C.W. Shelmerdine Introduction to Greek 2 nd edition (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008)

C.W. ShelmerdineIntroduction to Greek 2nd edition(Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008)

Chapter 21

Shelmerdine Chapter 21Participles The present active participle in (1st principal part)The attributive participle The circumstantial participle Further notes on participlesThe future active participle (2nd principal part)The aorist active participle (3rd principal part)

Shelmerdine Chapter 21Verb

personnumbertense mood voice Adjective

numbergendercaseParticiple

numbergendercasetense mood voice

Shelmerdine Chapter 21PARTICIPLE

verb stem + adjective endingtense of verb voice of verbmeaning of verbnumber of subjectgender of subjectcase of subjectmood = participle

Shelmerdine Chapter 21Participles Fundamentally, participles are verbs which modify their subjects using adjective endings (instead of using personal endings to indicate their subject). After the indicative mood, participles are the second most common mood in Greek. In general, nearly a third of Greek verbs appear in participle form.

Shelmerdine Chapter 21Participles Participles exist in four tenses: PresentFutureAoristPerfect Participles exist in all three voices: ActiveMiddlePassive

Shelmerdine Chapter 21Participles All participles in the active voice use 3rd declension endings for the masculine and neuter and 1st declension endings for the feminine

Shelmerdine Chapter 212. The present active participle in

One of the most common and useful participles is the present participle active of be The masculine forms are effectively the endings you learned for , lion in Chapter 10.

Shelmerdine Chapter 212. The present active participle in present participle active of be masculine formssingularNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = nom.pluralNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = nom.nom. sg.: dat. pl.:

Shelmerdine Chapter 212. The present active participle in present participle active of be feminine formssingularNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = nom.pluralNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = nom.These are the same endings used by sea in Chapter 3

Shelmerdine Chapter 212. The present active participle in present participle active of be neuter formssingularNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. = nom. Voc. = nom.pluralNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. = nom.Voc. = nom.nom. sg.: dat. pl.:

Shelmerdine Chapter 212. The present active participle in For other verbs, simply add , , as an ending: masculine formssingularNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = nom.pluralNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = nom.

Shelmerdine Chapter 212. The present active participle in For other verbs, simply add , , as an ending: feminine formssingularNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = nom.pluralNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Voc. = nom.

Shelmerdine Chapter 212. The present active participle in For other verbs, simply add , , as an ending: neuter formssingularNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. = nom.Voc. = nom.pluralNom. Gen. Dat. Acc. = nom.Voc. = nom.

Shelmerdine Chapter 212. The present active participle in

Contract verbs follow the normal rules of contraction when forming participles, e.g., . Nom. () () ()Gen. () ()Dat. .

Shelmerdine Chapter 213. The attributive participle

A participle has two basic functions Attributive, when a definite article precedes it. Circumstantial, when no article precedes it.

Shelmerdine Chapter 213. The attributive participle

A participle has two basic functions Attributive, when a definite article precedes it. The participle can refer to a specific person or persons doing the action or to the whole class of people who perform this action. . The men flee. ... The men who flee . We do not honor men who flee from battle.

Shelmerdine Chapter 214. The circumstantial participle

A participle has two basic functions Circumstantial, when no article precedes it. The participle now replaces a verb and a conjunction. Although a participle almost never has its own conjunction, Greek verbs are, as we have seen, always linked, so a conjunction should be supplied in translation.


A participle has two basic functions Circumstantial, when no article precedes it. The participle now replaces a verb and a conjunction. . . We are running. We catch the horses. . We are running and we catch the horses. When we are running, we catch the horses. Because we are running, we catch the horses. Although we are running, we catch the horses.


A participle has two basic functions Circumstantial, when no article precedes it. The participle now replaces a verb and a conjunction. . If we are running, we catch the horses. Since we are running, we catch the horses. While we are running, we catch the horses. As long as we are running, we catch the horses. .


Make sure you translate the subject of the participle correctly.

. We catch the horses, while we are running.

. We catch the horses, while they are running.

Shelmerdine Chapter 215. Further notes on participles

The present participle refers to action happening at the same time as the main verb:

. While we are running, we catch the horses.

. While we were running, we caught the horses.


The negative for a participle is normally :

. Although we were not running, we caught the horses.


For generic attributive participles, however, the negative is :

. We catch horses that do not run.

For circumstantial participles expressing a negative condition, the negative is :

. We catch horses, if they are not running.

Shelmerdine Chapter 216. The future active participle

To form the future active participle, add , , to the future active stem:

present: , ,

future: , ,


The future active participle refers to action after the main verb:

. We catch the horses, while they are running away. present participle

. We catch the horses, while they are about to run away. future participle


In practice, the future active participle often expresses purpose:

. We were running, when we were about to chase the horses.

We were running, in order to chase the horses.

Shelmerdine Chapter 217. The aorist active participle

To form the aorist active participle, if the verb has a 1st (weak) aorist: to the aorist active stem, add - (nominative singular endings) following the same pattern as . .

Remember: only the indicative has an augment, so the participle has no augment.


To form the aorist active participle, if the verb has a 2nd (strong) aorist: to the aorist active stem, add , , identical to the present active except the accent never recedes past the ending. , , .

Remember, only the indicative has an augment, so the participle has no augment.


The aorist participle often refers to action prior to another verb.

. After the men captured the horses, they led them home. he men captured the horses, before they led them home.

Shelmerdine Chapter 21Summary of active participlesPresent: present stem + Future: future stem + Aorist: 1st (weak) aorist stem + 2nd (strong) aorist stem +

Shelmerdine Chapter 21 , . , , , , .

Shelmerdine Chapter 21 . , , . , .

Shelmerdine Chapter 21 , , , , . , , .

Shelmerdine Chapter 21 , , , , .

Shelmerdine Chapter 21 , , .

Shelmerdine Chapter 2112 ... , . 13 . , , send away from home idea, intent 3rd sg aor. indic. act. give 3rd sg aor. indic. mid. set the people build home heaven make angry this , hand

Shelmerdine Chapter 2114 , , 15 . carry away their own carry out 2nd sg. aor. imper. act. set treasure treasurer temple home vessel place

Shelmerdine Chapter 2116 . 3rd sg aor. indic. act. give that until 3rd sg aor. indic. act. come foundation build home complete

Shelmerdine Chapter 2117 , , . (LXX 5.12-17) archive mas. nom. sg. aor. part. act. know idea, intent you can know that examine 3rd sg aor. indic. pass. set build home so that complete this

Shelmerdine Chapter 21for next class (Monday, February 14, 2011):Quiz: Write out the forms of , , as on page 137. Prepare Polycrates and the Ring 2: Destiny Is Destiny for class.

Shelmerdine Chapter 21for tomorrow (Tuesday, February 15, 2011):Quiz: vocabulary omit , , Continue Polycrates and the Ring 2: Destiny Is Destiny and prepare Biblical reading for class.

Shelmerdine Chapter 21for tomorrow (Wednesday, February 16, 2011):Quiz: parsing on Polycrates and the Ring 2: Destiny Is Destiny Read Chapter 22 and prepare reading The Ingenuity of Cyrus for class.

Documents

C.W. Shelmerdine Introduction to Greek 2 nd edition (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008)