CSC1201 Computer Applications Introduction to … · CSC1201 Computer Applications Budditha Hettige Department of Computer Science Session 01 Introduction to Computers What is a computer?

CSC1201Computer Applications

Budditha Hettige

Department of Computer Science

Session 01

Introduction to Computers

What is a computer?

• is a machine comprise of electronic components

• has ability to store huge amount of data

• also used as communication equipment

• Is a machine that can solve problems for people by carrying out instructions given to it

Why Computers?

• Computer can be used to play game

• ATM machine can be used to money transaction

• Calculator can be used to solve equation

• Each Machine has …

– Input

– Output

– Process

4Budditha Hettige ([email protected])

Architecture of a Computer

7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige ([email protected]) 5

Session 02

Anatomy of Computers

A Computer Physical Components

230v Power source

System

UnitMonitor

Key board

Mouse

Input Devices


Keyboard

Keyboards

• Types

– USB

– PS/2

– Wireless


Example


Key Layout


Shortcut Keys


Sinhala Unicode


Basic Components of a computer

230v Power source

System

UnitMonitor

Key board

Mouse

Mouse

• Type

– USB

– PS/2

– Wireless

• Operations

– Click

– Double-click

– Right-click

– Drag and Drop


Example


Scanner

• Input Device

• Is a device that analyzes images, printed text, or handwriting, or an object (such as an ornament) and converts it to a digital image

• Types of Scanner– Drum Scanner

– Flatbed Scanner

– Film

– Hand Scanner

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Output Devices


Basic Components of a computer

230v Power source

System

UnitMonitor

Key board

Mouse

Monitor

• Type

– LED

– LCD

– CRT

• Size

– 15,17,21,23,..

• Resolution

• Features

Example


Printer• Output device

• Produces a hard copy (permanent human-readable text and/or graphics) of documents stored in electronic form

• Modern printing technology– Toner-based printers

– Liquid inkjet printers

– Solid ink printers

– Dye-sublimation printers

– Inkless printers

– Thermal printers

– UV printers

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Printers


Speakers & Sub Woofers


System Unit System Unit


• Microprocessor• Memory• Hard disk• Motherboard• Optical Storage device (CD/DVD)• Power supply• IO Cards

– Network card– VGA Card– Sound card

• Casing

Microprocessors

The brain or engine of the PC

• Type

– Intel , AMD, i3, i7 etc

• Speed

– GHz

• Cache Memory

• Technology

• Features

Microprocessor cont.

• Intel 4004 (1971)

– 0.1 MHz

– 4 bit

– World first Single chip microprocessor

– Instruction set contained 46 instructions

– Register set contained 16 registers of 4 bits each

30Computer System Architecture2011

Microprocessor contd.

• Intel 80486 (1989)– Max. CPU clock rate 16 MHz to 100 MHz

– FSB speeds 16 MHz to 50 MHz

– Instruction set x86 (IA-32)

– An 8 KB on-chip SRAM cache stores

– 486 has a 32-bit data bus and a 32-bit address bus.

– Power Management Features and System Management Mode (SMM) became a standard feature



• Intel Pentium IV (2000)– Max. CPU clock rate 1.3 GHz to 3.8 GHz– Instruction set x86 (i386), x86-64, MMX, SSE, SSE2,

SSE3– featured Hyper-Threading Technology (HTT)– The 64-bit external data bus– More than 42 million transistors– Processor (front-side) bus runs at 400MHz, 533MHz,

800MHz, or 1066MHz– L2 cache can handle up to 4GB RAM– 2MB of full-speed L3 cache



• Intel Core Due

– Clock Speed 1.2 GHz

– L2 Cache 2 MB

– FSB Speed 533 MHz

– Instruction Set 32-bit

– Processing Die Transistors 151 million

– Advanced Technologies

• Intel® Virtualization Technology (VT-x)

• Enhanced Intel SpeedStep® Technolog

• Execute Disable Bit



• Core i3– Cores 2

– Threads 4


– Intel® Smart Cache 3 MB

– Instruction Set 64-bit Instruction Set Extensions SSE4.1,SSE4.2

– Max Memory Size 8 GB

– Processing Die Transistors 382 million

– Technologies

• Intel® Trusted Execution Technology

• Intel® Fast Memory Access

• Intel® Flex Memory Access



• Core i5– Cores 2– Threads 4– Clock Speed 1.7 - 3.0 GHz

– Max Memory Size 8 GB– Processing Die Transistors 382 million– Technologies

• Intel® Trusted Execution Technology• Intel® Fast Memory Access• Intel® Flex Memory Access

• Intel® Anti-Theft Technology• Intel® My WiFi Technology• 4G WiMAX Wireless Technology• Idle States

–



• Core i7

– Cores 4

– Threads 8


– Max Turbo Frequency 3.8 GHz

– Intel® Smart Cache 8 MB

Technologies

� Intel® Turbo Boost Technology

� 2.0Intel® vPro Technology

� Intel® Hyper-Threading Technology

� Intel® Virtualization Technology (VT-x)

� Intel® Virtualization Technology for

Directed I/O (VT-d)

� Intel® Trusted Execution Technology

� AES New Instructions

� Intel® 64

� Idle States

� Enhanced Intel SpeedStep® Technology

� Thermal Monitoring Technologies

� Intel® Fast Memory Access

� Intel® Flex Memory Access

� Execute Disable Bit


Example


Example


Motherboard Mother board

• A PC motherboard is a printed circuit board

• A typical motherboard provides

attachment points for one or

more of the following: CPU,

graphics card, sound card, hard

disk controller, memory (RAM),

and external peripheral devices

• Type

– Chipset

– Ports

– Features

40


Motherboard contd..

Ports Data bus

• Known as Front Side Bus (FSB), CPU bus and

Processor side bus

• Use between CPU and main chipset

• Define a size of memory

– 32 bit

– 64 bit etc.


Data bus


I/O Ports with data transfer rates

Controller Port / DeviceTypical Data

Transfer Rate

Super I/O

PS/2 (keyboard / mouse) 2 KB/s

Serial Port 25 KB/s

Floppy Disk 125 KB/s

Parallel Port 200 KB/s

Southbridge

Integrated Audio 1 MB/s

Integrated LAN 12 MB/s

USB1.0, 2.0, 3.0

12 MB/s,

60MB/s,

400MB/s

Integrated Video 133 MB/s

IDE (HDD, DVD) 133 MB/s

SATA (HDD, DVD) 300 MB/s


Computer Ports


Computer Ports


Slots Types


Example


Computer Memory

51

Computer Memory

52

• Primary Memory

• Secondary Memory

• Virtual Memory

Levels in Memory Hierarchy

CPU

RegsRegsC

a

c

h

e

Memory disk

size:

speed:

$/Mbyte:

line size:

32 B

0.3 ns

4 B

Register Cache Memory Disk Memory

32 KB-4MB

2 ns?

$75/MB

32 B

4096 MB

7.5 ns

$0.014/MB

4 KB

1 TB

8 ms

$0.00012/MB

larger, slower, cheaper

8 B 32 B 4 KB

Cache Virtual Memory

Primary Memory

54

SRAM (Static RAM)

• Constructed using flip‐flops

• 6 transistors for each bit of storage

• Very fast

• Contents are retained as long as power is kept on

• Expensive

• Used in level 2 cache

55

DRAM (Dynamic RAM)

• No flip‐flops

• Array of cells, each consisting a transistor and a

capacitor

• Refreshing takes several CPU cycles to complete

(less than 1% of overall bandwidth)

• High density (30 times smaller than SRAM)

• Used in main memories

• Slower than SRAM

• Inexpensive (30 times lower than SRAM)

56

SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)

• Hybrid of SRAM and DRAM

• Runs in synchronization with the system bus

• Driven by a single synchronous clock

• Used in large caches, main memories

57

DDR (Double Data Rate) SDRAM

• An upgrade to standard SDRAM

• Performs 2 transfers per clock cycle (one at falling edge, one at rising edge) without doubling actual clock rate

58

Dual channel DDR

• Technique in which 2 DDR DIMMs are installed at one time and function as a single bank doubling the bandwidth of a single module

• DDR2 SDRAM– A faster version of DDR SDRAM (doubles the data rate of DDR)– Less power consumption than DDR

– Achieves higher throughput by using differential pairs of signal wires– Additional signal add to the pin count

• DDR3 SDRAM– An improved version off DDR2 SDRAM– Same no. of pins as in DDR2, – Not compatible with DDR2– Can transfer twice the data rate of DDR2– DDR3 standard allows chip sizes of 512 Megabits to

8 Gigabits (max module size – 16GB)

59

RAM

• Is a form of computer data storage

• The word RAM is often associated with volatile types of memory, where the information is lost after the power is switched off

• Types of RAM

– SRAM (static RAM)

– DRAM (dynamic RAM)

– EPROM

– EEPROM

– Flash

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Example


Cache memory

62

Cache Memory

• A high‐speed,speed small memory

• Most frequently used memory words are kept in

• When CPU needs a word, it first checks it in

cache. If not found, checks in memory

63

Cache and Main Memory

64

Cache Memory

• L1 cache

• L2 Cache

• L3 Cache


Secondary Memory

66

Technologies

• Magnetic storage

– Floppy, Zip disk, Hard drives, Tapes

• Optical storage

– CD, DVD, Blue-Ray, HD-DVD

• Solid state memory

– USB flash drive, Memory cards for mobile phones/digital cameras/MP3 players, Solid State Drives

67

Magnetic Disk

• Purpose:

– Long term, non-volatile storage

– Large, inexpensive, and slow

– Lowest level in the memory hierarchy• Two major types:

– Floppy disk, Hard disk

• Both types of disks:

– Rely on a rotating platter coated with a magnetic surface– Use a moveable read/write head to access the disk

• Advantages of hard disks over floppy disks:

– Higher density because it can be controlled more precisely

– Higher data rate because it spins faster

– Can incorporate more than one platter

Disk Track Components of a Disk

• The arm assembly is moved in or out to position a head on a desired track. Tracks under heads make a cylinder (imaginary!).

• Only one head reads/writes at any one time.

• Block size is a multiple of sector size (which is often fixed).

70

Platters

Spindle

Disk head

Arm movement

Arm assembly

Tracks

Sector

Internal Hard-Disk

Page 223

RAID-(Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks)

• A disk organization used to improve performance of

storage systems

• An array of disks controlled by a controller (RAID Controller)

• Data are distributed over disks (striping) to allow

parallel operation

72

Hard Disk

• Non-volatile storage

device

• Types of Hard Disk

– SATA

– IDE

• Capacity

– 320GB

• Speed

– 7200 r.p.m.

73

Example


Optical Storage Devices CD / DVD

75 76

Physical Organization of CD

• Compact Disk – read only memory (write once)

• Data is encoded and read optically with a laser

• Can store around 600MB data

• Digital data is represented as a series of Pits and

Lands:

– Pit = a little depression, forming a lower level in the track

– Land = the flat part between pits, or the upper levels in the track

• Reading a CD is done by shining a laser at the disc and detecting changing reflections patterns.

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CD-ROM

• Addressing– 1 second of play time is divided up into 75 sectors.

– Each sector holds 2KB

– 60 min CD:60min * 60 sec/min * 75 sectors/sec = 270,000 sectors = 540,000 KB ~ 540 MB

– A sector is addressed by: Minute:Second:Sector e.g. 16:22:34

• Type of laser

– CD: 780nm (infrared)

– DVD: 635nm or 650nm (visible red)

– HD-DVD/Blu-ray Disc: 405nm (visible blue)

• Capacity

– CD: 650 MB, 700 MB

– DVD: 4.7 GB per layer, up to 2 layers

– HD-DVD: 15 GB per layer, up to 3 layers

– BD: 25 GB per layer, up to 2 layers

Removable Devices

• Compact Disc driver

• Types of Removable devices

– CD/ DVD

– SATA/IDE

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Solid state storage

79

Solid state storage

• Memory cards

– For Digital cameras, mobile phones, MP3 players...

– Many types: Compact flash, Smart Media, Memory Stick, Secure Digital card...

• USB flash drives

– Replace floppies/CD-RW

• Solid State Drives

– Replace traditional hard disks

• Uses flash memory– Type of EEPROM

• Electrically erasable programmable read only memory

– Grid of cells (1 cell = 1 bit)

– Write/erase cells by blocks

80

Solid state storage

• Cell=two transistors

– Bit 1: no electrons in between

– Bit 0: many electrons in between

• Performance

– Acces time: 10X faster than hard drive

– Transfer rate

• 1x=150 kb/sec, up to 100X for memory cards

• Similar to normal hard drive for SSD ( 100-150 MB/sec)

– Limited write: 100k to 1,000k cycles

81

Solid state storage

• Size

– Very small: 1cm² for some memory cards

• Capacity

– Memory cards: up to 32 GB

– USB flash drives: up to 32 GB

– Solid State Drives: up to 256 GB

82

Solid state storage

• Reliability

– Resists to shocks

– Silent!

– Avoid extreme heat/cold

– Limited number of erase/write

• Challenges

– Increasing size

– Improving writing limits

83

Solid State Devices


Virtual Memory

85

Virtual Memory

• Virtual memory is a memory management

technique developed for multitasking kernels

• Separation of user logical memory from physical

memory.

• Logical address space can therefore be much larger

than physical address space

86

A System withPhysical Memory Only

• Examples:– Most Cray machines, early PCs, nearly all embedded systems, etc.

� Addresses generated by the CPU correspond directly to bytes in physical

memory

CPU

0:1:

N-1:

Memory

PhysicalAddresses

A System with Virtual Memory

• Examples:– Workstations, servers, modern PCs, etc.

� Address Translation: Hardware converts virtual addresses to physical ones

via OS-managed lookup table (page table)

CPU

0:1:

N-1:

Memory

0:1:

P-1:

Page Table

Disk

VirtualAddresses

PhysicalAddresses

VM – Windows

• Can change the paging

file size

• Can set multiple Virtual

memory on difference

drivers

89

Power Supply

• 200 W

• 350 W

• 450 W

Network Card Sound Card

VGA Card

• Graphics Engine : NVIDIA 8600 GT GPUBus Interface: PCI-Express x 16Core clock: 540MHZMemory Type: 256 MB 128 bit DDR3Memory clock: 700MHZ

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

How to Assemble a PC

Part I

Steps

• Make a System Specification for your requirement (Software & Hardware)

• Identify each Components

• Reading manuals / Compatibility Check

• Assembling

• Power on first time

• Install Operating System

• Install Software

• Configure the System

Hardware Components• Processor

• Motherboard

• Memory

• VGA card and Sound card

• Hard Disk

• CD/DVD ROM

• Computer casing with appropriate power supply

• Required Data Cables / Power Connectors

• Keyboard & Mouse

• Monitor

Step by step Assembling Process

• Preparation of casing

• CPU fixation to mother board• Fixing mother board to casing

• Installation of memory• Fixing Fans and Power supply

• Fixing Hard Disk, CDROM and Other Cards

• Fixing Data Cables & Front panel cables• Fixing the power cables

• Fixing Back Side Components

Lab Activities

1. Create Hardware specification for the following type

computers

– Low cost desktop for home use

– Powerful PC for video editing

2. Compare you specification and Banded computer

or a Laptop with same performances.

3. Use Internet and identify data transfer speed for the

each computer ports


Questions

1. According to the design diagram of the motherboard explain how each device connect together through the BUS.

2. Briefly explain a way to identify an existing hardware problem in PC.

3. Identify different ways to damage your hardware items.


Documents

CSC1201 Computer Applications Introduction to … · CSC1201 Computer Applications Budditha Hettige Department of Computer Science Session 01 Introduction to Computers What is a computer?