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Unit 6. Cultural diversity. Cultural Diversity (Don’t Write). Health care providers must work with and provide care to many different people. They must also respect the individuality of each person. A major influence on any individual’s uniqueness is the person’s cultural/ethnic heritage. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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CULTURAL DIVERSITY
Unit 6
Health care providers must work with and provide care to many different people. They must also respect the individuality of each person.
A major influence on any individual’s uniqueness is the person’s cultural/ethnic heritage
Cultural Diversity (Don’t Write)
Factors of individual uniqueness:Physical characteristicsFamily lifeSocioeconomic statusReligious beliefsGeographical locationEducationOccupationLife experiences
Cultural Diversity (Don’t Write)
CultureValues, beliefs, attitudes, languages,
symbols, rituals, behaviors, and customs which are unique to a particular group of people and passed on from one generation to the next
Set of RulesBlueprint or general design for living
Cultural Diversity (Write)
CultureInfluenced by culture:
○Family relations○Child rearing (raising)○Education○Occupational choice○Social interactions○Spirituality○Religious beliefs
Cultural Diversity
CultureInfluenced by culture:
○Food preferences○Health beliefs○Health care
Culture is NOT uniform among all members within a cultural group, but does provide a foundation for behavior
Cultural Diversity
CultureAll cultures have 4 basic
characteristics:1. Culture is learned
○ Culture does not just happen○ It is taught to others○ Children learn patterns of behavior by
imitating adults and developing attitudes accepted by others
Cultural Diversity
CultureAll cultures have 4 basic characteristics:2. Culture is shared:
○ Common practices and beliefs are shared with others in a cultural group
3. Culture is social in nature:○ Individuals in a cultural group
understand appropriate behavior based on traditions passed from generation to generation
Cultural Diversity
CultureAll cultures have 4 basic
characteristics:4. Culture is dynamic & constantly
changing:○ New ideas may generate different
standards for behavior○ Needs of the group are met through
change
Cultural Diversity
EthnicityClassification of people based on
natural origin and/or cultureShare common heritage, national
origin, social customs, language and beliefs
Even though every individual in the group may not practice all beliefs, the individual is still influenced by other members of the group
Cultural Diversity
EthnicityCommon groups in U.S. & countries of
origin:○African American: Central & South
African countries, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica
○Asian American: Cambodia, China, Hawaii, India, Indonesia & Pacific Island countries, Japan, Korea, Laos, Pakistan, Philippines, Samoa, Vietnam
Cultural Diversity
EthnicityCommon groups in U.S. & countries of
origin:○European American: England, France,
Germany, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Russia, Scandinavia, Scotland
○Hispanic American: Cuba, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Spain, & Spanish speaking countries in Central and South America
Cultural Diversity
EthnicityCommon groups in U.S. & countries of
origin:○Middle Eastern/Arab American: Egypt,
Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Yemen & other North African & Middle Eastern countries
○Native American: Over 500 tribes of American Indians and Eskimos
Cultural Diversity
EthnicityIt is important to recognize that within
each of the ethnic groups there are numerous subgroups, each with it’s own lifestyle and beliefs.
Example: ○ European American group includes Italians
and Germans; each has different languages and lifestyles
Cultural Diversity
RaceClassification of people based on
physical, or biological characteristics○ Color of skin, hair, eyes○ Facial features○ Blood type○ Bone structure
Frequently used to label a group of people and explain patterns of behavior
Cultural Diversity
RaceValues, beliefs and behaviors learned
from the ethnic/cultural group that generally account for behaviors attributed to race (Example Below)○Blacks from Africa and blacks from the
Caribbean share many of the same physical characteristics, but they represent different ethnic groups and have different cultural beliefs and values
Cultural Diversity
RaceThere are also different races present in
most ethnic groups○White & black Hispanics○White African & Carribbeans○White & Black Asians
Cultural Diversity
Cultural DiversityDifferences among people resulting
from cultural, ethnic and racial factors Cultural Assimilation
The absorption of other cultures into the dominant culture
The U.S. seen as “melting pot”Requires that cultural groups alter
beliefs and behaviors (mercy killings)
Cultural Diversity
AcculturationLearning the beliefs and behaviors of
the dominant cultureAssuming some characteristics of the
dominant cultureOccurs slowly over long periods of time
SensitivityThe ability to recognize and appreciate
the personal characteristics of others
Cultural Diversity
SensitivityExample: In Native American and
Asian cultures, calling a patient by their first name is disrespectful
Health care workers will always address patients (or residents) by their last name, unless the patient requests to be addressed by their first name or nickname.
Cultural Diversity
BiasA preference that prevents impartial
judgmentEthnocentric: believe that their ethnic
group is supreme above all other groups○May antagonize or be unfriendly toward
people from other cultures
Cultural Diversity
BiasExamples of common biases:Age: young people believing that they are
physically and mentally superior to older people
Education: college-educated individuals believing that they are superior to uneducated individuals
Economic: wealthy people believing that they are superior to the less wealthy
Cultural Diversity
BiasExamples of common biases:Physical appearance: thin people
believing that they are superior to obese people
Occupation: physicians believing that nurses are inferior medical professionals
Sexual preference: Heterosexuals believing that homosexuals are inferior
Gender: Men believing women are inferior.
Cultural Diversity
PrejudiceStrong feeling about a person or
subject; to prejudgeFormed without reviewing facts or
informationThey are right; everyone else is wrongALL individuals are prejudice to some
degree
Cultural Diversity
StereotypingAssumption made that everyone in a
particular group is the sameIndividual characteristics are ignoredIndividuals are “labeled”Example:
○“All blondes are dumb”
Cultural Diversity
StereotypingThere is NO room for stereotyping of
any kind in health care.Avoid jokesWith patients: Be open about subjects
you would normally not even discussEvaluate all information before you form
an opinionYou are a professional
Cultural Diversity
Family OrganizationFamilies vary in their composition and
in the roles assumed by family membersTwo Types:
○Nuclear family: mother, father, children (biological or “step”)
○People outside family usually care for children, sick or elderly
Cultural Diversity
Family OrganizationTwo Types:
○Extended family: nuclear family plus grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins
○Families tend to take care of their children, sick or elderly
○Hispanic / Asian Cultures
Cultural Diversity
Family OrganizationPatriarch / Matriarch:Patriarchal Family: Father or oldest
male is authority figure○Will make most health care decisions for all
family members○Asian / Middle Eastern cultures believe that
the male has the power and authority and women are expected to be obedient
○Husbands makes medical decisions for wife
Cultural Diversity
Family OrganizationPatriarch / Matriarch:Matriarchal Family: Mother or oldest
female is authority figure○Will make most health care decisions for all
family members○Mother and father may make some
decisions together○ “I have to check with my husband (wife)
before making a decision.”
Cultural Diversity
Language20% of the U.S. population speaks a
language other than English at homeDifferent dialectsMay speak English, but not read it.Find Translator
Cultural Diversity
LanguageFor health care workers:
○ Nonverbal communication is very important (smile, gentle touch - if culturally appropriate)
○Communication boards○Most states require that any medical
permit requiring a written signature be printed in the patient’s primary language
Cultural Diversity
LanguageFor health care workers – DO NOT:
○Express frustration because the patient does not speak English
○Be offended if patient or family members communicate in their primary language, even if the patient speaks English
Cultural Diversity
LanguageFor health care workers – DO NOT:
○ Speak inappropriately to other staff about a patient (EVER) because you think they do not understand what you are saying.
○Laugh or make fun of the words or foreign language spoken
○Forget that your patient does not understand, is likely scared & needs help
Cultural Diversity
Personal Space and TouchDistance that people require to feel
comfortable while interacting with othersVaries greatly among different culturesClose Contact vs. Distant Contact
Cultures
Cultural Diversity
Personal Space and TouchClose Contact Cultures
○Arabs: touch, feel, and smell people with whom they interact
○French and Latin Americans: stand very close together while interacting
○Hispanics: hugs and handshakes to greet others
Cultural Diversity
Personal Space and TouchDistant Contact Cultures
○European and African: may shake hands as a greeting, but want 2-6 feet separation during interaction
○Asians: stand close together, but not touch; kissing, hugging seen as very intimate acts and are NEVER done in public.
Cultural Diversity
Personal Space and TouchDistant Contact Cultures
○Cambodians: all members of opposite sex – even if related – never touch each other; only parent can touch the head of a child
○Vietnamese: only elderly to touch head of a child because head is considered sacred
Cultural Diversity
Personal Space and TouchDistant Contact Cultures
○Middle Eastern: men may not touch females who are not immediate family; only men can shake hands with other men; may cause female patients to refuse care from male nurse.
○Native Americans: value personal space as important; will only lightly touch other person’s hand when greeting
Cultural Diversity
Eye ContactEuropeans: regard eye contact as sign
of interest and trustworthinessAsians: consider direct eye contact
rudeNative Americans: use peripheral vision
to avoid direct eye contactHispanic & African Americans: brief eye
contact, but then look away as a sign of respect and attentiveness
Cultural Diversity
GesturesUS: nodding head up & down means
“yes” and side-to-side for “no”India: head motions for “yes” and “no
are exact oppositeUS: pointing is acceptedAsian & Native Americans: pointing is
seen as a serious threat
Cultural Diversity
Gestures
US: “OK” hand gestureAsian Culture: can be seen as an
insult
Cultural Diversity
End of Lecture