CV4000- History of Engineering- 2013 [Compatibility Mode]

7/30/2019 CV4000- History of Engineering- 2013 [Compatibility Mode]

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History of Engineering

Dr Lum Kit Meng

c oo o v nvronmen a ngneerng

Ref: Engineering & Society, Chapter 1 & 2

2013 Engineers & Society 1

What is the place of history inengineering?

A chronologies of past events to help us to

understandwhy things happened.

Presents the past in a way that makes more.

Gives meaning to the continuity to a multiplicityof apparently unrelated events to make the

connection between engineering & differentaspects of human society.


When did engineering really begin?

technology, science, & engineering?

How does engineering affect society & theworldwe live in?

How do engineering activities affect you as

an engneer n e u ure


Technological Formation of HumanSociety

Technology, science & engineering

endeavor at different periods of human.

The relationshi s between the activitiesassociated with them have changed and

.



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Technology is a form of human cultural activity

for practical ends & purposes. It involves forming &transforming the material

world through ideas & thoughts; it is typically.

Technology is about solving problems & meeting

.

It includes products, processes & systems thattheir development & use.


The origin of technology dates from the

Earliest human ancestors were hunter-gatherers, taking advantage of animal lifeand seasonal variation of lant roduce.

Adopted systematic technological actionsto survive.


Made tools from wood and stone for survivalpurposes.

Stones were fractured to produce sharp edges.

Others include grinding stones, the wedge,carrying yoke, the ax & the spear.

,

of clothing & utensils for domestic use.


Fertile river valleys provided favorable

Domesticated animals as beasts ofburdens.

s a s men o agraran soc e y; e.g., nMesopotamia, the Nile Valley, others in

India & China.



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Primitive sledge for crop transportation.

B.C. in Egypt).

Use of wheel potters wheel, chariots, (3500B.C. in Mesopotamia).

Smelting & working of metals.

Large-scale control of water resources in river-based societies.


Mesopotamians built using

brick.

stones; e.g., the GreatPyramid of Gizeh 230m

, ,massive stone blocks (2 to 30tons each) assembled withsuc accuracy a rema nsimpressive today.

followed was built onEgyptian foundations. Source: National Geographic


The Greeks laid the first hiloso hical & scientific basis

for knowledge (600 B.C.).

Philosophers such as Thales, Socrates & Plato

a emp e o expa n e wor on e as s o ra ona

yrather myth.

because scholars disdained practical craft skills.

Euclid, P tha oras & Plato stru led to findphilosophical basis for natural phenomena & humanitysplace in the universe.

- . .

arrive at mathematical results, but discarded them in hisproofs.


Romans inherited Greek philosophy & mathematics butdid not encourage abstract science.

. Had engineers competent in contracts, specifications &

costin that built road s stems as ke militar

technology.

Roads facilitated rapid troop movement throughout theempre.

Romans also excelled in hydraulics bringing water to

pipes.



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Like Greece, Rome became technologically

stagnant.

Productivity was limited by widespread use ofslaves that precluded efforts to develop labor-savng tec no ogy.

Engineering advances in the military & transporte s rven y mpera en eavors to nva e

fortify cities.

The Roman Empire crumbled around 400 - 500A.D.


Relative chaos after the Roman Empire collapsed.

Expanding population led to cultivation of forested

the heavy soils of Northern Europe.

B 900 A.D. feudalis emer ed kin s & owerfulnobles gave land grants (not ownership) to members oftheir retinues who then rendered military services.

easan s ecame ser s o wor e an s e oprimitive accumulation of capital that gave rise to middle

class of peasants. Political sovereignty was fragmented; led to growth of

free cities.


-

City/town growth led to commodityroduction.

Formation of medieval craft guilds which,

& even employed workmen.

Economy based on serfs and craft workersrather than slaves encoura ed the use of

labor-saving technology.


Outbreak of bubonic plague, the black death inEurope in A.D. 1348.

Over 40% loss of population over twogenerations labor shortage.

Power based on land holding was challenged bytown-based merchants.

Led to a move away from feudalism.

Powerwas increasin l centralized in

monarchies monarchs were suspicious offeudal barons.



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Emergence of medieval technologies in military

& printing helped to strengthen the monarchies.Monarchs introduced standing armies,

permanent bureaucracy, taxation, law and the.

Rich monarchs, backed by powerful merchants,

capitalism.

of the New World of America.


Rediscovery of ancient Greek & Roman culture

& the discovery of America brought new ideas &.

Poets, artists & sculptors embraced new

medieval religious symbolism.

theology, law & medicine.

- example of a Renaissance man.


At the end of the 16th

century, observation &

Galileo Galilee

1564 - 1642

challenges to centuries-olddogma to present a newvew o na ure.

Galileo (1564-1642)eve ope e e escope

from observation ofJ u iters satellites,

concluded that the Earthrevolved round the sun.


Francis Bacon (1561-1626)was an enthusiast forindustrial science used

inductive approach to drawconclusions fromex erimental data.

Rene Descartes (1596-1650)emphasized deductiveapproac rougmathematics. Advocated thatscience & religion should besepara e promo e eadvance of science.



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-

In England, the guilds were weakenedby anti-monopoly

legislation.,

smelt iron important raw materials to make machines &structures.

In 1776, Adam Smith described the division of labor inpin making that greatly increased workers productivity.

nce pro uc on processes were s an ar ze , eacprocess could then be replaced by a machine.

transformation to modern industrial production.


The Industrial Revolution TheMachine Age

Mechanization of tasks led to profusion of machines for

spinning, sewing, iron smelting, etc.

their raw labor power to owners of factories & mills.

The industrial revolution rovidedem lo men for thosedisplaced from the land.

Social & economic impact of the industrial revolution popua on grow .

Population growth was both an underlying cause & a fuel

industries & markets for their products.


Steam powe was harnessed for use in machines byearly 17th century.

In 1698, Thomas Savery invented & patented a primitivesteam engine. It was J ames Watt who improved on the

to produce rotary motion.

ames Watts 1736-1819 im roved steam en ine drovenew machinery that took British industry to worldleadership.

Steam engine formed the basis for the rise of themechanical engineering profession.




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In 1804, Richard Trevithick built the first steam-powered

locomotive. In 1825, wrought iron rails were introduced and the

success of George Stephensons Rocket locomotive in.

Railway enabled the ability to move people & goodsuickl reliabl & economicall o ened u broader

markets for goods & services.

The buildin of railroads was a ma or factor in thecolonization of much of the rest of the world.



John Rennie John Smeaton Thomas Telford

(1716 - 1821) (1724 - 1792) (1757 - 1834)

1st President of ICE, 1820


Marc Isambard Brunel Isambard Kingdom Brunel George Stephenson

(1769 - 1849) (1806 - 1859) (1781 - 1848)

1st President of IMechE,



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The Crystal Palace Exhibition in London in 1851 was ace e raton o r ts engneers an engneerng, as t

marked the high point of British industrial ascendancy.


Settlers in US were extremely utilitarian dissentersfrom established churches.

a frontier spirit of inventiveness.

American entre reneurs desi ned industrial e ui mentthat reduced their dependence on labor.

American engineers took the lead in machine shopec nques o eveop e ec ve grn ng m ngmachines.

highly standardized products of interchangeable parts.


The early American Republic leaders recognized theneed to encourage domestic manufacture, especiallybasic militar e ui ment.

Expansion of American railroads opened up nationalmarkets for machine tools.

Tensions arose between slave-owning South and therapidly industrialized North led to the devastating

- modern weapons.

After the civil war, the railroads united the nations tomove ahead with greater momentum the 1s transcontinental rail link saw trainloads of baffalo skins goingeast for manufacture into consumer products.


Robert Fulton (1765-1815) bestknown for his pioneering work on Robert Fulton

s eam oa s. Eli Whitney (1765-1825)

patente a smpe cotton gn toseparate fibre from seeds. Milling

1820.



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Britains loss of industrial leadership from 1850s onwards

reflected complacency in societyat large.The peaceful & protracted transfer of power from

aristocracy to rising capitalist state fostered a self-limiting.

Industrialization in Britain was indigenous moreaccommodated to existin social structure.

Pressures to adopt values & interests of industrialization

were resisted b the rulin elite hence, Britain did notchange radically & have barely done so even now.


Universities emphasized on pursuit of scientific

knowledge for its own sake neglected &undervalued commercial application.

product discouraged standardization

.

Dominance of the steam engine delayed otherform of power development in Britain.


France &German develo ed the internal combustion

machine w/o real competition.

In the US, consumers were prepared to buy standard

ems, crea ng e oppor un y or mass pro uc on.Technological convergence in the US whereby a range

-technological needs.

The same machine tools were used across a ran e ofindustries over several decades within the samemanufacturing enterprises, there was a progression ofroducts from uns to machine tools to sewin

machines, bicycles, motorcycles, & finally toautomobiles.


Innovativedevelopmentof

use to producestandardizedinterchangeableparts, paved the way

moving assembly-linetechniques to produceautomobiles.



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From 1860 to 1900, manufacturingreplaced agriculture

as the leading source of economic growth in US. In the 2n half of the 19 century, the manufacturing

industry was itself transformed manufacturers shifted.

Heavy industry steel, iron, petroleum & machineryrew ra idl boosted b a number of technical

innovations.

Price of raw materials fell stimulated new demands &further technological changes.


Bismarck became

Chancellor ofermany n an

led a concerted drive

industrialization.

rea e s a e-ownenational railway to

market.


Push to expand foreign trade in the export ofindustrial products.

German government strongly promotededucation relevant to industrialization.

German manufacturers set up closely integrated.

By 1900, Germany had surpassed Britain as an,

university-level technical expertise.


Sir Henry Bessemer Gustave Eiffel Thomas Alva Edison

(1813 - 1898) (1832 - 1923) (1847 - 1931)



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Engineering Education & the Rise ofthe Profession

During the Industrial Revolution, engineer training inBritain involved paying a substantial fee for a 5-yearu ila e in an en ineers office.

Britain did not establish engineering schools (@ London& Glasgow Universities) until 1840.

Failure to recognized the need for systematic science-based education for technologists allowed other

.

Formal & informal associations of practicing engineers,

manufacturers, & scientists allowed exchange of ideas &experience in the general development o theengineering profession.



One early leade of the engineering profession was J ohnSmeaton, the 1st Englishman to differentiate himself as aCivil en ineer (rather than militar ).

In 1771, Smeaton & some colleagues formed theSmeatonian society of Civil Engineers.

The Institution of Civil Engieers (ICE) was formed in1818 to distinguished itself from other societies.

n , omas e or , a ea ng engneer o atime, became the President of ICE.

,the status as the leader of the profession.



Other major powers adopted a much morestructured approach to training engineers.

In 1676, France set up a specialized army corps ofengineers.

In 1747, France established the 1st engineeringschool, the Ecole Nationale des Ponts st

.

In 1794, the Ecole Polytechnique was established.

The engineering profession in France continues toenjoy high social status.



US Military Academy at West Point, established in 1802,was the first American military engineering school.

,Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, was established in 1823in New York.

The success of Rensselaer in attracting students forcedother established US universities to introduce technical

.

Germany established Berlin University in 1809 prototypefor the modern research university with academic rigor &laboratory experiments.

Germany also established polytechnics the 1st at


.


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In J apan, the Meiji Restoration of 1868 dismantled theJ apanese feudal system.

infrastructure for industrialization.

The Im erial Colle e ofEn ineerin was established inTokyo in 1873 emphasized practical & academic skills.

By the end of the Meiji era in 1912, there were 4 Imperialnvers es, a w engneerng ac es.

Military training centers, such as the J apanese Naval

,education.



The history of the engineering profession reflected the

transformation wrought by technological changes.

In the 17th & 18th century, civil engineering was increasinglydifferentiated from military engineering.

Mechanical engineering came with the steam engine &railroads in the late 18th and early 19th century.

As engineering practice developed, many specializationswere added to these basic disciplines.


Scientific Foundations of ModernEngineering

The previous role of science had been to explain &systemize what the engineer had done.

.

By mid 19th century, craft skills & technical know-howre uired much closer interaction between science &engineering.

By end 19th century, major new industries emergedase on scence sys ema c researc .

Individual inventors & engineers gave way to scientists &

development departments associated with industrialenterprises.


1869 Union Pacific Railroad across US, Suez Canalo ened

1876 Invention of telephone, 1st internal combustionengine

1878 Beginning of electric lighting

1900 Invention of radio

1903 Wilbur Wrights propeller biplane flight

1913 Ford movin assembl line

1914 Panama Canal opened



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1930 Invention of as turbine

1942 1st electronic computer

1957 Sputnik launched

1969 1st man on the moon

persona compu e

1981 Microsoft MS-DOS computer operating system

1982 Compact disc

1996 Dolly the cloned sheep was born on 5 J uly


History of ICE & IMech E:

www.ice.org.uk

www.imeche.org.uk

Achievements in the 20th century by US Academy ofEngineering:

www.grea ac evemens.org

UK engineers and inventions timeline:

. - .

Inventors and inventions

. . .

Legends of Silicon Valley


. .

Documents

CV4000- History of Engineering- 2013 [Compatibility Mode]