CSCE 181 Lecture 5courses.cse.tamu.edu/taylor/csce181/Lecture5.pdf · quadratic equations Translated into Latin, spread throughout Europe Solidified number system in use now: “Arabic

NonNon--plagiarismplagiarismNonNon plagiarismplagiarism

As discussed by Barlman and Trey (2001) whoAs discussed by Barlman and Trey (2001) whoAs discussed by Barlman and Trey (2001), who As discussed by Barlman and Trey (2001), who investigated the impact of viruses in large investigated the impact of viruses in large organizations “most still rely on individual usersorganizations “most still rely on individual usersorganizations, most still rely on individual users organizations, most still rely on individual users maintaining virus definitions, with no internal maintaining virus definitions, with no internal firewalls to protect one user from anotherfirewalls to protect one user from anotherfirewalls to protect one user from another. firewalls to protect one user from another. However, any structure is only as strong as its However, any structure is only as strong as its weakest link; these organizations are highlyweakest link; these organizations are highlyweakest link; these organizations are highly weakest link; these organizations are highly vulnerable.”vulnerable.”

NonNon--plagiarismplagiarismNonNon plagiarismplagiarism

Barlman and Trey (2001) investigated the impactBarlman and Trey (2001) investigated the impactBarlman and Trey (2001) investigated the impact Barlman and Trey (2001) investigated the impact of viruses in large organizations. They found of viruses in large organizations. They found that organizations are vulnerable if individualsthat organizations are vulnerable if individualsthat organizations are vulnerable if individuals that organizations are vulnerable if individuals fail to keep virus definitions up to date, as fail to keep virus definitions up to date, as internal firewalls are rareinternal firewalls are rareinternal firewalls are rare.internal firewalls are rare.

CitationsCitationsCitationsCitations

According to Johnson (2007), ...According to Johnson (2007), ...g J ( )g J ( )

Robinson’s theory suggests that a cycle ofRobinson’s theory suggests that a cycle ofRobinson s theory suggests that a cycle of Robinson s theory suggests that a cycle of handshaking can be eliminated [22], but as yet handshaking can be eliminated [22], but as yet there is no experimental confirmationthere is no experimental confirmationthere is no experimental confirmation.there is no experimental confirmation.

Significant work has been done in the area of Significant work has been done in the area of efficient protocols for wide area networks [1, 2, efficient protocols for wide area networks [1, 2, 4, 5].4, 5].

CSCE 181: History 3

ReferencesReferencesReferencesReferences

Need to be consistent in how the references areNeed to be consistent in how the references areNeed to be consistent in how the references are Need to be consistent in how the references are listed in the “List of References” or listed in the “List of References” or “Bibliography”“Bibliography”BibliographyBibliography

Fine to use MLA, APA, Chicago/Fine to use MLA, APA, Chicago/TurabianTurabian

CSCE 181: History 4

Project Report DeadlinesProject Report DeadlinesProject Report DeadlinesProject Report Deadlines

Tuesday 10/20: Project topic & referencesTuesday 10/20: Project topic & referencesTuesday, 10/20: Project topic & referencesTuesday, 10/20: Project topic & referencesTuesday, 11/10: Project outlineTuesday, 11/10: Project outlineT d 11/24 P j d fT d 11/24 P j d fTuesday, 11/24: Project draftTuesday, 11/24: Project draftTuesday, 12/1: Project draft returnedTuesday, 12/1: Project draft returnedTuesday, 12/8: Final project due Tuesday, 12/8: Final project due

If draft grade is less than 70If draft grade is less than 70ggNOTE: 10% reduction on final report grade for NOTE: 10% reduction on final report grade for

missing any of the 3 deadlines (in red)missing any of the 3 deadlines (in red)missing any of the 3 deadlines (in red)missing any of the 3 deadlines (in red)

CSCE 181: History 5

CSCE 181CSCE 181CSCE 181 CSCE 181 A Brief History ofA Brief History ofA Brief History of A Brief History of

ComputingComputingComputingComputingFall 2009Fall 2009Fall 2009Fall 2009

CSCE 181: History 6

Early Mathematics & ComputationEarly Mathematics & Computation

Babylonians and Egyptians, > 3000 yrs agoBabylonians and Egyptians, > 3000 yrs agoNumerical methods for generating tables of square roots, Numerical methods for generating tables of square roots, g g qg g qmultiplication, trigmultiplication, trigApplications: navigation, agriculture, taxationApplications: navigation, agriculture, taxation

Greeks > 3000 rsGreeks > 3000 rsGreeks, > 3000 yrs agoGreeks, > 3000 yrs agoGeometry and logicGeometry and logic

Indians ~ 600 ADIndians ~ 600 ADIndians, 600 ADIndians, 600 ADStarted using placeholders and a decimal number system, Started using placeholders and a decimal number system, similar to modernsimilar to modernIdea spread to Middle EastIdea spread to Middle East

Arabs and Persians ~ 800 ADArabs and Persians ~ 800 ADAlgorithmsAlgorithms

CSCE 181: History 7

AlgorithmsAlgorithms

A Famous Arab MathematicianA Famous Arab MathematicianAbu Jafar Mohammed Ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi

In early 800s ADIn early 800s ADWorked at center of learning in Worked at center of learning in

Abu Jafar Mohammed Ibn Musa Al Khwarizmi

BaghdadBaghdadWrote book: Wrote book: HisabHisab Al Al JabrJabr WalWal--MugabalahMugabalahgg

Described how to compute several Described how to compute several practical problems, including linear and practical problems, including linear and quadratic equationsquadratic equationsTranslated into Latin, spread throughout Translated into Latin, spread throughout EuropeEurope

Solidified number system in use now: Solidified number system in use now: “Arabic numerals”“Arabic numerals”Al Al JabrJabr gives us the word “algebra”gives us the word “algebra”AlAl--KhowarizmiKhowarizmi gives us the wordgives us the word fig. from Donald Knuth's website

CSCE 181: History 8

AlAl--KhowarizmiKhowarizmi gives us the word gives us the word “algorithm”“algorithm”

f g f

Early Computing DevicesEarly Computing DevicesEarly Computing DevicesEarly Computing Devices

AbacusAbacusAbout 3000 BCAbout 3000 BCDifferent types, developed over timeDifferent types, developed over time

Common wire/bead: about 500 BCCommon wire/bead: about 500 BCS ill i dS ill i dSome still in use todaySome still in use today

John Napier’s BonesJohn Napier’s Bones1617: Sticks with numbers on them1617: Sticks with numbers on themU d 4 b i i h i iU d 4 b i i h i iUse to do 4 basic arithmetic operationsUse to do 4 basic arithmetic operations

William William Oughtred’sOughtred’s Slide RuleSlide Rule1622: Sticks with logarithmic scale, slide 1622: Sticks with logarithmic scale, slide alongalongalongalongMuch more complex calculationsMuch more complex calculationsUsed well into 20Used well into 20thth century (replaced by century (replaced by handheld calculator)handheld calculator)

CSCE 181: History 9

fig from http://www.ee.ryerson.ca/~elf/abacus

More Early Computing DevicesMore Early Computing DevicesBlaiseBlaise PascalPascal

1642: First mechanical calculating 1642: First mechanical calculating machine (addition and subtraction)machine (addition and subtraction)machine (addition and subtraction)machine (addition and subtraction)

Gottfried LeibnizGottfried Leibniz1673: 41673: 4--function mechanical calculator function mechanical calculator (addition, subtractions, multiplication, (addition, subtractions, multiplication, division)division)

• Used cogs and gears• Showed mechanization can simplify and speed up

fig from http://www.tcf.ua.edu/AZ/ITHistoryOutline.htm

CSCE 181: History 10

Showed mechanization can simplify and speed up numerical calculations

Are These Devices Computers?Are These Devices Computers?Are These Devices Computers?Are These Devices Computers?

Not considered generalNot considered general--purpose computerspurpose computersNot considered generalNot considered general purpose computers.purpose computers.They lackThey lack

MMMemoryMemoryAbility to be programmedAbility to be programmed


First Programmable Device with First Programmable Device with MemoryMemory

A loom!A loom!A loom! A loom! Used to weave cloth with patternsUsed to weave cloth with patternsInvented by Joseph Jacquard France 1804Invented by Joseph Jacquard France 1804Invented by Joseph Jacquard, France, 1804 Invented by Joseph Jacquard, France, 1804 Automated loom using punched cards to create Automated loom using punched cards to create patternpatternpatternpattern

Hole in card at a certain place causes change in the Hole in card at a certain place causes change in the weave at corresponding place in the fabricweave at corresponding place in the fabricw v c sp d g p c b cw v c sp d g p c b c


Jacquard LoomJacquard LoomJacquard LoomJacquard LoomMemory: the punch cardsMemory: the punch cardsProgrammable: change the cardsProgrammable: change the cardsCapture human expertise in a Capture human expertise in a machinemachineTarget of Luddite movementTarget of Luddite movement

fig from Wikipedia, Jacquard loom

entry

Riots against Industrial RevolutionRiots against Industrial RevolutionThreatened craft guildsThreatened craft guilds


fig from britannica.com

Charles Babbage & Difference EngineCharles Babbage & Difference Engine

England, 1822England, 1822--1830: Designed and 1830: Designed and worked on a “Difference Engine” for worked on a “Difference Engine” for ggcalculationscalculations

Compute tables of logarithmsCompute tables of logarithmsNever finished it: current manufacturing Never finished it: current manufacturing technology not able to provide required technology not able to provide required precision in cogs and gearsprecision in cogs and gearsprecision in cogs and gears precision in cogs and gears Others later built one: 7 feet by 11 feet, 3 Others later built one: 7 feet by 11 feet, 3 tons, 4000 moving partstons, 4000 moving parts

fig from http://www.tcf.ua.edu/AZ/ITHistoryOutline.htm


Charles Babbage & Analytical EngineCharles Babbage & Analytical Engineg gg g1833: Designed the “Analytical Engine”1833: Designed the “Analytical Engine”

Could not get funding, since never finished first machine, Could not get funding, since never finished first machine, b f ll d i db f ll d i dbut fully designedbut fully designed

to be steamto be steam--poweredpoweredThis was the This was the first general purpose computerfirst general purpose computer!!g p p pg p p p

Separate storage from calculationSeparate storage from calculationFamiliar parts:Familiar parts:

mill <=> ALUmill <=> ALUstore <=> memorystore <=> memory

t <=> t l itt <=> t l itoperator <=> control unitoperator <=> control unitoutput <=> input/outputoutput <=> input/output

Used punched cardsUsed punched cards


Used punched cardsUsed punched cardsfig from http://www.tcf.ua.edu/AZ/ITHistoryOutline.htm

Ada LovelaceAda LovelaceAugusta Ada Byron, Countess of Augusta Ada Byron, Countess of LovelaceLovelace

D h f L d BD h f L d BDaughter of poet Lord ByronDaughter of poet Lord ByronFriend of Charles BabbageFriend of Charles Babbage

Translated, edited, and commented on Translated, edited, and commented on document describing Babbage’s document describing Babbage’s Analytical EngineAnalytical Engine

• Described its potential as a general purpose computer – Wrote “programs” that could be run on it. As a result, she is often

considered the world’s first computer programmerconsidered the world s first computer programmer.– Wrote about potential uses, even for computer music

fig from women cs cmu edu/ada


fig from women.cs.cmu.edu/ada

Following BabbageFollowing BabbageFollowing BabbageFollowing Babbage

General purpose computing stalledGeneral purpose computing stalledGeneral purpose computing stalledGeneral purpose computing stalledInstead, several different specific devicesInstead, several different specific devices

M t t ti l d i till h i lM t t ti l d i till h i lMost computational devices still mechanicalMost computational devices still mechanicalTypewriters (1868)Typewriters (1868)Adding machines (1875) and calculatorsAdding machines (1875) and calculatorsCash registers (1879)Cash registers (1879)


U.S. CensusU.S. CensusU.S. CensusU.S. Census

Taken every 10 yearsTaken every 10 yearsTaken every 10 yearsTaken every 10 yearsBy late 1800s, was becoming more difficultBy late 1800s, was becoming more difficult

1880 census not tabulated until 18881880 census not tabulated until 18881880 census not tabulated until 18881880 census not tabulated until 1888Serious doubt that 1890 census could be finished before time Serious doubt that 1890 census could be finished before time for following censusfor following censusCompetition held to develop automatic enumeration and Competition held to develop automatic enumeration and tabulation of census datatabulation of census data

A f d t l d f r “l rA f d t l d f r “l r l ” p til ” p tiA fundamental need for “largeA fundamental need for “large--scale” computingscale” computing


Herman HollerithHerman HollerithHerman Hollerith developed Herman Hollerith developed tabulating machinetabulating machinetabulating machinetabulating machine

Developed machines for encoding Developed machines for encoding information on punched cardsinformation on punched cardsCards could be sorted and Cards could be sorted and tabulatedtabulated

1890 census completed in 21890 census completed in 21890 census completed in 2 1890 census completed in 2 years with Hollerith’s machinesyears with Hollerith’s machines

Also saved millions of dollarsAlso saved millions of dollarsfig from www.columbia.edu/acis/history/census-tabulator.html


Further DevelopmentFurther DevelopmentWork continued on machines to add, tabulate, record.Work continued on machines to add, tabulate, record.

Charles Flint: Computing, Tabulating, Recording (CTR) company, Charles Flint: Computing, Tabulating, Recording (CTR) company, followed up on Hollerith’s work.followed up on Hollerith’s work.Thomas J. Watson renames CTR to International Business Machines Thomas J. Watson renames CTR to International Business Machines (IBM) in 1924.(IBM) in 1924.

Individual machines were created for Individual machines were created for eacheach stage of a processstage of a processFor example, separate machines to count, sort.For example, separate machines to count, sort.Most machines encoded information on punched cardsMost machines encoded information on punched cardsMost machines encoded information on punched cards.Most machines encoded information on punched cards.

fig from www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/


Encoding InformationEncoding InformationEncoding InformationEncoding InformationPunched cards were used to Punched cards were used to store informationstore information

Jacquard’s LoomJacquard’s LoombbbbBabbage’s machinesBabbage’s machines

Hollerith’s tabulating Hollerith’s tabulating machinesmachines

fig from www.columbia.edu/acis/

history/census-tabulator.html

IBM machinesIBM machinesPunched cards and punched Punched cards and punched

fftape seen as a way of tape seen as a way of achieving compatibility, achieving compatibility, transfer of data.transfer of data.


transfer of data.transfer of data.

Impact of World War IIImpact of World War II

Applications of the 1940's:Applications of the 1940's:B lli i blB lli i blBallistics tablesBallistics tablesTroop deployment dataTroop deployment dataSecret codesSecret codes

fig from www.diggerhistory.info

• Several research projects, funded by military, focused on developing computers

f g f gg y f

– On both sides


Howard Aiken & MARK IHoward Aiken & MARK IFunded by Navy and IBM, at Harvard Funded by Navy and IBM, at Harvard 1930's and 40's1930's and 40'sGeneralGeneral--purpose programmable purpose programmable computercomputerUsed relays, magnets and gearsUsed relays, magnets and gearsy , g gy , g gUsed binary values (0/1) instead of Used binary values (0/1) instead of decimal (0 to 9)decimal (0 to 9)Used vacuum tubes and electricUsed vacuum tubes and electricUsed vacuum tubes and electric Used vacuum tubes and electric current (on/off) instead of 10current (on/off) instead of 10--toothed toothed gearsgears

bbMemory: 72 numbersMemory: 72 numbersSpeed: 23Speed: 23--digit multiplication in 4 digit multiplication in 4 secondsseconds

fig from www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/


Grace Murray HopperGrace Murray Hopper

fig from cs.vassar.edu/history/hopper

Joined Naval Reserve in 1943Joined Naval Reserve in 1943As Lieutenant, became one of the first programmers of the Mark IAs Lieutenant, became one of the first programmers of the Mark IEventually reached rank of AdmiralEventually reached rank of Admiral

fig from computerhistory.org

Eventually reached rank of AdmiralEventually reached rank of Admiral

Noted difficulty of programming in machine languageNoted difficulty of programming in machine languageWanted way of specifying programming more naturallyWanted way of specifying programming more naturallyCreated the Created the firstfirst compiler, Acompiler, A--OOSubsequently created other compilers, became strong proponent of Subsequently created other compilers, became strong proponent of compilers/programming languagescompilers/programming languages


Developed programming languages, notably COBOL (1959)Developed programming languages, notably COBOL (1959)

ENIACENIAC"El t i N i l I t t d"El t i N i l I t t d"Electronic Numerical Integrator and "Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer"Computer"1940's1940'sMotivating application: calculate firing tablesMotivating application: calculate firing tablesMotivating application: calculate firing tables Motivating application: calculate firing tables (how to aim gun depending on distance, wind (how to aim gun depending on distance, wind speed, temp, etc.)speed, temp, etc.)Funded by Army at Univ. of Penn.Funded by Army at Univ. of Penn.y yy yJohn Mauchly & Presper Eckert lead John Mauchly & Presper Eckert lead designersdesignersFirst First fully electronicfully electronic generalgeneral--purpose computerpurpose computerf yf y gg p p pp p pVacuumVacuum--tube basedtube basedRequired rewiring to change program Required rewiring to change program originallyoriginally100 feet long, 10 feet high, 30 tons100 feet long, 10 feet high, 30 tons1000 times faster than Mark I1000 times faster than Mark I figs from

www.library.upenn.edu/exhibits/rbm/mauchly/jwm8b


wm8b

Other Contemporary ProjectsOther Contemporary ProjectsOther Contemporary ProjectsOther Contemporary Projects

Z1: GermanyZ1: Germany KonradKonrad ZuseZuseZ1: Germany, Z1: Germany, KonradKonrad ZuseZuseDestroyed during WWII before completedDestroyed during WWII before completed

ABC I St t J hABC I St t J h At ffAt ff & Cliff d& Cliff dABC: Iowa State, John ABC: Iowa State, John AtanasoffAtanasoff & Clifford & Clifford BerryBerry

S l f li iS l f li iSolve systems of linear equationsSolve systems of linear equationsColossus: England, Alan TuringColossus: England, Alan Turing

Cracked German Enigma codeCracked German Enigma codeShrouded in secrecy until 1970'sShrouded in secrecy until 1970's


Aspect Still Missing…Aspect Still Missing…Aspect Still Missing…Aspect Still Missing…

All these projects still missing a key feature of modern All these projects still missing a key feature of modern p j g yp j g ycomputerscomputersProgramming these machines was done externally withProgramming these machines was done externally with

wireswiresconnectorsconnectorsplugboardsplugboardsplugboardsplugboards

Memory stored only Memory stored only data, data, not not instructionsinstructionsTo change the program need to rewireTo change the program need to rewireTo change the program, need to rewireTo change the program, need to rewire

Ex: 6000 switches on ENIACEx: 6000 switches on ENIAC


Von Neumann ArchitectureVon Neumann Architecture

John Von Neumann, mathematician, John Von Neumann, mathematician, physicist, chemist, computer physicist, chemist, computer p y , , pp y , , pscientist,… at Princetonscientist,… at PrincetonWorked on ENIACWorked on ENIACRealized shortcomingRealized shortcomingKey idea: Key idea:

fig from mathdl.maa.org

yyEncode instructions as binary values and Encode instructions as binary values and store in memory along with datastore in memory along with dataTo change program, rewrite sequence of To change program, rewrite sequence of instructionsinstructions

CSCE 181: History 28fig from cs.cmu.edu/ref/pgss/lecture/11

Storing ProgramsStoring ProgramsStoring ProgramsStoring Programs

EDVAC EDVAC –– Electronic Discrete Variable Automated CalculatorElectronic Discrete Variable Automated CalculatorJohn von Neumann describedJohn von Neumann describedUPenn, 1950UPenn, 1950Designed before ENIAC operationalDesigned before ENIAC operationalg pg pbecame commercial UNIVAC I, bought by Census Bureaubecame commercial UNIVAC I, bought by Census Bureau

EDSAC EDSAC –– Electronic Delay Storage Automated CalculatorElectronic Delay Storage Automated CalculatorMaurice Wilkes CambridgeMaurice Wilkes CambridgeMaurice Wilkes, CambridgeMaurice Wilkes, CambridgeBased on EDVAC ideas, but completed first (1949)Based on EDVAC ideas, but completed first (1949)


The Modern Era, 1950The Modern Era, 1950 -- PresentPresentThe Modern Era, 1950 The Modern Era, 1950 PresentPresent

Changes more evolutionary than revolutionaryChanges more evolutionary than revolutionaryg y yg y yFocused on making computersFocused on making computers

FasterFasterSmallerSmallerCheaperCheaperMore reliableMore reliableMore reliableMore reliableEasier to useEasier to use

Conventionally divided into rough "generations"Conventionally divided into rough "generations"y g gy g g


First Generation, 1950First Generation, 1950--19591959First Generation, 1950First Generation, 1950 19591959

First commercial computersFirst commercial computersFirst commercial computersFirst commercial computersFirst symbolic programming languagesFirst symbolic programming languagesBi i h iBi i h iBinary arithmeticBinary arithmeticVacuum tubes for storageVacuum tubes for storagePunched card I/OPunched card I/O


Second Generation, 1959Second Generation, 1959--19651965Second Generation, 1959Second Generation, 1959 19651965

Transistors and core memoriesTransistors and core memoriesTransistors and core memoriesTransistors and core memoriesreduced size and cost, increased reliabilityreduced size and cost, increased reliability

Fi t di k f tFi t di k f tFirst disks for mass storageFirst disks for mass storageFirst highFirst high--level programming languages and level programming languages and programmersprogrammers

FORTRAN, COBOLFORTRAN, COBOLFirst operating systemsFirst operating systems


Third Generation, 1965Third Generation, 1965--19751975Third Generation, 1965Third Generation, 1965 19751975

Integrated circuitsIntegrated circuitsggComponents are photographically etched onto pieces of Components are photographically etched onto pieces of siliconsiliconF th d ti i i d tF th d ti i i d tFurther reduction in size and costFurther reduction in size and cost

First miniFirst mini--computerscomputersDeskDesk--sized instead of roomsized instead of room--sizedsizedDeskDesk sized instead of roomsized instead of room sizedsized

TimeTime--shared operating systemsshared operating systemsAppearance of software industryAppearance of software industrypp ypp yIntroduction of computing standards for compatibilityIntroduction of computing standards for compatibility


Fourth Generation, 1975Fourth Generation, 1975--19851985Fourth Generation, 1975Fourth Generation, 1975 19851985

Very large scale integrated circuits (VLSI)Very large scale integrated circuits (VLSI)y g g ( )y g g ( )Complete system on one circuit boardComplete system on one circuit boardFurther reduction in size and cost, increased reliabilityFurther reduction in size and cost, increased reliability

First microFirst micro--computercomputerDeskDesk--top machine, instead of desktop machine, instead of desk--sizedsized

F th th f ft i d tF th th f ft i d tFurther growth of software industryFurther growth of software industryComputer networksComputer networksGraphical user interfacesGraphical user interfacesGraphical user interfacesGraphical user interfaces


Fifth Generation, 1985Fifth Generation, 1985 -- ??Fifth Generation, 1985 Fifth Generation, 1985 ??UltraUltra--large scale integrated circuits (ULSI)large scale integrated circuits (ULSI)

h 1 000 000 l hih 1 000 000 l himore than 1,000,000 elements on one chipmore than 1,000,000 elements on one chipSupercomputers and parallel processorsSupercomputers and parallel processorsLaptops and handLaptops and hand held computersheld computersLaptops and handLaptops and hand--held computersheld computersWireless computingWireless computingOnOn--line terabyte storage devicesline terabyte storage devicesOnOn--line terabyte storage devicesline terabyte storage devicesGlobal networks and distributed systemsGlobal networks and distributed systemsArtificalArtifical intelligenceintelligenceArtificalArtifical intelligenceintelligenceHiHi--res graphics, visualization, virtual res graphics, visualization, virtual realitlyrealitlyMultimedia user interfacesMultimedia user interfaces


The Future?The Future?The Future?The Future?

Speed of light limitation suggests that it won't be Speed of light limitation suggests that it won't be p g ggp g ggpossible to continue the exponential increases in speed possible to continue the exponential increases in speed with a single processorwith a single processor

N b l k fN b l k f i lii livon Neumann bottleneck of von Neumann bottleneck of sequentialitysequentialitySolution is Solution is concurrencyconcurrency, doing more than one thing at a , doing more than one thing at a timetimetimetime

PparallelPparallel computing, distributed computingcomputing, distributed computingLatest buzzword is "Latest buzzword is "multicoremulticore""Challenge is how to design algorithms to exploit the multiple Challenge is how to design algorithms to exploit the multiple corescores


SourcesSourcesSourcesSources

Schneider and Gersting, Schneider and Gersting, An Invitation to Computer ScienceAn Invitation to Computer Sciencegg ppprimary sourceprimary source

Slides from Prof. John KeyserSlides from Prof. John KeyserAmerican University’s Computing History MuseumAmerican University’s Computing History MuseumAmerican University s Computing History MuseumAmerican University s Computing History Museum

http://www.computinghistorymuseum.org/http://www.computinghistorymuseum.org/Virginia Tech’s History of Computing website:Virginia Tech’s History of Computing website:

http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~historyhttp://ei.cs.vt.edu/~historyComputer History MuseumComputer History Museum

http://www.computerhistory.org/http://www.computerhistory.org/p p y gp p y gIEEE Annals of the History of Computing (Journal)IEEE Annals of the History of Computing (Journal)

http://www.computer.org/portal/site/annals/index.jsphttp://www.computer.org/portal/site/annals/index.jsp


Documents

CSCE 181 Lecture 5courses.cse.tamu.edu/taylor/csce181/Lecture5.pdf · quadratic equations Translated into Latin, spread throughout Europe Solidified number system in use now: “Arabic