGE - Chinese

A hybrid smart structure integrated with shape memory alloy slims and piezoelectric ceramic patches as united actuators, was presented and modeled by finite element methods. Being bonded to its surface or embedded in the laminate, the piezoelectric ceramic patches was treated as a certain layer while the shape memory alloy slims as the load subject to the temperature. The comparison among the effects of different control methods was given, and validated with static experiment. The result indicate that the shape control of the hybrid smart structure can take advantage of their characteristic with shape memory alloy actuators holding the mostly load and piezoelectric ceramic actuators correcting the precise shape.

84 Hybrid-stabilized solid-shell model of laminated composite piezoelectric structures under non-linear distribution of electric potential through thickness. 200407-62-1135 (MD); 200403-61-1753 (MT)

Yao, L Q; Lu, L

JOURNAL NAME - International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering. Vol. 58, no. 10, pp. 1499-1522. 14 Nov. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0029-5981PUBLICATION PLACE - John Wiley & Sons Ltd , Journals, Baffins Lane, Chichester, Sussex, PO19 1UD, UK, [mailto:cs-journals@wiley.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

Eighteen-node solid-shell finite element models have been developed for the analysis of laminated composite plate/shell structures embedded with piezoelectric actuators and sensors. The explicit hybrid stabilization method is employed to formulate stabilization vectors for the uniformly reduced integrated 18-node three-dimensional composite solid element. Unlike conventional piezoelectric elements, the concept of the electric nodes introduced in this paper can effectively eliminate the burden of constraining the equality of the electric potential for the nodes lying on the same electrode. Furthermore, the nonlinear distribution of electric potential in the piezoelectric layer is expressed by introducing internal electric potential, which not only can simplify modelling but also obtains the same as the exact solution.

85 One-dimensional incremental constitutive relation for SMA fiber reinforced smart composites with damages. 200405-62-0799 (MD); 200405-C1-D-1154 (EM); 200401-61-0568 (MT); A04-11946

Hu, Z L; Xiong, K; Wang, X W

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics. Vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 468-473. Sept.-Oct. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1005-2615 PUBLICATION PLACE - Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao Street, Nangjing, 210016, China, [mailto:xiong@nuaa.edu.cn] LANGUAGE - Chinese

A new martensitic transformation kinetics model for shape memory alloy (SMA) is proposed based on the phenomenological description of the martensitic transformation heat flow-temperature curve and the linear relationship between the martensite fraction and partial derivatives of Gbbis free energy with respect to the temperature. A meso-mechanical model is developed to describe the longitudinal stiffness reduction and thermo-dilatation variation of the composites caused by fiber breaking or fiber peeling off the base material. One-dimensional incremental constitutive relation is then established for SMA fiber reinforced smart composites with damages and three parameters are introduced to describe the extent of fiber breaking, fiber peeling off the base material and interface weakening. Results provide a theoretical basis for the further study on the damage of SMA smart structures.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

86 An efficient coupled layerwise theory for static analysis of piezoelectric sandwich beams. 200501-62-03339 (MD); 200501-C1-D-00266 (EM); 200501-24-00276 (CE); 200501-61-00854 (MT); 200501-36-01152 (SO)

Kapuria, S; Dumir, P C; Ahmed, A

JOURNAL NAME - Archive of Applied Mechanics. Vol. 73, no. 3-4, pp. 147-159. Sept. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Indian Institute of Technology (New Delhi) DOCUMENT TYPE - Electronic Journal Article ISSN - 0939-1533 PUBLICATION PLACE - Springer-Verlag (New York), 175 Fifth Ave , New York, NY, 10010, USA LANGUAGE - English

An efficient one-dimensional model is developed for the statics of piezoelectric sandwich beams. Third-order zigzag approximation is used for axial displacement, and the potential is approximated as piecewise linear. The displacement field is expressed in terms of three primary displacement variables and the electric potential variables by satisfying the conditions of zero transverse shear stress at the top and bottom and its continuity at layer interfaces. The deflection field accounts for the piezoelectric transverse normal strain. The governing equations are derived using a variational principle. The present results agree very well with the exact solution for thin and thick highly inhomogeneous simply supported hybrid sandwich beams. The developed theory can accurately model open and closed circuit boundary conditions.

87 Advances in aeroengine materials. 200402-61-0202 (MD); 200402-F1-Z-0049 (EM); 200401-11-0038 (MT)

Hicks, M A; Thomas, M C

JOURNAL NAME - PARSONS 2003: Sixth International Charles Parsons Turbine Conference; Dublin; Ireland; 16-18 Sept. 2003. pp. 43-56. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Rolls-Royce DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - Maney Publishing, Institute of Materials, 1 Carlton House Terrace, London, SW1Y 5DB, UK LANGUAGE - English

The history of the aeroengine has been intrinsically linked with the development of advanced materials technologies. The last decade has seen the launch of a large number of new engine programmes which have provided the opportunity to introduce many new materials. Over this period the emphasis has changed from being dominated by the need to improve engine performance to one in which cost is the prime requirement. Consequently, new technologies have to show a clear business case in order to 'buy their way' onto an engine. The commercial aerospace industry has also been going through a very difficult period since the events of September 11th. Now, as well as the terrorist threat, we are experiencing a further downturn because of the SARs outbreak in SE Asia. As a consequence, there will be fewer new aircraft launched, less research funding available to develop new technology and there will be an even greater emphasis on cost and supporting the aftermarket. In terms of materials technology this means that we will need to achieve bigger changes in capability when an engine opportunity presents itself, to focus on fewer technologies with the biggest business impact and to do things faster and smarter. This paper reviews the development of aeroengine materials and discusses emerging technologies for future engines against this changing business scene. As well as reviewing developments in current titanium and nickel alloys, advances in ceramics and composites will be covered. Finally, emerging technologies in smart materials and nanomaterials are discussed.

88 Nondestructive Evaluation and Smart Materials. 200401-62-0069 (MD); A04-15736

Kishi, T

JOURNAL NAME - Materials Transactions. Vol. 44, no. 8, pp. 1546-1552. Aug. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Tokyo University (Japan) DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1345-9678 PUBLICATION PLACE - Japan Institute of Metals, Nihon Kinzoku Gakkai Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai, 980, Japan LANGUAGE - English

Evaluation of microcracking behavior, among other nondestructive evaluations, is important for understanding the fracture of materials and improving their fracture resistance. This paper deals with the principle of the inverse problem analysis of acoustic emission (AE), the method of analyzing the moment tensor of microcracks developed by the author et al., and examples of the method's application. The paper goes on to introduce the concept of the smart materials and structural systems that perform nondestructive evaluation on their own and function to repair and restore defects. The paper also overviews the present state of research and development.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

89 Property evaluation of NiTi shape memory alloy. 200402-31-0921 (MD)

Hu, Z L; Xiong, K; Wang, X W

JOURNAL NAME - Cailiao Gongcheng (Journal of Materials Engineering) (China) , pp. 28-32. Aug. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1001-4381 PUBLICATION PLACE - Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials, P.O. Box 81, Beijing, 100095, China LANGUAGE - Chinese

The important relationships among stress, strain, temperature, electrical resistance and phase transformation of NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA) were synthetically tested and analyzed by various combinations of parameters. A physical model was established to describe the experimental stress-strain curves of SMA, and numerical simulations were performed. Several testing methods were proposed for the need of material evaluations and smart structure developments. Experimental results show that a series of unusual changes on physical and mechanical properties of SMA occur when the phase transformation of martensitic, especially R (rhombohedral), emerges, and that the constitutive relationship of SMA is highly nonlinear. Numerical results are in good agreement with experiment data. It is an important and effective method to measure stress, strain, electrical resistance and temperature synthetically for studying properties and structural variations of SMA.

90 Metal embedded fiber Bragg grating sensors in layered manufacturing. 200405-62-0786 (MD); 200401-61-0325 (MT); 200403-21-0312 (EA)

Li, X; Prinz, F

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering (Transactions of the ASME). Vol. 125, no. 3, pp. 577-585. Aug. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1087-1357 PUBLICATION PLACE - ASME International, 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10016-5990, USA LANGUAGE - English

Layered Manufacturing can build functional "smart" parts with sensors, integrated circuits, complete functional assemblies, and actuators placed within the structure and fully embedded. These sensors can be used to gain data for validating or improving designs during the prototype stage or to obtain information on the performance and structural integrity of functional components in service. A sequence for embedding fiber optic sensors in metals via Layered Manufacturing is developed. Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors, embedded in nickel and stainless steel were characterized for temperature and strain measurements. Moreover, a decoupling technique that is capable of separating temperature and strain effects was also developed. This paper also presents the application of the embedded sensors to monitor residual strains during laser-assisted Layered Manufacturing.

91 Materials Transactions, Vol. 44, No. 1 (2003), PP. 204 to 210. Valence Electron Concentration and Phase Transformation of Shape Memory Alloys Ni-Mn-Ga-X 200401-11-0014 (MD)

Yamaguchi, K; Ishida, S; Asano, S

JOURNAL NAME - Materials Transactions. Vol. 44, no. 7, pp. 1506. July 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1345-9678 PUBLICATION PLACE - Japan Institute of Metals, Nihon Kinzoku Gakkai Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai, 980, Japan LANGUAGE - English

In the above paper, mistakes were found after publication. The mistakes are seen in the Fig. 2 and the units of the vertical and transverse axes of Figs. 6-8. The error in Fig. 2 is "y = 1/4". The correction is "y = 1/4 plane". The errors in the vertical axes of Figs. 6-8 are "States,n/aJ' atom spin exp -1 . The corrections are "DOS/(aJ atom spin) exp -1 The errors in the transverse axes of Figs. 6-8 are "Energy, E/aJ unit cell exp -1 . The corrections are "Energy, EIaJ".

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

92 One-dimensional shape memory alloy models for use with reinforced composite structures. 200312-62-2261 (MD); 200309-62-2415 (CE); 200309-62-4730 (MT)

Zak, A J; Cartmell, M P; Ostachowicz, W M; Wiercigroch, M

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 338-346. June 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Glasgow DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

In this paper three models of the shape memory alloy behaviour have been presented and re-investigated. The models are attributed to Tanaka, Liang and Rogers, and Brinson, and have been used extensively in the literature for studying the static or dynamic performance of different composite material structures with embedded shape memory alloy components. The major differences and similarities between these models have been emphasised and examined in the paper. A simple experimental rig was designed and manufactured to gain additional insight into the main mechanics governing the shape memory alloy (SMA) mechanical properties. Data obtained from the experimental measurements on Ni-Ti wires have been used in the numerical simulation for validation purposes. It has been found that the three models all agree well in their predictions of the superelastic behaviour at higher temperatures, above the austenite finish temperature when shape memory alloys stay in the fully austenitic phase. However, at low temperatures, when the alloys stay in the fully martensitic phase, some difficulties may be encountered. The model developed by Brinson introduces two new state variables and therefore two different mechanisms for the instigation of stress-induced and temperature-induced martensite. This enables more accurate predictions of the superelastic behaviour. In general, it can be recommended that for investigations of the shape memory and superelastic behaviour of shape memory alloy components the Brinson model, or refinements based on the Brinson model, should be applied.

93 Optical and structural characterization of bacterio-rhodopsin films on Si-based materials 200309-57-1724 (MD); 200309-20-1123 (EA); 200309-30-0257 (SO)

Libertino, S; Fichera, M; La Mantia, A; Ricceri, D

JOURNAL NAME - Synthetic Metals. Vol. 138, no. 1-2, pp. 141-144. 2 June 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0379-6779 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Sequoia S-A, P.O. Box 564, Lausanne 1, 1001, Switzerland LANGUAGE - English

Aim of this work is to study biological materials as innovative 'smart' materials to implement new functions on Si. We characterized the structural and optical properties of a bacterial protein, the bacterio-rhodopsin (bR), located in the purple membrane (PM) of the Halobacterium salinarium, living in salty waters. When it is irradiated with a light at 570nm a complex photochemical cycle starts. It consists of intermediate states with different absorption spectra and lifetimes. We prepared water solutions containing the protein and studied both the solution and the films formed after deposition on glass, Si and SiO2 surfaces. The films realized have thickness ranging from 5 to 45mum and, more important, maintain bR optical properties. Finally, the PM confers a high stability to the bR with respect to thermal degradation. Our measurement show a denaturation temperature strongly dependent on the solution and film characteristics. In particular, bR can be stable up to 100 deg C in solution and up to 190 deg C in thick films, values much higher than the best literature data.

94 Damping properties of metal-piezoelectric composites. 200311-62-2083 (MD)

Yoshida, I; Yokosuka, M; Monma, D; Ono, T; Sakurai, M

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Alloys and Compounds. Vol. 355, no. 1-2, pp. 136-141. 30 June 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Meisei University DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper; Journal Article ISSN - 0925-8388 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science SA, P.O. Box 564, Lausanne 1, CH-1001, Switzerland LANGUAGE - English

For the purpose of searching for a new damping mechanism, the possibility of utilizing piezoelectric effects was investigated. Experiments of internal friction and electrical property measurements were made on some piezoelectric ceramics and metal-piezoelectric composites. Trials of manufacturing metal-piezoelectric composites are described. The method adopted is the pressing of a mixture of metal and piezoelectric powders into a metal tube, followed by rolling and annealing. Cu-PbTiO sub 3 composite showed three to five times higher damping compared to the pure Cu rod.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

95 Fractal neural network diagnosis method of smart structure damage. 200312-22-1012 (MD); 200311-B2-Z-0448 (EM)

Yan, M; Liang, D K; Wan, P F

JOURNAL NAME - Cailiao Kexue yu Gongcheng (Materials Science and Engineering) (China). Vol. 21, pp. 387-390. May-June 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1004-793X PUBLICATION PLACE - Zhejiang University, China LANGUAGE - Chinese

A new approach is proposed to settle the problem of determining the damage degree of smart material and structures. Neural network is adopted to fuse the material interior strain and the structure external fractal dimension for the structure damage diagnosis. The tiny fiber-Fabry-Perot strain sensor, a kind of convenient device combination of absolute measurements with a large dynamic range and high accuracy, is suitable to be embedded into the composite material to sense the material interior strain. Furthermore, the crack over the surface of a structure is a indicator of its interior damage, it can be quantitated by the fractal theory based on the distributing characters of cracks and the fractal dimension value can be gained. This fractal dimension value together with the strain is fed into NN, and the powerful non-linear process capacity of NN is available to detect the structure damage on-line. The main experimentation results over a composite testing specimen of 35 cm x 35 cm indicate that the performance of the method involved is reliable and effective to diagnose the material and structure damage even to predict the life of the material farther.

96 Research on smart structural systems. 200403-62-0575 (MD)

Qiu, J

JOURNAL NAME - JSME News. Vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1,5-6. May 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Tohoku University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1340-8763 PUBLICATION PLACE - Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, Shinanomachi-Rengakan Building, Shinanomachi 35, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0016, Japan LANGUAGE - English

What is a smart structural system? With its concept derived from functionality of a living system, a smart structural system is expected to possess the abilities to sense the changes in its environment or internal state and to adapt itself to these changes. The realization of these abilities is based on the seamless integration of sensors, actuators and controllers, whose functions are similar to those of the nerves, muscles and brain in a living system, with a traditional structure, which has similar function to that of the skeleton of a living system. (material: piezoelectric fiber with a metal core)

97 Influence of magnetic field on the phase transformation of TbDyFe/NiTi composite film. 200309-62-1612 (MD)

Xunyong, J; Huibin, X; Xueping, G; Deying, S

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Materials Science Letters. Vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 729-731. 15 May 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Nankai University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0261-8028 PUBLICATION PLACE - Kluwer, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA, 02061, USA, [mailto:Angela.depina@wkap.com] LANGUAGE - English

Intelligent or smart material has received increasing attention in the last few years because of its technological significance and great potential applications. SMA and giant magnetrostrictive alloy film are excellent candidates of actuator for MEMS (microelectromechanic systems) because they are capable of generating high strain and forces compared with other actuation material used as microactuators. The aim of present work is to study the interaction of these two materials on the base of integration of these two monolithic materials. The composite is 2-2 type(film-film). There have been few reports on this topic. In the present work, TbDyFe/NiTi composite film was prepared by magnetron sputtering. As initial research, the influences of magnetic field on phase transformation of composite film was investigated.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

98 Textural and shape memory characteristics of Fe-29.9 at.% Pd melt-spun ribbons. 200312-12-2407 (MD); 200309-61-7439 (MT)

Vokoun, D; Goryczka, T; Hu, C T

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 242-248. Apr. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - National Tsing Hua University (Taiwan) DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

Fe-29.9 at.% Pd shape memory ribbons have been manufactured by means of the free jet melt-spinning method. The microstructure, the shape memory effect and the texture of the manufactured melt-spun ribbons have been studied. Some of the results are compared with those obtained in similar studies on Fe-Pd shape memory melt-spun ribbons.

99 THERMEC'2003: International Conference on Processing & Manufacturing of Advanced Materials 200311-72-0240 (MD); 200311-G2-Z-0117 (EM); 20034788 (CO)

Chandra, T; Torralba, J M; Sakai, T

JOURNAL NAME - Materials Science Forum. Vol. 426-432, no. Part 2, pp. Pp 947. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper; Journal Article ISSN - 0255-5476 PUBLICATION PLACE - Trans Tech Publications Ltd , Trans Tech House, Aedermannsdorf, 4711, Switzerland LANGUAGE - English

Published in Materials Science Forum. 155 papers selected and abstracted for Metals Abstracts. The conference covered different aspects of processing, fabrication, structure/property evaluation and applications of both ferrous and nonferrous materials including biomaterials, ecomaterials and smart/intelligent materials. Part 2 focused on steels, intermetallics and amorphous metallic materials.

100 THERMEC 2003 (Part I): International Conference Processing and Manufacturing of Advanced Materials 200311-72-0235 (MD)

Chandra, T; Torralba, J M; Sakai, T

JOURNAL NAME - Materials Science Forum. Vol. 426-432, no. Part 1, pp. Pp 826. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper; Journal Article ISSN - 0255-5476 PUBLICATION PLACE - Trans Tech Publications Ltd , Trans Tech House, Aedermannsdorf, 4711, Switzerland LANGUAGE - English

Published in Materials Science Forum. 126 papers selected and abstracted for Metals Abstracts. The conference covered different aspects of processing, fabrication, structure/property evaluation and applications of both ferrous and nonferrous materials including biomaterials, ecomaterials and smart/intelligent materials. Part I focused on alumium and its alloys, magnesium, titanium and superalloys.

101 THERMEC 2003 (Part 5): International Conference on Processing & Manufacturing of Advanced Materials 200312-72-0255 (MD)

Chandra, T; Torralba, J M; Sakai, T

JOURNAL NAME - Materials Science Forum. Vol. 426-432, no. Part 5, pp. Pp 863. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper; Journal Article ISSN - 0255-5476 PUBLICATION PLACE - Trans Tech Publications Ltd , Trans Tech House, Aedermannsdorf, 4711, Switzerland LANGUAGE - English

Published in Materials Science Forum. 131 papers selected and abstracted for Metals Abstracts and 16 papers selected and abstracted for Engineered Materials Abstracts. The conference covered different aspects of processing, fabrication, structure/property evaluation and applications of both ferrous and nonferrous materials including biomaterials, ecomaterials and smart/intelligent materials. Part 5 focuses on modelling and residual stresses, welding/joining, powder metallurgy, and mechanical behavior.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

102 3rd Hungarian Conference on Materials Science, Testing and Information. 200306-72-0132 (MD)

Gyulai, J

JOURNAL NAME - Materials Science Forum. Vol. 414-415, pp. Pp 504. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Hungarian Academy of Sciences DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper; Journal Article ISSN - 0255-5476 PUBLICATION PLACE - Trans Tech Publications Ltd , Trans Tech House, Aedermannsdorf, 4711, Switzerland LANGUAGE - English

Published in Materials Science Forum. 59 papers selected and abstracted for Metals Abstracts. 12 papers selected and abstracted for Engineered Materials Abstracts. The conference was organized in four sections: (1) Materials and Technologies of the New Millennium - 1, including the topics of mechanical engineering, electrotechnics, energetics, ceramics, polymers, biotechnology; (2) Materials and Technologies of the New Millennium - 2, including special materials structures, technologies and properties, nanostructures, smart materials, gradient materials; (3) Modern Research and Characterization Methods; (4) Modelling and Materials Informatics.

103 NJIT to Develop Smart Coatings for U.S. Army. 200307-57-1335 (MD); 20032861 (CO)

Agosta, M

JOURNAL NAME - Coatings World. Vol. 8, Part 1 of 2, no. 3, pp. 35. Mar. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1527-1129 PUBLICATION PLACE - Rodman Publishing Corp , 17 S. Franklin Tpk , P.O. Box 555, Ramsey, NJ, 07446, USA LANGUAGE - English

A team of researchers at New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) along with researchers at Clemson University recently signed a contract with the U.S. Army to develop a smart coating that would enable military vehicles, if corroded or scratched, to detect and heal themselves. The vehicles could also change color on the battlefield, creating instant camouflage, rendering tanks and other military vehicles hard to detect. "We're just getting started, really," said research team leader Daniel J. Watts, Ph.D., executive director of the York Center for Environmental Engineering and Science and Panasonic Chair in Sustainability at NJIT. "Our goal is to extend the period of time between initial painting application and the need to strip and repaint." According to Dr. Watts, the research team hopes to accomplish this goal by developing a coating system with three different capabilities that currently do not exist in the science of coatings technology. The key, he believes, is nanotechnology.

104 Processing of advanced shape memory materials by powder metallurgy. 200312-54-1031 (MD); 808468 (CD)

Juan, J S; Rodriguez, P P; No, M L; Ruano, O A

JOURNAL NAME - Materials Science Forum. Vol. 426-432, no. Part 5, pp. 4319-4324. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Universidad del Pais Vasco DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper; Journal Article ISSN - 0255-5476 PUBLICATION PLACE - Trans Tech Publications Ltd , Trans Tech House, Aedermannsdorf, 4711, Switzerland LANGUAGE - English

Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloys are promising smart materials, but their ductility has to be improved before they can be used for practical applications. In this work, we have developed a new processing method of Cu-Al-Ni alloys by powder metallurgy, which allows us to improve both the mechanical and thermomechanical properties of these alloys. This improvement is illustrated through a complete study of the microstructure by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Electron Back-Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) of an alloy elaborated by powder metallurgy. Martensitic transformation behavior and thermomechanical properties have been analyzed by Internal Friction and mechanical testing, respectively.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

105 Smart materials in damage detection and prognosis. 200310-31-3770 (MD); 200309-61-7092 (MT); 200310-11-0532 (SO)

Inman, D J

JOURNAL NAME - Key Engineering Materials. Vol. 245-246, pp. 3-16. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper; Journal Article ISSN - 1013-9826 PUBLICATION PLACE - Trans Tech Publications Ltd , Brandrain 6, Zurich-Utikon, CH-8707, Switzerland, [mailto:ttp@ttp.net] LANGUAGE - English

Hardware for power, sensing, actuation and computing becomes a key issue in structural health monitoring and damage prognosis. This manuscript presents some thoughts on how smart materials can be nicely integrated into structures to form an ability to perform online and fully integrated structural health monitoring and damage prognosis. Several examples are presented indicated various steps in the integration of hardware into structures to create a 'slap on' sensor system that is self contained for monitoring structures while in service.

106 Proceedings of the Second Moscow International Symposium on Magnetism (MISM). 200307-72-0159 (MD)

Perov, N

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. Vol. 258-259, pp. Pp 613. Mar. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper; Journal Article ISSN - 0304-8853 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier BV, North-Holland, P.O. Box 211, Amsterdam, 1000 AE, Netherlands, [mailto:nlinfo-f@elsevier.nl] LANGUAGE - English

59 papers selected and abstracted for Metals Abstracts. The main emphasis of the symposium was on new developments in micromagnetism, transport phenomena, magnetooptics, low-dimensional magnetism, magnetoimpedance and HF properties, magnetic properties of the strongly correlated systems, manganites and semiconductors, multilayers and nanostructures, magnetic fluids and intelligent materials, new magnetic materials and applications.

107 Ti-Ni-based shape memory alloys as smart materials. 200311-31-3993 (MD)

Otsuka, K; Xu, Y; Ren, X

JOURNAL NAME - Materials Science Forum. Vol. 426-432, no. Part 1, pp. 251-258. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - NIAIST (Japan) DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper; Journal Article ISSN - 0255-5476 PUBLICATION PLACE - Trans Tech Publications Ltd , Trans Tech House, Aedermannsdorf, 4711, Switzerland LANGUAGE - English

Smart materials consist of three principal materials, ferroelectrics, shape memory alloys (SMA) and electro-active polymers (EAP). Among these SMAs, especially Ti-Ni-based alloys are important, since only they can provide large recoverable strains and high recovery stress. In the present paper the unique characteristics of Ti-Ni-based shape memory alloys are reviewed on an up-to-date basis with the aim of their applications to smart materials and structures.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

108 Nondestructive evaluation and smart materials 200401-22-0008 (MD)

Kishi, T

JOURNAL NAME - Materia Japan. Vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 356-361. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Tokyo University (Japan) DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1340-2625 PUBLICATION PLACE - Japan Institute of Metals, Nihon Kinzoku Gakkai Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai, 980, Japan LANGUAGE - Japanese

Author has developed an Acoustic Emission (AE) method through reverse problem solving approach for application in the moment tensor (Eigen strain in micromechanics)and microcracks evaluation. As an extension of this research, he has proceeded with its utilization for non-destructive test and recovery in the smart (intelligent) materials. The micro-destruction of materials is either in the form of shear or tensile and in case of macro-structure the issues associated with material's major crack propagation have to be defined. In the fail safe materials there exists a mechanism of stress relieving micro-crack, phase change branching and deformations. In case of shear stress relief mechanism in fail safe materials as related to micro-cracks formation, it could lead to increased resistance to fracture failure which is called micro-crack toughening as seen in the graphs. The AE reverse problem analysis results are displayed in the provided graphs. The understanding of micro-cracks require: 1-occuring location, 2-size, 3-break mode, 4-orientation, 5-shape and 6-speed of fracture, which are major aspects that have to be quantitatively defined. The mathematical analysis including AE test results for A470 (Cr-Mo) steel are among the issues given in details. (Schematics.)

109 Effect of radiation on Reyleigh-Benard convection in ferromagnetic fluids. 200406-32-0347 (MD); 200403-62-1150 (MT)

Maruthamanikandan, S

JOURNAL NAME - International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering. Vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 449-459. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Bangalore University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1425-1655 PUBLICATION PLACE - Technical University of Zielona Gora, Department of Mechanics, ul. Szafrana 2, P.O. Box 47, Zielona Gora, 65-516, Poland, [mailto:ailciow@wm.pz.zgora.pl] LANGUAGE - English

The effect of radiative transfer on the onset of thermal convection in a ferromagnetic fluid layer bounded by two parallel plates and heated from below is considered using Goody's approach. The fluid between the plates absorbs and emits thermal radiation. The Milne-Eddington approximation is employed in obtaining the initial static state. Considering infinitesimal perturbations, the critical magnetic Rayleigh number is obtained using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It is found that radiation inhibits the onset of convection in both the transparent and opaque media. Further, the opaque medium is shown to release heat for convection more slowly than the transparent medium. It is also found that radiation affects the cell size at the onset of convection in the case of transparent medium only. The results have implications in energy conversion devices and in smart material applications.

110 The hybrid composite with shape memory alloy and its smartness. 200402-62-0317 (MD); 200402-R.5-0192 (AI)

Yang, D Z

JOURNAL NAME - Key Engineering Materials. Vol. 249, pp. 199-204. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Dalian University of Science and Technology DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper; Journal Article ISSN - 1013-9826 PUBLICATION PLACE - Trans Tech Publications Ltd , Brandrain 6, Zurich-Utikon, CH-8707, Switzerland, [mailto:ttp@ttp.net] LANGUAGE - English

The present paper describes the basic physical property of NiTi shape memory alloy and its smartness. Meanwhile the function of hybrid composition based on shape memory alloy is introduced. (The mechanical properties of NiTi fiber/Al matrix and NiTiCu particle/Al matrix have been studied.)

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

111 Intelligent catheter for medical dosage. 200402-61-0182 (MD); 200402-82-0036 (CI); 200402-10-0109 (EA); 200402-84-0593 (SO)

Richter, M

JOURNAL NAME - Metalloberflache. Vol. 57, no. Trendbaromter Technik 2003, Suppl , pp. 30. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0026-0797 PUBLICATION PLACE - Hanser, Carl, Verlag, P.O.B. 860420, Kolbergerstr. 22, Munich 80, D-8000, Germany, [mailto:info@hanser.de] LANGUAGE - German

Infusions today in medicine are routine. Intravenous catheters give medicines continuously to the patient. A silicon chip with a plastic housing has been designed in order to monitor the precision of the dosage of medicine.

112 Intelligent materials and meterial development-High function and intelligence of materials. IV. Intelligent materials and transform elements. I. 200411-61-0639 (MD); 200411-F1-Z-0342 (EM); 200409-61-6780 (MT); 200410-45-0134 (EA)

Miyairi, H

JOURNAL NAME - Kogyo Zairyo (Engineering Materials). Vol. 51, no. 10, pp. 63-67. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Tokyo Denki University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0452-2834 PUBLICATION PLACE - Industrial Daily News, 8-10, 1-chome, Kudankita, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102, Japan LANGUAGE - Japanese

The intelligent materials with piezoelectric ceramics, shape memory alloys, electro-rheological fluids, strain gauge, and magnetic materials are introduced. The development of new functional materials with the shape memory effect and stress strain character of shape memory alloys such as Ni-Cr alloy is presented. The change of viscoelastic property of electro-rheological fluid (ER fluid) inside carbon fiber reinforced plastic laminate under electric field is discussed. The use of this special property of ER fluid under electric field in the fabrication of sensor and actuator is explained. The magnetic bias effect of ETREMA TERFENOL-D Tb(0.27)Dy(0.73)Fe(0.9) (Tb(0.3)Dy(0.7)Fe(2)) giant magnetic material is examined. The application of ETREMA TERFENOL-D in the actuator is described.

113 Optimization of Laminated Composites and Overview of Smart Material Applications 200503-62-09819 (MD); 200503-C1-D-03156 (EM); 200503-24-04407 (CE); 200503-61-07656 (MT); 200503-60-03565 (CI)

Adali, S

JOURNAL NAME - Modern Trends in Composite Laminates Mechanics. Vienna, Springer-Verlag (Austria), 2003. pp. 227-280 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Natal, Durban, South Africa DOCUMENT TYPE - Book Chapter PUBLICATION PLACE - Springer-Verlag (Austria), Sachsenplatz 46, P.O. Box 89, Vienna, A-1201, Austria LANGUAGE - English

The issues, problems and techniques concerning the optimization of laminated composites are discussed and specific cases of design optimization are presented. After a general introduction to methods of optimization of composites with emphasis on genetic algorithms, a discussion of design and decision variables is given and problem complexities are highlighted. This is followed by specific examples of composites design under deterministic conditions, and in particular, stiffness and strength optimization, thermal buckling, and optimization with multiple objectives are studied. The design uncertainties are the subject of the separate chapter where design optimization techniques such as convex modelling and anti-optimization are illustrated again by means of specific examples involving uncertain material, load and geometric data. Section 6 provides an overview of the properties and applications of widely used smart materials which is followed by some specific examples of the use of smart materials in vibration control and composite design applications. It is noted that sections 1-5 (except the material on genetic algorithms) are an abridged version of the material in Adali (2003) which is being published in these Lecture Notes with the permission of CRC Press.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

114 Two-way shape memory effect of ferromagnetic Ni-Mn-Ga sputter-deposited films. 200310-31-3603 (MD)

Ohtsuka, M; Matsumoto, M; Itagaki, K

JOURNAL NAME - Yazawa International Symposium on Metallurgical and Materials Processing: Principles and Technologies; San Diego, CA; USA; 2-6 Mar. 2003. pp. 1213-1226. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Tohoku University DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 184 Thorn Hill Road, Warrendale, PA, 15086-7528, USA LANGUAGE - English

The ternary Ni2MnGa intermetallic compound is an intelligent material which has both a ferromagnetic property and a shape memory effect (SME). The use of the shape memory alloy films for an actuator of micro-machines is very attractive because of its large recovery force. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of fabrication conditions and to clarify the relationships between these properties and fabrication conditions of the Ni-Mn-Ga films. The Ni-Mn-Ga films with a thickness of nearly 5 mum were deposited with a radio-frequency magnetron sputtering apparatus using a Ni50Mn25Ga25 or Ni52Mn24Ga24 target. They were heat-treated at various temperatures between 873 and 1273 K for homogenization and ordering and then cooled in a furnace. The composition of the films depended on the sputtering power. The as-deposited films were crystalline and had columnar grains. After the heat treatment the grains widened and the grain boundary became indistinct with the increasing heat treatment temperature. The martensitic transformation temperature of the heat-treated films increased with increasing nickel content. Furthermore the effect of plastic deformation and constraint aging on SME is also investigated. After plastic deformation, the two-way SME was shown through the martensitic transformation and its reversion. The intensity of X-ray diffraction peaks from stress-induced martensitic phase was found. The constraint-aged films also showed the two-way SME by thermal cycling.

115 Accelerated testing of self-healing coatings. 200306-35-1400 (MD); 20032216 (CO)

Kumar, A; Stephenson, L D

JOURNAL NAME - Corrosion/2003; San Diego, CA; USA; 16-20 Mar. 2003. 18 pp. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - NACE International, P.O. Box 218340, Houston, TX, 77218, USA LANGUAGE - English

The feasibility of self-healing coatings for steel has been previously reported. Self-healing coatings are made by incorporating microcapsules (60 - 150 microns in diameter) that contain film-formers and corrosion inhibitors into the paint primers at the time of coating application. When coating is scratched, the microcapsules break and spill their corrosion inhibitors and film formers, which protect the underlying steel substrates from corrosion, and repair some of the coating damage. Five (5) different types of inhibitors/film formers were tested, and three (3) different techniques for application of the coatings with microcapsules were evaluated. Accelerated testing of the self-healing coatings on steel was conducted by scribing and subjecting them to ASTM D-5894 testing in the laboratory to simulate the environmental effects of salt spray and ultraviolet exposure, in conjunction with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The effect on coating adhesion resulting from adding the microcapsules was also ascertained. Changes in EIS parameters were determined at the end of each week of ASTM D-5894 exposure. EIS results were correlated with undercutting at the scribe. Growth of coating damage at the scribe was arrested in self-healing coatings with all microcapsule formulations compared to control samples. The performance of some microcapsules evaluated in this study was found to be dependent on the method of application.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

116 Hierarchical modeling of active materials. 200402-62-0208 (MD); 200402-A2-D-0141 (EM)

Taya, M

JOURNAL NAME - Material Chemistry '02 (MC '02): 3rd International Symposium on Material Chemistry in Nuclear Environment; Tsukuba; Japan; 13-15 Mar. 2003. pp. 19-25. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Washington DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, 2-2, Uchisaiwai-cho, 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100, Japan LANGUAGE - English

Intelligent (or smart) materials are increasingly becoming key materials for use in actuators and sensors. If an intelligent material is used as a sensor, it can be embedded in a variety of structure functioning as a health monitoring system to make their life longer with high reliability. If an intelligent material is used as an active material in an actuator, it plays a key role of making dynamic movement of the actuator under a set of stimuli. This talk intends to cover two different active materials in actuators, (1) piezoelectric laminate with FGM microstructure, (2) ferromagnetic shape memory alloy (FSMA). The advantage of using the FGM piezo laminate is to enhance its fatigue life while maintaining large bending displacement, while that of use in FSMA is its fast actuation while providing a large force and stroke capability. Use of hierarchical modeling of the above active materials is a key design step in optimizing its microstructure for enhancement of their performance. I will discuss briefly hierarchical modeling of the above two active materials. For FGM piezo laminate, we will use both micromechanical model and laminate theory, while for FSMA, the modeling interfacing nano-structure, microstructure and macro-behavior is discussed.

117 Influence of alloying elements on hot corrosion of superalloys and coatings: necessity of smart coatings for gas turbine engines. 200308-35-2019 (MD); 20032976 (CO)

Gurrappa, I

JOURNAL NAME - Materials Science and Technology. Vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 178-183. Feb. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory (India) DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0267-0836 PUBLICATION PLACE - Institute of Materials, 1 Carlton House Terrace, London, SW1Y 5DB, UK LANGUAGE - English

Modern gas turbine engines require high performance materials and coatings to ensure high efficiency. The selection of high performance materials and coatings depends on the nature and concentration of alloying elements. The composition of materials and coatings, in particular, plays a major role in enhancing the life of gas turbine engines by exhibiting good resistance to oxidation and hot corrosion, which are major problems in gas turbine engines. The performances of several superalloys containing different alloying elements and MCrAlY type coatings containing a variety of major and minor alloying elements are described in detail. The effect of major and trace elements on the life of superalloys and coatings in the presence of pure Na sub 2 SO sub 4 , NaCl and vanadium containing environments is detailed. The relevant reaction mechanisms leading to the failure of superalloys and coatings are discussed. The major factors involved when selecting alloying elements for the preparation of superalloys to manufacture components intended for use under hot corrosion conditions and the selection of appropriate coatings are suggested. Finally, the necessity of innovation of 'smart coatings' to combat both oxidation and hot corrosion is discussed. (Example alloys: Nimonic 75, Nimonic 105, Inconel 718, CM247LC.)

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

118 FEM analysis of pseudoelastic TiNi alloy under normal contact using two material models 200307-31-2743 (MD)

Wang, L M; Xu, J J; Yan, L; Gao, Y Z; Pan, X X; Zhu, X H; Liu, Y M

JOURNAL NAME - Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals. Vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 100-105. Feb. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Dalian Maritime University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1004-0609 PUBLICATION PLACE - Central South University of Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China LANGUAGE - Chinese

Two different material models(multilinear elastic model and bilinear isotropic hardening model) were used to carry out the finite element analysis of TiNi shape memory alloy with pseudoelasticity feature under normal force load. Theresults show that the mutilinear elastic model is not appropriate for analyzing the pseudoelasticity of TiNi alloy, but through using the maximum elastic deformation (the strain value at the yield point) to simulate the pseudoelasticity of TiNi shape memory alloy, the bilinear isotropic hardening model can describe the relationships between the pseudoelasticity of TiNi shape memory alloys and strains including elastic strain and plastic strain. The results gotten from this analysis using the bilinear isotropic hardening model can be used to provide the reference for designing TiNi alloy as smart material and anti-wear material. Finally, under the bilinear isotropic hardening model, the relationship between load and displacement gotten from FEM was compared with that derived from nanoindenter, results indicate that they are at close range.

119 Monitoring of fatigue crack growth of cracked thick aluminum plate repaired with a bonded composite patch using transmission-type extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric optical fiber sensors 200306-22-0558 (MD); 200306-R7-0103 (AI); A03-19112 (AH); 200303-62-0490 (CE); 200303-62-0936 (MT)

Seo, D C; Lee, J J; Kwon, I B

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 917-924. Dec. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

Recently, optical fiber sensors have been increasingly applied to monitor various engineering and civil structural components. These fiber optic smart structures allow engineers to add nervous systems to their designs, giving structures capabilities that would be very difficult to achieve by other means, including continuous assessment of damage processes. Several studies associated with crack monitoring using optical fiber sensors have been reported. In this study, we used recently developed transmission-type extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric (TEFPI) optical fiber sensors for the monitoring of fatigue crack growth behavior of cracked thick aluminum plate repaired with a bonded composite patch. The TEFPI optical fiber sensor has both the advantages of reflection-type EFPI optical fiber sensors and a simpler and more effective function to distinguish strain direction than do reflection-type EFPI optical fiber sensors. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potentiality of the application of TEFPI optical fiber sensors to the monitoring of the fatigue crack growth behavior of composite patch repaired structures. The sensing principle and the sensor construction of the TEFPI optical fiber sensor are presented. The experimental results from fatigue tests of center cracked tension aluminum specimens repaired with a bonded composite patch are presented and discussed. TEFPI optical fiber sensors are embedded and surface bonded to the composite patch at several locations. The experimental results show that it is possible to monitor the fatigue crack growth behavior of composite patch repaired structures using TEFPI optical fiber sensors.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

120 A resistance-based damage location sensor for carbon-fibre composites 200306-62-0996 (MD); 200305-B2-D-0200 (EM); 200303-61-1396 (MT); A03-19118 (AH)

Hou, L; Hayes, S A

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 966-969. Dec. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Sheffield DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

A simple resistance-based sensor is presented, consisting of wire contacts embedded at the edge of a carbon-fibre composite. The sensor proved capable of detecting barely visible damage, induced by a falling-dart impact tester, and accurately providing the damage location. It also proved possible to follow the progression of damage with increasing impact energies. The analysis of the results was straightforward and required no complex calculations. The incorporation of the sensor into practical composite manufacturing routines is also straightforward.

121 Effect of transformation volume contraction on the toughness of superelastic shape memory alloys 200306-31-2194 (MD); A03-19115 (AH)

Yan, W; Wang, C H; Zhang, X P; Mai, Y W

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 947-955. Dec. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Sydney DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) exhibit two very important properties: shape memory phenomenon and superelastic deformation due to intrinsic thermoelastic martensitic transformation. To fully exploit the potential of SMAs in developing functional structures or smart structures in mechanical and biomechanical engineering, it is important to understand and quantify the failure mechanisms of SMAs. This paper presents a theoretical study of the effect of phase-transformation-induced volume contraction on the fracture properties of superelastic SMAs. A simple model is employed to account for the forward and reverse phase transformation with pure volume change, which is then applied to numerically study the transformation field near the tip of a tensile crack. The results reveal that during steady-state crack propagation, the transformation zone extends ahead of the crack tip due to forward transformation while partial reverse transformation occurs in the wake. Furthermore, as a result of the volume contraction associated with the austenite-to-martensite transformation, the induced stress-intensity factor is positive. This is in stark contrast with the negative stress-intensity factor achieved in zirconia ceramics, which undergoes volume expansion during phase transformation. The reverse transformation has been found to have a negligible effect on the induced stress-intensity factor. An important implication of the present results is that the phase transformation with volume contraction in SMAs tends to reduce their fracture resistance and increase the brittleness.

122 Functionally gradient materials. 200309-62-1581 (MD); 200308-E7-D-0460 (EM)

Huang, J D; Wu, J; Wang, Y P; Huang, Q A

JOURNAL NAME - Materials Protection (China). Vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 8-9,12. Dec. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Wuhan University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1001-1560 PUBLICATION PLACE - Wuhan Research Institute of Materials Protection, 126 Baofeng Erlu, Wuhan, 430030, China, [mailto:mpzy@wuhan.cngb.com] LANGUAGE - Chinese

The concepts, construction features and preparation methods of functionally gradient materials (FGM) were described. The present status of FGM was also discussed. The FGM integrated with nanostructure materials or intelligent materials would be one of the main directions of materials science in the 21st century.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

123 Effect of transformation volume contraction on the toughness of superelastic shape memory alloys. 200306-31-2194 (MD)

Yan, W; Wang, C H; Zhang, X P; Mai, Y W

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 947-955. Dec. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Sydney DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) exhibit two very important properties: shape memory phenomenon and superelastic deformation due to intrinsic thermoelastic martensitic transformation. To fully exploit the potential of SMAs in developing functional structures or smart structures in mechanical and biomechanical engineering, it is important to understand and quantify the failure mechanisms of SMAs. This paper presents a theoretical study of the effect of phase-transformation-induced volume contraction on the fracture properties of superelastic SMAs. A simple model is employed to account for the forward and reverse phase transformation with pure volume change, which is then applied to numerically study the transformation field near the tip of a tensile crack. The results reveal that during steady-state crack propagation, the transformation zone extends ahead of the crack tip due to forward transformation while partial reverse transformation occurs in the wake. Furthermore, as a result of the volume contraction associated with the austenite-to-martensite transformation, the induced stress-intensity factor is positive. This is in stark contrast with the negative stress-intensity factor achieved in zirconia ceramics, which undergoes volume expansion during phase transformation. The reverse transformation has been found to have a negligible effect on the induced stress-intensity factor. An important implication of the present results is that the phase transformation with volume contraction in SMAs tends to reduce their fracture resistance and increase the brittleness.

124 Monitoring of fatigue crack growth of cracked thick aluminum plate repaired with a bonded composite patch using transmission-type extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric optical fiber sensors. 200306-22-0558 (MD); 200306-R.7-0103

Seo, D C; Lee, J J; Kwon, I B

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 917-924. Dec. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

Recently, optical fiber sensors have been increasingly applied to monitor various engineering and civil structural components. These fiber optic smart structures allow engineers to add nervous systems to their designs, giving structures capabilities that would be very difficult to achieve by other means, including continuous assessment of damage processes. Several studies associated with crack monitoring using optical fiber sensors have been reported. In this study, we used recently developed transmission-type extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric (TEFPI) optical fiber sensors for the monitoring of fatigue crack growth behavior of cracked thick aluminum plate repaired with a bonded composite patch. The TEFPI optical fiber sensor has both the advantages of reflection-type EFPI optical fiber sensors and a simpler and more effective function to distinguish strain direction than do reflection-type EFPI optical fiber sensors. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potentiality of the application of TEFPI optical fiber sensors to the monitoring of the fatigue crack growth behavior of composite patch repaired structures. The sensing principle and the sensor construction of the TEFPI optical fiber sensor are presented. The experimental results from fatigue tests of center cracked tension aluminum specimens repaired with a bonded composite patch are presented and discussed. TEFPI optical fiber sensors are embedded and surface bonded to the composite patch at several locations. The experimental results show that it is possible to monitor the fatigue crack growth behavior of composite patch repaired structures using TEFPI optical fiber sensors.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

125 Experimental studies on adaptive fuzzy control of a smart structure 200306-31-2451 (MD); 200306-R5-0616 (AI); 200303-24-0718 (CE); 200303-61-1768 (MT)

Cohen, K; Yaffe, R; Weller, T; Ben-Asher, J Z

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Vibration and Control. Vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 1071-1083. Nov. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Technion Institute of Technology (Israel) DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1077-5463 PUBLICATION PLACE - Sage Science Press, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA, [mailto:sagescience@sagepub.com] LANGUAGE - English

The present investigation deals with the application of an Adaptive Fuzzy Control Algorithm for active vibration control of an experimental flexible beam. The two-dimensional model of the experimental cantilever beam, given by an orthogonal tetrahedral space truss, represents a slender cantilever aluminum (7075-T6) beam of rectangular cross-section (1145 x 60 x 1.95 mm exp 3 ). A variety of transient disturbances are introduced to excite the first four modes of the beam. The resulting transverse displacements are observed by a single sheet (50 x 50 mm exp 2 ) of piezoceramic material placed at the clamped end of the beam. Active control of the beam is provided by one, two or three identical sheets of piezoceramic material collocated with the sensor. The control moments applied by the piezoceramic actuator are made to emulate the behavior of a discrete dynamic vibration absorber. The virtual absorber is tuned to the fundamental frequency using classical methods and the tuning ratios are time-invariant. However, the uniqueness of this approach is that the damping parameters of the emulated absorber are continuously varied by means of a fuzzy logic control algorithm to provide near minimum-time suppression of vibration. It is demonstrated that application of this methodology allows for its real-time implementation and provides relatively quick settling times in the closed-loop.

126 Review of state of art of smart structures and integrated systems 200305-71-0015 (MD); 200302-61-0756 (MT); A02-47189 (AH)

Chopra, I

JOURNAL NAME - AIAA Journal. Vol. 40, no. 11, pp. 2145-2187. Nov. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Maryland DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0001-1452 PUBLICATION PLACE - American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Suite 500, Reston, VA, 20191-4344, USA LANGUAGE - English

A smart structure involves distributed actuators and sensors and one or more microprocessors that analyze the responses from the sensors and use integrated control theory to command the actuators to apply localized strains/displacements to alter system response. A smart structure has the capability to respond to a changing external environment (such as loads or shape change) as well as to a changing internal environment (such as damage or failure). It incorporates smart material actuators that allow the alteration of system characteristics (such as stiffness or damping) as well as of system response (such as strain or shape) in a controlled manner. Thus, a smart structure involves four key elements: actuators, sensors, control strategies, and power conditioning electronics. Many types of actuators and sensors, such as piezoelectric materials, shape memory alloys, electrostrictive materials, magnetostrictive materials, electro- and magnetorheological fluids and fiber optics, are being considered for various applications. These can be integrated with main load-carrying structures by surface bonding or embedding without causing any significant changes in the mass or structural stiffness of the system.

127 Health monitoring of composite repairs and joints using optical fibres 200303-55-0598 (MD); 200302-E5-D-0066 (EM); 200303-P5-0170 (AI)

Jones, R; Galea, S

JOURNAL NAME - Composite Structures. Vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 397-403. Nov.-Dec. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Monash University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0263-8223 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science Ltd , Oxford Fulfillment Centre, P.O. Box 800, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1DX, UK LANGUAGE - English

With the increasing use of composite bonded repairs to ageing aircraft there is a growing need to monitor their in-service health. One approach is to incorporate various in situ health monitoring systems within the repair. This paper summarises a collaborative research program between the Australian Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) and the DSTO Centre of Expertise in Structural Mechanics at Monash University into the use of optical fibre sensors to monitor the structural health of composite repairs and composite joints. (Examples include aluminum skins bonded to boron-epoxy patches.)

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

128 Development of the Crack Propagation Resistant Intelligent Materials (1) Mechanism of Nb-Al Intelligent Material 200306-62-0997 (MD); 200306-R5-0557 (AI)

Kambe, M

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy. Vol. 49, no. 11, pp. 945-949. Nov. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (Japan) DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0532-8799 PUBLICATION PLACE - Funtai Funmatsu Yakin Kyokai, 15 Morimoto-cho Shitakamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606, Japan LANGUAGE - Japanese; English

A concept of the crack propagation resistant intelligent materials to avoid brittle fracture in case of a shock loading and to provide with excellent mechanical property is investigated. Potential needs for nuclear power plants, aircraft and space structure are expected to provide with reliability and safety. One of the candidates is an Nb and Al fiber reinforced composite. In case of a hypervelocity impact, dynamic energy will provide with Nb sub 3 Al which features high temperature resistance. It may be effective to reduce damage as minimum as possible. Such candidate material has been manufactured by the mechanical alloying (MA) process to avoid formation of intermetallide during sintering, and was subjected to laser beam and arc attack to simulate hypervelocity impact. An EPMA analysis revealed possibility of Nb sub 3 Al and NbAl sub 3 formation in the vicinity of a heat affected zone of the attack. Therefore Nb and Al interdiffusion in the order of 20 mu s has been confirmed.

129 Wave propagation in a piezoelectric coupled cylindrical membrane shell 200208-31-2895 (MD); 200208-R5-0769 (AI); 200204-62-1066 (CE); 200204-62-3740 (MT)

Wang, Q

JOURNAL NAME - International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 38, no. 46-47, pp. 8207-8218. Nov. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - National University of Singapore DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0020-7683 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science Ltd , Oxford Fulfillment Centre, P.O. Box 800, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1DX, UKLANGUAGE - English

Wave propagation in a piezoelectric coupled cylindrical shell structure is investigated in the paper. The membrane shell model is used, hence, the transverse forces, bending and twisting moments are considered negligible in this thin cylindrical shell structure. The decoupled torsional wave velocity and the dispersive curves for the two-mode shell model are obtained theoretically. The cut-off frequency and phase velocities at limit cases of wave number are also derived. The mechanical coupling effect by the piezoelectric layer in the torsional phase is clearly observed. The piezoelectric effect by the piezoelectric layer in the two-mode phase velocities obtained from coupled equations and the cut-off frequency of the structure is studied by changing the thickness of the piezoelectric layer. The results of this paper can serve as a reference for future study on wave propagation in coupled structures as well as in the design of smart structures incorporating piezoelectric materials. [Materials: Al; steel; Au; PZT-4.]

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

130 Experimental studies on adaptive fuzzy control of a smart structure. 200306-31-2451 (MD); 200303-61-1768 (MT); 200306-R.5-0616

Cohen, K; Yaffe, R; Weller, T; Ben-Asher, J Z

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Vibration and Control. Vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 1071-1083. Nov. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Technion Institute of Technology (Israel) DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1077-5463 PUBLICATION PLACE - Sage Science Press, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA, [mailto:sagescience@sagepub.com] LANGUAGE - English

The present investigation deals with the application of an Adaptive Fuzzy Control Algorithm for active vibration control of an experimental flexible beam. The two-dimensional model of the experimental cantilever beam, given by an orthogonal tetrahedral space truss, represents a slender cantilever aluminum (7075-T6) beam of rectangular cross-section (1145 x 60 x 1.95 mm exp 3 ). A variety of transient disturbances are introduced to excite the first four modes of the beam. The resulting transverse displacements are observed by a single sheet (50 x 50 mm exp 2 ) of piezoceramic material placed at the clamped end of the beam. Active control of the beam is provided by one, two or three identical sheets of piezoceramic material collocated with the sensor. The control moments applied by the piezoceramic actuator are made to emulate the behavior of a discrete dynamic vibration absorber. The virtual absorber is tuned to the fundamental frequency using classical methods and the tuning ratios are time-invariant. However, the uniqueness of this approach is that the damping parameters of the emulated absorber are continuously varied by means of a fuzzy logic control algorithm to provide near minimum-time suppression of vibration. It is demonstrated that application of this methodology allows for its real-time implementation and provides relatively quick settling times in the closed-loop.

131 Development of the Crack Propagation Resistant Intelligent Materials (1) Mechanism of Nb-Al Intelligent Material. 200306-62-0997 (MD); 200306-R.5-0557

Kambe, M

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy. Vol. 49, no. 11, pp. 945-949. Nov. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (Japan) DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0532-8799 PUBLICATION PLACE - Funtai Funmatsu Yakin Kyokai, 15 Morimoto-cho Shitakamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606, Japan LANGUAGE - Japanese; English

A concept of the crack propagation resistant intelligent materials to avoid brittle fracture in case of a shock loading and to provide with excellent mechanical property is investigated. Potential needs for nuclear power plants, aircraft and space structure are expected to provide with reliability and safety. One of the candidates is an Nb and Al fiber reinforced composite. In case of a hypervelocity impact, dynamic energy will provide with Nb sub 3 Al which features high temperature resistance. It may be effective to reduce damage as minimum as possible. Such candidate material has been manufactured by the mechanical alloying (MA) process to avoid formation of intermetallide during sintering, and was subjected to laser beam and arc attack to simulate hypervelocity impact. An EPMA analysis revealed possibility of Nb sub 3 Al and NbAl sub 3 formation in the vicinity of a heat affected zone of the attack. Therefore Nb and Al interdiffusion in the order of 20mus has been confirmed.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

132 Titanium implants with oxidized surfaces: the background and long-term results 200304-57-0752 (MD); 20031252 (CO); 200301-61-0225 (MT)

Toth, C; Szabo, G; Kovacs, L; Vargha, K; Barabas, J; Nemeth, Z

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 813-818. Oct. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Semmelweis University of Medicine DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of different implant surface modification technologies - including the presentation of a new technique, involving the formation of a ceramic titanium oxide coating. Three techniques are used to modify metal surfaces: (1) addition of material, (2) removal of material and (3) modification of material already present, e.g. by means of laser or electron-beam thermal treatment. The new technique outlined in this paper relates to the production of a corrosion-resistant, 2000-2500 A thick, ceramic oxide layer with a consistent crystalline structure on the surface of a titanium implant. The layer is grown electrochemically from the bulk of the metal and modified by heat treatment. Such ceramic oxide-coated implants have advantageous properties compared to implants covered with other coatings: a higher external hardness; a greater force of adhesion between the titanium and the ceramic oxide coating; virtually perfect insulation between an organism and a metal and therefore no possibility of triggering metal allergy. Plates and screws for maxillofacial osteosynthesis and dental root implants with ceramic oxide coatings were subjected to various physical, chemical and electron microscope tests for qualitative characterization, and have been applied in surgical practice over a period of 15 years. The mini-plates removed were examined for the possible surface alterations which may occur during the implantation period. The sites of the removal were inspected for metallosis, which is common when titanium mini-plates are used. The results obtained demonstrate the good properties of the ceramic oxide-coated implants.

133 Pulsed laser-induced micro- and nanosized morphology and composition of titanium dental implants 200304-12-0669 (MD); 200301-61-0226 (MT)

Joob-Fancsaly, A; Divinyi, T; Fazekas, A; Daroczi, C; Karacs, A; Peto, G

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 819-824. Oct. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Hungarian Academy of Sciences DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

The surface morphology of machined screw-shaped titanium dental implants was modified by pulsed irradiation with an Nd glass laser. This method supplied very different surface elements in nanometer and micrometer ranges identified with scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy as well. The surface composition was unchanged during these treatments. A rabbit experiment was carried out to investigate the direct bone contact (osseointegration) which was characterized by the removal torque of the implants. The 50 nm and 10-50 mu m sized drop-like elements were formed from the machined flat surface by the laser irradiation depending on the laser intensity. The osseointegration was enhanced by the increase of the density of nanosized elements and by the size of the microsized elements, showing the importance of this surface morphology in the direct bone-implant contact.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

134 Modelling of Lamb waves in composite laminated plates excited by interdigital transducers 200305-62-0881 (MD); 135221 (AN)

Veidt, M; Liu, T; Kitipornchai, S

JOURNAL NAME - NDT & E International. Vol. 35, no. 7, pp. 437-447. Oct. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Queensland (Australia) DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0963-8695 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science Ltd , Oxford Fulfillment Centre, P.O. Box 800, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1DX, UK LANGUAGE - English

The technique of permanently attaching interdigital transducers (IDT) to either flat or curved structural surfaces to excite single Lamb wave mode has demonstrated great potential for quantitative non-destructive evaluation and smart materials design. In this paper, the acoustic wave field in a composite laminated plate excited by an IDT is investigated. On the basis of discrete layer theory and a multiple integral transform method, an analytical--numerical approach is developed to evaluate the surface velocity response of the plate due to the IDTs excitation. In this approach, the frequency spectrum and wave number spectrum of the output of IDT are obtained directly. The corresponding time domain results are calculated by applying a standard inverse fast Fourier transformation technique. Numerical examples are presented to validate the developed method and show the ability of mode selection and isolation. A new effective way of transfer function estimation and interpretation is presented by considering the input wave number spectrum in addition to the commonly used input frequency spectrum. The new approach enables the simple physical evaluation of the influences of IDT geometrical features such as electrode finger widths and overall dimension and excitation signal properties on the input--output characteristics of IDT. Finally, considering the convenience of Mindlin plate wave theory in numerical computations as well as theoretical analysis, the validity is examined of using this approximate theory to design IDT for the excitation of the first and second anti-symmetric Lamb modes.

135 Active stiffening of laminated composite beams using piezoelectric actuators 200302-31-0389 (MD); 200301-C1-D-0017 (EM); 200302-R5-0098 (AI); 200301-24-0040 (CE); 200301-61-0154 (MT)

Waisman, H; Abramovich, H

JOURNAL NAME - Composite Structures. Vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 109-120. Oct. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Technion Institute of Technology (Israel) DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0263-8223 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science Ltd , Oxford Fulfillment Centre, P.O. Box 800, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1DX, UK LANGUAGE - English

The present study deals with the stiffening effects of a smart piezolaminated composite beam. The structure consists of piezo-ceramic layers or patches bonded on the surface of the beam. The analysis considers the linear piezoelectric constitutive relations and the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT). The influence of the actuators is evaluated by means of the pin-force model and their size and location along the beam are taken into account. The three coupled equations of motion of a general non-symmetric piezolaminated composite beam subjected to axial and lateral tractions and various boundary conditions are numerically solved to obtain the natural frequencies and mode shapes. The results of the present model are compared with those based on a finite element analysis using the ANSYS code, as well as to results presented in the literature. All comparisons yielded very good matches. It is demonstrated that the stiffness of the beam can be actively altered using the piezoelectric bonded actuators, yielding significant changes in the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the beam. (Examples include graphite-epoxy and aluminum beams.)

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

136 Active control of FGM shells subjected to a temperature gradient via piezoelectric sensor/actuator patches 200304-62-0668 (MD); 200303-C3-D-0125 (EM); 200301-24-0144 (CE); 200301-61-0392 (MT)

Liew, K M; He, X Q; Ng, T Y; Kitipornchai, S

JOURNAL NAME - International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering. Vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 653-668. 30 Oct. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Nanyang Technological University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0029-5981 PUBLICATION PLACE - John Wiley & Sons Ltd , Journals, Baffins Lane, Chichester, Sussex, PO19 1UD, UK, [mailto:cs-journals@wiley.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

A generic static and dynamic finite element formulation is derived for the modelling and control of piezoelectric shell laminates under coupled displacement, temperature and electric potential fields. The base shell is of functionally graded material (FGM) type, which consists of combined ceramic-metal materials with different mixing ratios of the ceramic and metal constituents. A multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) system is applied to provide active feedback control of the laminated shell using self-monitoring sensors and self-controlling actuators through a close loop. Numerical studies clearly show the influence of the positional configurations of sensor/actuator pairs on the effectiveness of static and dynamic control for the shell laminates. The effects of the constituent volume fractions on the static and dynamic responses of the shell laminate are also elucidated.

137 Smart materials for early damage detection 200305-22-0443 (MD); 200302-61-1000 (MT)

Verijenko, V; Burton, B; Shaik, S

JOURNAL NAME - Seventh International Conference on Assessment and Control of Damage and Fracture Mechanics; Maui, HI; USA; 15-17 Oct. 2002. pp. 283-291. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Natal DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - WIT Press, c/o Computational Mechanics Inc , 25 Bridge Street, Billerica, MA 01821, USA LANGUAGE - English

Accumulated Damage within structures is a topic that has been tackled from a variety of different perspectives, including mathematical modelling, simulation techniques and both destructive and non-destructive testing. A more recent concept is that of monitoring the damage within a given structure either actively or passively with permanently attached sensors. While many researchers have successfully advanced the science of actively monitoring structural health, the cost associated with implementing a comprehensive active system with the related data logging and storage, is often high. During the past few years, a small group of researchers has been developing the concept of producing cost-effective smart materials, which passively monitor the peak strain within structures. The beauty of these smart materials lies in the fact that they can be used to manufacture structural load-bearing components. In this way a completely smart structure is produced, capable of measuring and "memorising" its own level of damage. The means of measuring strain and "memorising" it lies in the crystal structure of the "smart" alloys under investigation. Although these ferrous alloys possess an austenitic crystal structure at room temperature, application of strain produces a transformation in crystal structure, to martensite. Because the austenite is paramagnetic, and the martensite is ferromagnetic, a measurement of the magnetic susceptibility of the material produces differing readings dependent on the amount of martensite present, which in turn is directly proportional to the amount of strain experienced by the material. Thus a measurement of magnetic susceptibility may be directly correlated with strain. This "strain reading" will be the peak strain experienced by the material, and not necessarily the current level of strain, due to the fact that the transformation from austenite to martensite is irreversible. Metastable ferrous alloys can therefore be used to detect overall peak strain within a structure, or to indicate the presence of localised damage or crack initiation, depending on how the system is set up.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

138 Shape memory characteristics of thermoelastic TiNi system rapid-solidified fibers 200303-11-0268 (MD)

Yamahira, T; Shinya, Y; Tamoto, S; Aiba, M; Kise, S; Furuya, Y

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals. Vol. 66, no. 9, pp. 909-912. Sept. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Hirosaki University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0021-4876 PUBLICATION PLACE - Japan Institute of Metals, Nihon Kinzoku Gakkai Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai, 980, Japan LANGUAGE - Japanese; English

Ti sub 50 Ni sub 50-x Cu sub x (x = 0, 5, 10, 15 at%) fine fibers (diameter = 80 mu m, length = 20 cm approx = 1 m) were successfully developed by the arc-melted rapid-solidification method. It has been very difficult to do the conventional melt-work processing from the bulk material of this alloy to very fine fiber because of the brittleness of the especially in the range of Cu >= at%. The fibers showed good shape memory effect. As Cu content increased, the temperature hysteresis (= Af-Mf) of recovery strain-temperature curves as well as that in the DSC curves became smaller. The tensile strength showed more than 1000 MPa in Ti sub 50 Ni sub 40 Cu sub 10 at%. Therefore, the developed rapid-solidified, thermoelastic fine fiber actuator/sensor materials have high potential for applications for micro-machines and the fillers of smart composites.

139 Research on active vibration suppression of smart structure embedded with shape memory alloy. 200309-31-3244 (MD); 200305-62-2171 (MT)

Wang, J; Li, Z; Ye, N

JOURNAL NAME - Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica. Vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 427-430. Sept.-Oct. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1000-6893 PUBLICATION PLACE - PRESS OF ACTA AERONAUTICA ET ASTRONAUTICA SINICA, 37 Xueyuan Rd , Beijing, 100083, China, [mailto:aaas@buaa.edu.cn] LANGUAGE - Chinese

For the purpose of vibration suppression of smart structures embedded with shape memory alloy (SMA), a finite element model with nonlinear constitutive relations is established, together with some experiments to validate the effect of the active vibration control. Experimental and computational results indicate that SMA can be an effective driver for vibration control and Active Strain Energy Tuning method can obviously affect the natural frequency of the structure, which can change the fundamental frequency more than others.

140 Detection of impact damage in thermoplastic-based fiber-metal laminates using optical fiber sensors 200212-62-2224 (MD); 200211-B2-D-0533 (EM); 200212-R7-0289 (AI); A03-15594 (AH); 640372 (SO)

Kuang, K S C; Cantwell, W J

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Materials Science Letters. Vol. 21, no. 17, pp. 1351-1354. 1 Sept. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Liverpool DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0261-8028 PUBLICATION PLACE - Kluwer, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA, 02061, USA, [mailto:Angela.depina@wkap.com] LANGUAGE - English

Fiber-metal laminates (FML) are currently attracting considerable attention as engineering materials due to the combination of the superior impact properties of the metallic layers and the impressive fracture toughness characteristics of the composite plies. The ability of the metallic layers to undergo localized plastic deformation when loaded allows significant levels of incident impact energy to be absorbed. In addition, the superior resistance to crack propagation that FMLs exhibit is a result of the crack bridging ability of the reinforcing fibers. In recent years, optical fibers have received attention as sensors for the purpose of health-monitoring in advanced composite materials. In this letter, we describe the results of a study involving the use of conventional glass optical fibers for detecting impact damage in a thermoplastic-based FML system. Although a number of researchers have investigated the use of intensity-based optical fiber sensors for detecting impact damage in composites, almost all of the published literature has focused on detecting damage in plain thermosetting polymer composites. This is the first study to investigate the possibility of using intensity-based optical fibers for detecting impact damage in thermoplastic-based FML systems. (Layers of aluminum alloy and glass/PP prepreg, with embedded optical fiber.)

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

141 MATEHN '02: The 3rd International Conference on Materials and Manufacturing Technologies. 200307-72-0156 (MD); 200306-G2-Z-0087 (EM)

Canta, T; Chicinas, I; Negrea, G

JOURNAL NAME - MATEHN '02: The 3rd International Conference on Materials and Manufacturing Technologies; Cluj-Napoca; Romania; 12-14 Sept. 2002. 458 pp. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference PUBLICATION PLACE - Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, str. C. Daicoviciu ne. 15, Cluj-Napoca, 3400, Romania LANGUAGE - English

56 papers selected and abstracted for Metals Abstracts and 19 papers selected and abstracted for Engineered Materials Abstracts.

142 Shape memory alloy actuators for active disassembly using 'smart' materials of consumer electronic products 200211-61-0665 (MD)

Chiodo, J D; Jones, N; Billett, E H; Harrison, D J

JOURNAL NAME - Materials and Design. Vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 471-478. Aug. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Brunel University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0261-3069 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science Publishing Co , Inc , P.O. Box 882, Madison Square Station, New York, NY, 10159-0882, USA, [mailto:usinfo-f@elsevier.com] LANGUAGE - English

This paper reports the preliminary to current development of Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) actuators within their application in 'Active Disassembly using Smart Materials' (ADSM). This non-destructive self-dismantling process is to aid recycling of consumer electronic products. Actuators were placed in single and multi-stage hierarchical temperature regimes after being embedded into macro and sub-assemblies of electronic product assemblies. Findings include active disassembly and a hierarchical dismantling regime for product dismantling using developed SMA actuators embedded into candidate products.

143 An experimental study on applicability of passive electric potential CT method using piezoelectric material to crack identification 200301-31-0011E (MD); 200301-R5-0079 (AI)

Shiozawa, D; Kubo, S; Sakagami, T; Okuno, K

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan. Vol. 51, no. 8, pp. 926-931. Aug. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Osaka University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0514-5163 PUBLICATION PLACE - Society of Materials Science, Japan, One Yoshida Izumidano-cho Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan LANGUAGE - Japanese

When the piezoelectric film is glued on the surface of a cracked material subjected to mechanical load, change in distribution of electric potential is observed on the surface of piezoelectric film. Based on this phenomenon, the passive electric potential CT (computed tomography) method was proposed for identifying two- and three-dimensional cracks. This method uses passively observed electric potential distribution on piezoelectric film induced by the strain distribution of the objective body without applying electric current. Therefore, this method can be applied to develop an intelligent structure with a function of self-monitoring of flaws and defects. In this paper, the passive electric potential CT method using a piezoelectric material is applied to the identification of a through-thickness transverse crack. The effects of crack size and location on electric potential distribution were examined by using the finite element method. For the identification of cracks from electric potential distribution, an inverse method based on the least residual method is applied, in which square sum of residuals are evaluated between the measured electric potential data and those computed by using the finite element method. The crack was identified from experimentally observed electric potential distribution. It was found that the location and size of the crack can be quantitatively identified by the passive electric potential CT method. [Material: A2040 Al alloy.]

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

144 Characterisation of phase transformation in Ti sub 50+x Pd sub 30 Ni sub 20-x alloys 200212-11-1207 (MD)

Tian, Q; Wu, J

JOURNAL NAME - Intermetallics. Vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 675-682. July 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Shanghai Jiaotong University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0966-9795 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science Ltd , Oxford Fulfillment Centre, P.O. Box 800, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1DX, UK LANGUAGE - English

Generally, a B2-B19 one-stage phase transformation exists in Ti sub 50 Pd sub x Ni sub 50-x alloys when Pd content is higher than 20 at.%. However, in Ti rich Ti sub 50+x Pd sub 30 Ni sub 20-x alloys, a B2-B19-B19' two-stage transformation can also take place. The alloys were firstly heated to high temperature of solid solutions, and then the one-stage transformation can be retained by subsequent furnace-cooling as well as the two-stage transformation by quenching. Annealing at lower temperature does not change the nature of the phase transformations. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to ascertain the characteristics of the phase transformations. Discrepancies between the transformation elastic modulus of B2-B19 and B19-B19' have been found, a trough and a step can be employed for a description, respectively. The damping properties of the materials were also investigated, all the results provide valuable information for designs of intelligent materials and structures aimed for vibration control. [Alloy compositions studied were Ti sub 51 Pd sub 30 Ni sub 19 , Ti sub 50.6 Pd sub 30 Ni sub 19.4 , and Ti sub 50.2 Pd sub 30 Ni sub 19.8 .]

145 Analyzing models of reversible shape responsive strain and responsive force of constrained TiNi shape memory alloy wires 200212-31-4298 (MD); 200211-C1-D-2461 (EM)

He, Z; Zhou, J

JOURNAL NAME - Acta Metallurgica Sinica (China). Vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 775-779. 18 July 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Xi'an Jiaotong University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0412-1961 PUBLICATION PLACE - Science Press (Beijing), 16 Donghuangchenggen North St , Beijing, 100717, China LANGUAGE - Chinese

Analyzing models of the shape responsive strain and responsive force of TiNi wires in metallic or polymeric matrix intelligent composites guided by TiNi shape memory alloy (SMA) have been established, and the calculation and experiment based on those models were also carried out. The calculated results are good corresponding to experimental results. When the predetermined curvature k sub m of the matrix was constant, with increasing number n of TiNi SMA wires, the shape responsive strain epsilon and responsive force F of intelligent composite materials increased, and the shape recovery rate rho decreased; with increasing width 6 of matrix, epsilon and F decreased, but rho increased. When b was constant, with increasing n, epsilon and F increased; and with increasing k sub m ,F increased, but epsilon was nearly constant. Therefore, when those intelligent composite materials are desired, the numbers of the strengthening materials, the size and predeformed degree of matrix should be synthetically considered.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

146 Experimental characterization of free convection during thermal phase transformations in shape memory alloy wires 200212-11-1220 (MD); 200209-62-6598 (MT); A02-39477 (AH)

Bhattacharyya, A; Sweeney, L; Faulkner, M G

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 411-422. June 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Alberta DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

This paper has experimentally addressed the determination of the convection coefficient for a nichrome and nickel-titanium (NiTi) shape memory alloy (SMA) wire subjected to constant load, heated by electrical current and cooled by free convection (with the current switched off). The entire cycle of actuation is such that the temperature field is allowed to reach a steady state during heating, and the ambient temperature during cooling. The experiments, in conjunction with a phenomenological model, suggest that the convection coefficient can be represented as h = a sub 0 + a sub 1 I, where I is the electric current in the wire. The parameter h is highly sensitive to the material (nichrome or SMA) through the zeroth-order coefficient (a sub 0 ) whereas it is weakly sensitive to I (or the strength of the heat source) through the first-order coefficient (a sub 1 ). Further, for a given material, h (through a sub 0 ) is strongly dependent on whether the wire is being heated or cooled. This is in contrast with the customary practice in the literature where h is taken to be identical for heating and cooling. Finally, a simple empirical model in terms of a convection-like parameter, alpha , is also tested (with a view towards control applications) and is found to be highly accurate in simulating the experimental results.

147 Comparison of Active Constrained Layer Damping by Using Extension and Shear Mode Piezoceramic Actuators 200305-62-0810 (MD); 200305-R5-0460 (AI); A03-23995 (AH)

Batra, R C; Geng, T S

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. Vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 349-367. June 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1045-389X PUBLICATION PLACE - Sage Science Press, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA, [mailto:sagescience@sagepub.com] LANGUAGE - English

We analyze, numerically by the finite element method, three-dimensional electromechanical deformations of a thick laminated plate with layers made of aluminum, a viscoelastic material and a piezoceramic (PZT). Two arrangements of layers are considered. In one case a central PZT layer is surrounded on both sides by viscoelastic layers and aluminum layers are on the outside surfaces. The PZT is poled in the longitudinal direction and an electric field is applied to it in the transverse direction. Thus shearing deformations of the PZT layer dominate over its extensional deformations. In the second arrangement, the aluminum layer is in the middle and the PZT layers are on the outside.The poling direction and the electric field are along the thickness of the PZT layer. Extensional deformations of the PZT layer are significantly more than its shearing deformations. The problem formulation incorporates geometric nonlinearities and the constitutive relation for the PZT includes quadratic terms in the electric field. For each set up of the layers, the system is excited at its first natural frequency. The enhancement in damping induced by the actuation of the PZT layers is ascertained, and the optimum thicknesses of the viscoelastic layers and the PZT layers for maximum damping are determined. The effect of nonlinear terms in the constitutive relation for the PZT is ascertained. The problem of exciting the laminated plate simultaneously at the first and the second frequencies and annulling these has been scrutinized. It is found that the energy of electric deformations of the PZT material is more for the shear mode actuators than that for the extension mode actuators.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

148 Use of FEA Derived Impedances to Design Active Structures 200305-62-0811 (MD); 200305-R3-0052 (AI); A03-23997 (AH)

Littlefield, A G; Fairweather, J A; Craig, K C

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. Vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 377-388. June 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1045-389X PUBLICATION PLACE - Sage Science Press, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA, [mailto:sagescience@sagepub.com] LANGUAGE - English

With the increased use of induced strain actuators, such as piezoelectric ceramics (PZT), comes the demand for more accurate and usable modeling methods. For a method to be effective, it must be easy to use, capture the dynamics of the physical system, and yield accurate predictions of the system's dynamic response. Previously, the impedance method has been applied to simple structures by determining the modal response using closed-form methods. The present work uses finite element analysis (FEA) to generate the host structure's mechanical impedances from eigenvectors. Two-dimensional structures are studied, though the method should be extendable to any structure that can be modeled by FEA. The equations to recover the impedances and structure's response from an FEA normal mode analysis are developed. The method is then experimentally verified for plates with different boundary conditions, material types, and actuator orientations. The method is found to accurately predict the plate's response. (Plates based on aluminum and on composites.)

149 A Modified Electro-mechanical Impedance Model of Piezoelectric Actuator-sensors for Debonding Detection of Composite Patches 200305-55-0875 (MD); 200304-E5-D-0108 (EM); 200305-R7-0075 (AI); A03-23998 (AH)

Xu, Y G; Liu, G R

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. Vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 389-396. June 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1045-389X PUBLICATION PLACE - Sage Science Press, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA, [mailto:sagescience@sagepub.com] LANGUAGE - English

A modified electro-mechanical impedance model of piezoelectric actuator-sensors is presented in this study. The presented model treats the bonding layer between a piezoelectric patch and a host structure as a spring-mass-damper system in the coupled electromechanical analysis. The effect of bonding layers on the dynamic interaction between piezoelectric actuator-sensors and host structures is thus taken into account. The model is then used for debonding detection of composite patches. A debonding model is accordingly developed. The debonding model uses infinitesimal-length springs to model the joint between a composite patch and its base structure. The spring stiffness varies with the joint rigidity and directly influences the structural mechanical impedance as well as the piezoelectric electric admittance. A numerical example is provided to reveal the effect of bonding layers and demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed detection method. (Example: composite patch bonded to aluminum.)

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

150 Non-destructive evaluation of smart materials by using extrinsic Fabry--Perot interferometric and fiber Bragg grating sensors 200205-22-0551 (MD); 200205-R7-0115 (AI); 200204-62-3892 (MT); 123015 (AN)

Leng, J S; Asundi, A

JOURNAL NAME - NDT & E International. Vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 273-276. 1 June 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Cranfield Institute of Technology DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0963-8695 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science Ltd , Oxford Fulfillment Centre, P.O. Box 800, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1DX, UK LANGUAGE - English

The real-time non-destructive evaluation (NDE) technologies of engineering structures are very important to assess the performance of in-service structures. It is very difficult to carry out the on-line structural integrity monitoring by using classical NDE methods. Fiber optic sensors in smart structures provide a unique opportunity to real-time monitor the structural health status by using embedded sensors. This paper examines the possibility of extrinsic Fabry--Perot interferometric (EFPI) and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors for NDE of composite and aluminum structures. The experiments of 3-point bending measurement of composite laminates and aluminum plates with and without damages by using the EFPI and FBG sensors are performed, respectively. The experimental results show that the flexural strain of damaged structures is much higher when compared with relevant undamaged structures under same bending load by using both EFPI and FBG sensors. Furthermore, an excellent accordance was found between the results of the 3-point bending tests by using surface-mounted EFPI and FBG sensors

151 Effect of aging time on shape memory properties of sputtered Ni-rich Ni sub 2 MnGa alloy films 200211-56-1207 (MD)

Suzuki, M; Ohtsuka, M; Matsumoto, M; Murakami, Y; Shindo, D; Itagaki, K

JOURNAL NAME - Materials Transactions. Vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 861-866. May 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Tohoku University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1345-9678 PUBLICATION PLACE - Japan Institute of Metals, Nihon Kinzoku Gakkai Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai, 980, Japan LANGUAGE - English

Ni sub 2 MnGa alloy is an intelligent material with ferromagnetic and shape memory properties. The application of the alloy films to micro-actuators has been proposed. The Ni-rich Ni sub 2 MnGa alloy films with a thickness of nearly 5 mu m were deposited on Al sub 2 O sub 3 substrates by a radio-frequency magnetron sputtering apparatus using a Ni sub 52 Mn sub 24 Ga sub 24 target. They were heat-treated at 1073 K for 36 ks for homogenization and ordering. The martensitic transformation temperatures of the heat-treated films were higher than room temperature. To investigate the effect of aging time on shape memory properties, the heat-treated films were aged at 673 K for various times between 0.9 and 57.6 ks in a constrained condition. The constraint-aged films showed the two-way shape memory effect by thermal cycling. Fine precipitates with a crystal structure of L1 sub 2 were observed in the constraint-films aged for a long period. As for their two-way shape memory properties, a range of transformation temperature narrowed and the amount of macroscopic shape change increased with increasing aging time.

152 Magnetic domain structures in Co-Ni-Al shape memory alloys studied by Lorentz microscopy and electron holography 200208-33-0807 (MD); A02-42873 (AH)

Murakami, Y; Shindo, D; Oikawa, K; Kainuma, R; Ishida, K

JOURNAL NAME - Acta Materialia. Vol. 50, no. 8, pp. 2173-2184. 8 May 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Tohoku University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1359-6454 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science Inc , 650 Avenue of the Americas, 2nd Floor, New York, NY, 10010-2098, USA LANGUAGE - English

Magnetic domain structures in recently developed Co-Ni-Al ferromagnetic shape memory alloys were examined by Lorentz microscopy and electron holography, and relations of the martensite variants (crystallographic domains) and the magnetic domains were discussed. Direct observations of the magnetic domain walls by Lorentz microscopy and the magnetic lines of force by electron holography revealed that each martensite variant was divided into fine magnetic domains under a low magnetic field, e.g. about 0.2 mT. Although an applied magnetic field of about 0.4 T made each variant a large single magnetic domain, a similar configuration of multiple magnetic domains to the previous one appeared when the applied field was removed. In situ Lorentz microscopy studies have demonstrated that magnetic domain structures are sensitive to the crystal structure and/or microstructure in Co-Ni-Al alloys, i.e. a magnetic domain structure favorable to the parent phase is not inherited to the parent phase, but a distinct domain structure is observed in the martensitic phase.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

153 System Identification and Controller Design of a Self-sensing Piezoelectric Cantilever Structure 200305-62-0855 (MD); A03-19176 (AH)

Okugawai, M; Sasaki, M

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. Vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 241-252. Apr. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Gifu National College of Technology DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1045-389X PUBLICATION PLACE - Sage Science Press, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA, [mailto:sagescience@sagepub.com] LANGUAGE - English

Unmanned and automatic maintenance would be highly desirable inspace structures. This paper addresses system identification and vibration control of a cantilever fabricated from piezoelectric materials, PZT, and shows how system identification and state estimation can be used to achieve self-maintenance of a self-sensing system. Currently, self-sensing systems that have concurrent actuation and sensing can be made by using a bridge circuit. However, hardware tuning is still needed due to the unstable nature of an imbalanced bridge circuit. This problem becomes serious in the space environment where human beings may not be available to perform the maintenance. A method of achieving self-sensing without a bridge circuit is proposed in this paper. Dynamics of this proposed system can be described as the state space expression with a direct transmission component. This means that the problem of balancing the bridge circuit is equivalent to the system identification and state estimation problem. By performing a simple experiment, a model of the system was identified using the 4SID, SubSpace State Space Identification method. Observer theory can be used to estimate state vectors which include information about the mechanical dynamics. Thus, system stability depends on the estimated values of the state vectors. The system can be stabilized using a state feedback controller such as a LQ controller. The proposed method was verified with experimental results, demonstrating that smart structures can achieve self-maintenance. (Model beam material: phosphor bronze.)

154 An overview of vibration and seismic applications of NiTi shape memory alloy 200211-31-3967 (MD)

Saadat, S; Salichs, J; Noori, M; Hou, Z; Davoodi, H; Baron, I; Suzuki, Y; Masuda, A

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 218-229. Apr. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - North Carolina State University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) exhibit peculiar thermomechanical, thermoelectrical and thermochemical behaviors under mechanical, thermal, electrical and chemical conditions. Examples of these materials are Cu-based SMAs, NiTi SMAs, ferrous SMAs, shape memory ceramics and shape memory polymers. NiTi SMAs in particular, have unique thermomechanical behaviors such as shape memory effect and pseudoelasticity, which have made them attractive candidates for structural vibration control applications. Numerous studies have been conducted in modeling and applications of NiTi SMAs in structural vibration control. Several active, passive and hybrid energy absorption and vibration isolation devices have been developed utilizing NiTi SMAs. In this paper we present an overview of NiTi behaviors, modeling and applications as well as their limitations for structural vibration control and seismic isolation.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

155 Stainless steel-based integrated mass-flow controller for reactive and corrosive gases 200211-61-0698 (MD); 200211-F1-C-0217 (EM); 20024738 (CO)

Hirata, K; Esashi, M

JOURNAL NAME - Sensors and Actuators A: Physical. Vol. A97-98, pp. 33-38. 1 Apr. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Tohoku University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0924-4247 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science SA, P.O. Box 564, Lausanne 1, CH-1001, Switzerland LANGUAGE - English

This paper describes the fabrication and characterization of an anti-corrosive integrated mass-flow controller made of stainless steel and aluminum nitride (AlN) for reactive and corrosive gases. The fabricated mass-flow controller is composed of a normally open micro valve and a thermal flow sensor. A stacked piezo valve actuator mounted on a thin diaphragm is utilized for precise and rapid control of gas flow. The flow sensor consisting of two heaters can detect a flow rate by differential resistance of the two heaters. By a feedback control from the flow sensor to the valve actuator, it is possible to keep the flow rate constant. This device shows a quick response less than 10 ms, and has a small dead volume by the miniaturization and integration. It is confirmed that this device is not attacked by chlorine gas, so the integrated mass-flow controller can be applied to advanced semiconductor processes which need fine mass-flow control of corrosive gases with quick response.

156 Development of advanced actuators using shape memory alloys and electrorheological fluids 200207-22-0797 (MD)

Mavroidis, C

JOURNAL NAME - Research in Nondestructive Evaluation. Vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1-32. Mar. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Rutgers University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0934-9847 PUBLICATION PLACE - Springer-Verlag (New York), 175 Fifth Ave , New York, NY, 10010, USA LANGUAGE - English

Actuators are used to perform a variety of functions in almost every type of electromechanical system, 'smart' device, and instrument. Increasingly, in many applications, actuators need to achieve reduced size, mass, power consumption, and cost. Examples of industries that demand novel, miniature, and powerful actuators are medicine, biotechnology, information technology, space, manufacturing, entertainment, military, and micro- and nanotechnology. Conventional actuators such as DC motors, pneumatic motors, and hydraulic motors are energy-wasting, large-volume, and heavy-mass actuation systems. Novel design methodologies, materials, and paradigms are currently needed in order to develop such lightweight and powerful actuation systems. In this paper we present the development of two novel, compact, and powerful smart material-based advanced actuators. The first motor is a shape memory alloy (SMA) bundle actuator, and the second is a hybrid concept based on electrorheological fluids (ERFs) and electromagnetic components. A detailed review of the state of the art in SMA- and ERF-based actuators is also presented.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

157 Proposal of an active composite with embedded sensor 200209-62-1608 (MD); 200208-C1-D-1923 (EM); 200209-R5-0872 (AI); A02-30560 (AH)

Asanuma, H; Haga, O; Ohira, J I; Hakoda, G; Kimura, K

JOURNAL NAME - Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. Vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 209-216. Mar. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Chiba University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1468-6996 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science Ltd , Oxford Fulfillment Centre, P.O. Box 800, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1DX, UK LANGUAGE - English

Though advanced composites with embedded actuator materials such as shape memory alloys and piezo ceramics have been developed as active materials, another one by making use of thermal deformation of composites was proposed and an active laminate was prepared as an example by hot-pressing of aluminum plate as material of high coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), uni-directional carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) prepreg as low CTE material and electric resistance heater, polymer adhesive film as insulator between them, and copper foils as electrodes. Actuation of this laminate is different from that of bimetal because CTE of the CFRP layer is strongly anisotropic due to directionality of its reinforcement fiber. As CTEs of the CFRP layer and the aluminum plate in the fiber direction are quite different from each other though they are close to each other in the transverse direction, smooth and uni-directional actuation becomes possible. In this study, its fundamental performances such as shape change and output force were observed and evaluated, and after establishment of its fabrication, an optical loss type sensor was formed in the active composite, by embedding multiply pre-notched optical fiber in the CFRP layer and breaking it at the pre-notches under bending, followed by lamination on aluminum plate with adhesive. As the sensing part can be formed inside the matrix without any complicated processes, a robust and low cost sensor is obtained.

158 Design and fabrication of functionally graded PZT/Pt piezoelectric bimorph actuator 200209-62-1625 (MD); A02-30561 (AH)

Takagi, K; Li, J F; Yokoyama, S; Watanabe, R; Almajid, A; Taya, M

JOURNAL NAME - Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. Vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 217-224. Mar. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Tohoku University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1468-6996 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science Ltd , Oxford Fulfillment Centre, P.O. Box 800, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1DX, UK LANGUAGE - English

Piezoelectric actuators and sensors have novel applications for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and smart material systems, especially in the medical and aerospace industries. A laminated piezoelectric bimorph actuator with a graded compositional distribution of PZT and Pt was fabricated, and its deflection characteristics were evaluated. Using experimentally determined compositional dependency of elastic and piezoelectric properties in the PZT/Pt composites, the modified classical lamination theory and the finite element method were applied to find the optimum compositional profile that will give a larger deflection and smaller stress, simultaneously. The miniature bimorph-type graded actuator that consists of a composite internal-electrode (PZT/30 vol% Pt) and three piezoelectric layers of different compositions (PZT/0-20 vol% Pt) were fabricated by powder stacking and sintering. The deflection of the actuator was measured using electric strain gages mounted on the top and bottom surfaces of the actuator. The deflection was found to strongly depend on the composition distribution profile. Under an applied electric field of 100 V m exp -1 , the actuator with an optimum composition profile exhibited a curvature of up to 0.03 m exp -1 , which is a satisfactory performance for this kind of actuators. The stress generated on actuation was estimated to be as low as 0.4 MPa, which is much smaller than those of conventional directly bonded actuators and will assure a long actuation life.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

159 Stress-sense property of TiNi shape memory alloy and its mechanism 200306-31-2447 (MD); 200303-14-0264 (CE); 200303-61-1658 (MT)

Yao, X T; Zhou, Y D; Qiu, Z X

JOURNAL NAME - Materials for Mechanical Engineering (China). Vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 35-37. Mar. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Nantong Institute of Technology DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1000-3738 PUBLICATION PLACE - PUBLISHING HOUSE OF MATEIRALS FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, 99 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200437, China, [mailto:jslxxb@dlut.edu.cn] LANGUAGE - Chinese

The stress-sense-strain curves of TiNi shape memory alloy (SMA) in different initial phases during elongating are tested. The mechanism for the variation of the mechanical property and resistance is analyzed. It is concluded that the TiNi SMA for pure martensite and pure austenite has the stress-sense property. A theoretical foundation for constructing intelligent materials and structures by using TiNi SMA is provided.

160 Stress-sense property of TiNi shape memory alloy and its mechanism. 200306-31-2447 (MD); 200303-61-1658 (MT)

Yao, X T; Zhou, Y D; Qiu, Z X

JOURNAL NAME - Materials for Mechanical Engineering (China). Vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 35-37. Mar. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Nantong Institute of Technology DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1000-3738 PUBLICATION PLACE - PUBLISHING HOUSE OF MATEIRALS FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, 99 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200437, China, [mailto:jslxxb@dlut.edu.cn] LANGUAGE - Chinese

The stress-sense-strain curves of TiNi shape memory alloy (SMA) in different initial phases during elongating are tested. The mechanism for the variation of the mechanical property and resistance is analyzed. It is concluded that the TiNi SMA for pure martensite and pure austenite has the stress-sense property. A theoretical foundation for constructing intelligent materials and structures by using TiNi SMA is provided.

161 Giant magnetostriction in ferromagnetic shape-memory alloys 200206-33-0564 (MD); A02-24177 (AH); 600804 (EA); 600804 (SO)

Kakeshita, T; Ullakko, K

JOURNAL NAME - MRS Bulletin. Vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 105-109. Feb. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0883-7694 PUBLICATION PLACE - Materials Research Society, 506 Keystone Drive, Warrendale, PA, 15086, USA LANGUAGE - English

Shape-memory alloys are now widely used because they exhibit a large recoverable strain, which is caused by the conversion of variants in the martensite phase. The conversion of variants is usually promoted by the application of external stress. Recently, however, it was found that the conversion of variants can also be promoted by the application of a magnetic field to induce the martensitic state in ferromagnetic Ni sub 2 MnGa shape-memory alloys. Since then, the research in this field has focused considerable attention on applications for using the materials as actuators and sensors because their response to a magnetic field is much faster than their response to heating or cooling. Furthermore, the mechanism of the conversion of variants by the magnetic field has attracted academic interest from many researchers. In this article, we show giant magnetostrictive behavior in three ferromagnetic shape-memory alloys-Ni sub 2 MnGa, Fe-Pd, and Fe sub 3 Pt-and review the investigations performed so far by many researchers, including the present authors.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

162 Science and technology of shape-memory alloys: new developments 200206-31-2162 (MD); A02-24176 (AH); 601409 (EA); 601409 (SO)

Otsuka, K; Kakeshita, T

JOURNAL NAME - MRS Bulletin. Vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 91-100. Feb. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0883-7694 PUBLICATION PLACE - Materials Research Society, 506 Keystone Drive, Warrendale, PA, 15086, USA LANGUAGE - English

The martensitic (also called displacive or diffusionless) transformation is a classical cooperative phenomenon in solids similar to ferromagnetism. Although the displacement of each atom is not large, the transformation results in a macroscopic change in shape, since all of the atoms move in the same direction in a domain or variant. As a result, unique properties arise, such as the shape-memory effect and superelasticity, whose characteristics are quite distinct from those of normal metals and alloys. Because of these unique properties, shape-memory alloys (SMAs) have been used as new functional materials for applications such as couplings, sensors, actuators, and antennas for cellular phones. In this issue of MRS Bulletin, we present an overview of recent progress in this field. In this introductory article, we discuss fundamental notions, such as the mechanism of the shape-memory effect, the martensitic transformation, and superelasticity, along with examples of applications and other important recent topics not treated in the following articles. It will be shown that progress in the science and technology of shape-memory alloys has been achieved by the side-by-side development of fundamentals and applications.

163 Piezoelectric actuator orientation optimization for static shape control of composite plates 200205-62-0785 (MD); 200204-D2-D-0130 (EM); 200205-B4-0030 (AI)

Chee, C; Tong, L; Steven, G P

JOURNAL NAME - Composite Structures. Vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 169-184. Feb. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Sydney DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0263-8223 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science Ltd , Oxford Fulfillment Centre, P.O. Box 800, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1DX, UK LANGUAGE - English

A heuristic and intuitive algorithm is presented for the determination of the orientation of piezoelectric actuator patches in the application to shape control of smart structures. The fundamental concept of this approach is similar to another method developed by the same authors for voltage optimization, but the implementation of the current algorithm is significantly different. The mathematical model of the smart structure is based on a high order displacement (HOD) field coupled with a layerwise linear electric potential. The current shape control work will make use of the finite element formulation based on the above-mentioned mathematical model. The performance of the shape control algorithm were examined via the least squares errors in terms of displacements, slopes and curvatures as well as electrical input and effective anisotropy of actuators. The results show that the shape conformity of certain structural configurations were improved considerably by the application of the orientation shape control algorithm. The application considered here is that of quasi-static shape control. Shape control involves manipulating the structure's shape to conform to a desired shape specified by the user. (Example materials include aluminum with piezoceramic layer and graphite/epoxy composite facesheets with aluminum honeycomb core and PDVF actuator.)

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

164 Research activities in the KAIST composite materials 200212-62-2281 (MD); 200212-C1-D-2681 (EM)

Kim, C G

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of the Japan Society for Composite Materials. Vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 45-49. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Korea Institute of Science and Technology DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0385-2563 PUBLICATION PLACE - Business Center for Academic Societies, Japan, 16-3 Hongo 6-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113, Japan LANGUAGE - Japanese

At the Korean Advanced Institute of Sciences and Technology (KAIST) several major research activities are taking place: 1- Smart structures and composites, 2- Intelligent systems and vibration control, 3- Mechanical devices using advanced materials and composites and 4- the smart structure. In addition to the details of the activities the web site addresses like that of the 4th organizations: http://smartech.ac.kr are provided. This organization was established in 1979 and has been involved in R&D on such structures' design and construction utilizing fiber optics for the stress and strain analysis. Some of the approaches are introduced in here such as: Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) and Absolute Extrinsic Fabry-Pero Interferometer (AEF-PI) sensor application for composite material structure's strain analysis. Among the illustrations and graphs the real time strain gage fracture monitoring fiber optic systems are shown in applications such as filament winding (FW) pressure tank as a replacement to metallic alternatives for which the pre-processor (PreAft) had been developed to conduct the ABAQUS analytical method. Other discussions include thermal expansion measurement of composite materials in space with fiber optics like those imbedded in CF /Epoxy composite materials (HFGu-125NS) exposed to extreme heat, vacuum and UV rays.

165 Structural Health Monitoring by Using Fiber-Optic Sensors for Large Composite Structures 200302-62-0344 (MD); 200302-F1-D-0050 (EM); 200303-20-0087 (CE); 200303-61-1479 (MT)

Murayama, H; Kageyama, K; Naruse, H; Shimada, A; Uzawa, K

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of the Japan Society for Composite Materials. Vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 176-188. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - National Space Development Agency (Japan) DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0385-2563 PUBLICATION PLACE - Business Center for Academic Societies, Japan, 16-3 Hongo 6-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113, Japan LANGUAGE - Japanese

The purpose of structural health monitoring (SHM) is to lead a structure to be safer at a lower cost. In SHM, it is important to evaluate the actual state of the structure. Recently, fiber-optic sensors have been developed actively, and one can measure nearly all of the physical measurands of interest by them. Since they also have excellent characteristics such as high sensitivity, immunity from electromagnetic interference, good mechanical characteristics and distributed configuration, they have been applied to "smart structures." Capability of quasi or fully distributed sensing is especially the significant advantage compared to conventional sensors. We have applied the fiber-optic distributed sensors to SHM in the field and we developed the integrated systems with the fiber-optic sensors and CAD/CAE for two large composite structures. These systems could give us useful information on the structural state, such as deformation and temperature during/after manufacture.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

166 Development of shape memory alloy smart composites. A new method for fabricating SMA smart polymer matrix composites. 200308-56-0852 (MD); 200308-E6-D-0091 (EM)

Xu, Y

JOURNAL NAME - AIST Today (International Edition) , pp. 24. Autumn 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Smart Structure Research Center DOCUMENT TYPE - Abstract ISSN - 1346-602X PUBLICATION PLACE - National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, c/o National Research Laboratory of Metrology, AIST Tsukuba Central 3, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8563, Japan LANGUAGE - English

Shape memory alloy (SMA) smart composites, in which SMA wires or plates are embedded in composites, are attracting much attention recently. However, one problem in the fabrication process is that the curing temperature of thermoset composites far exceeds the reverse transformation temperatures of TiNi SMA, and special fixture jigs have to be used during fabrication. This makes the fabrication process of SMA smart composites complicated and not suitable for practical application. We have developed a new, simple, and effective method to fabricate TiNi SMA smart composites. The method consists of using heavily cold-worked TiNi wires to increase the reverse transformation temperatures, and of using flash electrical heating of the TiNi wires after fabrication in order to avoid damaging of the matrix around wires. By proper cold working and subsequent electrical heating, the reverse transformation temperature (As) and recovery stress of TiNi allows were well controlled, and the SMA smart composites were fabricated without using special fixture jigs. For inquiry about the full article, please contact the author directly.

167 Fatigue of alumina-based ceramics and chrome carbide composites 200409-31-3780 (MD); 200409-C1-C-2906 (EM); 200409-P.1-0281 (AI)

Kireitseu, M V; Yerakhavets, L; Nemerenco, I; Vladimir, L

JOURNAL NAME - Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical EngineeringProceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference ISSN - 0277-786X PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - ENGLISH

The paper was revealed a fatigue in the alumina-chrome carbide composite. The trapped crack front resembles a collinear array of microcracks interspersed by grains rich in transformable precipitates. This micromechanical model provides a reasonable explanation for the observed fatigue crack growth. A numerical procedure similar to the one used in the analysis of the array of collinear cracks, based on complex potentials and dislocation formalism is also used to simulate fatigue of composite coatings based on oxide ceramics and chrome carbide. Assuming power-law crack growth, it is found that the crack growth rate decreases with the applied stress intensity factor in the initial stage of fatigue crack growth. Depending on the applied load and the amount of transformation, the growth rate either goes through a minimum before increasing to the normal crack regime, or the rate continues to decrease until the crack is arrested. A detailed parametric study of the phenomenon of fatigue crack arrest in composite coatings based on oxide ceramics and chrome carbide reveals that the combination of transformation strength parameter and applied load determines whether or not crack arrest will occur, irrespective of the initial crack length. Based on the parametric study a simple linear relationship between the applied load and the minimum transformation strength parameter necessary to cause crack arrest has been developed. it will be found useful in the design against fatigue by predicting the maximum toad at which crack arrest can be expected. (Author)

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

168 Metallurgical and shape memory characteristics of grain-refined Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloys 200409-12-1912 (MD); 200409-B.4-0034 (AI)

Sampath, V; Murugaiyan, A; Sivakumar; Srinivasan, M

JOURNAL NAME - Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical EngineeringProceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference ISSN - 0277-786X PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - ENGLISH

Copper-based shape memory alloys (SMAs) are prone for grain growth during thermomechanical and betatising treatments. The grain growth of the alloy leads to intergranular cracking on quenching to form martensite in the alloy, which in turn leads to poor mechanical properties including corrosion resistance of the alloy. In the present work, grain refinement of a CuZnAl shape memory alloy was done by adding 0.2 to 0.4 wt pct of zirconium, titanium and boron as grain refiners. The effect of these additions on the microstructure and shape memory properties of the alloys were studied. The results show that the Zr and Ti additions reduce the grain size from 1.5 mm to 200 microns and 500 microns, respectively. The Zr-added alloy shows good strain recovery and corrosion resistance compared with the alloy in the other conditions. (Author)

169 Shape memory alloys - Properties and engineering applications 200409-61-0565 (MD); 200407-61-5586 (MT); 200409-20-3120 (EA)

Krishnan, R V; Bhaumik, S K

JOURNAL NAME - Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical EngineeringProceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference ISSN - 0277-786X PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - ENGLISH

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are a promising class of advanced materials with interesting properties, which make them suitable for a variety of engineering applications. The uses of SMAs in engineering applications have extended year by year. SMAs are being used in a number of industrial applications such as aerospace, automotive, biomaterial, chemical-sensor, construction, electronics, metal forming, storage and retrieval of information, optics etc. This paper highlights some of these engineering applications of SMAs. This also includes the recent research on the possible use of SMAs in smart structures. The important properties of SMAs that provide the impetus for using these materials in innovative applications are (1) shape memory effect, (2) pseudoelasticity and (3) high damping capacity. For a better appreciation, some of the basic principles and properties related to the unique behavior of this class of materials are also discussed. (Author)

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

170 Study of the effect of thermal cycling under constant stress on R-phase in NiTi shape memory alloy 200409-61-0566 (MD); 200407-61-5588 (MT)

Uchil, J; Mahesh, K K; Kumara, K G

JOURNAL NAME - Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical EngineeringProceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference ISSN - 0277-786X PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - ENGLISH

Electrical resistivity and Strain recovery measurements have been used for the study of the stability of R-phase in NiTi shape memory alloy upon thermal cycling under a constant tensile stress of 100 MPa. Two samples are chosen for the study of which one sample heat-treated at 560 C exhibits a pure martensitic phase at ambient temperature and the other heat-treated at 380 C consists of a mixture of R-phase and martensitic phase at ambient temperature. In the case of the sample heat-treated at 380 C, under the applied stress of 100 MPa, heating part of the cycle also shows the presence of R-phase unlike the case of stress free condition where only cooling part exhibits the R-phase. For the sample heat-treated at 560 C, the thermal cycling under tensile stress of 100 MPa initiates R-phase in the first cycle itself whereas under stress free condition it requires about 15 cycles to initiate R-phase. The sample heat-treated at 560 C exhibits more recoverable strain in the initial cycles than that of the sample heat-treated at 380 C, but after large number of thermal cycles of the order of 1000 the recoverable strain in both samples is found to be almost the same. The sample heat-treated at 380 C is found to be more stable against plastic deformation with thermal cycling and hence can be preferred over the sample heat-treated at 560 C for the two-way applications of SMA. (Author)

171 Vibration control of sandwich beams using electro-rheological fluids. 200402-62-0421 (MD)

Phani, A S; Venkatraman, K

JOURNAL NAME - IMAC-XX: A Conference on Structural Dynamics; Los Angeles, CA; USA; 4-7 Feb. 2002. pp. 1404-1410. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Cambridge DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc , 7 School St , Bethel, CT, 06801, USA LANGUAGE - English

Electro-Rheological (ER) fluids are a class of smart materials exhibiting significant reversible changes in their rheological and hence mechanical properties under the influence of an applied electric field. Efforts are in progress to embed ER fluids in various structural elements to mitigate vibration problems. The present work is an experimental investigation of the behavior of a sandwich beam with electro-theological fluid acting as the core material. A starch-silicone oil based ER fluid is used in the present study. Significant improvements in the damping properties are achieved in experiments and the damping contributions by viscous and non-viscous forces are estimated by Force-state mapping (FSM) technique. With the increase in electric field across the ER fluid from 0 kV/mm to 2 kV/mm, an increase of 25% to 50% in equivalent viscous damping is observed. It is observed that as concentration of starch is increased, the ER effect grows stronger but eventually is overcome by applied stresses.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

172 Distribution of Active and Passive Constraining Sections for Hybrid Constrained Layer Damping Treatments 200301-61-0048 (MD); A02-47527 (AH)

Liu, Y; Wang, K W

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. Vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 23-34. Jan. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Maxtor DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1045-389X PUBLICATION PLACE - Sage Science Press, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA, [mailto:sagescience@sagepub.com] LANGUAGE - English

In an Active constrained layer system, an active material (such as piezoelectric materials) is used to constrain a thin layer of viscoelastic material that is bonded to a vibrating surface. In a Passive constrained layer system, a passive material is used to constrain the viscoelastic material. This paper investigates the effect of the distribution of the active and passive constraining materials on the damping performance of an active-passive hybrid constrained layer (HCL) treatment. Earlier studies have demonstrated that the HCL can provide higher open-loop and closed-loop damping than an active constrained layer (ACL) system when a stiffer passive material is integrated into the cover sheet and the coverage ratio of the active-to-passive materials is appropriately designed. The objective of this research is to advance the state of the art in HCL system studies by investigating the effect of multiple active and passive constraining section distributions and the effect of host structure strain fields (mode shapes) on the treatment performance. Using a simple supported beam as an example, these effects are examined and quantified. The findings provide deeper insight toward HCL operations and will be useful in forming guidelines for HCL designs. (Steel beam.)

173 Multi-dimensional superelastic behavior of shape memory alloys via nonlinear finite element method 200211-31-3934 (MD); 200208-20-2856 (CE)

Liew, K M; Kitipornchai, S; Ng, T Y; Zou, G P

JOURNAL NAME - Engineering Structures. Vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 51-57. Jan. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Nanyang Technological University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0141-0296 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science Ltd , Oxford Fulfillment Centre, P.O. Box 800, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1DX, UK LANGUAGE - English

This paper presents a methodology for the simulation of multi-dimensional nonlinear thermomechanical behavior of shape memory alloys by the finite element method. The numerical multi-dimensional constitutive model is formulatedby thermomechanics incorporated with the 'yield' (transformation start stress in stress induced martensitic transformation) surface of shape memory alloys. In this formulation, the phase flow direction can be decided by using the 'yield' stresses of a particular SMA in uni-axial tension and compression. The solution of the geometrically and physically nonlinear problem is achieved using Newton's iteration method. Numerical results for the uniaxial model, three and four-point bending tests and smart composite embedded with shape memory alloys show that the proposed procedure is an effective computational tool for the simulation of a broad range of applications based on shape memory materials.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

174 A Model for the Analysis of Beams with Embedded Piezoelectric Layers 200301-31-0200 (MD); 200211-24-3124 (CE); 200211-61-4613 (MT); A02-47530 (AH)

Wang, Q; Quek, S T

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. Vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 61-70. Jan. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - National University of Singapore DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1045-389X PUBLICATION PLACE - Sage Science Press, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA, [mailto:sagescience@sagepub.com] LANGUAGE - English

This paper provides a basic mechanics model for the flexural analysis of beams with embedded piezoelectric layers. The Euler model for a long and thin beam is employed and two different ways of connecting the electrodes on the surfaces of the piezoelectric layers, namely, closed circuit (Case I) and open circuit (Case II) are considered. The distribution of the piezoelectric potential in the longitudinal direction is derived by including Maxwell equation in the formulation and assuming a half-cosine distribution for the potential in the thickness direction of the piezoelectric layer for Case I. The validity of this assumption is investigated first theoretically and then numerically by FEM for a pure piezoelectric beam subjected to uniform moment. A semi-analytical analysis is carried out for Case II where an electric potential function is assumed. The resonant frequencies of the structure for the models presented are first validated by the FEM software, ABAQUS, for simply-supported and propped cantilever boundary conditions. Based on the results of vibration analysis, it is shown that the dynamic characteristics of the entire structure can be significantly affected by piezoelectric effects, especially for the open circuit case. More importantly, the mode shapes of the electric potential in the piezoelectric layer are different for Cases I and II. For the closed circuit case, the potential shape function is related to the transverse displacement, or more accurately the curvature of the beam. For the open circuit case, the potentials at the boundaries in the longitudinal direction are directly related to the slope of the deflection of the beam. Hence, the commonly adopted assumption of uniform electric potential needs to be carefully re-examined. (Steel beams.)

175 Ceramic tribo-coatings in Japan - a report on sate-of-the art materials 200301-57-0297 (MD); 82-08401A (WC)

Akedo, J; Hibi, Y; Mori, K; Umeda, K; Enomoto, Y; Mori, S

JOURNAL NAME - Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings. Vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 305-316. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - NIAIST (Japan) DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper; Journal Article ISSN - 0196-6219 PUBLICATION PLACE - American Ceramic Society, Inc , 735 Ceramic Place, Westerville, OH, 43081, USA LANGUAGE - English

Ceramic tribo-coating continues to be one of the major research areas in tribology, especially in relation to recent developments in smart structured devices and micro-electro mechanical systems (MEMS), as well as for their use in advanced machines operating in extreme or hostile environments. This paper is a report on current state-of-the-art topics in ceramic tribo-coatings that the authors have interest in and for which they believe further focus in required.

176 NDE of smart structures using multimode fiber optic vibration sensor 200202-22-0103 (MD); 200112-B2-D-0725 (EM); 200201-R7-0027 (AI); 200201-11-0060 (MT); 122196 (AN)

Leng, J S; Asundi, A

JOURNAL NAME - NDT & E International. Vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 45-51. 1 Jan. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Cranfield Institute of Technology DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0963-8695 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science Ltd , Oxford Fulfillment Centre, P.O. Box 800, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1DX, UK LANGUAGE - English

There are many conventional methods which may be used to monitor the health of structures -- of which vibration monitoring is effective and can be used for special structures such as aircraft wings. A smart structure system based on fiber optic vibration sensors has been developed to monitor structural damage. A method based on the detection of spatial speckle of a multimode optical fiber is described. A multimode optical fiber with a diameter of 200/230 mu m is used in the present experiment. The theoretical analysis and the experimental tests are described. The fiber optic sensors have been embedded in the carbon/epoxy composite specimens and surface mounted on the surface of aluminum specimens. Furthermore, experiments to examine the different types of damage to these specimens have been carried out. The results show that this kind of multimode fiber optic sensor can be used in the non-destructive evaluation of smart materials.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

177 Effect of rapid solidification on giant magnetostriction in Fe-Pd alloy 200206-33-0570 (MD)

Kubota, T; Okazaki, T; Furuya, Y

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals. Vol. 65, no. 12, pp. 1053-1056. Dec. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Hirosaki University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0021-4876 PUBLICATION PLACE - Japan Institute of Metals, Nihon Kinzoku Gakkai Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai, 980, Japan LANGUAGE - Japanese

Fe-29.6 at%Pd ferromagnetic shape memory alloy (FSMA) ribbons formed by rapidly solidified, melt-spinning methods, is expected to be useful as a new type of material which shows giant magnetostriction as well as a quick response. The giant magnetostriction in the rolling direction, which is caused by movement and re-arrangement of martensite twin boundaries, depends strongly on applied field direction and has a maximum value of 8 x 10 exp -4 when applied magnetic field is normal to the surface. Such a directional dependence is probably caused by fine columnar microstructure formed by rapid solidification methods. To confirm this hypothesis, we analyze magnetostriction, magnetic property and crystal structure of Fe-29.6 at%Pd bulk sample before rapid solidification and compare these properties with those of the ribbon sample. The results show that (1) strength of bulk magnetostriction is 1/10 of that of the ribbon sample, (2) the coercive force of ribbon sample has strong directional dependency, while the coercive force of bulk sample is isotropic indicating isotropic distribution of twin boundaries, (3) X-ray diffraction of bulk sample shows that the diffraction peaks due to martensite phase with fct structure are weak and those due to bcc structure are strong. From these results, it can be concluded that remarkable anisotropy of giant magnetostriction of ribbon sample is caused by the fine structure formed by the melt-spinning method. It may be possible to apply this method successfully to other FSMA and Ni sub 2 MnGa, which is difficult to manufacture owing to its brittleness.

178 Application of acoustic emission in research of shape memory alloys 200204-22-0410 (MD)

Lu, S; Lin, P H; Chen, J; Koichiro, K

JOURNAL NAME - Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals. Vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 1002-1008. Dec. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Southeastern University (China) DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1004-0609 PUBLICATION PLACE - Central South University of Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China LANGUAGE - Chinese

The principle and characterization methods of acoustic emission (AE) on the research of shape memory alloys (SMA) were introduced. The results of research reviewed here show that AE, by detecting and analysing its signals, can be used in studying and evaluating heat or stress-induced martensitic transformation. As a dynamic non-destructive test technology, AE plays an important role in the study of SMA intelligent materials and structures.

179 Development of low-order state space model for an intelligent composite I-beam for automatic vibration control. 200501-62-03325 (MD); 200501-F1-D-01262 (EM); 200501-24-00236 (CE); 200501-10-00005 (MT); 200501-52-00356 (CI); 200501-41-01262 (EA)

Mohanty, S; Bhat, M S

JOURNAL NAME - ICTACEM 2001: Second International Conference on Theoretical, Applied, Computational and Experimental Mechanics; Kharagpur; India; 27-30 Dec. 2001. 10 pp. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Indian Institute of Technology (Bangalore) DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - Indian Institute of Technology, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Kharagpur, 721302, India LANGUAGE - English

Vibration and noise control problems that arise in aerospace structures are severe when light-weight thin-walled structural elements are employed. The smart structure technology offers the means for improving the capability of these high performance structures. The governing partial differential equations for vibration in thin-walled composite structures with embedded sensors and actuators are very complex and finite element formulation are resorted for effective analysis. The resulting large-order system matrices are difficult to handle for effective analysis and design of a controller. In this paper, we present development of finite element model for thin-walled composite I-beam with active localized patches. A systematic approach is followed to reduce a large-order finite element model to a low-order state space model, which could possibly used for control system design. Numerical results are presented to validate the theoretical development for both free vibration analysis and reduced order dynamics.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

180 Damage modelling and prediction using smart structure concepts - A finite element analysis approach. 200501-62-03331 (MD); 200501-C1-D-00245 (EM); 200501-24-00248 (CE); 200501-61-00809 (MT); 200501-52-00382 (CI); 200501-21-00454 (EA)

Raja, S; Balasubramaniam, R; Bhattacharya, P; Cjunjanna, G

JOURNAL NAME - ICTACEM 2001: Second International Conference on Theoretical, Applied, Computational and Experimental Mechanics; Kharagpur; India; 27-30 Dec. 2001. 12 pp. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - National Aeronautical Laboratory (India) DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - Indian Institute of Technology, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Kharagpur, 721302, India LANGUAGE - English

A finite element procedure to model a single, through width delamination is presented. The sublaminate concept along with multi-point constraint boundary condition is employed to introduce the delamination in laminated composite beam structures. The numerically predicted frequencies are compared with the experimental results to validate the present model. The surface bonded piezoelectric sensors are modelled on the delaminated beams to get the modal responses and are presented as sensor voltages using direct piezoelectric effect. It is found that the sensor voltages reflect the stiffness reduction due to the presence of damage in the structure. The variation in the sensor voltage shows an established trend available in the literature for different delamination locations and sizes. Therefore, the trends observed in the present investigation show that the smart concept can be a viable scheme to predict the damage in composite structures using the dynamic response data, obtained from the distributed bonded/embedded piezoelectric sensors.

181 Stress analysis of smart composite structures with piezoelectric patch using thermal-piezoelectric-mechanical loading. 200501-62-03334 (MD); 200501-C1-D-00251 (EM); 200501-24-00258 (CE); 200501-61-00821 (MT); 200501-52-00402 (CI); 200501-21-00456 (EA)

Kim, H S; Chattopadhyay, A; Zhou, X

JOURNAL NAME - ICTACEM 2001: Second International Conference on Theoretical, Applied, Computational and Experimental Mechanics; Kharagpur; India; 27-30 Dec. 2001. 13 pp. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Arizona State University DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - Indian Institute of Technology, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Kharagpur, 721302, India LANGUAGE - English

The present paper aims at the investigation of stress distribution in smart composite structures using a coupled thermal-piezoelectric-mechanical(t-p-m) model. To maintain local accuracy of stress distributions, the trial displacement field is assumed layerwise higher order and Co continuous through entire laminate thickness, accommodating zigzag in-plane warping and interlaminar shear stress continuity. The temperature and electrical fields are modeled using higher order descriptions, which can satisfy surface flux boundary conditions at structural surfaces and equipotential conditions at electrode surfaces. These assumptions ensure computational efficiency. A variational principle, addressing the interaction between thermal, piezoelectric and mechanical fields, is used to derive the governing equations of equilibrium. The proposed theory is used to investigate the cylindrical bending problem of simply supported composite host structures with attached piezoelectric actuators, subject to a combination of mechanical, piezoelectric and thermal loading. The interlaminar stress distributions under a variety of loading conditions are presented for shells with different geometry and stacking sequence. The results from present theory are validated with available exact elasticity solutions and other shear deformation theory. The effects of two-way piezoelectric and thermal coupling on the stress distributions are investigated. The significance of the thermal mismatch effect on interlaminar stress distribution is also discussed.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

182 Finite element modeling of shape memory alloy composite actuators: theory and experiment 200211-31-4111 (MD); A02-39565 (AH)

Ghomshei, M M; Khajepour, A; Tabandeh, N; Behdinan, K

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. Vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 761-773. Nov. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Guilan University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1045-389X PUBLICATION PLACE - Sage Science Press, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA, [mailto:sagescience@sagepub.com] LANGUAGE - English

The present paper proposes a non-linear finite element model for the time response of a novel shape memory alloy (SMA) actuator. The actuator has a plane beam configuration composed of a matrix material with SMA sheets or wires embedded in and/or bonded to the matrix part. The finite element model can be used to analyze both active and passive (with or without heating activation) responses of this kind of actuators. Due to large shear stresses and deformations, the model is developed based on a higher order shear deformation beam theory together with the von-Karman strain field. A one-dimensional constitutive equation with non-constant material functions together with sinusoidal phase transformation kinetics is used for the thermo-mechanical behavior of the SMA actuator. The constitutive and phase transformation kinetic equations make distinction between the stress-induced and temperature-induced martensite fractions. To evaluate the model, the fabrication of a prototype SMA composite actuator for conducting experiments is briefly described and the experimental work performed on the prototype actuator is presented. The test results are compared with the finite element numerical results. A good agreement between the finite element and experimental results corroborate the nonlinear finite element modeling approach. (Example material: Nitinol.)

183 Phase Equilibria and Phase Transformations in New B2-type Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloys of Co-Ni-Ga and Co-Ni-Al Systems 200205-11-0420 (MD); A02-20826 (AH)

Oikawa, K; Ota, T; Gejima, F; Ohmori, T; Kainuma, R; Ishida, K

JOURNAL NAME - Materials Transactions. Vol. 42, no. 11, pp. 2472-2475. Nov. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - NIAIST (Japan) DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1345-9678 PUBLICATION PLACE - Japan Institute of Metals, Nihon Kinzoku Gakkai Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai, 980, Japan LANGUAGE - English

The phase equilibria, the martensitic and magnetic phase transformations in the beta (B2) phase region of the Co-Ni-Ga and Co-Ni-Al systems have been investigated. It is shown that some compositions in the range Co-(15-30)at%Ni-30at%Ga and Co-(30-40)at%Ni-30at%Al exhibit both the beta to beta ' (L1 sub 0 ) thermoelastic martensitic transformation and the para /ferromagnetic transition. Some of these undergo the martensitic transformation from the paramagnetic beta to the ferromagnetic beta '. The introduction of a small amount of the gamma phase into the beta phase by heat treatment, based on the results of the beta / gamma phase equilibria study in these systems, is shown to significantly improve the ductility in both alloy systems. The new beta single phase and beta + gamma two-phase ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (FSMAs) of the Co-Ni-Ga and Co-Ni-Al systems hold great promise as new smart materials.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

184 Modeling and numerical simulation on thermomechanical behavior of SMA plates with two-way shape memory effect 200211-31-4110 (MD); A02-39561 (AH)

Takagi, T; Luo, Y; Suzuki, S; Matsumoto, M; Tani, J

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. Vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 721-728. Nov. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Tohoku University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1045-389X PUBLICATION PLACE - Sage Science Press, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA, [mailto:sagescience@sagepub.com] LANGUAGE - English

Phenomenological modeling on the thermomechanical behavior of shape memory alloy (SMA) plates with two-way shape memory effect (TWSME) is presented in this paper. Two important characteristics of SMA materials as sensors or actuators; the thermal responses and the transformation accompanied deformation; are described by the proposed models. The latent heat effect during transformation is approximately expressed by an apparent specific heat as a function of transformation temperatures. The transformation-induced deformation of SMA plates is described by newly defined transformation expansion coefficients, based on the physical understanding of the mechanism of TWSME. The proposed model is verified by the comparison between numerical simulation and experiments on the thermomechanical behavior of SMA plates. (Example material: Ti-51Ni.)

185 Development of an aluminum based smart composite with embedded oxidized titanium fiber 200211-62-1997 (MD); 200211-R7-0258 (AI)

Asanuma, H; Ishii, T; Hakoda, G

JOURNAL NAME - JISSE-7: Seventh Japan International Sampe Symposium; Tokyo; Japan; 13-16 Nov. 2001. pp. 119-122. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Chiba University DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - Japan Chapter of SAMPE, Business Center for Academic Society, Japan, 5-16-9 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8622, Japan LANGUAGE - English

This paper describes development of an active and sensitive composite based on a simple metal composite. To realize this material system, continuous titanium fiber was embedded in aluminum matrix together with stainless steel reinforcement fiber, of which surface was oxidized to be insulated from matrix to form a heater and a temperature/strain sensor. It successfully actuated and sensed with the multi-functions of the embedded TiO sub 2 /Ti fiber.

186 Fabrication of nickel based active composites 200211-62-2007 (MD); 200212-P3-0644 (AI)

Asanuma, H; Hakoda, G

JOURNAL NAME - JISSE-7: Seventh Japan International Sampe Symposium; Tokyo; Japan; 13-16 Nov. 2001. pp. 649-652. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Chiba University DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - Japan Chapter of SAMPE, Business Center for Academic Society, Japan, 5-16-9 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8622, Japan LANGUAGE - English

This paper describes fabrication of an active composite working at high temperatures. In this study, the concept of SiC/Al active composite was applied to nickel matrix composite. In this case, SiC/Ni layer was laminated on unreinforced nickel plate with aluminum insert. Fabrication condition of this material was examined and an appropriate condition, that is, hot pressing temperature 993 K, pressure 27 MPa, time 4.8 ks in a low vacuum of 1 x 10 exp 2 Pa using 0.1 mm thick insert was obtained. There remained a thick interaction layer of NiAl intermetallic phase around the bonded line of this material. The curvature of this composite increases with increasing temperature up to higher than 1200 K, which shows the possibility of it as an active material working at high temperatures.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

187 JISSE-7: Seventh Japan International Sampe Symposium 200211-72-0324 (MD); 200210-G2-D-0216 (EM)

Ishikawa, T; Sugimoto, S

JOURNAL NAME - JISSE-7: Seventh Japan International Sampe Symposium; Tokyo; Japan; 13-16 Nov. 2001. 982 pp. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference PUBLICATION PLACE - Japan Chapter of SAMPE, Business Center for Academic Society, Japan, 5-16-9 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo, 113-8622, Japan LANGUAGE - English

35 papers selected and abstracted for Metals Abstracts and 181 papers selected and abstracted for Engineered Materials Abstracts. Topics considered include smart structures and materials, lightweight aircraft structures, new materials for space vehicles, composite applications in infrastructure and in transportation, sporting goods applications, ceramic matrix composites and carbon-carbon composites, metal matrix composites, designing with textile composites, and more.

188 Mechanical properties of metallic closed cellular materials containing organic material for smart structures 200211-31-3860 (MD)

Kishimoto, S; Shinya, N

JOURNAL NAME - JISSE-7: Seventh Japan International Sampe Symposium; Tokyo; Japan; 13-16 Nov. 2001. pp. 115-118. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - National Institute for Materials Engineering DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - Japan Chapter of SAMPE, Business Center for Academic Society, Japan, 5-16-9 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8622, Japan LANGUAGE - English

A metallic closed cellular material containing organic materials has been developed. Powder particles of polymer coated with a nickel-phosphorus alloy layer using electroless plating were pressed into pellets and sintered at high temperature. A metallic closed cellular material containing organic material was then fabricated. The compressive tests were carried out. This material has the different stress-strain curves among the specimens that have different thickness of the cell walls. And also the results of the compressive tests show that this material has high-energy absorption and Young's modulus of this material depends on the sintering condition. In addition, it seems that this material has a large ultrasonic attenuation coefficient. The obtained results emphasize that this metallic closed cellular material can be utilized as energy absorbing material and passive damping material.

189 In-situ mechanical characterization of a freestanding 100 nanometer thick aluminum film in SEM using MEMS sensors 200212-22-1409 (MD); 200212-R7-0305 (AI)

Haque, A; Saif, T

JOURNAL NAME - Thin Films: Stresses and Mechanical Properties IX; as held at the 2001 MRS Fall Meeting; Boston, MA; USA; 26-30 Nov. 2001. pp. 361-364. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign) DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - Materials Research Society, 506 Keystone Drive, Warrendale, PA 15086, USA LANGUAGE - English

We present the uniaxial stress-strain response of a freestanding 100 nanometer thick 99.99% pure sputtered Aluminum film with grain size about 60 nanometers, tested in-situ inside a SEM chamber. The specimen is cofabricated with MEMS force and displacement sensors to minimize the experimental setup size, allowing both quantitative and in-situ tests to be performed in SEM and TEM chambers. The experimental results strongly suggest that at this size scale, a) Elastic modulus remains same as the bulk Aluminum, b) Yielding starts at about 625 MPa, and c) Strain hardening effect is absent, which indirectly suggests the deformation at this size scale is not dislocation mechanism based.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

190 Recent researches on fibre optic smart structures in Italy and future trends in Europe 200211-22-1278 (MD); 200210-B2-D-0454 (EM)

Paolozzi, A

JOURNAL NAME - JISSE-7: Seventh Japan International Sampe Symposium; Tokyo; Japan; 13-16 Nov. 2001. pp. 35-42. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Universita di Roma "La Sapienza" DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - Japan Chapter of SAMPE, Business Center for Academic Society, Japan, 5-16-9 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8622, Japan LANGUAGE - English

In this paper recent developments on the embedding of optical fibres into polymeric composites and metal alloys, performed by research groups in Italy will be reviewed. The types of measurements performed with sensorless embedded optical fibres will be outlined. An application related to an intelligent thermal protection system for space vehicles, based on optical fibres will be briefly addressed. Development of sensors for smart manufacturing, the realization of Bragg gratings and relevant interrogation systems will also be considered. Some projects approved by the European union will be also mentioned.

191 Strain measurements with FBGs embedded into cast metal alloys 200211-22-1279 (MD)

Caponero, M A; Felli, F; Paolozzi, A

JOURNAL NAME - JISSE-7: Seventh Japan International Sampe Symposium; Tokyo; Japan; 13-16 Nov. 2001. pp. 661-664. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - ENEA-Frascati DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - Japan Chapter of SAMPE, Business Center for Academic Society, Japan, 5-16-9 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8622, Japan LANGUAGE - English

In this paper the experience gained in embedding sensorless optical fibers into cast metal alloys is extended to Fibre Bragg Gratings (FBGs). A zinc-aluminium alloy has been used to cast a smart slender bar to be used for static and dynamic tests. Strain measurements have been obtained directly by the embedded FBG.

192 Image-Based Characterization and Finite Element Analysis of Porous SMA Behavior. 200411-11-1586 (MD); 200409-62-13760 (CE); 200409-62-4950 (MT)

Qidwai, M A; DeGiorgi, V G; Everett, R K

JOURNAL NAME - Predictive Material Modelling; Combining Fundamental Physics Understanding, Computational Methods and Empirically Observed Behavior; Dallas, TX; USA; 7-8 Nov. 2001. pp. 151-164. 2004 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Geo-Centers DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA, 19428-2959, USA, [mailto:infoctr@astm.org] LANGUAGE - English

Porous shape memory alloys (SMAs) are a relatively new group of materials that are of interest because of their potential use in the design of damping and shock mitigation systems. Benefits of the material include reduced weight, high level of energy absorption through phase transformation and possible increased energy absorption through wave scattering due to porosity. Essential to the use of these materials is an understanding of the structural and shock absorbing response of the material. Constitutive models that accurately represent these characteristics are necessary. The emphasis of this research is to develop a computational methodology that will bridge the mesostructural and macrostructural features of porous SMAs. The first step in the process involves the detailed characterization of the relevant mesostructure, i.e., information about pore shape, size, volume fraction and distribution. This representative characterization can be used to produce realistic image-based finite element models. Because the resultant models have large degrees of freedom they cannot be employed to analyze large-scale structural problems. However, simply designed boundary value problems such as the dynamic uniaxial compressive loading of a bar can be used as benchmarks for the verification of phenomenological macro-constitutive models, or models that are derived using averaging methods such as the Mori-Tanaka method or the self-consistent method. In this study, an attempt is made to analyze numerically porous SMA behavior under dynamic conditions based on the representative mesostructural features. Preliminary results are obtained for selected pore volume fractions and distinct trends in material behavior are observed.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

193 A layer-wise Reissner-Mindlin-type model for the vibration analysis and suppression of piezoactuated plates 200206-62-1087 (MD); 200204-62-0986 (CE); 200204-62-3477 (MT)

Bisegna, P; Caruso, G; Maceri, F

JOURNAL NAME - Computers & Structures. Vol. 79, no. 26-28, pp. 2309-2319. Oct. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Universita di Roma "Tor Vergata" DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0045-7949 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science Ltd , Oxford Fulfillment Centre, P.O. Box 800, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1DX, UK LANGUAGE - English

A layer-wise model of three-layer piezoelectric sandwich plates is presented. Each layer is modeled according to a first-order shear deformation theory. Both a variational formulation and a locking-free finite-element formulation of the sandwich-plate problem are developed. The latter is based on a new bilinear quadrangular four-node finite element with 13 degrees of freedom per node and is validated by comparing the numerical and the analytical solution of a special problem. The proposed model is applied to the analysis of the vibration suppression problem of a thick cantilever steel plate equipped with a piezoelectric actuator, and turns out to be especially useful when a thick piezoelectric actuator is used.

194 Integration of expert system with analytic hierarchy process for the design of material handling equipment selection system 200201-71-0013 (MD)

Chan, F T S; Ip, R W L; Lau, H

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Materials Processing Technology. Vol. 116, no. 2-3, pp. 137-145. 13 Oct. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Hong Kong DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0924-0136 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science BV, P.O. Box 211, Amsterdam, 1000 AE, Netherlands, [mailto:w.tukker@elsevier.nl] LANGUAGE - English

A key task in the material handling system design process is the selection and configuration of equipment for material transport and storage in a facility. Material handling equipment selection is a complex, tedious task, and there are few tools other than checklists to assist engineers in the selection of appropriate, cost-effective material handling equipment. This paper describes the development of an intelligent material handling equipment selection system called material handling equipment selection advisor (MHESA). The MHESA is composed of three modules: (1) a database to store equipment types with their specifications; (2) a knowledge-based expert system for assisting material handling equipment selection; and (3) an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model to choose the most favorable equipment type. The concept proposed in this paper can automate the design of a material handling equipment selection system, and provides artificial intelligence in the decision-making process.

195 Constitutive modeling of aluminum matrix NiTi fiber-reinforced smart composite 200201-62-0153 (MD); 200201-R5-0106 (AI)

Lee, W B; Tie, M; Tang, C Y

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Materials Processing Technology. Vol. 116, no. 2-3, pp. 219-223. 13 Oct. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Hong Kong University of Science and Technology DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0924-0136 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science BV, P.O. Box 211, Amsterdam, 1000 AE, Netherlands, [mailto:w.tukker@elsevier.nl] LANGUAGE - English

The purpose of this study is to provide a numerical method to model the constitutive behavior of aluminum matrix NiTi fiber-reinforced smart composite along the fiber direction. In the present approach, pseudo-elasticity, shape-memory, and strain-hardening effects have been taken into account. During phase transformation, the strain-temperature relation of NiTi fibers has been assumed to be linear. Hence, the incremental stress-strain relationship of the fibers has been derived for each temperature range where phase transformation takes place. A bi-linear and isotropic hardening elasto-plastic model has been employed to describe the stress-strain relation of the aluminum matrix. With the consideration of the fabrication procedure, the stress-strain behavior of the composite has been computed.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

196 Vibration suppression of structures using passive shape memory alloy energy dissipation devices 200211-61-0690 (MD); 200209-21-1229 (CE); A02-39556 (AH)

Salichs, J; Hou, Z; Noori, M

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. Vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 671-680. Oct. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Worcester Polytechnic Institute DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1045-389X PUBLICATION PLACE - Sage Science Press, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA, [mailto:sagescience@sagepub.com] LANGUAGE - English

The paper presents a preliminary study on feasibility using shape memory alloy (SMA) passive devices for vibration suppression of building structures. A one-story prototype-building model is used. The structure is subjected to a base excitation and is strengthened by SMA diagonal bracing wires. Constitutive behavior of SMA wires used in the study was experimentally characterized to properly model the SMA super- or pseudoelastic material properties and results were compared with the numerical simulation based on theoretical SMA constitutive models by Lexcellent and Bourbon ((1996). Thermodynamical model of cyclic behavior of Ti-Ni and Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloys under isothermal undulated tensile tests. Mechanics of Materials, 24: 59-73) and Brinson ((1993). One-dimensional constitutive behavior of shape memory alloys: Thermomechanical derivation with non-constant material functions and redefined martensite internal variable. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 4: 229). The Single-degree-of-freedom structural system was also experimentally calibrated to determine the structural parameters. Both the experimentally calibrated structural model and SMA constitutive model were then employed in numerical simulation to predict dynamic response of the building structure with SMA bracing wires subjected to a base input and results snowed a good agreement with experimental data. The results were also compared with both cases of conventional steel bracing wires and no bracing at all.

197 Soft magnetic materials for automotive applications 200212-33-1334 (MD); 200211-21-2344 (MT)

Morato, J; Bas, J A; Pares, J

JOURNAL NAME - EURO PM2001: 2001 European Congress and Exhibition on Powder Metallurgy; Nice; France; 22-24 Oct. 2001. pp. 38-46. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - AMES DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - European Powder Metallurgy Association, Old Bank Buildings, Bellstone, Shrewsburgy, SY1 1HU, UK LANGUAGE - English

Nowadays cars are equipped with and increasing number of accessories, such as Injectors, EGR, Knock sensor, ABS, etc; which work by electromagnetic actuators. Parts manufactured with soft magnetic materials, which can be supplied by P/M industry, are assembled into the above mentioned actuators. This paper presents different PM materials, with their functional characteristics, which can be applied to these emergent applications.

198 Reverse martensitic transformation of prestrained TiNi shape memory alloy in cement composite 200201-11-0077 (MD); 200201-D2-D-0001 (EM); 81-02472A (WC); 587321 (SO)

Li, A; Gui, L; Zheng, Y; Yang, D

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Materials Science Letters. Vol. 20, no. 18, pp. 1685-1686. 15 Sept. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Dalian University of Science and Technology DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0261-8028 PUBLICATION PLACE - Kluwer, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA, 02061, USA, [mailto:Angela.depina@wkap.com] LANGUAGE - English

Smart materials with shape memory alloys (SMAs) embedded in polymer or metal matrices have been widely studied with respect to their thermomechenical performances and martensitic transformation behaviors. SMAs with prestrain embedded in cement or concrete can induce prestressing and apply additional stress as needed during their reverse martensitic transformation, and thus a smart building or a bridge made of SMA-cement composites with the abilities of self-enhancement, self-repairing, active or passive vibration control etc. may realize. To the authors' knowledge, there were few researches on the phase transformation behavior of SMA in cement composite. In the present study, the reverse martensitic transformation behaviors of TiNi SMA in cement composite are explored.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

199 Integrated structural/control design of micro-positioner for boring bar tool insert 200210-53-0905 (MD); A02-39553 (AH)

O'Neal, G P; Min, B K; Pasek, Z J; Koren, Y

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. Vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 617-627. Sept. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Michigan DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1045-389X PUBLICATION PLACE - Sage Science Press, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA, [mailto:sagescience@sagepub.com] LANGUAGE - English

This paper presents a method to improve the performance of an electromechanical system by employing an integrated structural /control design methodology. In their previous work, the authors have introduced an intelligent boring bar, utilizing a micro-positioner (composed of a piezoelectric actuator and photosensitive detectors) to actively control a cutting insert. The purpose of the micro-positioner was to improve precision of boring process by isolating the boring tool from tool vibrations and compensating tool position for geometric errors. The controller for the micro-positioner was designed only after the mechanical design was finalized. As a result, the controller performance was acceptable, but overall performance of the system was limited by its mechanical structure. This paper introduces a new approach of concurrent design of the mechanical structure and the controller to enhance the performance of the micro-positioner. With the proposed method, both mechanical and control design variables are determined simultaneously in a single optimization problem. The objective and constraint equations quantify system performance, stability, actuator saturation, and life expectancy as explicit functions of the design variables. The proposed integrated methodology both simplifies the design process of the prototype boring tool and enhances its performance over the previous design, as shown by simulation results. (Example workpiece: engine block.)

200 The self-thermal-plastic response of NiTi shape memory alloy fiber actuated metal matrix composites 200204-62-0641 (MD); 200204-R5-0355 (AI); 200201-24-0434 (CE); 200201-61-0427 (MT)

Armstrong, W D; Lorentzen, T

JOURNAL NAME - International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 38, no. 38-39, pp. 7029-7044. Sept. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - State University of New York (Binghamton) DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0020-7683 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science Ltd , Oxford Fulfillment Centre, P.O. Box 800, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1DX, UK LANGUAGE - English

The present work develops a quantitative theory of the self-thermal-plastic response of NiTi shape memory alloy actuated metal matrix composite materials. Model calculations are compared with existing experimental data obtained from a testing procedure consisting of an initial room temperature, 5% tensile elongation process, and a subsequent room temperature to 120 deg C unconstrained (external stress free) heating process. During the unconstrained heating process the composite fiber actuators attempt to recover pseudo-plastic strain imparted during the room temperature tensile prestrain process. As the temperature increases, the fiber stress-temperature state enters increasing phase transformation intensity, resulting in strong increases in fiber longitudinal tensile stress, matrix longitudinal compressive stress and composite compressive longitudinal external strain. Sufficient temperature brings the matrix stress state to the point of plastic yield. The composite then exhibits a very unusual, self-thermal-plastic compression response, recovering approximately 2.2% strain. [Material: Ni-Ti fibers in a 6082-T4 Al alloy matrix.]

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

201 Finite element modeling of MFC/AFC actuators and performance of MFC 200210-31-3753 (MD); 200210-R5-0951 (AI); A02-39551 (AH)

Azzouz, M S; Mei, C; Bevan, J S; Ro, J J

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. Vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 601-612. Sept. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Old Dominion University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1045-389X PUBLICATION PLACE - Sage Science Press, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA, [mailto:sagescience@sagepub.com] LANGUAGE - English

The anisoparametric three-node MIN6 shallow shell element is extended for modeling Macro-Fiber Composite/Active Fiber Composites (MFC/AFC) actuators for active vibration and acoustic control of curved and flat panels. The recently developed MFC/AFC actuators exhibit enhanced performance, they are anisotropic and highly conformable as compared to the traditional monolithic isotropic piezoceramic actuators. The extended MIN6 shell element includes embedded or surface bonded MFC/AFC laminae. The fully coupled electrical-structural formulation is general and it is able to handle arbitrary doubly curved laminated composite and isotropic shell structures. A square and a triangular cantilever isotropic plates are modeled using the MIN6 elements to demonstrate the anisotropic actuation of a surface bonded MFC actuator for coupled bending and twisting plate motions. Steady state modal bending and twisting amplitudes of the cantilever square and triangular plates with MFC actuator are compared with the plate's steady state modal amplitudes with traditional PZT 5A actuator for different angle orientations. Frequency Response Functions (FRF) for the square plate with MFC and PZT 5A actuators are also obtained and their actuation performance is compared. The actuation performance of the MFC at different locations is also investigated. (Metal substrate plate: aluminum.)

202 Sense and sensibility of products around the home 200202-61-0052 (MD); 200201-61-0272 (MT)

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - Materials World. Vol. 9, no. 9, pp. 12-14. Sept. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0967-8638 PUBLICATION PLACE - Institute of Materials, 1 Carlton House Terrace, London, SW1Y 5DB, UK LANGUAGE - English

Many people know a little about 'smart' materials, which are a fusion of conventional structural materials with aspects of information technology and control to create materials that can sense their environment, adapting to it in real-time. These designer materials are already in use in traditional engineering applications such as self-sensing and adaptive bridges and buildings, and are under development for future generations of 'sensual' aircraft. Their use in domestic appliances is a relatively new concept, but one that has already seen the development of a colour-change kettle. It could also potentially show the way forward to better-designed products with higher levels of user satisfaction, such as electric toasters that respond to the moods of their users.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

203 Elastic memory composite (EMC) deployment hinges for solar arrays. 200401-61-0130 (MD); 200401-F1-D-0004 (EM)

Beavers, F L; Fabian, P E; Munshi, N A; Qassim, K; Carpenter, B F; Rawal, S P

JOURNAL NAME - Sixteenth Technical Conference of the American Society for Composites; Blacksburg, VA; USA; 9-12 Sept. 2001. 9 pp. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Composite Technology DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - CRC Press, Inc , 2000 Corporate Blvd , NW, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA LANGUAGE - English

Composite Technology Development, Inc. (CTD) has demonstrated the use of Elastic Memory Composite (EMC) material in lightweight hinges for deployable antennas, solar arrays and similar components. EMC is a fully cured fiber-reinforced composite that uses an 'elastic memory' polymer matrix invented by CTD, and fiber reinforcements such as graphite, glass or Kevlar. At temperatures above its glass transition temperature (T sub g ), the elastic memory composite has a low modulus and exhibits high strain to failure. In this state, an EMC laminate can be readily folded, and if held in a folded shape and cooled below T sub g it will retain the folded shape indefinitely. Reheating above T sub g causes the EMC material to return to its as-cured shape without the application of external force. The EMC material can be repeatedly transitioned between the two states without property degradation. The feasibility of an EMC hinge was demonstrated through the design, analysis, fabrication, and stowage and deployment testing of a representative EMC hinge article. The deployment hinges on the NASA EO-1 Lightweight Flexible Solar Array (LFSA) were selected as the focus of the study discussed in this paper. The current LFSA hinges use shape memory alloy (SMA) elements and aluminum end fittings. The prototype EMC hinges retained the same overall configuration and interfaces as the current design, but substituted EMC elements for the SMA elements, resulting in lighter weight and the potential for lower deployment shock loads. (Photos.)

204 Surface-mounted optical strain sensors for structural health monitoring of composite structures. 200401-22-0063 (MD); 200401-B2-D-0003 (EM); 200401-R.7-0007 (AI)

Skontorp, A; Levin, K; Benmoussa, M

JOURNAL NAME - Sixteenth Technical Conference of the American Society for Composites; Blacksburg, VA; USA; 9-12 Sept. 2001. 12 pp. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Swedish Defence Research Agency DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - CRC Press, Inc , 2000 Corporate Blvd , NW, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA LANGUAGE - English

Optical fiber sensors may effectively be used to monitor composite structures. A health monitoring system for composite structures may enhance structural safety, reduce maintenance costs and optimize usage of the structures. Such a system may consist of fiber-optic sensors, which in many cases, may need to be surface-bonded. In this study, techniques for surface-mounting fiber optic sensors on composite structures were examined. A systematic study using two adhesives was conducted and nondestructive evaluation techniques were used to ascertain the quality of the bond. Mechanical testing in tension and cyclic fatigue was used to assess the durability of the bond. The load transfer from the structural material to the optical sensor was studied experimentally as well as numerically. Finally, the optomechanical coupling in the optical sensor was modeled and investigated experimentally to determine the effects on the sensing capability of the sensor. Two adhesives were tried, a cyanoacrylate and an epoxy. A good bond could be obtained with both the adhesives, with the cyanoacrylate bond being marginally poorer. Mechanical testing of specimens with surface-mounted optical fibers in quasi-static tension to 1% strain and in cyclic fatigue to 0.3% strain did not lead to significant cracking or debonding. Based on measurements of the average distribution of adhesive around the fiber, a stress analysis was performed using the finite element method. The analysis confirmed that the stress state in the optical fiber did not depend strongly on the amount of adhesive used to bond it. The optical strain measurements were verified by measurements using resistive strain gauges. (Compared also to sensors on aluminum beam.)

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

205 Sixteenth Technical Conference of the American Society for Composites 200401-72-0010 (MD); 200401-G2-D-0001 (EM)

Hyer, M W

JOURNAL NAME - Sixteenth Technical Conference of the American Society for Composites; Blacksburg, VA; USA; 9-12 Sept. 2001. Papers numbered individually pp. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference PUBLICATION PLACE - CRC Press, Inc , 2000 Corporate Blvd , NW, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA LANGUAGE - English

24 papers selected and abstracted for Metals Abstracts and 192 papers selected and abstracted for Engineered Materials Abstracts.

206 Mode and transducer selection for long range lamb wave inspection 200209-22-1101 (MD); A02-33836 (AH)

Wilcox, P O; Lowe, M J S; Cawley, P

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. Vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 553-565. Aug. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal ArticleISSN - 1045-389X PUBLICATION PLACE - Sage Science Press, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA, [mailto:sagescience@sagepub.com] LANGUAGE - English

Lamb waves can propagate many metres along plate and shell structures, and so have great potential in 'smart structure' applications where it is important for a transducer to interrogate a significant area of the surrounding structure. However, there are many different types of Lamb wave and in order to obtain simple signals that can be reliably interpreted, it is important to excite a single mode in a well controlled direction. The choice of which Lamb wave mode to use in a particular application depends on numerous factors, including the resolution required, the type of defects or damage to be detected, the attenuation and the available transduction options. This paper sets out a rational procedure for identifying suitable Lamb wave modes and operating frequencies for a particular inspection task. It is shown that the properties of the system to be inspected determine which mode and frequencies can be used, and that this then dictates the type of transducer required. A procedure for evaluating the performance of Lamb wave transducers is also demonstrated. As an illustrative example, it is shown that the well known angle incidence transduction technique is not generally suitable in applications where the structure to be inspected is liquid loaded. In such cases it is necessary to consider alternative transduction options such as electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) or shear piezoelectric devices. (Example material: steel plate.)

207 Embedded fibre Bragg grating sensors in advanced composite materials 200111-62-1402 (MD); 200110-C1-C-3301 (EM); 200111-R5-1153 (AI)

Kuang, K S C; Kenny, R; Whelan, M P; Cantwell, W J; Chalker, P R

JOURNAL NAME - Composites Science and Technology. Vol. 61, no. 10, pp. 1379-1387. Aug. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Liverpool DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0266-3538 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science Ltd , Oxford Fulfillment Centre, P.O. Box 800, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1DX, UK LANGUAGE - English

Fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensors have been embedded in a number of advanced composite materials and fibre/metal laminates (FMLs). The post-fabrication FBG spectra were studied to examine the influence of manufacturing variables (such as composite stacking sequence and resin flow during processing) on the final profile of the spectrum and the functionality of the FBG sensor. Distortion and broadening of the width of the FBG spectra were observed in several of the specimens. As a result of a strong non-uniformity of the strain field caused by local asymmetric loading of the sensor, pronounced splitting of the spectra into multiple peaks was noted for FBG sensors embedded in angle-ply configurations. In contrast, the FBG spectra for the unidirectional specimens exhibited a single well-defined peak. Tensile tests carried out on these specimens showed excellent linearity within the test regime. However, for specimens exhibiting a multi-peak spectrum, it was observed that these specimens showed a tendency to produce strain anomalies during the loading event. (Material noted: 2024-T3 aluminum alloy.)

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

208 Integrated SMA elements array for smart material applications 200210-58-1477 (MD); 200209-E7-P-0433 (EM); 200210-P7-0454 (AI)

Jiang, X X; Yousefi-Koma, A; Nikanpour, D

JOURNAL NAME - Cancom 2001: Third Canadian International Composites Conference; Quebec; Canada; 21-24 Aug. 2001. 1 pp. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Canadian Space Agency DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - Technomic, USA LANGUAGE - English

Shape memory alloy (SMA) is being used as force actuator in some smart material applications. One of the biggest advantages of SMA is the large recoverable strain (6%) and thus large force generation compared to piezoelectric ceramics, making it suitable for large structure shape control application. For precise shape control, it normally requires small and multiple actuating elements. In this paper, a new approach is being studied to fabricate thin SMA film (thickness 0.2-0.5 mm) on aluminum or polyamide substrate using cold spray process, and subsequently make it into an integrated SMA elements array in situ for precise shape control applications. Plasma thermal spray process was previously considered for this purpose. However, It was found that the properties of SMA are too sensitive to the high temperatures involved in thermal spray processes (plasma, HVOF, etc.). The cold spray avoids such problem and also has several other advantages, such as high deposition efficiency, low oxide content, high density and low residual stresses etc. The property of such deposited SMA film is tested according to the requirements for shape control application and a simple shape control prototype using such elements is made and tested.

209 Influence of the mechanical loading history on the stress assisted two way memory effect in a Ti-Ni-Cu Alloy 200112-11-1249 (MD)

De Araujo, C J; Gonzalez, C H; Morin, M; Guenin, G

JOURNAL NAME - Materials Research. Vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 181-188. July 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Universidade Federal de Paraiba DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1516-1439 PUBLICATION PLACE - Associacao Brasileira de Metalurgia e Materiais, Centro de Informacao/Library, Rua Antonio Comparato, 218, Sao Paulo SP, 04605-030, Brazil, [mailto:abm@abmbrasil.com.br] LANGUAGE - English

In this work, several tests of thermal cycling under constant load are carried out on Ti-45.ONi5.OCu (at%) shape memory wires. The properties related to the Stress Assisted Two Way Memory Effect (SATWME) of the material are investigated as a function of the mechanical loading history for the same temperature range during cooling and heating. For this reason, two thermomechanical tests have been employed: tests I, where one sample is used for just one constant stress level test and tests II, where only one sample is employed for several constant stress level tests in sequence. The results obtained show that for loads applied below 150 MPa, the transformation temperatures and the thermal hysteresis associated with the transformation of the material are the same during the two tests. However, above 150 MPa in tests II transformation temperatures and thermal hysteresis are respectively higher and smaller than the ones obtained in tests I. On the other hand, transformation temperatures obtained from both tests are in good agreement with the ones measured by DSC and electrical resistance measurements. It is also observed that the SATWME obtained by tests II is smaller than the one measured during tests I. It is shown that these different behaviors are induced by accumulation of plastic strain in the sample during tests II.

210 Eleventh International Conference on Composite Structures 200301-72-0023 (MD); 200301-G2-D-0001 (EM)

Marshall, I H; Jones, R

JOURNAL NAME - Composite Structures. Vol. 57, no. 1-4, pp. 493. July-Sept. 2002 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper; Journal Article ISSN - 0263-8223 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science Ltd , Oxford Fulfillment Centre, P.O. Box 800, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1DX, UK LANGUAGE - English

Published in Composite Structures. 56 papers selected and abstracted for Metals Abstracts and Engineering Materials Abstracts.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

211 High-speed shape recovery of SMA 200204-61-0245 (MD)

Tani, J; Qiu, J; Urushiyama, Y

JOURNAL NAME - 4th International Symposium Impact Engineering; Kumamoto; Japan; 16-18 July 2001. pp. 691-698. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Tohoku University DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science Ltd , Oxford Fulfillment Centre, P.O. Box 800, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1DX, UK LANGUAGE - English

When a pre-deformed Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) is heated to above a critical temperature, the SMA recovers its original shape. Since the shape recovery is accompanied by larger force generation, SMA has attracted wide attention for its application as actuator materials in smart structural systems. Although SMA actuators have high energy density and larger displacement stroke, they have the disadvantage of slow response. This disadvantage has limited the application of SMA as actuators for dynamical systems where fast response is necessary. For example traditional SMA actuators can still not be used to control vibration over 1 Hz though many studies have performed to raise their response. In this study, high-speed response of SMA actuators was achieved by direct electric heating. The influence of various parameters on the response time and generated force was investigated. High-speed SMA actuators have prospective application in the control of dynamic buckling of automobile frame during crash accident, in which a response of less that 10ms is required. (Example material: Ti-40Ni-10Cu (wt.%).)

212 Structural health monitoring from fiber-reinforced composites to steel-reinforced concrete 200110-31-4709 (MD); 2001-24-038426 (CE); A01-34896 (AH)

Wang, C S; Wu, F; Chang, F K

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 548-552. June 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Stanford University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

Accurate interpretation of sensor measurements in terms of physical changes in structures is a major challenge for the development of robust structural health monitoring systems. An active diagnostic system was proposed to detect embedded damage in fiber-reinforced composites and steel-reinforced concrete. Due to the inherent difference in material characteristics, changes in sensor measurements resulting from damage for the two material systems were found considerably different. For a given excitation, it was found that local delamination in fiber-reinforced composites reduced the measured signal strength of a nearby sensor, while rebar debond in concrete increased signal strength. Techniques based on the characteristics of these material responses to damage are being developed for adequate active sensing diagnostic systems for each material.

213 Application of ARMAV models to the identification and damage detection of mechanical and civil engineering structures 200110-31-4704 (MD); 2001-26-003628 (CE); A01-34890 (AH)

Bodeux, J B; Golinval, J C

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 479-489. June 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Universite de Liege DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

In this paper, the application of auto-regressive moving average vector models to system identification and damage detection is investigated. These parametric models have already been applied for the analysis of multiple input-output systems under ambient excitation. Their main advantage consists in the capability of extracting modal parameters from the recorded time signals, without the requirement of excitation measurement. The excitation is supposed to be a stationary Gaussian white noise. The method also allows the estimation of modal parameter uncertainties. On the basis of these uncertainties, a statistically based damage detection scheme is performed and it becomes possible to assess whether changes of modal parameters are caused by, e.g. some damage or simply by estimation inaccuracies. The paper reports first an example of identification and damage detection applied to a simulated system under random excitation. The 'Steel-Quake' benchmark proposed in the framework of COST Action F3 'Structural Dynamics' is also analysed. This structure was defined by the Joint Research Centre in Ispra (Italy) to test steel building performance during earthquakes. The proposed method gives an excellent identification of frequencies and mode shapes, while damping ratios are estimated with less accuracy.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

242 Dynamic response of active twist rotor blades 200107-61-0848 (MD); A01-21281 (AH)

Cesnik, C E S; Shin, S J; Wilbur, M L

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 62-76. Feb. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Massachusetts Institute of Technology DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

Dynamic characteristics of active twist rotor (ATR) blades are investigated analytically and experimentally in this paper. The ATR system is intended for vibration and potentially for noise reductions in helicopters through individual blade control. An aeroelastic model is developed to identify frequency response characteristics of the ATR blade with integral, generally anisotropic, strain actuators embedded in its composite construction. An ATR prototype blade was designed and manufactured to experimentally study the vibration reduction capabilities of such systems. Several bench and hover tests were conducted and those results are presented and discussed here. Selected results on sensitivity of the ATR system to collective setting (i.e. blade loading), blade rpm (i.e. centrifugal force and blade station velocity), and media density (i.e. altitude) are presented. They indicated that the twist actuation authority of the ATR blade is independent of the collective setting up to approximately 10P, and dependent on rotational speed and altitude near the torsional resonance frequency due to its dependency on the aerodynamic damping. The proposed model captures very well the physics and sensitivities to selected test parameters of the ATR system. The numerical result of the blade torsional loads show an average error of 20% in magnitude and virtually no difference in phase for the blade frequency response. Overall, the active blade model is in very good agreement with the experiments and can be used to analyze and design future active helicopter blade systems.

243 On the twist performance of a multiple-cell active helicopter blade 200107-61-0847 (MD); A01-21280 (AH)

Cesnik, C E S; Shin, S J

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 53-61. Feb. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Massachusetts Institute of Technology DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

This paper discusses how torsional stiffness is related with twist actuation in an integrally twist actuated rotor blade. It shows that increase in torsional stiffness does not necessarily reduce the twist actuation. Improvements in twist actuation for a realistic airfoil-shaped beam can be achieved while controlling the blade torsional stiffness within aeroelastic requirements. These design trends can be studied once an appropriate anisotropic beam analytical formulation with integral anisotropic piezoelectric actuators is developed. The new analytical model revises and extends the closed form solution for thin-walled multi-cell beams based on the variational-asymptotical method and introduces the distributed anisotropic piezoelectric actuator effects along the cross section of the blade. The model is applied to specifically investigate the relationship between twist actuation performance and torsional stiffness of a realistic active blade. In this study, both analytical expressions and numerical examples are examined. The results show that the torsional stiffness can be increased by up to 20% with an increase in twist actuation of approximately 5% from their corresponding baseline values. Moreover, the results also indicate that a single-cell model is insufficient to address qualitatively and quantitatively the complex interaction that exists among the wall members of a two-cell airfoil cross section.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

244 Magnetorheological fluid damper feedback linearization control for helicopter rotor application 200107-61-0851 (MD); A01-21284 (AH)

Gandhi, F; Wang, K W; Xia, L

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 96-103. Feb. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Pennsylvania State University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

This study explores the possible use of a magnetorheological (MR) damper with feedback linearization control law for helicopter lag damping applications. Since this control law is based on an assumed damper model, the helicopter may be susceptible to limit cycle instabilities in the presence of model errors due to uncertainties (even if the prescribed damping using feedback linearization control is greater than the system negative damping). For specified uncertainty bounds, a robust control law can be synthesized which will eliminate limit cycle instability by using a much larger value of prescribed damping ratio. The resulting periodic loads in forward flight, however, would be excessively high. To reduce these periodic loads a band-rejecting filter is introduced that eliminates the 1/rev component of velocity from the feedback control signal. By doing so, stability of perturbation motions can be ensured and periodic loads can be drastically reduced, even in the presence of MR damper model errors.

245 Wind tunnel testing of a Mach-scaled rotor model with trailing-edge flaps 200107-61-0843 (MD); A01-21276 (AH)

Koratkar, N A; Chopra, I

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1-14. Feb. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Maryland (College Park) DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

This paper presents the wind tunnel testing of a four-bladed Mach-scaled rotor model with piezoelectric bender actuated trailing-edge flaps. Correctly phased, this flap motion can be used for the active suppression of vibratory hub loads. First, the University of Maryland Advanced Rotorcraft Code was used to conduct a parametric study to determine the optimal flap sizing and location as well as the required deflection amplitudes. Next, a simplified rotor analysis which explicitly models the actuator dynamics was used to design a multi-layer actuator configuration that is capable of achieving the required flap deflections. Based on the above design studies, a matched set of four Mach-scaled rotor blades with piezo-bender actuated trailing-edge flaps were fabricated in-house. This rotor model was operated using a one-seventh scale Bell-412 Mach-scaled rotor hub. Finally, the rotor system was tested in forward flight in the Glenn L Martin wind tunnel. These tests consisted of open-loop single-frequency tests at different rotor speeds and collective settings. Some preliminary closed-loop tests using a neural network control algorithm were also conducted.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

246 Design of piezostack-driven trailing-edge flap actuator for helicopter rotors 200107-61-0844 (MD); A01-21277 (AH)

Lee, T; Chopra, I

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 15-24. Feb. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Maryland (College Park) DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

A piezoelectric actuator is investigated to activate a trailing-edge flap mechanism for helicopter vibration suppression. This paper presents the development of a piezostack-based actuator with a new stroke amplification mechanism. A double-lever amplification concept is introduced, which is a dual-stage lever-fulcrum stroke amplifier that extends the capability of the conventional lever-fulcrum mechanism. Both the design and fabrication of the on-blade trailing-edge flap actuator are addressed. The first prototype actuator was designed and fabricated using two piezostack segments. An amplification factor of 19.4 and constant response covering up to 8/rev (52.3 Hz) were measured under non-rotating conditions, and a consistent actuator displacement of up to 600 g of centrifugal loading was experimentally obtained for the vacuum spin testing. A major design refinement resulted in the second prototype actuator that uses five piezostack segments. The bench-top testing of the second prototype actuator showed 1.87 mm (73.7 mil) of free stroke, and uniform performance of up to 150 Hz. In vacuum spin testing, the second prototype actuator showed approximately 13% loss in actuation stroke at 700 g of centrifugal loading, and no further degradation at 115% overloading condition. The double-lever amplification mechanism with piezostack actuation showed the potential for operation in a rotating environment.

247 Optimal control of helicopter vibration through cyclic variations in blade root stiffness 200107-61-0850 (MD); A01-21283 (AH)

Anusonti-Inthra, P; Gandhi, F

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 86-95. Feb. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Pennsylvania State University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

This study demonstrates that optimal multi-cyclic variations of the blade root flap and lag stiffness can produce simultaneous reductions in all of the components of vibratory hub loads of a four-bladed hingeless rotor helicopter. Both gradient- and non-gradient-based optimization schemes are successful in reducing the hub vibrations. The required stiffness variations can be reduced (without significantly compromising performance) by introducing a penalty on the input in the objective function used for minimization. Reductions in the vibration performance index of over 90% were seen with optimal 2/rev and 3/rev flap and lag stiffness variations. The concept was effective in reducing vibrations over a range of variations in configuration (fundamental flap, lag, and torsion frequencies) and operational parameters (forward speed). Furthermore, it was shown that stiffness variations of discrete flap and lag springs introduced to the blade root region are effective in reducing vibratory hub loads. Thus, the introduction of discrete controllable stiffness elements (devices) is a viable method for varying the stiffness of the blade root region.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

248 In-flight tracking of helicopter rotor blades using shape memory alloy actuators 200107-61-0852 (MD); A01-21285 (AH)

Epps, J J; Chopra, I

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 104-111. Feb. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Maryland (College Park) DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

This paper describes the concept, design, fabrication and control of a shape memory alloy (SMA) wire actuator for tracking helicopter rotor blades while in-flight. A NACA 0012 wing section that has a 12 in chord and span was constructed with a trailing-edge tab with a 4 in span and a 2.4 in chord. A shape memory alloy wire actuator was embedded into the wing section. The actuator consists of a wire clamp, a hinge tube and several pre-strained, 0.015 in diameter SMA (Nitinol) wires. It was shown that with SMA wires that have 3.158% initial pre-strain, a tab deflection of 29 deg could be obtained.

249 Control of transient thermoelastic displacement in a piezoelectric based intelligent plate 200212-31-4243 (MD); A02-27876 (AH); 606491 (SO)

Ashida, F; Noda, N

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. Vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 93-103. Feb. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Shimane University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1045-389X PUBLICATION PLACE - Sage Science Press, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA, [mailto:sagescience@sagepub.com] LANGUAGE - English

The present paper deals with an intelligent solid state actuator which can control a distribution of thermoelastic displacement at submicron order, in the case where unknown transient heating temperature acts on the actuator. The intelligent actuator consists of an isotropic structural layer onto which two piezoceramic layers of crystal class 6 mm are perfectly bonded. First, by analyzing an inverse problem of transient piezothermoelasticity, the unknown heating temperature acting on the structural layer is inferred from the electric potential induced in the middle piezoceramic layer. Next, analysis of a control problem leads to a transient electric potential applied to the top piezoceramic layer which gives the desired elastic displacement distribution on the free surface of the structural layer. Finally, numerical results are illustrated graphically. (CdSe layer on stainless steel substrate.)

214 Ways and options for aircraft structural health management 200110-31-4698 (MD); 2001-80-007845 (CE); 2001-11-054603 (MT); A01-34886 (AH)

Boller, C

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 432-440. June 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - European Aeronautic Defence and Space DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

The number of aircraft is increasing worldwide as well as their age. This has led to an increasing market of aging aircraft. The older an aircraft structure becomes, the more difficult it may be to predict under which conditions it will be flown and this especially when it is influenced by continuous upgrades in avionics, flight control systems or even engines, thus resulting in a possible change of flight envelopes. It is under these conditions that the aircraft structure needs increased care regarding monitoring and subsequent life management. This paper addresses the different means of how this can be done, starting with conventional inspection and gradually moving over to state-of-the-art loads and finally damage monitoring, where the latter is very much driven by ongoing smart materials and structures initiatives. Benefits either obtained or still to be expected from the different ways of monitoring are described.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

215 Application of model-based damage identification to a seismically loaded structure 200110-31-4700 (MD); 2001-26-003626 (CE); 2001-63-003972 (MT)

Fritzen, C P; Bohle, K

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 452-458. June 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Universitat Gesamthochschule Siegen DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

The aim of the presented model-based damage identification approach is to detect, localize and quantify changes in a mechanical structure due to damage by means of a computational model and measured changes of the structure's dynamic behavior. An inverse sensitivity problem is formulated, leading to a large number of damage parameters when the structure has many structural members. While the number of potential candidates for the damage locations is very large, usually there are only very few active parameters concentrating on the damaged areas. It turns out that the parameter subset selection is an essential step. The method is applied to a large scale structure, the so-called Steelquake structure, a two-storey building, which was subjected to a seismic loading. Cracks at different locations developed during this loading. All crack locations are successfully identified by the algorithm, but one undamaged position was also localized. Additional simulation studies show that errors in the measurement data can cause a false indication of damage.

216 Identification of damage parameters of a full-scale steel structure damaged by seismic loading 200110-31-4701 (MD); 2001-26-003627 (CE)

Gorl, E; Link, M

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 459-465. June 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Universitat Kassel DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

Within the European research cooperation COST a two-floor steel frame was defined as a benchmark directed towards investigating damage detection methods based on structural dynamic test data. In the present paper we describe an approach to identify the location and the extent of the damage introduced into the steel frame by pseudo dynamic seismic loads. In the first step the measured dynamic response of the original undamaged structure was used to generate a reference finite element model of the structure. In the next step the experimental modal data of the damaged structure were used to identify the location and the extent of the damage. This was based on comparing the changes of stiffness parameters obtained from the undamaged and the damaged structure. After careful selection of the parameters representing best the possible stiffness degradations the numerical values of the parameters were identified by minimizing the test/analysis differences of eigenfrequencies and mode shapes while simultaneously keeping the parameters within physically meaningful limits. With the identified parameters the finite element model was able to reproduce the experimental data as close as possible.

217 Validation of the Eurofighter Typhoon structural health and usage monitoring system 200110-31-4705 (MD); 2001-11-054604 (MT); A01-34892 (AH)

Hunt, S R; Hebden, I G

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 497-503. June 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - British Aerospace DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

The structural health monitoring (SHM) system being developed for the Eurofighter Typhoon is resident on each aircraft and is integrated within existing aircraft and ground-based systems. The system will enable the operators to accurately monitor fatigue life consumption, usage information and significant structural events, thereby safeguarding the structural integrity of the aircraft. The information obtained can be used to plan maintenance actions effectively, and to manage the fleet fatigue life proactively (Hunt S R and Hebden I G, Eurofighter 2000 structural health and usage monitoring: an integrated approach 2nd Joint NASA /FAA/DoD Conf. on Aging Aircraft (Williamsburg, VA, August 31-September 3 1998)). This paper gives an overview of the philosophy and techniques involved in the validation of the Eurofighter SHM system, together with some preliminary results.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

218 Damage identification on the Z24 bridge using vibration monitoring 200110-31-4706 (MD); 2001-22-004162 (CE)

Maeck, J; Peeters, B; De Roeck, G

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 512-517. June 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

In the framework of developing a non-destructive damage identification technique, vibration monitoring is a useful evaluation tool that relies on the fact that the occurrence of damage in a structural system leads to changes in its dynamic properties. The damage identification techniques are based on the observed shifts in eigenfrequencies and modeshapes and relate the dynamic characteristics to a damage pattern of the structure. The presented technique makes use of the calculation of modal bending moments and curvatures to derive the bending stiffness at each location. Damage identification results are compared with results from a classical sensitivity based updating technique. The basic assumption in both techniques is that damage can be directly related to a decrease of stiffness in the structure. Damage assessment techniques are validated on the progressively damaged prestressed concrete bridge Z24 in Switzerland, tested in the framework of the BRITE-EURAM project SIMCES. A series of full modal surveys are carried out on the bridge before and after applying a number of damage scenarios.

219 Vibration-based damage detection in civil engineering: excitation sources and temperature effects 200110-31-4707 (MD); 2001-22-004163 (CE)

Peeters, B; Maeck, J; De Roeck, G

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 518-527. June 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

This paper discusses two very relevant practical issues in the application of vibration-based health monitoring to civil engineering structures: the excitation source and the effect of temperature. The idea of vibration-based damage detection is to measure dynamic characteristics such as eigenfrequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes on a regular basis. The state, and eventually degradation, of the structure is reflected in the evolution of these characteristics. Unfortunately, it is not only the health of a structure that influences its measurable dynamics, but also the applied excitation and the changing temperature are important factors and may erode the damage detection potential. In the first part, the results of different excitation types are compared: band-limited noise generated by shakers, an impact from a drop weight and ambient sources such as wind and traffic. In the second part, the undeniable effect of temperature on measured eigenfrequencies is demonstrated and a methodology is proposed to distinguish these temperature effects from real damage events. The method could be validated on a unique data set from a bridge that was artificially damaged after a one-year monitoring period.

220 Deployment of a fiber Bragg grating-based measurement system in a structural health monitoring application 200110-22-1236 (MD); 2001-63-026954 (CE); A01-34895 (AH)

Todd, M D; Johnson, G A; Vohra, S T

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 534-539. June 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - US Naval Research Laboratory DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

The development and maturation of fiber optic sensor technology has been an increasingly important component of the structural health monitoring field. A strain sensor system has been developed to provide high-resolution, low-noise sets of useful data which can be analyzed and processed with a number of existing damage detection techniques. Recent research at the Naval Research Laboratory has also begun in combining vibration-based damage detection with statistical methods, and some preliminary results are included.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

221 Structural health monitoring of innovative bridges in Canada with fiber optic sensors 200110-22-1237 (MD); 2001-22-004161 (CE)

Tennyson, R C; Mufti, A A; Rizkalla, S; Tadros, G; Benmokrane, B

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 560-573. June 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Manitoba DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

This paper describes the development and application of fiber optic sensors for monitoring bridge structures. Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) have been used to measure static and dynamic loads on bridge decks and columns, including composite repairs for rehabilitation purposes. A new long gage concept that permits overall average strains to be measured has also been developed with gage lengths varying from 1-20 m. These gages can be bonded to the concrete structure or imbedded in the composite repair patch. Six projects undertaken by ISIS Canada to incorporate fiber optic sensing to monitor the structural health of bridges in Canada are described. Data will be presented for several bridges that indicate a measure of system reliability over several years in a hostile environment. The benefits of fiber optic sensors will be highlighted.

222 Ship hull structure monitoring using fibre optic sensors 200110-31-4703 (MD); 2001-44-000943 (MT)

Wang, G; Pran, K; Sagvolden, G; Havsgard, G B; Jensen, A E; Johnson, G A; Vohra, S T

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 472-478. June 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Norwegian Defense Research Establishment DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

We discuss the need for ship hull monitoring and the roles such a system may fill during the different stages of a ship's lifetime. We have found that fibre optic sensors are well suited for this application and present the fibre Bragg grating technology that has been employed in the composite hull embedded sensor system project (CHESS). Signal processing is the key to real-time structure monitoring, and we comment on the modular signal processing system that is being developed at FFI. Finally we present the CHESS installation on a new Norwegian naval vessel and show some results obtained with this system in systematic sea-keeping tests. The CHESS measurements on the new Norwegian fast patrol boat have been instrumental in the design verification of the vessel.

223 Vibration-based damage assessment in steel frames using neural networks 200110-31-4710 (MD); 2001-24-029694 (CE); 2001-63-003973 (MT)

Zapico, J L; Worden, K; Molina, F J

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 553-559. June 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Universidad de Oviedo DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

This paper describes a procedure for damage assessment in a two-storey steel frame and steel-concrete composite floors structure. The procedure is based on a multi-layer perceptron (MLP). A simplified finite element model is used to generate the training data. This model was previously updated through another MLP using two natural frequencies as inputs and the stiffness of the beams and masses as updating parameters. The different combinations of damage at the ends of the longitudinal beams are used as damage scenarios. The training data for the MLP are generated by varying at random the stiffness of the longitudinal beams. Two natural frequencies and mode shapes are used as inputs, and three different definitions of damage (sections, bars and floors) are tried as outputs. MLPs are trained through the error back-propagation algorithm. Finally, the performance of the procedure is evaluated through the experimental data. Only the approach of damage at floor level gives reasonable results.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

224 Damage detection testing on a helicopter flexbeam 200207-62-1279 (MD); 200207-B2-D-0308 (EM); 200207-R7-0189 (AI); 200206-11-1335 (MT); A02-30923 (AH)

Ghoshal, A; Harrison, J; Sundaresan, M J; Hughes, D; Schulz, M J

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. Vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 315-330. May 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - North Carolina A&T State University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1045-389X PUBLICATION PLACE - Sage Science Press, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA, [mailto:sagescience@sagepub.com] LANGUAGE - English

The main and tail rotor systems of a helicopter must be maintained in a damage-free condition to ensure the safety of the helicopter. The components of the rotor system require regular maintenance and inspection, and some of the components are difficult to inspect. Accordingly, an integrated sensor system that continuously monitors the structural integrity of the rotor system is needed to assure the safety of flight and reduce the cost of maintenance of the rotor system. This smart monitoring system could also provide immediate information on the dynamic loading in the rotor system. This information could define the performance limit of the helicopter based on the condition of the rotor system. The operator will then be able to adjust the flight condition and prevent damage from occurring or propagating. The challenges in designing this monitoring system are related to the operating conditions of the helicopter. These include significant aerodynamic and external damping in bending and torsion modes, moderate nonlinearities in the system, large dynamic loads, and difficulty in actuating pure interrogation signals in the airborne condition. In this paper, piezoceramic sensors and actuators and different techniques for damage detection that use symmetry properties of the structure and no structural model are tested in a static condition for health monitoring of a helicopter flexbeam. Testing under dynamic loading is needed as the next step in the development of the smart sensor system. (Beam: layers of aluminum and glass fiber reinforced plastic, with PZT.)

225 Aerospace and structures: where are we headed? 200107-61-0874 (MD)

Renton, W J

JOURNAL NAME - International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 38, no. 19, pp. 3309-3319. May 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Boeing DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0020-7683 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science Ltd , Oxford Fulfillment Centre, P.O. Box 800, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1DX, UK LANGUAGE - English

Structures, their analytical tools, their manufacturing processes, and their functionality are all in a state of significant change. The author shares his vision on where we, in the aerospace sector, may be headed over the next decade and beyond. With the focus being an affordability, emphasis is placed on educating the designer/analyst regarding the importance of cost in the design process. Cost necessitates that one look at an alternative to factors of safety and uncertainty factors, advancements regarding the use of large-deformation analytical models, consideration of nature's design practices, the possibilities in multifunctional structure for providing a more holistic, lower cost solution to aerospace design problems, and the potential cost impact in 'communicating' with structures.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

226 Improved Surface Treatment of SMA Foils and Damage Suppression of SMA-Foil Embedded CFRP Laminates 200207-55-1379 (MD); 200206-C1-D-1179 (EM); A02-27868 (AH); 606503 (SO)

Ogisu, T; Ando, N; Takaki, J; Okabe, T; Takeda, N

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. Vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 265-270. Apr. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Fuji Heavy Industries DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1045-389X PUBLICATION PLACE - Sage Science Press, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA, [mailto:sagescience@sagepub.com] LANGUAGE - English

The authors have been conducting research and development studies on some applications of embedded SMA foil actuators in CFRP laminates for weight reduction and improvement of reliability for next generation aircraft. The goal of this research is to develop a method for the suppression of damage growth in CFRP laminates. It is certified that one of the key technologies is bonding properties between SMA foils and CFRP laminates. In this paper, improvement of bonding properties between SMA foils and CFRP and confirmation of suppression effects of damage growth are described. Some surface treatments (sol-gel method, anodic-oxidation method and spattering method) were performed on SMA foils. Then, peel resistance and single lap shear strength tests were performed using surface treated SMA foils. It was found that treatment by 10%NaOH is the most effective treatment for improvement of bonding properties. The treated surface was found porous and rough, which is supposed to provide anchoring effects of SMA/CFRP interfaces. Then, quasi-static load-unload tests were performed using the optimum treatment as mentioned above to investigate the damage behavior of quasi-isotropic CFRP laminates with embedded SMA foils. Micromechanisms of fracture behavior and the correlation between the crack density and the residual strain were discussed. The recovery stress of the SMA foil generated at over Af temperature showed capability of suppression for onset of transverse cracks in quasi-isotropic CFRP laminates with embedded SMA foils.

227 Two-way Shape Memory Behavior Obtained by Combined Loading Training 200207-31-2673 (MD); 806143 (CD); A02-27872 (AH); 606507 (SO)

Tokuda, M; Sugino, S; Inaba, T

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. Vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 289-294. Apr. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Mie University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1045-389X PUBLICATION PLACE - Sage Science Press, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA, [mailto:sagescience@sagepub.com] LANGUAGE - English

Shape memory alloys have two fundamental well-known properties: one way shape memory property and pseudo-elastic property. The two-way shape memory effect obtained by combined loading training is investigated experimentally by applying the combined loads of axial force and torque to the thin-walled tubular specimen of Cu-based shape memory alloy. In this paper, some unique two-way behaviors are shown and discussed. (Alloy composition: Cu-10 wt.%Al-5%Mn-5%Zn.)

228 Adaptronics as a key technology for intelligent lightweight structures 200108-62-0986 (MD)

Hanselka, H

JOURNAL NAME - Advanced Engineering Materials. Vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 205-215. Apr. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Otto-von-Guericke-Universitat DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1438-1656 PUBLICATION PLACE - Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, P.O. Box 10 11 61, Weinheim, D-69451, Germany LANGUAGE - English

Adaptronics describes the field of technology in developing a new class of so-called intelligent structures. This concept starts from the development of adaptive systems which, due to their self-regulating mechanisms, are able to self-adapt to different external conditions. This requires a system-optimized linking of sensors and actuators on the basis of new functional materials, such as piezoceramic fibers and patches with adaptive controllers. These new structural systems are then able to self-adjust to changing external conditions by self-optimization.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

229 Residual strain measurement and impact response of optical fibre Bragg grating sensors in fibre metal laminates 200109-62-1116 (MD); 200109-R5-0949 (AI)

Kuang, K S C; Kenny, R; Whelan, M P; Cantwell, W J; Chalker, P R

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 338-353. Apr. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Liverpool DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

Recently, optical fibre Bragg gratings have attracted a significant amount of attention as optical fibre sensors for measuring strain in composite structures. Indeed, the growth of optical fibre technology has spurred the development of smart composites capable of measuring real-time internal strain within structures and an assortment of measurands such as temperature, pressure and chemical. In this paper, optical fibre Bragg grating sensors are embedded in a novel fibre-metal laminate composite (2024-T3/GFRP), to demonstrate the potential of fibre Bragg grating sensors in measuring post-processing residual strain within a multimaterial structure. Repeated impact tests in the region of the grating have been performed to investigate the survivability of the sensor. In addition, post-impact sensor linearity tests have then been carried out to evaluate the sensor response to load.

230 Compensation for thermal deformation of a paraboloid shell using distributed structural actuation 200107-31-3151 (MD); 200107-R5-0761 (AI)

Tan, D

JOURNAL NAME - International Journal of Solids and Structures. Vol. 38, no. 17, pp. 2893-2919. Apr. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal ArticleISSN - 0020-7683 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science Ltd , Oxford Fulfillment Centre, P.O. Box 800, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1DX, UK LANGUAGE - English

A simulation procedure is described in this paper for investigating the deformation control in advanced plate and shell structures which have the so-called adaptive capabilities using smart materials. The procedure is an iterative one which involves sensing and actuating processes. The former measures structural responses and determines how the actuators act whilst the latter realizes the actuation and dictates the new structural deformation state. The structural modelling used in the procedure is completely based on the classical plate and shell theory, and the constitutive relationship involved has a general type for laminated composites which integrates the structural and smart materials and facilitates that smart materials can be embedded in or bonded on the structure. A co-located sensing and actuating scheme based on strain measurement is employed. This procedure is tested with an example of thermal deformation control for a plate first and then applied to the compensation for thermal deformation of a paraboloid shell of revolution which models an antenna. Material: aluminum.

231 Design of a smart functionally graded thermopiezoelectric composite structure 200109-62-1115 (MD); 200108-F1-D-0240 (EM); 2001-24-029552 (CE)

Wang, B L; Noda, N

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 189-193. Apr. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Harbin Institute of Technology DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

In this paper, a smart functionally graded piezoelectric structure is analyzed. The smart structure consists of three layers: one layer of metal, one layer of piezoelectric material (PZT) used as an actuator, and a graded metal/PZT layer between the metal layer and the PZT layer. A finite element code is developed in the programming environment MATLAB and FORTRAN, with each finite element having varied material properties through space coordinates. The results reveal that both the stress discontinuity and thermal deformation of the structure can be controlled. By introducing a functionally graded layer between the PZT actuator layer and the metal beam layer, both stress discontinuity and the edge local stresses can be essentially reduced. The proposed method is expected to be useful for functionally graded thermopiezoelectric composite structures under operating environments where the thermal and piezoelectic effects are important.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

232 Cast Metal Matrix Composites: Past, Present and Future 200502-62-06599 (MD); 200502-P.2-00889 (AI); 200502-61-04421 (MT)

Rohatgi, P

JOURNAL NAME - Transactions of the American Foundry Society and the One Hundred Fifth Annual Castings Congress; Dallas, TX; USA; 28 Apr.-1 May 2001. pp. 1-25. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Wisconsin DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper PUBLICATION PLACE - American Foundry Society, 505 State St , Des Plaines, IL, 60016-8399, USA LANGUAGE - English

This paper is based on the 2001 Silver Anniversary Lecture of the paper, "Centrifugally Cast Graphite Aluminum With Segregated Graphite Particles", which was presented to the American Foundry Society in 1976 and then published in the AFS Transactions the same year. It reviews the historical evolution of Cast Metal Matrix Composites, which can be produced in foundries. After a brief introduction on the structure, solidification and processing of composites, the possible effects of reinforcements on solidification are discussed including a reduction in microsegregation of solute, and concentration of particles in the interdendritic regions during particle pushing phenomenon. This is followed by a presentation of property motivation for using Metal Matrix Composites. Several examples of currently used MMC components in automotive and space applications are cited. Cast Metal Matrix Composites that are being currently developed are also discussed; these include Aluminum-Silicon Carbide, Aluminum-Graphite, Aluminum-Silicon Carbide - Graphite, Lead free Copper Graphite, Aluminum-Fly Ash, and Syntactic Foams. This is followed by a listing of the future research needs in Cast Metal Matrix Composites, and a possible scenario of extending the processing technology of Cast Metal Matrix Composites to manufacture of higher performance and lower cost castings and other advanced materials in foundries, such as functionally gradient materials, nanocomposites, biomedical composites, smart composites, superconducting composites and porous and cellular metals, is presented.

233 Fabrication of TiNi/PZT heterostructure films for smart systems 200107-63-0005 (MD); A01-23715 (AH)

Kim, I J; Lee, H W

JOURNAL NAME - Scripta Materialia. Vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 525-530. 16 Mar. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1359-6462 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science Inc , 650 Avenue of the Americas, 2nd Floor, New York, NY, 10010-2098, USA LANGUAGE - English

To integrate functions of shape memory and ferroelectricty, the deposition condition and the crystalline phase for the heterostructure of the sputtered TiNi and sol-gel derived PZT are investigated. The oriented Pt layer, which decrease the crystallization temperature of TiNi layer to 350 deg C, at the interface between TiNi and PZT. The cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrograph showed clear interface for each layer and did not show inter-diffusion layer. This heterostructure, TiNi/Pt/PZT/Pt/Ti/SiO sub 2 /Si, film indicated the B2(110) phase of TiNi and the perovskite phase of PZT. PZT layer showed the ferroelectirc behavior, and Pr and Ec determined by the P-E hysteresis curve were 16 mu C/cm exp 2 and 67 kV/cm, respectively. Further investigations of the shape memory effect in TiNi layer and the transformation characteristics through the interface are needed to exert the heterostructure film as the integrated function materials.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

234 Adaptive imperfect column with piezoelectric actuators 200207-61-0395 (MD); 200207-R5-0759 (AI); 200206-24-1749 (CE); 200206-61-2279 (MT); A02-24832 (AH); 606512 (SO)

Alghamdi, A A A

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. Vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 183-189. Mar. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - King Abdulaziz University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 1045-389X PUBLICATION PLACE - Sage Science Press, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA, [mailto:sagescience@sagepub.com] LANGUAGE - English

Adaptive or smart structures are defined as structures that adapt themselves to environmental changes by using appropriate sensors, acuators, and control systems integrated into the structure. This paper discusses the stability of long imperfect adaptive (or smart) columns. The mechanics of a smart column having piezoelectric elements as active elements is introduced first. Then, the governing differential equation of the adaptive column is presented. The mechanics of interaction between the bonded active elements and the passive column are solved using simplified pin-force model assuming perfect bond condition. The differential equation for pivoted ends adaptive column is given along with its solution. A numerical example is given to show the capability of active piezo-ceramic elements in enhancing structural stability of long imperfect column. Obtained numerical results show improved stability performance of the adaptive column in comparison with the passive one. It is possible to straighten initially imperfected columns using surface attached active elements. (Example: column of aluminum with PZT actuators attached.)

235 Functional properties of cement-matrix composites 200107-33-0606 (MD); 200106-C3-D-0096 (EM)

Chung, D D L

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Materials Science. Vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 1315-1324. 15 Mar. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - State University of New York (Buffalo) DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0022-2461 PUBLICATION PLACE - Kluwer, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA, 02061, USA, [mailto:Angela.depina@wkap.com] LANGUAGE - English

The functional properties of cement-matrix composites are reviewed. The functions include strain sensing, damage sensing, temperature sensing, thermal control, vibration reduction and radio wave reflection. The functions are rendered by the use of admixures, such as short carbon fibers, short steel fibers and silica fume.

236 Corrosion and its importance in selection of materials for biomedical applications 200107-35-1955 (MD); 200106-C5-Z-0140 (EM); 20012410 (CO); 112039 (AN)

Gurrappa, I

JOURNAL NAME - Corrosion Prevention and Control. Vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 23-37. Mar. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory (India) DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0010-9371 PUBLICATION PLACE - Scientific Surveys Ltd , P.O. Box 21, Beaconsfield, Bucks, HP9 1NS, UK LANGUAGE - English

Biomdeical prosthetic devices are artifical replacements that are used in the human body to function as original parts. Corrosion is one of the major processes that cause failures of the implant devices. In this paper, the factors responsible for causing corrosion, and the importance of corrosion in selecting suitable materials, are emphasized. The different biomaterials that have been used are reviewed, and the advantages and disadvantages of each type of alloy are reviewed. The paper also describes various laboratory-testing solutions for evaluating the performance of newer materials and coatings, to improve their properties. The role of surface engineering techniques in enhancing the biocompatibility of a variety of biomaterials is highlighted, and the results in improving corrosion resistance are presented. Finally, the necessity for innovation and development of smart materials/coatings with improved functional and biocompatible properties, either by employing surface engineering or through improving process parameters is discussed. Material: various, including 316L stainless steel, Co alloys, Ti alloys, ceramics, and polymers (PMMA, PE, polysulphone, PTFE).

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

237 Proceedings of the Second Moscow International Symposium on Magnetism (MISM) 200307-72-0159 (MD)

Perov, N

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. Vol. 258-259, pp. 613. Mar. 2003 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University DOCUMENT TYPE - Conference Paper; Journal Article ISSN - 0304-8853 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier BV, North-Holland, P.O. Box 211, Amsterdam, 1000 AE, Netherlands, [mailto:nlinfo-f@elsevier.nl] LANGUAGE - English

59 papers selected and abstracted for Metals Abstracts. The main emphasis of the symposium was on new developments in micromagnetism, transport phenomena, magnetooptics, low-dimensional magnetism, magnetoimpedance and HF properties, magnetic properties of the strongly correlated systems, manganites and semiconductors, multilayers and nanostructures, magnetic fluids and intelligent materials, new magnetic materials and applications.

238 Three-dimensional solutions of smart functionally graded plates 200110-62-1234 (MD); 200109-C2-Z-0566 (EM)

Reddy, J N; Cheng, Z Q

JOURNAL NAME - Journal of Applied Mechanics (Transactions of the ASME). Vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 234-241. Mar. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Texas A&M University (College Station) DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0021-8936 PUBLICATION PLACE - ASME International, 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10016-5990, USA LANGUAGE - English

A smart functionally graded plate consists of a plate made of a functionally gradient material and actuators made of an active material. The active material, a layer or set of patches, is bonded on the metal-rich surface of the functionally graded plate. When the ceramic-rich surface of the substrate is subjected to thermomechanical loadings, displacements, and stresses may be controlled, and vibration amplitudes may be suppressed by the actuators with supplied electric power. In the attempt towards a basic understanding of the new type of smart structural system, this study considers a benchmark problem, namely, the bending of a functionally graded rectangular plate with an attached piezoelectric actuator. The transfer matrix and asymptotic expansion techniques are employed to obtain a three-dimensional asymptotic solution. In numerical computations, the locally effective material properties of the functionally gradient material are estimated by the Mori-Tanaka scheme. The three-dimensional distributions of displacements and stresses for different volume fractions of the ceramic and metallic constituents could serve as benchmark results to assess approximate theories and numerical methods. (FGM: Monel/zirconia.)

239 Thermally induced fracture of a smart functionally graded composite structure 200109-62-1131 (MD); 200108-C1-D-2424 (EM); 200109-R5-0952 (AI)

Wang, B L; Noda, N

JOURNAL NAME - Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics. Vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 93-109. Mar.-Apr. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Shizuoka University DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0167-8442 PUBLICATION PLACE - Elsevier Science BV, P.O. Box 211, Amsterdam, 1000 AE, Netherlands, [mailto:w.tukker@elsevier.nl] LANGUAGE - English

Discussed is the fracture behavior of a cracked smart actuator on a substrate under thermal load. The actuator is made of piezoelectric material with functionally graded material (FGM) properties. Integral transform method is used to reduce the problem to the solution of a set of singular integral equations and is solved numerically. This paper is completed by including graphical plots of the thermal flow, stress and electric displacement intensity factors around the crack for different crack positions and material gradients. Directions of crack initiation are also predicted by using the energy density criterion. Material: PZT/Al.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

240 Analysis of a bending-torsion coupled actuator for a smart rotor with active blade tips 200107-61-0846 (MD); A01-21279 (AH)

Bernhard, A P F; Chopra, I

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 35-52. Feb. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Maryland (College Park) DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

Active rotor blade tips offer an alternative approach to the challenge of main rotor active vibration control. The tips are pitched with respect to the main blade via a piezo-driven bending-torsion coupled actuator beam that runs down the length of the blade. A Vlasov based, specialized one-dimensional finite beam element is developed to model the rotating actuator beam and is validated with the free-vibration and static forced response of 4:1 and 2:1 aspect ratio, bending-torsion coupled, active and passive plates. A one- eighth scale, reduced tip-speed rotor model (tip Mach 0.26), incorporating the bending-torsion actuator beam, has been previously hover tested (open loop). In these tests, blade tip deflections of the order of 2 deg (half peak-to-peak) were achieved at 2, 3, 4, 5/rev with corresponding dynamic vertical blade root shear variations of the order of 10-20% of the nominal blade lift at 8 deg collective (C subT / sigma = 0.07). The test results are used to validate a coupled actuator and elastic rotor blade model. The correlation of the predicted active blade-tip pitch deflections and the experimental data is within 20%. The predicted values for the active vertical root shears are within the same margin for 4 deg and 6 deg collective.

241 Blade-vortex interaction noise reduction with active twist smart rotor technology 200107-61-0849 (MD); A01-21282 (AH)

Chen, P C; Baeder, J D; Evans, R A D; Niemczuk, J

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 77-85. Feb. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - Systems Planning and Analysis DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

The results of this analytical feasibility study suggest that active blade twist technology is a viable means to reduce blade-vortex interaction (BVI) noise in rotorcraft systems. A linearized unsteady aerodynamics analysis was formulated and successfully validated with computation fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. A simple control scheme with three control points was found to be effective for active BVI noise reduction. Based on current-day actuation technology where one to two degrees of twist per blade activation span is expected, measurable noise reductions of 2-4 dB were predicted for the relatively strong, close vortex interactions. For weaker vortex interactions, reductions of 7-10 dB were predicted. The required twist actuation per blade span for complete unsteady loading cancellation, however, may be infeasible because of the large stroke and high-frequency activation requirements.

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

250 Vibration control of rotating beams with active constrained layer damping 200107-61-0853 (MD); A01-21286 (AH)

Baz, A; Ro, J

JOURNAL NAME - Smart Materials and Structures. Vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 112-120. Feb. 2001 AUTHOR AFFILIATION - University of Maryland (College Park) DOCUMENT TYPE - Journal Article ISSN - 0964-1726 PUBLICATION PLACE - IOP Publishing Ltd , Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol, BS1 6BE, UK, [mailto:kin.longhurst@ioppublishing.co.uk] LANGUAGE - English

The vibrations of rotating beams are attenuated using an active constrained layer damping treatment. The treatment consists of a visco-elastic damping layer which is sandwiched between two piezo-electric layers. The resulting three-layer composite when bonded to the beam acts as a 'smart' constraining layer damping treatment with built-in sensing and actuation capabilities. With such capabilities the shear deformation of the visco-elastic damping layer can be controlled and actively tuned to the response of the rotating beam in order to enhance the energy dissipation mechanism and improve the vibration damping characteristics. The dynamics of a rotating beam, treated fully or partially with the active treatment, are described with a finite- element model. The model accounts for the interaction between the rotating beam, the piezo-electric sensor/actuator, the visco-elastic damping layer and an appropriate control law. The model provides means for predicting the damping characteristics of the active treatment at different setting angles and controller gains. The theoretical predictions of the model are compared with the experimental performance of a beam partially treated with a Dyad 606 visco- elastic layer sandwiched between two layers of polyvinylidene fluoride piezo- electric films. Comparisons are also presented with the performance of conventional passive constrained layer damping. The results obtained clearly demonstrate the attenuation capabilities of actively controlled constrained layer damping and suggest its potential in suppressing the vibration of practical systems such as helicopter rotor blades.

251 Adaptive composites with embedded shape memory alloy wires. 015046

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://www.mtm.kuleuven.ac.be/Research/ADAPT/publicat/harrogate/harrors .htm

252 ASSET-Applications of Smart Structures in Engineering and Technology 029687

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://www.assetnet.org/

253 Auburn University 008409

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://www.auburn.edu/research/au_research.html

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

254 Brij N. Agrawal 008949

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://research.nps.navy.mil/cgi-bin/vita_results.cgi?First=

255 Computational materials. 016609

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://www-coe.larc.nasa.gov/~gates/cstc.html

256 Demountable couplings of smart materials: Reverse shape memory effect in TiNi alloy. 015074

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://www.istc.ru/istc/website.nsf/fm/Tops2?OpenDocument&Anchor=smart

257 Experiments for smart composite structures using optical fiber sensors. 015932

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://www.tam.uiuc.edu/ICTAM2000/Program/Abstracts/NH02.html

258 Fact Sheet - Smart structures for bridges 037038

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://www.new-technologies.org/ECT/Other/smartbridge.htm

259 The fiber optic smart structures laboratory. 016059

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://www.utias.utoronto.ca/fiboptla.htm

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

260 Fiber optics sensor-based smart materials and structures. 015959

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://bookmark.iop.org/bookpge.htm?ID=25HiBrDhvqIB_-Toe1xu2_oQ&book=69 6h

261 GB-154R smart materials: A technology and market assessment. 015075

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://buscom.com/advmat/GB154R.html

262 Intelligent Gels 018978

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://pubs.acs.org/hotartcl/cenear/970609/gels.html

263 ISIS Canada: Intelligent Sensing for Innovative Structures 002764

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://www.isiscanada.com

264 Kyushu University 029470

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://www.kyushu-u.ac.jp/english/index-e.htm

265 Latch-release pin puller with shape-memory-alloy actuator. 015052

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://www.nasatech.com/Briefs/Feb98/LEW16511.html

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

266 Maria Q. Feng 010059

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://www.eng.uci.edu/civil/faculty/feng/index.html

267 Mauro Pierucci 008759

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://kahuna.sdsu.edu/~mpierucci/#AreasofResearch

268 MEMS / Smart Matter Research at PARC 018419

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://www.parc.xerox.com/spl/projects/smart-matter/

269 New level in 'smart' materials; Carbon composite is semiconductor, Chung discovers 014123

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://www.buffalo.edu/reporter/vol29/vol29n22/n8.html

270 Optical fiber Sagnac interferometry for space platform and other smart structure applications. 015943

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://www.tsgc.utexas.edu/grants/96/short.html

271 Optically Based Smart Materials and Nanocomposites 013041

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://www.spie.org/web/meetings/programs/am00/confs/4104A.html

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

272 Paul D.Calvert 008526

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://www.mse.arizona.edu/faculty/calvert/

273 Photonics, fiber optic sensors and their application in smart structures. 015971

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://www.ntu.edu.sg/mpe/Research/programmes/Sensors/sensors/fos/fosas s/photonics.HTML

274 Photonics, fiber optic sensors and their application in smart structures. 017710

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://www.ntu.edu.sg/mpe/Research/programmes/Sensors/sensors/fos/fosas s/photonics.HTML

275 Professor Faryar Jabbari 010111

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://www.eng.uci.edu/mae/Faculty/FJ/FJ.htm

276 Professor Kameshwar Poolla 009695

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://www.me.berkeley.edu/faculty/poolla/index.html

277 Responsive (smart) materials 033453

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://www.designinsite.dk/htmsider/md950.htm

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

278 Roy Want 027555

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://nano.xerox.com/want/

279 Shape memory materials. 014951

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://uk.cambridge.org/materials/catalogue/0521663849/default.htm

280 Smart matter & MEMS-based control of structural instability. 018552

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://www.me.gatech.edu/me/events/seminars/Chase.html

281 Smart near-surface nanocomposites formed using ion-beam techniques: New physics and new devices. 017018

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://www.phys.ttu.edu/~gglab/abstract0914.html

282 Smart Structures and Materials 1998: Sensory Phenomena and Measurement Instrumentation for Smart Structures and Materials 014055

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://www.spie.org/web/abstracts/3300/3330.html

283 Smart structures and materials 1999: Smart materials technologies. 020987

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://www.spie.org/web/abstracts/3600/3675.html

CITATIONS AND ABSTRACTS

284 Smart systems: Microphones, fish farming, and beyond 011237

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://pubs.acs.org/hotartcl/chemtech/99/dec/newn.html

285 Structure-property relations in smart materials. 018624

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://www.mems.rice.edu/new/seminar_Oct25.html

286 Structures and composites laboratory 015635

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://structure.stanford.edu/

287 SUNY at Buffalo's MAE: People: Faculty: Wetherhold 010899

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://www.mae.buffalo.edu/people/faculty/wetherhold/

288 A temperature insensitive smart optical strain sensor. 015938

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

JOURNAL NAME - AUTHOR AFFILIATION - UNKNOWN AFFILIATION PUBLICATION PLACE - UNKNOWN PUBLISHER LANGUAGE - English

http://bilbo.chm.uri.edu/Euler/weab16.html

AUTHOR INDEX

A Bhattacharyya,65

Abramovich, H135

Adali, S113

Agosta, M103

Ahmed, A86

Aiba, M138

Akedo, J175

Akiniva, Y31

Alghamdi, A A A234

Almajid, A158

Anand, V24

Ando, N226

Anusonti-Inthra, P247

Armstrong, W D55 200

Arnold, S M3

Asano, S91

Asanuma, H81 157 185 186

Ashida, F249

Asundi, A150 176

Atulasimha, J60

Azzouz, M S201

Baeder, J D241

Bailey, H55

Balasubramaniam, R180

Barabas, J132

Baron, I154

Bas, J A197

Batra, R C147

Baz, A250

Beavers, F L203

Behdinan, K182

Bellouard, Y6

AUTHOR INDEX

Ben-Asher, J Z125 130

Benmokrane, B221

Benmoussa, M204

Bernhard, A P F240

Bevan, J S201

Bhat, M S179

Bhattacharya, K53

Bhattacharya, P180

Bhattacharyy, A35

Bhattacharyya, A48 49 146

Bhaumik, S K169

Billett, E H142

Birchette, T24

Bisegna, P193

Bodeux, J B213

Bohle, K215

Boller, C214

Brigadnov, I A28

Bryant, R54

Burton, B137

Butler, P26

Butler, S27

Cai, G P29

Canta, T141

Cantwell, W J140 207 229

Caponero, M A191

Carman, G P39 41 68

Carpenter, B F25 203

Cartmell, M P92

Caruso, G193

Cavaille, J Y69

Cawley, P206

AUTHOR INDEX

Cesnik, C E S242 243

Chalker, P R207 229

Chan, F T S194

Chandra, T99 100 101

Chang, F K212

Chattopadhyay, A181

Chaudhuri, A62

Chee, C163

Chen, J66 178

Chen, P C241

Chen, Y72

Cheng, L M37 42

Cheng, Y T73

Cheng, Z Q238

Chicinas, I141

Chiodo, J D142

Choe, W68

Chopra, I60 64 126 240 245

246 248

Chung, D D L235

Cjunjanna, G180

Clark, A E58

Clavel, R6

Clyne, T W50

Cohen, K125 130

Cole, M W39

Collet, M44

Costley, J54

Couch, R N64

Courbon, J69

Craig, K C148

Dalgleish, A W1

Dams, G D1

AUTHOR INDEX

Dapino, M J63

Daroczi, C133

Davoodi, H154

De Araujo, C J209

De Roeck, G218 219

Deason, D1

DeGiorgi, V G192

Del Piero, G12

Deying, S97

Divinyi, T133

Domzalski, D B24

Dong, Z Z52

Dorfmann, A28

Doumanidis, C13

Duke, J C70

Dumir, P C86

Dunlap, R A42

Elliott, R S47

Enomoto, Y175

Epps, J J248

Esashi, M155

Evans, R A D241

Everett, R K192

Fabian, P E203

Faidley, L E63

Fairweather, J A148

Fang, Z P29

Farrell, S P37 42

Faulkner, M G146

Fazekas, A133

Felli, F191

Fichera, M93

AUTHOR INDEX

Filip, P14

Fischer, G M75

Flatau, A B38 59 60

Fritzen, C P215

Furuya, Y8 78 80 138 177

Galea, S127

Gandhi, F244 247

Gans, E39 41

Gao, Y13

Gao, Y Z118

Gauthier, C69

Gejima, F183

Geng, T S147

Gergely, V50

Gharghouri, M A66

Gharghouric, M A42

Ghomshei, M M182

Ghoshal, A224

Gobin, P F69

Godin, N69

Golinval, J C213

Gonzalez, C H209

Goo, N S2

Gorl, E216

Goryczka, T98

Gravy, H N27

Grummon, D S73

Guenin, G209

Gui, L198

Gurrappa, I117 236

Guy, P69

Gyulai, J102

AUTHOR INDEX

Haack, S J38

Haga, O157

Hakoda, G157 185 186

Ham-Su, R37 42

Hanselka, H228

Haque, A189

Hardwicke, C U74

Haris, A2

Harrison, D J142

Harrison, J224

Hashimoto, K22

Hassan, A A24

Hassan, M R51 67

Havsgard, G B222

Hayashi, A22

Hayes, S A120

He, X Q136

He, Z145

Hebden, I G217

Heller, E F L44

Helm, D43

Henry, C41

Hibi, Y175

Hicks, M A87

Hilton, H H11

Hirata, K155

Hosoda, H4

Hou, L120

Hou, Z154 196

Hu, C T98

Hu, Z L85 89

Huang, J D122

AUTHOR INDEX

Huang, Q A122

Hughes, D224

Huibin, X97

Hunt, S R217

Hur, K D16

Hussein, H82

Hyatt, C V37 66

Hyatta, C V42

Hyer, M W205

Inaba, T21 22 227

Inamura, T4

Inman, D J105

Inoue, K80

Ip, R W L194

Ishida, K152 183

Ishida, S91

Ishii, T185

Ishikawa, T187

Itagaki, K114 151

Jayet, Y69

Jensen, A E222

Jiang, X X208

Johnson, G A220 222

Jones, N142

Jones, R127 210

Joob-Fancsaly, A133

Juan, J S104

Kageyama, K165

Kainuma, R152 183

Kajiwara, S52

Kakeshita, T161 162

Kambe, M128 131

AUTHOR INDEX

Kang, S G15

Kapuria, S86

Karacs, A133

Kato, T21

Kawalla, R5

Kellogg, R A60

Kennedy, D K24

Kenny, R207 229

Khajepour, A182

Kiefer, B40

Kikuchi, T52

Kim, C G164

Kim, H S181

Kim, I J233

Kimura, H31

Kimura, K157

Kireitseu, M V167

Kise, S138

Kishi, T18 88 108

Kishimoto, S188

Kitipornchai, S134 136 173

Kleber, X69

Kobayashi, T15

Kohl, C H11

Kohl, M7 34

Koichiro, K178

Koratkar, N A245

Koren, Y199

Kovacs, L132

Krevet, B34

Krishnan, R V169

Kuang, K S C140 207 229

AUTHOR INDEX

Kubo, S143

Kubota, T177

Kudva, J N23

Kumar, A115

Kumara, G35 49 65

Kumara, K G170

Kwon, I B119 124

La Mantia, A93

Lagoudas, D C40

Lau, H194

Lee, C C9

Lee, G C77

Lee, H J3

Lee, H W233

Lee, J H16 77

Lee, J J119 124

Lee, J K16

Lee, S P16

Lee, T246

Lee, W B195

Leng, J S150 176

Lentzen, S10

Levin, K204

Lexcellent, C44

Li, A198

Li, J61

Li, J F158

Li, X90

Li, Z83 139

Liang, D K72 95

Libertino, S93

Liew, K M136 173

AUTHOR INDEX

Likhachev, A A36

Lin, P H178

Lindner, D K25

Link, M216

Littlefield, A G148

Liu, G R149

Liu, T134

Liu, Y7 172

Liu, Y M118

Lockyer, A J25

Lograsso, T A56 63

Lorentzen, T200

Lowe, M J S206

Lu, L84

Lu, S178

Luo, Y184

Maceri, F193

Maeck, J218 219

Mahesh, K K170

Mai, Y W121 123

Marshall, I H210

Martin, C A25

Maruthamanikandan, S109

Masuda, A154

Matsumoto, M114 151 184

Matsuzaki, Y46

Mavroidis, C156

Mazanec, K14

McCall, S68

Mei, C201

Miao, Q J29

Michaud, V71

AUTHOR INDEX

Min, B K199

Mita, A30

Miyairi, H17 112

Miyazaki, S7

Mizar, S P79

Mohamed, N A67

Mohanchandra, K P39

Mohanty, S179

Molina, F J223

Monma, D94

Morato, J197

Mori, K175

Mori, S175

Morii, Y31

Morin, M69 209

Mossi, K54

Mufti, A A221

Munshi, N A203

Murakami, Y151 152

Murayama, H165

Murugaiyan, A168

Naito, H46

Naruse, H165

Negrea, G141

Nemerenco, I167

Nemeth, Z132

Nersessian, N68

Ng, T Y136 173

Ngo, E39

Ngo, H24

Ni, W73

Niemczuk, J241

AUTHOR INDEX

Nikanpour, D208

No, M L104

Noda, N231 239 249

Noori, M154 196

Nothwang, W39

Ogisu, T226

Ohira, J I157

Ohmori, T183

Ohtsuka, M114 151

Oikawa, K152 183

Okabe, T226

Okazaki, T8 78 177

Okugawai, M153

Okuno, K143

Okutsu, K7

Omori, M78

O'Neal, G P199

Ono, T94

Or, S W68

Ostachowicz, W M92

Ota, T183

Otsuka, K107 162

Ounaies, Z54

Paliwal, M14

Pan, X X118

Paolozzi, A190 191

Pares, J197

Park, H C2

Park, Y C16 77

Pasek, Z J199

Pecharsky, A O68

Pecharsky, HBRK68

AUTHOR INDEX

Peeters, B218 219

Perov, N106 237

Peto, G133

Phani, A S171

Popp, M34

Pran, K222

Prinz, F90

Pryputniewicz, R J79

Pulnev, S49

Qassim, K203

Qidwai, M A35 192

Qiu, J96 211

Qiu, Z X159 160

Qu, H61

Quandt, E80

Quek, S T174

Radhakrishnan, R62

Raja, S180

Rawal, S P203

Reddy, J N238

Ren, X107

Renton, W J225

Restorff, J B58

Reynaud, P69

Ricceri, D93

Richter, M111

Rizkalla, S221

Ro, J250

Ro, J J201

Rodriguez, P P104

Rohatgi, P232

Ruano, O A104

AUTHOR INDEX

Ruggles, D A39

Ruzzene, M51

S Pulnev,65

Saadat, S154

Sagvolden, G222

Saif, T189

Saito, C78

Sakagami, T143

Sakai, T99 100 101

Sakurai, M94

Sakurai, T18

Salichs, J154 196

Sampath, V168

Sands, R R75

Sasajima, M18

Sasaki, M153

Sato, J46

Scarpa, F51 67

Schmidt, R10

Schrooten, J33

Schulz, M J224

Seo, D C119 124

Shahinpoor, M80

Shaik, S137

Shanmugham, M55

Shaw, J A47

Shen, W76

Shimada, A165

Shimamoto, A9

Shin, S J242 243

Shindo, D151 152

Shinya, N52 188

AUTHOR INDEX

Shinya, Y138

Shiozawa, D143

Sivakumar168

Skontorp, A204

Slaughter, J56 57

Snodgrass, J57

Snodgrass, J D56

Sozinov, A36

Srinivasan, M168

Stalmans, R33

Stephenson, L D115

Steven, G P163

Stoilov, V48

Stolnikov, A5

Straub, F K24

Sudarshan, T S62

Sugimoto, S187

Sugino, S227

Summers, E56 57

Sundaresan, M J224

Suzuki, M151

Suzuki, S45 184

Suzuki, Y154

Sweeney, L146

Szabo, G132

Tabandeh, N182

Tadros, G221

Tajima, N18

Takagi, K158

Takagi, T184

Takahira, S30

Takaki, J226

AUTHOR INDEX

Takeda, N18 226

Takeuchi, S4

Tamoto, S138

Tan, D230

Tang, C Y195

Tani, J184 211

Taxaka, K31

Taya, M45 116 158

Tennyson, R C221

Thomas, M C87

Tian, Q144

Tie, M195

Todd, M D220

Tokuda, M21 22 227

Tong, L163

Torralba, J M99 100 101

Toth, C132

Triantafyllidis, N47

Trigwell, S49 65

Tsoi, K A33

Twarek, L M38

Tzou, H S3

Uchil, J170

Ullakko, K36 161

Umeda, K175

UNKNOWN AUTHOR19 202 251 252 253

254 255 256 257 258259 260 261 262 263264 265 266 267 268269 270 271 272 273274 275 276 277 278279 280 281 282 283284 285 286 287 288

Urushiyama, Y45 211

Uzawa, K165

Vahhi, I49

Varg, T G1

AUTHOR INDEX

Vargha, K132

Veidt, M134

Venkatraman, K171

Verijenko, V137

Viahhi, I65

Vinson, J R11

Vladimir, L167

Vohra, S T220 222

Vokoun, D98

W L Ables,35

Waisman, H135

Wakashima, K4

Walia, P S25

Wan, P F95

Wang, B L231 239

Wang, C H121 123

Wang, C S212

Wang, G222

Wang, J83 139

Wang, K W172 244

Wang, L M118

Wang, Q129 174

Wang, X32

Wang, X W72 85 89

Wang, Y P122

Washington, G N63

Watanabe, R158

Wax, S G75

Weller, T125 130

Wereley, N M62

Whelan, M P207 229

Wiercigroch, M92

AUTHOR INDEX

Wilbur, M L242

Wilcox, P O206

Wood, A J M50

Worden, K223

Wu, F212

Wu, J122 144

Wun-Fogle, M58

Xia, L244

Xiao, Y53

Xiong, K72 76 85 89

Xu, J J118

Xu, Y107 166

Xu, Y G149

Xueping, G97

Xunyong, J97

Yaffe, R125 130

Yamaguchi, K91

Yamahira, T138

Yamazaki, M21

Yan, L118

Yan, M95

Yan, W121 123

Yang, D198

Yang, D Z110

Yao, L Q84

Yao, X T159 160

Ye, N139

Yerakhavets, L167

Yi, S11

Yokosuka, M94

Yokoyama, M78

Yokoyama, S158

AUTHOR INDEX

Yoo, J H59

Yoon, K J2

Yoshida, I94

Yousefi-Koma, A208

Zak, A J92

Zancanella, M27

Zapico, J L223

Zhan, Q20

Zhang, Q80

Zhang, X P121 123

Zheng, Y198

Zhou, J145

Zhou, W32

Zhou, X181

Zhou, Y D159 160

Zhu, X H118

Zou, G P173

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Absorbance109

Absorption (energy)188

Absorption Spectra93

Accessories197

Accuracy181 212 213 217

Acoustic Emission18 69 108 88 178

Acoustic Emission Testing88

Acoustics267

Activation136

active Constrained Layers147 172 250

Active Control24 153 201 249 250

240 241 242 243 245

Actuation2 24 25 72 105

Actuator Materials4

Actuators2 3 8 18 20

24 25 35 49 5460 68 69 72 7678 81 83 135 13684 90 97 112 114

116 125 126 130 142144 156 157 158 162163 179 181 182193 197 200 201 211248 249 226 228 231234 238 239 240 241245 246 265 284

Actuators, Microstructure116

Adaptive Algorithms125 130

Adaptive Control Systems6 72 125 130 234

Adaptive Structures23 129 234

Additives52

Adhesion17 132 226

Adhesive Bonding127 157 234

Adhesives17

Advanced Ceramic175

Aerodynamics23 24 241

Aeroelasticity23 242 243

Aeronautical Engineering225

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Aeronautics72

Aerosol Process175

Aerospace179 225 264

Aerospace Engines87 214

Aerospace Engines, Materials Selection87

Aging114

Aging (artificial)151

Aging Aircraft176 214 217 224

Aircraft20 32 214 217 286

aircraft Aging214

Aircraft Components25 127 176 214 217

224

Aircraft Design23 25

Aircraft Industry87

Aircraft Models245

Aircraft Power Supplies25

aircraft Structures214

Aircraft Vibration247

Airfoil Profiles243

Al Cu Mg Mn Alloys140 207 229

Al Si Mg Mn Alloys200

Al Zn Mg Cu Alloys125

Algorithms74 223

Alloy Development112

Alloying Elements57

Alloys168 169 170

Aluminium176

Aluminum1 27 45 54 135

119 127 128 129 147148 149 157 163 176185 186 189 195 201208 224 230 234 239

Aluminum Alloys152 183

Aluminum Alloys (0 To 13 Al)35 49 65 227

Aluminum Alloys (13 To 50 Al)35 49 65

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Aluminum Base Alloys13 16 77 81 100

125 130 140 143 150176 200 207 229 232

Aluminum Base Alloys, Mechanical Properties70 130

Aluminum Nitride155

Aluminum, Composite Materials110 131

Aluminum, Nondestructive Testing124 204

Ambient Temperature170

Amorphous Materials99

Anisotropy2 11 177

Anodic Oxidation226

Antennas22 162 254

Applications, Ceramic Tribo-coatings For Extreme/hostile Conditions

175

Approximation86 109

Architecture74

Arrays167

Atomic Force Microscopy133

Atomic Physics162

Austenite92 121 159 160

Austenitic Stainless Steels185 236

Automatic Control179

Automobiles197

Automotive Components197 211 232

Automotive Engineering197

Automotive Industry197

Avionics214

Axial Strain22

Axial Stress22 227

Ball Milling78

Bandwidth206

Barium Titanates53

Barkhausen Effect69

bars199 223

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Beams11

Beams (structural)44 135 86 172 174

180 223 224 231

beams (supports)250 243

Benchmarking213 216

Bend Properties173

Bend Tests150 173

Bending2 116 129 174 181

201 218 238 240

Bending Moments240

Bimetals, Phase Transformations97

Binary Alloys47

Biocompatibility236 272

Biomedical Materials15 100 232 236 272

Blade Tips240

Blade-vortex Interaction241

Bonding135 83 126 221

Boring199

Boron168

Boron-epoxy Composites127

Boundary Conditions86 148 180 181

Boundary Value Problems192

Bragg150

bragg Gratings220

Breaking85

Bridges (structures)218 219 221 258 263266

Brittleness177

Buckling30 45 234

Building Materials, Phase Transformation Of Ti-ni Alloy Fibre In

198

Buildings154 196 213 215 216

Cables196

Cantilever Beams125 130 174

Cantilever Beams, Mechanical Properties130

cantilever Members153

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Cantilever Plates193

Capacitors53

Carbides167

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Cements235

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics81 112 120 145 157

176 226

Carbon Fibers81 120 269

Carbon Fibres176

Carbon-carbon Composites187

Carbon-epoxy Composites54

Casting141

Castings232

Catalysts15

Catastrophic Failure Analysis32

Cement Matrix Composite198

Cemented Carbides164

Cements27 235

Ceramic Coatings132 175

Ceramic Fibers186

Ceramic Fibers, Composite Materials96

Ceramic Matrix Composite198

Ceramic Matrix Composites29 69 187

Ceramics136 87 132 167 233236

Characterization93

Chemical Tests132

Chemical Vapor Deposition122

Chips111

Chlorine155

Circuits30

Civil Engineering74 213 219 264

Cmc198

Coating, Novel Technologies For Ceramic Tribo-coatings, Spark

175

Coatings167

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Coatings, Ceramic Tribo-coatings R&d175

cobalt Alloys152 183

Cobalt Base Alloys152 183 236

Coercive Force61 106 177 197 237

Cold Working166

Columns (structural)234

Combining220

Combustion275

Commercial Planes18

Commercial Spacecraft87

Comminution4

Composite Materials2 86 87 92 99

157 165 181 182 251257 259 269 285 287

Composite Micromechanics226

Composite Structures10 32 119 149

Composites Industry120

Composites, Phase Transformation Of Ti-ni Alloy Fibre In Cement

198

Composition Effects37 66

Compressing22 173 234

Compression Loads45

Compressive Properties9 16 55

Compressive Strength188

Computation28 105 139 173 179

180 192 255

Computational Fluid Dynamics62 241

Computer Aided Design165 231

Computer Programs174 278

Computer Simulation5 13 32 44 53

62 67 72 102 13792 113 173 193 196

215

Concentrating215

Concretes212 221

concurrent Engineering199

Conditioning126

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

conducting polymers277

Constitutive Equations43 85

Constitutive Relationships11 62 64 135 85

139 173 192 196

constrained Layer Damping172

Constraining84

Construction90 169

Consumption217

Contaminants27

Continuity86

Continuous Casting102

Continuous Fibers119

Contouring23 25

Control Surfaces23 25

Control Systems3 72 74 76 179

199 275 276

control Systems Design153 199

Control Theory126 244

Controllers155 199

Convection109 146

Convection Cooling146

Conveyors194

Cooling146 170

Coordinates231

Copper50 168

Copper (pure)50

Copper Alloys (40 To 99.3 Cu)35 49 65 227

Copper Base Alloys35 44 49 65 227

232

Copper Base Alloys, Powder Technology104

Copper Graphite Composites232

Copper, Composite Materials94

Correlation30

Correlation Analysis14 137

Corrosion236 258

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Corrosion Mechanisms117

Corrosion Prevention1 20 103 115 236

Corrosion Resistance52 115 117 132 155

168

Corrosion Tests115

Cost Analysis213

Couplings162 256

Covering87

Crack Arrest167

Crack Closure9

Crack Initiation16 137

Crack Propagation14 108 110 119 121

124 128 131 143 226239

Crack Propagation, Deformation Effects123

Cracks167 215

Critical Temperature211

Crystal Growth56

Crystal Structure47 132 162

Crystal Structure, Field Effects97

crystallography152

Crystals162

Curing102 166

Curvature157 163 186 218

Cycles170

Cyclic Loads46 70 227

Cylinders129

Damage1 30 32 70 72

105 137 85 95 119120 126 140 150 176180 212 213 214 215216 217 218 219 220222 223 224 266

Damage Accumulation137

Damage Assessment85

Damage Detection105 140 206 213 220

damage Localization120 212

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Damping11 39 107 94 125

126 130 147 148 154169 171 172 188 192213 250 254 219 244

Damping Capacity33 41

damping Tests172

Data93

Debonding149 212

debonding (materials)149 212

Decks221

Decontamination27

Defects234

Defense Programs75

Deflection54 86

Deformation5 10 11 22 28

30 49 54 76 107135 151 157 158 163165 182 186 201 249227 230 231 234

Deformation Mechanisms193 227

Deformation Resistance147

Degradation55 93 216 219

Degrees Of Freedom192 193

Delaminating32 180 212

Dental Alloys133

Dental Materials133

Deposition233

Deposition, Aerosol Deposition Of Ceramic Tribo-coatings

175

Design274

Design Engineering4 24 34 74 76

179 222

Design Optimization113 246

Design Parameters2

Destructive Testing137

Detection18 74 105 119 165

212 213 219 220

Deterioration1 258

Diagnostic Systems212

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Diamond Pyramid Hardness73

Dielectric Breakdown53

Differential Equations234

Differential Scanning Calorimetry198 227

Diffraction Gratings90 150 221 222

Diffusion Bonding50

Diffusionless Phase Transformations227

Digital Imaging9

Digital Simulation184

Direct Power Generation109

Discoloration27

Dislocations (materials)167

Dismantling142

Displacement86 249

Displacements (lattice)86

Dissimilar Material Joining149

Dissimilar Materials127 149

Domain Wall53

Dosage111

Drop Tests120

Ductility104

Dynamic Characteristics242

Dynamic Mechanical Properties218 235

Dynamic Response63 242

Dynamic Structural Analysis51 92 174 180 218

Dynamic Tests136 216

Dynamical Systems72 196 218

Dynamics179 213 215 216 218219 242

Earthquake Damage215

Economics225

Education264

eigenvectors148

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Elastic Anisotropy59

Elastic Constants50

elastic Deformation184

Elasticity249

Elastomers17 28 277

Electric Appliances202

Electric Current146

Electric Fields112 158

Electric Potential2 136 84 86 180

249

Electric Power Distribution25

Electric Power Supplies25

Electrical Conductivity235

electrical Impedance149

Electrical Properties136

Electrical Resistance81

Electrical Resistivity170

Electroactive Materials3

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy1

Electrodeposition122

Electrodes1 84 181

electroluminescence277

Electromagnetic Fields206

Electromagnetic Induction30

Electron Microscopes132

Electron Microscopy133

Electronic Devices142 278

Electronic Equipment82

Electronic Equipment, Recycling82

electronic Holography152

Electronic Structure91

Electroplating50

electrostriction277

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Elevated Temperature (100-250c)35 49 65

Elevated Temperature (20-100c)35 49 65

Ellipsometry20

Elongation17 76 159 160 200

Embedded Sensors1 72 119 120 157

Embedded Structures84 90 92 139 150

174 179 180

Embedded Systems18 120 174 212 222

Embedding81 142 185 190 191

251 226

Emittance30 109

Empirical Analysis146 192

end uses277

Energy Absorption41 45 192

Energy Density47

Energy Dissipation250

Engine Blocks199

Engineering253

Engineers167 168 169 170

Engines214

Enthalpy198

Environmental engineering264

Epoxy Resins4 55 176

Equations28

Equilibrium181

Equivalence12

Error Analysis244

Errors215

european Aircraft217

Evaluation134 178

Exact Solutions84 86

Excitation125 130 196 212 213219

Expert Systems194

Exteriors32

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Extrusion272

Fabrication7 74 112 158 187

233

Fabry-perot150

Fabry-perot Interferometers119

Failure126

Failure Analysis11

Fatigue (materials)31 53 70 101 110

Fatigue Cracks119 167

Fatigue Failure14 70 119 214

Fatigue Life116 217

Fatigue Tests119

Fault Diagnosis212

Feedback Control244

Ferroelectric Materials53

Ferroelectricity233

Ferromagnetic Materials4 8 40 41 42

61 137 151 152 161183

Ferromagnetism68 109 162 183

Ferrous Alloys38 52 55 56 5758 59 60 100 13799 177

Ferrous Alloys, Microstructure98

Fiber Composites77 78 102 85 113

120 128 140 164185 195 200 201 212

Fiber Composites, Materials Selection92

Fiber Composites, Mechanical Properties85 110 131

Fiber Composites, Synthesis90

fiber Optics220

Fiber Reinforced Cements198

Fiber Reinforced Plastics9 17 54 149 203

204 205 210 263

Fibers8 90 126 150 220

221 222

Fibre Optics150 176

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Field Effects36 37 40 59 6063 64

Fields28

fighter Aircraft217

Films1 93 97

Finishes92

Finite Element Method2 10 14 32 44

45 51 79 135 13683 84 118 139 147

148 158 173 174 179180 182 192 193 201

204 216 250 223231

Fittings203

Flaps (control Surfaces)247

Flaw Detection137 88 127 140 149153 224

Flexure6

Flight Control Systems214

Floors223

Flow Control25

Fluid Dynamics126 267

Fluid Flow109 112

Fluids126

fluorescence277

Fluoropolymers1

Flutter25

Fly Ash232

Foamed Metals188

Foil8 13 226

Food Processing Industry26

Forgeability5

Formability102

Forming30 141 205

Forward Flight244 245

Foundries232

Fracture Mechanics14 16 137 88 119

239

Fracture Strength88 121

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Fracture Strength, Deformation Effects123

Fracture Testing143

Fracturing16 287

Frames216 223

Free Energy85

Frequencies201

Frequency Response Functions172

Friction Stir Welding99

Functionally Gradient Materials136 116 122 158 210231 232 238 239

Functionally Gradient Materials, Coatings122

Functionally Gradient Materials, Microstructure116

Functionally Gradient Materials, Spark Plasma Sintering, Ceramic

175

Fuselages18

Fuzzy Logic125 130

Fuzzy Set Theory125 130

Gadolinium Compounds68

Gages221

Gallium57

gallium Alloys183

Gallium Compounds151

Gallium Compounds, Mechanical Properties114

Gas Flow7

Gas Turbine Engines117

Gas Turbine Engines, Materials Selection117

Gels262

General Overviews23

Genetic Algorithms62 113

Geometry10 163

Germanides68

Giant Magnetoresistance161

Gibbs Free Energy85

Glass27 133 93

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics140 207 224

Glass-epoxy Composites54

Gold129

Grain Boundaries114

Grain Growth168

Grain Refinement168

Grain Size168

Grains167 168

Graphite232

Graphite Fiber Reinforced Plastics135 163 255

Graphite-epoxy Composites135 163

Growth167

Guidance Systems39

Hardness132

Hardware105

Health32 105

Health Monitoring (engineering)212 214 217 220

Heat Of Transformation184

Heat Transfer109

Heat Transmission85

Heat Treatment132 141

Heating146 170 200

Heating Effects58

Helicopter Control247

Helicopter Design24 242

Helicopter Performance243 246

Helicopters24 247 248 250 224

240 241 242 243 244245 246

Heterojunctions233

Heterostructures233

Heusler Alloys151

Honeycomb Construction67

Hot Pressing157 186

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Hot Working5

Houses202

Hubs247

Hulls (structures)222

hybrid Control172

Hydrophobicity262

Hydroxyapatite99

Hysteresis35 41 61 227

I Beams179

Identification213 215 216 218

Image Processing9

Impact140

Impact Damage32 140

Impact Strength17 229

Impact Tests120

Implants69 133

Indentation73

Individual Blade Control241 242

Industrial Engineering112

In-flight Monitoring248

Infrastructure1

Inhibition115

Inspection20 214

Installation222

Instrumentation282

Insulation132

Integrated Circuits90

Intelligent Control249

Intelligent Materials161 162 198 234

Intelligent Structures227

Interdigital134

Interfacial Shear Strength226

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Interference81 165

Interferometers150

Interferometry20 150 176

Interlayers50 186

Intermetallics9 14 16 21 22

31 33 34 35 4345 46 48 51 6873 77 78 79 10699 110 112 114 118

128 131 138 145 146151 154 159 160 161182 184 195 198 200233 237

Intermetallics, Composite Materials97 166

Intermetallics, Mechanical Properties89 160

Internal Friction104 94

international Space Station153

Inverse Problems88 249

Investment Strategy75

Iron62 98

Iron Alloys161

Iron Compounds161

Iterative Methods173

Japan264

Japan, Ceramic Tribo-coatings R&d175

Joining174

Joints50

Kerr Magneto Optical Effect106 237

Kinetics211

Lamb Waves134 206

Laminates2 10 81 134 135

136 83 84 112 113116 140 147 148 150153 157 158 163 181186 203 204 207 210224 226 229 287

Laminates, Microstructure116

Laminates, Nondestructive Testing88

Laminating226

Lasers128 131

Lattices107

Layers158 186

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Lead Compounds231 239

Lead Zirconate Titanates18 158 224 231 239

285

Lifetime222

Limit Cycle Oscillations244

Linear Control244

Liquid Phase Sintering50

Liquidus66

Live Loads44 224

load Tests184

Loads (forces)215 216 221 224

Logic74

Lorentz Force152

Low Cycle Fatigue55

Mach Number245

Machine Tools199

Machinery And Equipment194

Magnesium100

Magnesium Base Alloys5

Magnetic Alloys55 197

Magnetic Anisotropy42

Magnetic Circuits60

Magnetic Domains40 152

Magnetic Effects183

Magnetic Fields28 36 37 40 5960 63 97 152 161

Magnetic Materials56 106 112 197 237

Magnetic Measurements137

Magnetic Moments161

Magnetic Permeability57 137

Magnetic Structure152 183

Magnetization42 61 106 237

Magnetoelastic Effect60

Magnetorheological Fluids3 62 244

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Magnetostriction3 38 41 55 56

57 58 60 68 78106 126 161 177 237

Magnetron Sputtering39

Maintenance153 217 221

Management214

Manganese Alloys (0 To 5 Mn)227

Manganese Compounds151

Manganese Compounds, Mechanical Properties114

Manufacturing Engineering74 112 120

Marine Environments1

Marketing214

Martensite92 152 159 160 161

162 168

Martensitic Transformation46 85 121 152 183

Martensitic Transformations14 31 35 40 4246 47 48 49 5267 71 73 79 104

107 85 114 121 123138 144 146 151 161162 173 178 183 192198 200 209

Materials Handling194

Materials Science28 162 264

Materials Selection87 203

Mathematical Analysis2 12 32 34 42

57 108 135 136 8384 86 109 120 139

173 174 179 180 181192 193 218 220 221

Mathematical Models2 10 11 28 32

40 43 44 45 4647 48 51 53 5461 62 64 67 7279 135 136 137 8384 85 86 92 113

125 129 130 139 147148 149 163 172 173174 179 180 181 182184 192 193 195 196201 209 213 215 216249 223 234 238 240242 244 275

Matrix Methods179

Measurement93 170 282

Mechanical engineering264

mechanical Impedance148 149

Mechanical Properties28 92 159 160 162

168 184 187 205 210

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Mechanical Tests189

Mechanics174 196 234

Mechatronics3

Medical Equipment, Materials Selection111

Medical Materials236

Medicine111

Melt Spinning8 98 177

Melts17

Membranes129

Memory Effect35 49 65 227

Metal Fibers9 85 138 185 198

235

Metal Foils226

Metal Matrix Composites16 29 187 200 205

210 232

Metal Matrix Composites, Development96

Metal Matrix Composites, Physical Properties94

Metal Plates119 184

Metal Powders4 62

Metallic Glasses106 99 237

Metals169

Method Of Moments88

Metrology20

Microactuators7 34

Microcracks108 88

Microelectromechanical Systems8 39 103 175 189

268 274 278 280

Microelectronics20

Microprocessors126

Microstructure8 20 168

Military Aircraft23 217

Military Planes217

Military Vehicles103

Military Vehicles, Coating103

Mill Products227

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Mining264

Mixtures170

Modal Response148

Models28

Modification132

Modulus Of Elasticity39 56 57 59 6064 79 188 189

Modulus Of Rupture In Bending150

Monitoring1 32 69 70 81

105 137 111 116 119124 127 150 153 165176 190 204 212 213214 217 218 219 220221 222 224

Monitors111

Morphology133 114 117 188 233

Motion Stability244

Multilayers54 193 233

Naca Airfoils248

Nanocomposites232 271 281

Nanomaterials15 73 103 87 99

Nanomaterials, End Uses87

Nanostructure73 116 278

Naval Vessels222

Networks72

Neural Nets245

Neural Networks43 95 113 223

New Technology87

Nickel81 90 146 170 186

256 279

Nickel Alloys152 161 183 233

Nickel Alloys (0 To 50 Ni)35 49 65

Nickel Base Alloys4 16 36 37 39

40 41 42 50 6364 66 67 76 7778 79 87 117 146

159 160 188 200 238

Nickel Base Alloys, Corrosion117

Nickel Base Alloys, End Uses87

Nickel Base Alloys, Phase Transformations91

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Nickel Chromium Molybdenum Steels, Nondestructive Testing

108 88

Nickel Compounds9 14 16 21 22

31 33 34 35 4345 46 48 51 7377 78 79 138 118

145 146 151 154 159160 182 184 195 198200 233

Nickel Compounds, Composite Materials97 110

Nickel Compounds, Heat Treatment166

Nickel Compounds, Mechanical Properties89 114 160

Nickel, End Uses90

Niobium128

Niobium, Composite Materials131

Nodes84

Noise24 213 219

Noise Control179

Noise Reduction24 241 242

Nondestructive Testing19 20 69 134 13795 120 150 176 187

210

Nondestructive Tests88

Nonferrous Alloys100 99

Nonlinear Dynamics44 72

Nonlinear Equations182

Nonlinearity84

Notches31

Nuclear engineering264

Numerical Analysis32

One Dimensional Models85

On-line Systems72 105

Optical Fibers81 119 124 127 140

165 176 190 191204 257 258 259 260270 273 274 282

Optical Measurements127 140 191

Optical Properties93

Optical Sensors119 220

Optics169 176 220 221 222

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Optimal Control247 245

Optimization61 72 76 113

Organic Coatings27 93

Orientation56 163

Outbreaks87

Output223

Oxide Coatings99 132

Oxides132 167

Packaging26

Palladium98

Parallel Plates28

Partial Differential Equations179

Particle Size Distribution68

Particles28

Particulate Composites4 55 68 205 232

Particulate Composites, Mechanical Properties110

passive Constrained Layers172

Patches (structures)119 149

Patching127 149 286

Patients111

Patrol Boats222

Peel Strength226

Peeling85

Performance243

Performance Enhancement199

Performance Prediction172

Peritectic Reactions66

Permissible Error223

Perturbation109

Phase Diagrams66 128 131 183

Phase Ratio183

Phase Stability91

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Phase Transformations78 121 161 183 184

281

Phase Transformations, Ti-ni Alloy Fibre In Cement Matrix

198

Phase Transitions227

Phases170

Phosphor Bronzes153

phosphorescence277

Photodetectors199

Photosensitivity199

Physical Simulation89

Physical Vapor Deposition122

piezoelectric Actuators147 149 153 158 199201 249 250 240 243246

Piezoelectric Ceramics2 10 54 83 112

125 130 147 249

Piezoelectric Devices234

Piezoelectric Films250 233

Piezoelectric Materials249

Piezoelectricity3 11 25 32 134

135 136 84 86 94129 143 147 148 149153 158 163 174 180181 193 249 231 234238

Plastic Coatings103

Plastic Deformation13 49 99 114 121

170 198

plastic Fibers140

Plasticity195

Plastics111

Plate Metal201 206 249

Plates132 134 109 150 193

Plates (structural Members)17 45 84 119 147

148 193 249

Platinum53 158

Platinum Compounds161

Poissons Ratio59

Polyamide Resins208

Polycarbonates9

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Polyethylenes236

Polymer Matrix Composites4 9 29 166 176

187 255 269 272

Polymers81 102 255 229 262

Polymethyl Methacrylates20 236

Polypropylenes140

Polysulfone Resins236

Polytetrafluoroethylenes236

Porosity192

Porous Materials67 188

Position (location)32 216 218

Potential167

Powder Metallurgy22 101 141

Powder Metallurgy Parts197

Powder Technology102

Power Distribution25

Power Plants87

Power Supplies30

Power Transmission105

Precision111

Precision Machining6

Prepregs207

Pressure Sensitive Adhesives1

Prestraining198

Prestressed Concrete218

Prestressing248

Product Development162

Products82

Prognosis105

Project Planning23

Propagation129

Propagation Modes206

Protective Coatings1 15 99 115 117

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Proteins93

Prototypes24 30 90 182 246

Pseudoelasticity43 64 118 154 184

227

Pulsed Laser Deposition39

Pzt (ceramics)147 153 233

Quality Control141

Radiation109

Radio Waves30

Random Vibration51

Rapid Manufacturing90

Rapid Prototyping13 102

Rapid Solidification8 138

Rare Earth Compounds, Composite Materials97

Realizability196

Rebar212

Recovery33 52 73 107 170

Recycling82 142

Rehabilitation221

Reinforced Concrete212

Reinforced Plastics135 127 140 149 157207 210 224 226

Reinforced Plastics, End Uses203

Reinforced Plastics, Nondestructive Testing204

reinforced Shells201

Reinforcement176 196

Reinforcing Steels212

Reliability116 221

Remanence61 106 237

Repairing29 103 210 221 263

286

Requirements25

Research82 164 169 190 259

261 264 268 271

Research And Development88 162

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Research facilities253

Research Projects23

Research, Ceramic Tribo-coatings R&d175

Residual Stress16 49 63 77 101

207

Resilience234

Resistance Heating157 211

Resistivity185 197 209 235

resonant Frequencies147

Resonant Frequency30 135 125 130 139

174 223

Retrieval30

Ribbons8

Rigid Rotors247

Robotics69

Robust Control72

Room Temperature157

Rotary Wings24 248 244 246

Rotor Blades24 247 248 250

240 241 242 243 244245 246

Rotor Dynamics244 245

Rotor Speed242

Rotors24 247 248 250 224

240 241 242 243 244245 246

Routines111

Salt Spray Tests1

Samples170

Sandwich Construction193

Sandwich Construction, Physical Properties171

Saturation (magnetic)38

Scratch Resistance103

Screws132

Seebeck Effect235

Seismic Engineering215 216

Seismic Phenomena213 215 216

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

self Tests153

Semiconductor Devices53

Semiconductors20

Semiconductors (materials)111

Sensing Devices150 176

Sensitivity165 215 218

Sensors1 3 8 18 30

60 69 78 81 105136 84 90 95 112116 120 126 140 150162 165 176 180 185190 191 197 199 204207 212 220 221 222224 228 229 257 258259 260 263 273 274282 284 288

Sensors, Materials Selection90

Services32 105

Shakers219

Shape163

Shape Memory3 12 15 36 37

41 42 49 65 9298 144 154 182 184

198 211 233

Shape Memory Alloys4 6 8 9 14

16 18 21 22 2324 25 31 33 3435 39 40 43 4445 47 48 50 5152 63 64 66 6769 73 76 77 7879 83 107 85 9192 112 116 118 121

126 138 139 142144 145 146 151 152

156 159 160 161162 166 173 177 178182 183 184 192196 200 203 208 209248 251 226 227 256261 265 279

Shape Memory Alloys, Composite Materials71 97 110 116

Shape Memory Alloys, End Uses85

Shape Memory Alloys, Heat Treatment166

Shape Memory Alloys, Materials Substitution203

Shape Memory Alloys, Mechanical Properties89 92 123 160

Shape Memory Alloys, Powder Technology104

Shape Memory Alloys, Thin Films114

Shape Memory Effect9 21 23 31 46

52 157 184

Shape Memory, Processing Effects98

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Shapes169

Shear28

Shear Deformation28 181

Shear Strain147

Shear Strength76

Shear Stress108 86 147 181

Shells136 84 129 181

Shells (structural Forms)230

Ships165 222

Shock Loading128 131

Silica Fume235

Silicon93 111

Silicon Carbide81 186 232

Silicon Compounds68

Silicon Dioxide20

Silicon Substrates20

Silicon, Coating93

Silicon, End Uses111

Silver232

Simulation230

Single Crystals35 37 38 40 4142 48 49 59 65

161

Sintered Compacts78

Sintering (powder Metallurgy)158

Sintering, Spark Plasma Sintering Of Fgms, | Ceramic

175

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Smart Materials1 2 3 4 67 8 9 12 14

16 18 20 21 2223 24 26 27 2829 35 41 42 4748 49 52 62 6973 75 78 79 8082 100 103 104 105

107 108 109 132 133135 136 137 84 85

86 87 88 91 9293 95 97 98 99

110 113 115 116 117119 120 125 126 127128 129 131 138 139140 141 142 145 146147 148 149 150 152153 154 157 159 163164 165 167 168 169170 172 173 174 175176 177 182 184 185186 189 190 191 192193 197 198 200 201202 203 204 205 207208 209 210 211 212213 214 215 216 247248 249 250 251 252253 217 218 219 220221 222 223 224 225226 228 230 231 233234 235 238 239 240241 242 243 244 245246 256 257 260 261262 263 265 266 267268 269 272 279 280281 282 284 286 287288

Smart Materials And Structures150 176

Smart Materials, Development94 96

Smart Materials, End Uses74 75 87

Smart Materials, Materials Selection111 160

Smart Materials, Mechanical Properties70 85 130

Smart Materials, Microstructure116

Smart Materials, Nondestructive Testing88 95

Smart Materials, Phase Transformation Of Ti-ni Alloy Fibre In Cement

198

Smart Materials, Phase Transformations71

Smart Materials, Synthesis90

Smart Sensors3 90

Smart Structures3 10 11 23 25

30 32 34 36 3738 39 40 41 4344 45 46 50 5154 55 56 57 5859 60 61 63 6465 67 68 72 7476 81 137 83 85

119 125 126 127 129130 139 149 150 155165 169 176 179 180190 193 199 206 252254 224 231 234 238240 241 255 259 260264 266 270 273 274275 276 278 283

Solenoids63

Sol-gels226

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Solid State Devices249

Solidification66 102 177 232

Solids28 84

Solutions93

Space Applications232

Spacecraft254 286

Spacecraft Components203

Spacecraft Components, Materials Selection203

spacecraft Vibration153

Spark Plasma Sintering78

Specific Heat235

Speckle Pattern176

Spectra207

Spin Tests246

Spray Coating208

Sputtered Films15

Sputtering114

square Plates201

Stability170 234

Stabilization84

Stacking181

Stainless Steels27 54 90 155 249

Stainless Steels, End Uses90

State Of The Art72

Statics136 83 109 221

Statistical Methods220

Steady State146

Steel Construction172 174 215 216

Steels1 99 115 129 193

196 206

Steels, Corrosion115

Stiffening135

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Stiffness2 13 41 63 79

135 85 113 126 180216 247 218 223 243

Storage169

Strain18 30 45 49 65

137 86 90 126 139145 151 185 200 204220 229 288

Strain Distribution119 182

Strain Gages112 158 191 204

Strain Measurement55

Strength167

Stress65

Stress Analysis110 181 190 200 204

Stress Concentration9 31 181

Stress Intensity Factors9 121 167

Stress Relaxation17

Stress Relieving108

Stress Strain Curves49 89 159 160 195

209

Stresses9 58 112 170 173

231

Stress-strain Relationships22 36 65 67

Structural analysis266

structural Design148 199 248

Structural Integrity90 127 150 190 212

217

Structural Materials74 81 119 196 202

204 269

Structural Materials, End Uses74

Structural Materials, Nondestructive Testing124

Structural Members179 210 215

Structural Steels17 196 213 215 216

223

structural Vibration172

Structures169

Structures (artifacts)165 173 225

Superalloys100 117

Superalloys, Corrosion117

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Superconductivity232

Superconductors3 99

Superelasticity6 21 31 33 50

73 92 162 173

Superplasticity99 121

Surface Acoustic Waves134

Surface Chemistry99

Surface Pretreatments226

Surface Roughness233

Surface Treatment226

Surfaces93 281

Surgical Implants100 133 99 132 236

Syntactic Foams232

Synthetic Metals93

System Identification153

Systems Integration25 199

Technologies82

Technology Assessment162

Technology Utilization220

Temperature93 146

Temperature Dependence233

Temperature Distribution146

Temperature Effects219

Temperature Gradient136

Temperature Measurement185

Temperature Profiles7

Tensile Properties4 59 67 101

Tensile Strength16 138

Tensile Stress170 209

Tensile Tests44

Tension Tests16 22 196

Tensors88

Terbium57

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Textile Composites187

Texture98 99

Thermal Buckling113

Thermal Conductivity109

Thermal Cycling114

Thermal Diffusivity235

Thermal Expansion9 16 157 184

Thermal Mismatch157 181

Thermal Radiation109

Thermal Stresses200 239

Thermodynamics48

Thermoelastic Properties76

Thermoelasticity121 249

Thermoelectricity69 235

Thermomechanical Properties104

Thermomechanical Treatment37 102

Thermomechanics43

Thermoplastic Resins17

Thermosetting Resins164 166

Thick Films93

Thick Plates119

Thin Films7 20 39 189 233

Thin Plates32

Three Point150

Time Response182

time Temperature Parameter184

Tip Speed240

Titanates147 148 153 158 231239

Titanates, Composite Materials94

Titanium100 133 132 168 170185 256 279

Titanium Alloys198 233

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Titanium Base Alloys133 132 144 162 196209 211 236

Titanium Base Alloys, End Uses87

Titanium Base Alloys, Mechanical Properties107

Titanium Compounds9 14 16 21 22

31 33 34 35 4345 46 48 51 7377 78 79 138 118

145 146 154 159 160182 184 195 198 200233

Titanium Compounds, Composite Materials97 110

Titanium Compounds, Heat Treatment166

Titanium Compounds, Mechanical Properties89 160

Topology12

Torque76 133 227

Torsion22 76 129 240

Torsional Stress240 243

Traffic Engineering219

Traffic Flow219

Trailing Edge Flaps24 245 246

Trailing Edges23 248

Training21 42 223

Transducers3 38 63 134 206

Transformation Temperature35 49

Transformations167

Transient Heating249

transportation258

Transportation Applications187

Transverse Loads2

Treatment168

Tribology175

Trusses125 130

Tubes22 76 227

Turbines87

Twisting201 241 242 243

two Dimensional Bodies148

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Typhoons217

Ultrasonic Testing206

Ultrasonic Vibration13

Ultrasonic Wave Transducers206

Ultrasonic Welding13

Ultrasonics19 134

Unmanned Air Vehicles23

Vacuum Annealing58

Valves155

Variational Principles86 181

Variations85 159 160

Velocity129

Vessels222

Vibration24 25 33 44 79

125 129 130 139 154172 174 176 193 201247 248 250 254 219238 240 241 242 243244 245 246 275

Vibration Analysis174 179 193

Vibration Control24 72 113 125 130

139 179 196

vibration Damping153 201 247 250 240242 243 244 245 246

vibration Measurement220

Vibration Monitoring176 218

Vibrations176

Vibratory Loads247

Vinyl Ester Resins68

viscoelastic Damping147 172 250

Viscoelasticity11 12 51 112

Viscosity171 262

Vlasov Equations240

Volume Fraction16 77 136 121 192

von Karman Equation182

Wastes82

Water93

Wave Dispersion206

SUBJECT TERM INDEX

Wave Mechanics206

Wave Propagation206

Wavelengths129

Waves129

Weight Reduction2 17

Welded Joints13 101

Welding141

Weldments101

Wind Tunnel Testing24

Wind Tunnel Tests23 245

Wing Design23

Wings (aircraft)23 25 176

Wire30 33 35 46 5076 120 145 146 209

248 251

Wire Rope196

Work Hardening14

Workability4

Yield Point189 200

Yield Strength77

Yield Stress173

Zinc Alloys (0 To 50 Zn)227

Zinc Base Alloys191

Zirconates231 239

Zirconium168

Zirconium Dioxide238

Zone Melting56