Current Technology CaPs

CaPSCaPS

Catastrophic Protection SystemCatastrophic Protection System

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KEY IDEASKEY IDEAS

♦ Beware – UL 1449 has changed !!!!!!♦ MOV’s & Temp Over Voltages !!!!!!♦ TVSS Inside the Switchgear ??♦ Build a TOV resistant SPD ♦ Catastrophic Protection Systems Catastrophic Protection Systems

Damage Increases with TIME!TIME!

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It’s About Time!It’s About Time!

Nano Micro Milli Seconds Minutes

Voltage

Destructive Energy

Transients TOV Swells Overvoltage

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Surge IndustrySurge IndustryRegulating BodiesRegulating Bodies

♦ UL 1449 – 2nd Edition Defines safety criteria – Abnormal Overvoltages

♦ ANSI/IEEE 1100-2005Identifies TOV & Overvoltages

♦ ANSI/IEEE C62.41-1991Identifies transient surges

♦ NEMA LS 1Defines product performance

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Transient Surge ComparedTransient Surge Comparedto Power Waveformto Power Waveform

0° 90° 180° 270° 360°

~100 µSec

One Cycle (16667 µSec)

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Lightning strikes conductors directly.

Lightning strikes the ground directly. Ground potential rise creates voltage differential in a radial direction from the strike.

Cloud-to-cloud lightning electro-magnetically couples with conductors on the ground.

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SPD Shunt SurgesSPD Shunt SurgesAway From LoadAway From Load

Source Load

CLAMPING VOLTAGE

CLAMPING VOLTAGE

SPD

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It’s all about Ohm’s LawIt’s all about Ohm’s Law

With SPD V = I X R

Without SPD V = I X R

V = Voltage on the LineI = Current on the LineR = Impedance of the building

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Voltage

Destructive Energy

Transients TOV Overvoltage Abnormal OV

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UL 1449 ChangesUL 1449 ChangesFebruary 9, 2007February 9, 2007

♦ Expanded OVERVOLTAGE Testing(2 x nominal voltage)

♦ Added 7 hour intermediate fault current levels– 10 amps– 100 amps– 500 amps– 1000 ampsTo the original 5 amp & 200kA test

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What indicates a failure?What indicates a failure?

Units can not exhibit any of the following during testing♦ Emissions of flame, molten metal, glowing or flaming

particles through any opening in the product.♦ Charring, glowing, or flaming of the supporting surface,

tissue paper or cheesecloth.♦ Ignition of the enclosure.♦ Creation of any openings in the enclosure resulting in the

accessibility of live parts in Section 13.♦ Loss of structural integrity to a degree that the equipment

collapses or experiences such displacement of parts that there is a risk of short-circuiting or grounding of current carrying parts.

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What does this meanWhat does this meanto a customer?to a customer?

♦ Manufacturers can not build product to the old standard after February 8th 2007.

♦ Products produced before February 9th 2007 can continue to be sold.

♦ There is no special markings for the newly certified products.

♦ Have to check the date of manufacture on the product.♦ Spec’s should state “must be manufactured after

February 9th 2007 to the latest UL 1449 directive”♦ Ask for a copy of the product’s new listing from a NRTL

(UL, ETL, Metlabs, CSA,TUV etc)

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Voltage

Destructive Energy

Transients TOV Swells Abnormal OV

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IEEE Std 1100, 2005IEEE Std 1100, 2005Power Quality DisturbancesPower Quality Disturbances

Power Quality Event Time Range Above Nominal Voltage Range

Over Voltage > 1 min 1.1 – 1.2

Swell 8 ms – 1 min 1.1 – 1.8

Temporary Over Voltage (TOV)

100 usec – 8 ms 1.8 – 2.0

Transient Surge 1nsec – 100 usec >1.2

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…low MCOV selected by a wish to providesurge protection with low limiting voltagefor loads perceived as needing such limiting voltage, but at a greater risk of destruction underTOV’s (Martzloff and Leedy 1989 [B219]

TOV’s difficult to prevent in a power system, if not impossible !!!!

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Reliability Chart for MOV’sReliability Chart for MOV’s

1

10

100

1000

10000

10 100 1000 10000

Sur

ge C

urre

nt

Impulse Duration (Microseconds)

1

2

10

10 2

10 3

10 4

10 5

10 6

Indef.

20 microseconds 5000 microseconds

Surge Current Rating Curves-20 mm MOVSurge Current Rating Curves-20 mm MOV

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Test 1Test 1 – – ApplyApply2 x Nominal 2 x Nominal Voltage toVoltage to120 / 150V120 / 150VMOVMOV

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MOV TestMOV Test

♦ Voltage is applied in 30 cycle bursts.♦ Capture current waveforms (Initially zero until the MOVs conduct.♦ Voltage increased in 25 volt increments ♦ Eventually MOVs will destruct and voltage is noted.

Variable Voltage Source

Voltage Probe

Current

Probe

4 Channel

Oscilloscope

4 MOVArray

30 Cycle Burst

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Voltage Exceeds MCOVVoltage Exceeds MCOV

MCOV

MCOV

16.67 ms 16.67 ms

5.083 ms(5083µs)

5.083 ms(5083µs)

5.083 ms(5083µs)

5.083 ms(5083µs)

16.67 ms 16.67 ms

Time Applied destroys MOVTime Applied destroys MOV

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Now that know how a simple SPD Now that know how a simple SPD reacts to a TOV… reacts to a TOV…

--- --- should we install it inside our should we install it inside our switch gear ??switch gear ??

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NO WAY!!!NO WAY!!!

♦ Makes a NASTY mess of your switchgear

♦ Everything has to be cleaned or replaced

♦ The Emerald Book tells us it is a BAD IDEA

♦ May require extensive service shut-down

♦ May require HOT repairs♦ HOT repairs require compliance to

OSHA and NFPA 70E

WHY…

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Integrated SPD is NOT SafeIntegrated SPD is NOT Safe

♦ Integrated SPD NOT RECOMMENDED by IEEE Emerald Book (IEEE Std 1100 – 2005 Section 8.4.2.5 )

Due to Switch Gear and Panel board contamination

– Product failure can contaminate the panel internally with ionized gases

– Carbon particles can cause a secondary and more serious failure, such as a Arc flashover

♦ Integrated Panels Must take an outage to repair/replace or operator MUST suit up

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Arc Flash and TVSS SafetyArc Flash and TVSS Safety

……. In the United States, between five and ten times a day, an arc flash explosion occurs in electric equipment and the event sends a victim to a special burn center…..

…. Of these burn victims, at Of these burn victims, at least 1 will die as a result of the least 1 will die as a result of the injuries received !!!!injuries received !!!!These statistics were compiled by CapSchell, Inc., a research and consulting firm specializing in preventing workplace injuries and deaths

ARC FLASH IS A REAL DANGERARC FLASH IS A REAL DANGER

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Suit Up for ServicingSuit Up for ServicingIntegral SPD’sIntegral SPD’s

Every time you go into the Gear – Danger!Every time you go into the Gear – Danger!

Anytime a surge protection module, test board, alarm sensors or even a surge counter battery has to be replaced inside live equipment of an integrated Transient Voltage Surge Suppression (TVSS) device, it puts your people at risk unnecessarily.

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How do you over come How do you over come TOV and Swell impact TOV and Swell impact on Service Entrance on Service Entrance

SPD’s SPD’s ??????

QuestionQuestion

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Combine SPD Combine SPD Technologies for a Technologies for a “BEST IN CLASS” “BEST IN CLASS”

SolutionSolution!!!!!!

AnswerAnswer

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Catastrophic Protectors ShuntCatastrophic Protectors ShuntTOV, Swells and TransientsTOV, Swells and Transients

From LoadFrom Load

Source Load

CLAMPING VOLTAGE

CLAMPING VOLTAGE

CaP

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V

I

MOVsSelenium

Routine Extreme

Response CurvesResponse Curves

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HYBRID TestingHYBRID Testing

♦ Selenium cell connected in parallel with the MOVs. ♦ Start at the last voltage where the MOVs failed. ♦ A 30 cycle burst is applied. ♦ Current sharing occurs in favor of the Selenium. ♦ MOVs of not exposed to damaging heat.♦ The voltage is increased.

Variable Voltage Source

Voltage Probe

Current

Probes

4 Channel Oscilloscope

MOVArray

30 Cycle Burst

Selenium

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The PreferredThe PreferredService Entrance SPDService Entrance SPD

♦ Must survive against transient surges, TOV & swell conditions.

♦ Must be able to not only save itself but also downstream equipment.

♦ Strong enough design to be placed in many different types of installations for an extended service life.

♦ Provide a quality AC filter against EMI noise.♦ Easy safe access for testing and servicing.

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Current TechnologiesCurrent TechnologiesSelect2 is a CaPS ProtectorSelect2 is a CaPS Protector

♦ It Survives Against Transient Surges, TOV & Swell Conditions using Selenium Hybrid Technology.

♦ Versatile design is listed as both Surge Arrestor and Surge Suppression device.

♦ Provides a quality AC filter.♦ “Best in Class” Clamping Voltages.♦ “Best in Class” Warranty (15 years).

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Safe Access &Safe Access &ServiceabilityServiceability

♦ External to the Service Entrance Switchgear♦ Survives TOV & Swell events♦ Can be isolated for safe servicing♦ Not an Arc Flash potential hazard♦ Routine performance checks in the field

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Survive Transients &Survive Transients &TOV SwellsTOV Swells

MCOV

MCOV

16.67 ms 16.67 ms 16.67 ms 16.67 ms

POOF!

PFFT!

POP!%

$#!

With apologies to Batman!

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Save Itself &Save Itself &Downstream LoadsDownstream Loads

A = Pearson Current XFMR (301 X)B = Pearson Current XFMR (101)C = Pearson Current XFMR (1423)

Applied Voltage: 213V (1.78 pu swell)Test Currents: 100APower Factor: ≤ .1%SL2-150-120/208-3GY + TG150-120/208-3GY + Computer

Selenium unit is situated closely to the swell source, the MOV is 200’ away Computer is 50 feet from MOV based SPD.

* Ask for white paper Test 4408-N to be sent to you on your survey page

PC SL2-150 TG150

200’ 50’

SOURCE

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Test Results with Test Results with TIME LINETIME LINE

Test 4408-N: 9/30/2006, 120/208V System, 100A available current Voltage = 1.8 x Nominal

♦ 0-8.11 sec: Selenium absorbing swell; computer

operating♦ 60 sec: Milestone met for Swell conditions♦ 102.51 sec:Selenium and MOV absorbing swell &

computer operating♦ 102.52 sec: MOV unit fails, Selenium absorbing swell;

computer operating♦ 197.27 sec:Selenium absorbing swell; computer

operating♦ 197.28 sec: Selenium fails♦ 197.28 sec: Computer fails Computer fails immediately

when Selenium fails

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ClosingClosing

♦ Specify new UL1449 & manufacture date after 2/9/07

♦ Know that MOV only based SPD will fail on the first TOV event

♦ TVSS inside switchgear – BAD IDEA ♦ New class of service entrance SPD -Catastrophic

Protection Systems ♦ Specify 200% voltage for 3600 cycles at service

entrance ♦ Specify Field test capability in your SPD

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Current Technology CaPs