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Computer Applications
Budditha Hettige
Department of Computer Science
Session 01
Introduction to Computers
What is a computer?
• is a machine comprise of electronic components
• has ability to store huge amount of data
• also used as communication equipment
• Is a machine that can solve problems for people by carrying
out instructions given to it
Why Computers?
• Computer can be used to play game
• ATM machine can be used to money transaction
• Calculator can be used to solve equation
• Each Machine has …
– Input
– Output
– Process
4Budditha Hettige ([email protected])
Session 02
Anatomy of Computers
A Computer
Physical Components
230v Power source
System Unit
Monitor
Key board
Mouse
Keyboard
Basic Components of a computer
230v Power source
System Unit
Monitor
Key board
Mouse
Mouse
• Type
– USB
– PS/2
– Wireless
• Operations
– Click
– Double-click
– Right-click
– Drag and Drop
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Scanner
• Input Device
• Is a device that analyzes images, printed text, or handwriting, or an object (such as an ornament) and converts it to a digital image
• Types of Scanner– Drum Scanner
– Flatbed Scanner
– Film
– Hand Scanner
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Basic Components of a computer
230v Power source
System Unit
Monitor
Key board
Mouse
Monitor
• Type
– LED
– LCD
– CRT
• Size
– 15,17,21,23,..
• Resolution
• Features
Printer• Output device
• Produces a hard copy (permanent human-readable text and/or graphics) of documents stored in electronic form
• Modern printing technology– Toner-based printers
– Liquid inkjet printers
– Solid ink printers
– Dye-sublimation printers
– Inkless printers
– Thermal printers
– UV printers
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System Unit
System Unit
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• Microprocessor
• Memory
• Hard disk
• Motherboard
• Optical Storage device (CD/DVD)
• Power supply
• IO Cards
– Network card
– VGA Card
– Sound card
• Casing
Microprocessors
The brain or engine of the PC
• Type
– Intel , AMD, i3, i7 etc
• Speed
– GHz
• Cache Memory
• Technology
• Features
Microprocessor cont.
• Intel 4004 (1971)
– 0.1 MHz
– 4 bit
– World first Single chip microprocessor
– Instruction set contained 46 instructions
– Register set contained 16 registers of 4 bits each
30Computer System Architecture2011
Microprocessor contd.
• Intel 80486 (1989)– Max. CPU clock rate 16 MHz to 100 MHz
– FSB speeds 16 MHz to 50 MHz
– Instruction set x86 (IA-32)
– An 8 KB on-chip SRAM cache stores
– 486 has a 32-bit data bus and a 32-bit address bus.
– Power Management Features and System Management Mode (SMM)
became a standard feature
31Computer System Architecture2011
Microprocessor contd.
• Intel Pentium IV (2000)
– Max. CPU clock rate 1.3 GHz to 3.8 GHz
– Instruction set x86 (i386), x86-64, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3
– featured Hyper-Threading Technology (HTT)
– The 64-bit external data bus
– More than 42 million transistors
– Processor (front-side) bus runs at 400MHz, 533MHz, 800MHz, or 1066MHz
– L2 cache can handle up to 4GB RAM
– 2MB of full-speed L3 cache
32Computer System Architecture2011
Microprocessor contd.
• Intel Core Due
– Clock Speed 1.2 GHz
– L2 Cache 2 MB
– FSB Speed 533 MHz
– Instruction Set 32-bit
– Processing Die Transistors 151 million
– Advanced Technologies
• Intel® Virtualization Technology (VT-x)
• Enhanced Intel SpeedStep® Technolog
• Execute Disable Bit
33Computer System Architecture2011
Microprocessor contd.
• Core i3
– Cores 2
– Threads 4
– Clock Speed 2.13 GHz
– Intel® Smart Cache 3 MB
– Instruction Set 64-bit Instruction Set Extensions SSE4.1,SSE4.2
– Max Memory Size 8 GB
– Processing Die Transistors 382 million
– Technologies
• Intel® Trusted Execution Technology
• Intel® Fast Memory Access
• Intel® Flex Memory Access
34Computer System Architecture2011
Microprocessor contd.
• Core i5
– Cores 2
– Threads 4
– Clock Speed 1.7 - 3.0 GHz
– Max Memory Size 8 GB
– Processing Die Transistors 382 million
– Technologies
• Intel® Trusted Execution Technology
• Intel® Fast Memory Access
• Intel® Flex Memory Access
• Intel® Anti-Theft Technology
• Intel® My WiFi Technology
• 4G WiMAX Wireless Technology
• Idle States
–
35Computer System Architecture2011
Microprocessor contd.
• Core i7
– Cores 4
– Threads 8
– Clock Speed 3.4 GHz
– Max Turbo Frequency
3.8 GHz
– Intel® Smart Cache 8
MB
Technologies Intel® Turbo Boost Technology 2.0Intel® vPro Technology Intel® Hyper-Threading Technology Intel® Virtualization Technology (VT-x) Intel® Virtualization Technology for
Directed I/O (VT-d) Intel® Trusted Execution Technology AES New Instructions Intel® 64 Idle States Enhanced Intel SpeedStep® Technology Thermal Monitoring Technologies Intel® Fast Memory Access Intel® Flex Memory Access Execute Disable Bit
36Computer System Architecture2011
Motherboard
Mother board
• A PC motherboard is a
printed circuit board
• A typical motherboard provides
attachment points for one or
more of the following: CPU,
graphics card, sound card, hard
disk controller, memory (RAM),
and external peripheral devices
• Type
– Chipset
– Ports
– Features
40
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Motherboard contd..
Ports
Data bus
• Known as Front side bus, CPU bus and Processor
side bus
• Use between CPU and main chipset
• Define a size of memory
– 32 bit
– 64 bit etc.
44Computer System Architecture2011
Data bus
45Computer System Architecture2011
I/O Ports with data transfer rates
Controller Port / DeviceTypical Data Transfer Rate
Super I/O
PS/2 (keyboard / mouse) 2 KB/s
Serial Port 25 KB/s
Floppy Disk 125 KB/s
Parallel Port 200 KB/s
Southbridge
Integrated Audio 1 MB/s
Integrated LAN 12 MB/s
USB1.0, 2.0, 3.012 MB/s, 60MB/s,400MB/s
Integrated Video 133 MB/s
IDE (HDD, DVD) 133 MB/s
SATA (HDD, DVD) 300 MB/s
46Computer System Architecture2011
Computer Memory
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Computer Memory
52
• Primary Memory
• Secondary Memory
• Virtual Memory
Levels in Memory Hierarchy
CPU
RegsCache
Memory disk
size:speed:$/Mbyte:line size:
32 B0.3 ns
4 B
Register Cache Memory Disk Memory
32 KB-4MB2 ns?$75/MB32 B
4096 MB7.5 ns$0.014/MB4 KB
1 TB8 ms$0.00012/MB
larger, slower, cheaper
8 B 32 B 4 KB
Cache Virtual Memory
Primary Memory
54
SRAM (Static RAM)
• Constructed using flip‐flops
• 6 transistors for each bit of storage
• Very fast
• Contents are retained as long as power is kept on
• Expensive
• Used in level 2 cache
55
DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
• No flip‐flops
• Array of cells, each consisting a transistor and a
capacitor
• Refreshing takes several CPU cycles to complete
(less than 1% of overall bandwidth)
• High density (30 times smaller than SRAM)
• Used in main memories
• Slower than SRAM
• Inexpensive (30 times lower than SRAM)
56
SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)
• Hybrid of SRAM and DRAM
• Runs in synchronization with the system bus
• Driven by a single synchronous clock
• Used in large caches, main memories
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DDR (Double Data Rate) SDRAM
• An upgrade to standard SDRAM
• Performs 2 transfers per clock cycle (one at falling edge, one
at rising edge) without doubling actual clock rate
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Dual channel DDR
• Technique in which 2 DDR DIMMs are installed at one time and function as a single bank doubling the bandwidth of a single module
• DDR2 SDRAM
– A faster version of DDR SDRAM (doubles the data rate of DDR)
– Less power consumption than DDR
– Achieves higher throughput by using differential pairs of signal wires
– Additional signal add to the pin count
• DDR3 SDRAM
– An improved version off DDR2 SDRAM
– Same no. of pins as in DDR2,
– Not compatible with DDR2
– Can transfer twice the data rate of DDR2
– DDR3 standard allows chip sizes of 512 Megabits to
8 Gigabits (max module size – 16GB)
59
RAM
• Is a form of computer data storage
• The word RAM is often associated
with volatile types of memory, where
the information is lost after the
power is switched off
• Types of RAM
– SRAM (static RAM)
– DRAM (dynamic RAM)
– EPROM
– EEPROM
– Flash
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Cache memory
62
Cache Memory
• A high‐speed,speed small memory
• Most frequently used memory words are kept in
• When CPU needs a word, it first checks it in
cache. If not found, checks in memory
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Cache and Main Memory
64
Secondary Memory
66
Technologies
• Magnetic storage
– Floppy, Zip disk, Hard drives, Tapes
• Optical storage
– CD, DVD, Blue-Ray, HD-DVD
• Solid state memory
– USB flash drive, Memory cards for mobile phones/digital cameras/MP3 players, Solid State Drives
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Magnetic Disk
• Purpose:
– Long term, non-volatile storage
– Large, inexpensive, and slow
– Lowest level in the memory hierarchy
• Two major types:
– Floppy disk, Hard disk
• Both types of disks:
– Rely on a rotating platter coated with a magnetic surface
– Use a moveable read/write head to access the disk
• Advantages of hard disks over floppy disks:
– Higher density because it can be controlled more precisely
– Higher data rate because it spins faster
– Can incorporate more than one platter
Disk Track
Components of a Disk
• The arm assembly is moved in or out to position a head on a desired track. Tracks under heads make a cylinder
(imaginary!).
• Only one head reads/writes at any one time.
• Block size is a multiple of sector size (which is often fixed).
70
Platters
Spindle
Disk head
Arm movement
Arm assembly
Tracks
Sector
Internal Hard-Disk
Page 223
RAID-(Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks)
• A disk organization used to improve performance of
storage systems
• An array of disks controlled by a controller (RAID
Controller)
• Data are distributed over disks (striping) to allow
parallel operation
72
Hard Disk
• Non-volatile storage
device
• Types of Hard Disk
– SATA
– IDE
• Capacity
– 320GB
• Speed
– 7200 r.p.m.
73
Optical Storage Devices
CD / DVD
75
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Physical Organization of CD
• Compact Disk – read only memory (write once)
• Data is encoded and read optically with a laser
• Can store around 600MB data
• Digital data is represented as a series of Pits and
Lands:
– Pit = a little depression, forming a lower level in the track
– Land = the flat part between pits, or the upper levels in the
track
• Reading a CD is done by shining a laser at the disc and detecting changing reflections patterns.
77
CD-ROM
• Addressing– 1 second of play time is divided up into 75 sectors.
– Each sector holds 2KB
– 60 min CD:60min * 60 sec/min * 75 sectors/sec = 270,000 sectors = 540,000 KB ~ 540 MB
– A sector is addressed by: Minute:Second:Sector e.g. 16:22:34
• Type of laser
– CD: 780nm (infrared)
– DVD: 635nm or 650nm (visible red)
– HD-DVD/Blu-ray Disc: 405nm (visible blue)
• Capacity
– CD: 650 MB, 700 MB
– DVD: 4.7 GB per layer, up to 2 layers
– HD-DVD: 15 GB per layer, up to 3 layers
– BD: 25 GB per layer, up to 2 layers
Removable Devices
• Compact Disc driver
• Types of Removable devices
– CD/ DVD
– SATA/IDE
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Solid state storage
79
Solid state storage
• Memory cards
– For Digital cameras, mobile phones, MP3 players...
– Many types: Compact flash, Smart Media, Memory Stick, Secure Digital card...
• USB flash drives
– Replace floppies/CD-RW
• Solid State Drives
– Replace traditional hard disks
• Uses flash memory
– Type of EEPROM
• Electrically erasable programmable read only memory
– Grid of cells (1 cell = 1 bit)
– Write/erase cells by blocks
80
Solid state storage
• Cell=two transistors
– Bit 1: no electrons in between
– Bit 0: many electrons in between
• Performance
– Acces time: 10X faster than hard drive
– Transfer rate
• 1x=150 kb/sec, up to 100X for memory cards
• Similar to normal hard drive for SSD ( 100-150 MB/sec)
– Limited write: 100k to 1,000k cycles
81
Solid state storage
• Size
– Very small: 1cm² for some memory cards
• Capacity
– Memory cards: up to 32 GB
– USB flash drives: up to 32 GB
– Solid State Drives: up to 256 GB
82
Solid state storage
• Reliability
– Resists to shocks
– Silent!
– Avoid extreme heat/cold
– Limited number of erase/write
• Challenges
– Increasing size
– Improving writing limits
83
Virtual Memory
85
Virtual Memory
• Virtual memory is a memory management
technique developed for multitasking kernels
• Separation of user logical memory from physical
memory.
• Logical address space can therefore be much larger
than physical address space
86
A System with
Physical Memory Only
• Examples:– Most Cray machines, early PCs, nearly all embedded systems, etc.
Addresses generated by the CPU correspond directly to bytes in physical memory
CPU
0:1:
N-1:
Memory
PhysicalAddresses
A System with Virtual Memory
• Examples:– Workstations, servers, modern PCs, etc.
Address Translation: Hardware converts virtual addresses to physical ones via OS-managed lookup table (page table)
CPU
0:1:
N-1:
Memory
0:1:
P-1:
Page Table
Disk
VirtualAddresses
PhysicalAddresses
VM – Windows
• Can change the paging
file size
• Can set multiple Virtual
memory on difference
drivers
89
Power Supply
• 200 W
• 350 W
• 450 W
Network Card
Sound Card
VGA Card
• Graphics Engine : NVIDIA 8600 GT GPU
Bus Interface: PCI-Express x 16
Core clock: 540MHZ
Memory Type: 256 MB 128 bit DDR3
Memory clock: 700MHZ
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
How to Assemble a PC
Part I
Steps
• Make a System Specification for your requirement (Software & Hardware)
• Identify each Components
• Reading manuals / Compatibility Check
• Assembling
• Power on first time
• Install Operating System
• Install Software
• Configure the System
Hardware Components• Processor
• Motherboard
• Memory
• VGA card and Sound card
• Hard Disk
• CD/DVD ROM
• Computer casing with appropriate power supply
• Required Data Cables / Power Connectors
• Keyboard & Mouse
• Monitor
Step by step Assembling Process
• Preparation of casing
• CPU fixation to mother board
• Fixing mother board to casing
• Installation of memory
• Fixing Fans and Power supply
• Fixing Hard Disk, CDROM and Other Cards
• Fixing Data Cables & Front panel cables
• Fixing the power cables
• Fixing Back Side Components
Lab Activities
1. Create Hardware specification for the following type
computers
– Low cost Desktop for home use
– Powerful PC for Video Editing
2. Compare you specification and Banded computer
or a Laptop with same performances.
3. Use Internet and identify data transfer speed for the
each computer ports
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Questions
1. According to the design diagram of the motherboard explain how each device connect together through the BUS.
2. Briefly explain a way to identify an existing hardware problem in PC.
3. Identify different ways to damage your hardware items.
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