Culture and Contributions

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Writing Daily Life

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Creative people Time thinking about

purpose of life Organizing and

doing Democracy History, philosophy,

drama and theater ideas born.

First olympics. Map of Ancient Gree

ce

B.C. and A.D. 1500 years ago, a monk worked

out a Christian system for dating events, starting with the year he believed Christ was born. He called the years after this event anno Domini (in the year of the Lord) and the years before Christ’s birth are before Christ.

To date an event before Christ we count backwards from 1.

Today we use BCE (before the common era) and CE (common era).

Ancient Greek Timeline

Math & Science

Literature Government & Philosopy

Aristarchus Homer Alexander the Great

Euclid Hesiod Socrates

Archimedes Sappho Phillip II

Eratosthenes Aescchylus Plato

Hipparchus Sophocles Zeno

Pythagoras Euripides Epicurus

Galen Menander Pyrrho of Elis

Democritus Aristotle Diogenes

Thales Pindar Solon

Freedom (every district separated by mountains or the sea = distinct groups)

No one leader, believe in worth of the individual

Each person do their very best (excellence) at any task he/she undertook

Balance Mind and Body “Nothing in excess” and “Know

thyself”

Large deposits of clays available Red-figured (background painted black and figures left

in natural red of clay) Black-figured (painted in black over red clay)art Functional and beautiful The Greek word for ceramics comes from keramos.

This name came from Keramikos, a part of Athens near or around the Dipylon Gate. Potters lived and produced their wares in this area.

Columns Doric Ionic Corinthian

Seen in several of the buildings Parthenon Temples Theaters

Closer Look

City of Athens built around a flat-topped limestone rock call the Acropolis=“high city”

Built a wall around it, dedicated it to Athena (Battle Goddess and later Goddess of reason, wisdom and purity)

Religious shrine and fortress, lots of temples to honor their gods & goddesses

View the Acropolis

City-States (polis=political organization) meaning the city, land around it and all the population.

Symbolized home, nation, country and religion Every citizen participated in the life and

government of the polis Small enough for every citizen (only males who

could vote counted), around 5,040 citizens totalling around 50,000 including women & children

All came together as a unit when threatened by foreign power

Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Thebes (check out the cities)

First democracy Golden Age (grew, five miles

from the sea) Governed by a king that later

became a member of the Areopagus, a council of statesmen. Statesmen prepared political matters for the general assembly to vote on and also judged murder trials.

City grew, problems between the farmers and aristocrats, so economic and social reforms to make Athens first democracy in 594B.C.

Survived two Persian Wars, surrendered to Sparta during Peloponnesian War in 404B.C.

Virtual Tour

Second best known city-state Military state, closed society Valleys of Peloponnesus,

fertile & well-watered, three sides surrounded by mountains (great defense)

•Three classes of people:

–Spartans, decendents of Dorians, rulers (best soldiers in the world) –Helots, slaves of the state (not able to vote)–Free farmers and craftsmen (not able to vote)

History of Spartans

Spartans:Male/female rigorouslytrained from birth, physically

Boys taken from families at age 7 to live in barracks, began their only career, a soldier

Learned total obedience, superhuman endurance, and skills of a soldier.

Close-shaved heads, marched barefoot.

Popular story of a Spartan boy who stole a fox and hid it under his garment; it ate a hole in his stomach, but the boy would never showed pain or admited the theft.

Age 20 - 30 cadet, guarding the borders, policed the country and controlled the slaves. Kill anyone who was rebellious or showed potential leadership (Crispin)

Age 30, married, mature enjoyed rights and duties of a citizen until 60, military duty over then train youth or public service

Lost only two battles in 500 years, terrifying in combat, wearing garlands on their heads and marching to a piper’s religious hymn, total order, now fear

Life as a Spartan Family

Bay of Marathon - 20, 000 Medes and Persians landed

Greeks meet them with 10,000 Athenians and 1,000 Plataeans

Before the battle, Athenians sent the fastest runner in Greece to bring help from Sparta (150 miles away)

Spartans wouldn’t come, religious festival (took only two days of running)

Greeks watching Persians from the hills around Marathon, outnumbered, but decided to take them by surprise

Persians thought Greeks crazy and retreated to ships and destroyed 7 of their ships, they retreated.

Sent Pheidippides (already exhausted) to race the 25 miles back to Athens to tell of their victory

Uttered “Rejoice, we conquer” and died.

April 10, 1896, twenty-five young men started running toward Athens from Marathon to recreate that 25 mile run.

1908 changed from 25 miles to 26 miles, later Boston Marathon changed to 26.2 distance from it’s starting to ending points.

Freest in Greece Participated in many

sports in public Threw the discus,

wrestled, learned to use javelin (instrument of war)

Healthy mothers = healthy children for their state

Sparta details

Goal: to contribute to a peaceful and better world by educating youth through sport, which is practiced without discrimination of any kind and in the olympic spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play.

Creed: “The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win, but to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph, but the struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered, but to have fought well.”

First Olympics

Five rings symbolize the five continents represented in the games (Europe, Asia, Oceania and the Americas)

Colors of the rings: Blue, Yellow, Black, Green and Red (every country’s flag in these continents has at least one of these colors in it)

Myths are symbolic stories created by the ancient peoples to explain their world. When the ancient Greeks were frightened and did not understand what was going on, they created a story to explain it example: did not understand

thunder, so created a story about a god that was angry and shook the heavens

Gods and Goddesses Exciting stories, well-

defined characters, heroic action, challenging situations and deep emotions (magic, beauty, strong visual images)

How well do you know the gods and goddesses?

Aesop was a Greek slave who wrote fables

Fables are short stories that teach a moral truth.

Simple plots, animal characters symbolizing human traits and explicitly stated morals

Greek lyre Made from large

tortoise shell Similar to Harp of

today Apollo, the God of

Music, played for other Gods on Mount Olympus

Many of our words today are borrowed from the Ancient Greeks

The root of many words like telescope (tele=far off) or thermometer (thermo=heat)

The word alphabet comes from alpha and beta, the first two characters in the Greek alphabet.

Illiad and Odyssey, by blind poet Homer

Written and recited as songs Iliad means “poem about Troy”,

tells a tale of a great hero or many great heros

Odyssey, brother to Iliad