Culture of Marine ShrimpCulture of Marine Shrimp

By

Leonard LovshinDepartment of Fisheries and

Allied AquacultureAuburn University, AL 36849

USA

Major Culture Species

Pacific white shrimpPeneaus vannamei

Pacific tiger shrimpPeneaus monodon

Native Range

P. vannameiP. monodon

Pacific white shrimp biology

Food habits – benthic organizms, detritus

Preferred water temperatures – 25 to 30o C

Preferred salinity – 15 to 25 ppt

Sexual maturity - 1 year

Life Cycle

Adults spawn at sea, the eggs and larvae drift to inshore estuaries where the juveniles grow. Adults move back to sea to spawn.

Marine shrimp have been harvested from coastal waters, processed and shipped as frozen product for many years. Shrimp farmers took advantage of the infrastructure to market cultured shrimp.

Shrimp postlarvae can be captured from the wild

Push nets

Shrimp postlarvae can be produced in hatcheries Nauplii stage

Zoea stage

Mysisstage

Mature adults for spawning in hatcheries are captured from the ocean or raised in captivity.

Ocean

captivity broodstock

Wild and hatchery produced postlarvae are stocked into earthen ponds for grow-out

Ponds should be built on salt flats, which are covered during high tide twice a month.

Mangrove forest should be preserved. Mangroves are flooded daily by the high tides

Ponds are 5 to 10 ha in area, water depth averages 1 m and bottoms are flat and slope to a drain to aid shrimp harvest.

Ponds are filled with saltwater pumped from estuaries into canals that distribute water to every pond.

diesel pumps

Drain structures are “monks” or sluice gates which control water level, top or bottom water release and keep shrimp from escaping the pond.

Shrimp can be cultured:

1.Extensively

2.Semi-intensively

3.Intensively

Postlarvae enter the pond with the tide or are stocked at < 4/m3. Sometimes the pond entrance is screened to limit entrance of predators. Water is not fertilized and shrimp are not fed.

Extensive culture

Semi-intensive culture

Postlarvae are stocked into ponds at 15 to 25/m3 and are fed daily. Some water exchange is practiced to maintain water quality.

Shrimp are fed sinking pellets which are distributed over the pond surface. Feeding trays are sometimes used to help determine shrimp appetite.

Intensive Culture

Shrimp are stocked at 35 -250/m2 in tanks and small ponds with heavy aeration and water exchange.

Ponds are fed daily

Shrimp are sampled weekly to check growth rate

Intensive Culture

Expansion of pond area leads to poor water quality and high shrimp mortality

Water intake pipes and effluent release in Taiwan

Diseases have reduced the shrimp harvest in many countries.

Black-spot disease

Taura virus

Shrimp are benthic animals and live on the pond bottom. Pond bottoms should be dried to oxidize organic matter in pond mud before stocking shrimp. Reducing organic material improves water quality.

Shrimp are harvested as they pass through the sluice gate during pond draining.

Yields are:1. Extensive – 500 kg/ha/crop

2. Semi-intensive – 1,000 to 1,500 kg/ha/crop

3. Intensive – 10,000 to 20,000 kg/ha/crop

Shrimp are transported to processors that freeze the whole or deheaded shrimp in blocks of water by size.

Most cultured shrimp is exported to the U. S., Europe and Japan.

capture74%

aquaculture26%

3,081 mmt1,087 mmt

The harvest of marine shrimp by wild capture and aquaculture in 2000

World harvest of farmed marine shrimp in 2000 was 1,087,111 MT

Ecuador81000 MT

India73,000 MT

China114,000 MT

Thailand204,000 MT

Indonesia98,000 MT

The East produced 90% of the world farmed marine shrimp while the West produced 10 %.

Harvest of marine shrimp in the U. S. in 1999 was 2,098 MT, less than 0.2 % of world harvest.

Excellent markets and ease of culture has made shrimp one of the fastest growing aquaculture industries during the

past 20 years.

Excellent markets and ease of culture has made shrimp one of the fastest growing aquaculture industries during the

past 20 years. THE END