NAME: MUHAMAD ASYRAF BIN MD ISA(1121100319)

MOHAMAD FAIQ BIN ROSLI(1121100254)

LECTURER : PUAN EYFA MAHFUZA BINTI YUSOF

Employees at Bellcore (now Telcordia

Technologies) developed Asymmetric Digital

Subscriber Line (ADSL) and filed a patent in 1988. A DSL circuit provides digital service. DSL facilities uses high-frequency sinusoidal

carrier wave modulation, which is an analog signal

transmission. DSL technology enables much higher speeds

across the twisted pair lines from the Central

Office to the home, school or business.

CONNECTION MAXIMUM TRANSFER DISTANCE

ADSL(Asymmetric Digital

Subscriber Line )

1.5 - 8 Mbit/s DownstreamUp to 1.544 Mbit/s Upstream

3.4 miles / 5.4 Km

HDSL T1 - 1.544 Mbit/s (2 wire pairs)E1 - 2.048 Mbit/s (3 wire pairs)

2.2 miles / 3.6 Km3.4 miles / 5.4 Km

SDSL (Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line)

T1 - 1.544 Mbit/sE1 - 2.048 Mbit/s

2 miles / 3 Km

VDSL(Very High-Data-Rate Digital Subscriber

Line )

13 - 52 Mbit/s Downstream1.5 - 2.3 Mbit/s Upstream

1,000 ft/304 m4,500 ft/1371 m

RADSL(Rate-adaptive digital subscriber line)

1.5 - 8 Mbit/s DownstreamUp to 1.544 Mbit/s Upstream

3.4 miles / 5.4 Km

The cables use to connect the phone network are mainly simple twisted pair copper wires, which have only been able to carry analogue traffic.

Today's fastest speed is 56 kbit/s to transmit the data.

A regular modem may give up to 56 kbps but a DSL can offer up to 1.5 Mbps.

DSL is secure. DSL is always on. Because , do not have to

connect and reconnect over time. DSL uses the existing wiring infrastructure of

telephone lines. Downloads are faster than uploads which

makes it ideal for situations where need a high volume of incoming data at low volume of outbound data.

DSL efficiency is related to distance. DSL is limited to a certain perimeter. There is no standardization.  DSL operates on traditional copper

telephone lines, and is incompatible with fibber optic lines.

If traffic on the phone line is heavy, it may experience stalling with the internet connectivity. 

Internet Protocol is really the architectural foundation for the entire TCP/IP suite.

As a formal protocol, IP was “born” when an early version of TCP developed in the 1970s

Internet Protocol was the publishing of RFC 791, Internet Protocol, in September 1981.

IP was created when its functions were split out from an early version of TCP that combined both TCP and IP functions.

Due to the difficulties associated with making such an important change, development of this new version of IP has actually been underway since the mid-1990s. This new version of IP is formally called Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) and also sometimes referred to as IP Next Generation or IPng.

Each computer connected to the Internet must have a unique IP address.

It uses 32-bit addresses, which are formatted as "111.111.111.111." Each section may contain a number from 0 to 255, which provides a total of 4,294,967,296 (2^32) possible addresses.

4.3 billion IP addresses is not enough to cover the worldwide requirement for unique IPs (nice planning guys). Therefore, IPv6, which supports 128-bit IP addresses, is currently being developed to replace IPv4.

IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses for Ethernet communication in five classes, named A, B, C, D and E. Classes A, B and C have a different bit length for addressing the network host. Class D addresses are reserved for multicasting, while class E addresses are reserved for future use.

Internet Backbone Maintaining Large Routing Tables

Quality of Service Concern in IPv4 IPv4 Security at IP Level

Limited address space Flat routing infrastructure Prioritized delivery IPv4 must be configured, either manually

or through the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP).

Mobility

Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) was develop on 1994 by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).

The new protocol aims to effectively support the ever-expanding Internet usage and functionality, and also address security concerns.

IPv6 uses a128-bit address size. will allow for as many as 3.4×1038 possible addresses, enough to

cover every inhabitant on planet earth several times over.

A brief recap of the major events in the development of the new protocol is given below: Basic protocol (RFC 2460) published in 1998

Basic socket API (RFC 2553) and DHCPv6 (RFC 3315) published in 2003.

Mobile IPv6 (RFC 3775) published in 2004

Flow label specifications (RFC 3697) added 2004

Address architecture (RFC 4291) stable, minor revision in 2006

Node requirements (RFC 4294) published 2006 IPv6 Features.

IPv6 provides header extensions that ease the implementation of encryption, authentication, and Virtual Private Networks (VPNs).

Multiple network addresses assigned to the same device.

Encryption and IPsec built in. No more checksums, better

performance side IP address assignment, no need

for DHCP.

IPv6 has a vastly larger address space than IPv4.

The IPv6 subnet size has been standardized by fixing the size of the host identifier portion of an address.

IPv6 is largely incompatible with IPv4 at the packet level.