DA12_Complete

8/7/2019 DA12_Complete

1/63

DAYLIGHT &ARCHITECTUREMagazine by

VeLUX

AUTUMN

2009

I ssUe12

FLOWS10eUro

DAYLIGHT &ARCHITECTUREMagazine by

VeLUX


2/63

1

EVELUX

EDITORIAL

FLOWS

In December 2009, the entire world will be looking

towards Copenhagen. 10,000 politicians, represent-

atives o civil society and t he media are expected

to attend the COP 15 summit in the Danish capital.

The aim is to get a new agreement o the ground to

succeed the Kyoto Protocol, which expires in 2012.

Goals or 2050 will be agreed and great expecta-

tions are held or the conerence, some observerscalling it the last real opportunity to keep climate

change within limits.

The VELUX Group believes that it is o immeas-

urable importance that an ambitious climate agree-

ment with broad-reaching support is reached at the

summit. We propose that buildings be put on the

agenda as they account or up to 40 % o all energy

consumption. We t ake responsibility as a company,

and we strive to optimise our products and devise

solutions or sustainable, CO2-neutral buildings.

Implementing solutions in practice requires legis-

lative rameworks and political incentives.

We welcome incentives or energy renovation

o housing that will improve the overall energy per-

ormance through renewable energy solutions like

active and passive solar gain with the objective o

healthy buildings with good indoor climate, gener-

ous daylight levels and high air exchange rates with

natural ventilation.

Words on CO2

reduction must be transormed

into realistic rameworks or action at COP 15

also or the building stock. There is a huge poten-

tial in changing our energy consumption in housing

and other buildings i we want to reduce CO2 emis-

sions signicantly. The path VELUX proposes is

Sustainable Living. Basically, this is the concept o

continually improving the quality o our homes and

maintaining high living standards at the same time

as reducing energy consumption and CO2emissions;

to achieve this goal, the three key parameters are

energy eciency, healthy indoor climate and renew-

able energy.

The VELUX Group can contribute with solutions

and know-how to reduce CO2emissions in buildings

through products that will contribute to a sustain-

able uture.

This issue o Daylight & Architecture puts the

ocus on fows in cities. Cities, being a constella-

tion o buildings, are huge crossroads o a constant

fow o resources; materials, energy, people, day-

light, money and much more keep on fowing into

and out o them day ater day. 75 % o the worlds

energy is used in cities, which represent a potential

75 % o the solution to the major questions o how

to minimise and optimise our use o resources.

We have asked eleven experts to depict a spe-cic urban fow and an action point in terms o

urban sustainability. The authors have developed

scenarios o how urban fows could develop by the

year 2050 and how we can make that development

as sustainable as possible. Ater the scenarios, we

then shit the ocus t o the decision makers, the key

stakeholders or infuencing developments towards

2050. How, today, can we dene and implement

strategies and tools that will bring us to our desired

goals more than 40 years hence? C40 is a group o

the worlds major cities that have assumed leader-

ship on how to reduce carbon emissions. We have

interviewed the C40 secretariat on its approach

to climate change. We also asked the local govern-

ments o London (ounder o C40), Warsaw, Paris,

Berlin and Copenhagen how they tackle the huge

challenges.

Furthermore, the Danish Minister o the Environ-

ment, Connie Hedegaard, explains what is at stake

at the COP 15 summit and how the business com-

munity can act against climate change. The price

to be paid or delaying action on climate change will

just go on rising the longer we sit on our hands and

do nothing, she argues.

Finally, we bring an interview with the CEO o

the VELUX Group, Jrgen Tang-Jensen holding

up a mirror to ourselves and asking: how does the

VELUX Group address and approach climate change

problems and how do we actually reduce CO2

emis-

sions, by what means and timerame?

In this issue, we have taken a dierent ap proach

rom all the previous issues o Daylight & Archi-

tecture, breaking with the usual categories and

sequence. This is essential when discussing how

we are to ensure a sustainable 2050, with resources

and wealth or uture generations.

Enjoy your read!

1


3/63

3D&A AUTUMn 2009 ISSUE 12

ities ad buildigs are gigatic cross-

oads o fows o people ad materi-ls, eergy, water ad iormatio.

ow we orgaise these fows i the

uture will be a decisive actor i justow sustaiable the urther develop-

met o plaet earth will be.Daylight & Architecture 12 stud-

es the fows that shape our cities ad which huma lie depeds today.

Mostly they are hidde, begiig

d edig i ucertaity. This issue Daylight & Architecture is there-

ore a attempt to make the ivisiblesible. Evocative black-ad-white

hotos by Torbe Eskerod show howows are maiested i the eviro-

met o our daily lives. O the other

ad, the colourul graphs by the

raphic desigers at Lamosca show

he ote hidde cotexts ad makehe magitude o thigs visible both

ocally ad globally.

The structure o Daylight & Archi-ecture 12 also diers rom all pre-

ous issues. Eleve articles, writtey eleve iteratioal experts, orm

he rst ad largest part o this issue.hey cover oe topic each (oe fow)

detail begiig with makid

d ragig rom the resources it re-

uires to the chages i thikig thatre ecessary or adaptig to climatehage. Ad the authors do ot just

escribe the status quo. They develop

cearios o what a better or worse

world could look like i 2050, ad

hey show optios or takig actio

o achieve a sustaiable uture.A colour code makes it easier or

eaders to d their way aroud thissue. The order o the articles has

ee ituitively selected. It begis

with people, whose quality o lie

hould be the goal o ay sustaiable

developmet, cotiues with its im-

mediate eviromet ad eds withthe big topics o our age, like water

supply, reewable eergy ad the bat-

tle agaist climate chage.The secod part o Daylight & Ar-

chitecture examies what cities adcompaies are already doig to ghtclimate chage today. How are they

tacklig what is probably the great-

est challege makid aces today?

What do they expect rom politiciasad how do they ifuece their citi-zes ad employees?

Sice 120 pages are ot early

eough to cover the subject o this

issue exhaustively, VELUX has madeurther resources available o the I-teret. Eleve short stories by up-ad-

comig Daish authors o the elevefows oer a laymas respose to

the experts articles. We also reer the

reader to the website www.active-

housig.et, which shows how build-igs ca react to the requiremets othe uture by producig their ow

eergy, by makig practical use o

water as a resource ad by promot-

ig the well-beig o the occupats

with daylight ad resh air.

EVELUXEDITORIAL

At the Uited natios Climate

Chage Coerece COP 15 i Co-

pehage, a ambitious climate

agreemet with broad-reachig

support will have to be reached. TheVELUX Group believes that it is o im-

measurable importace that build-

igs are put o the climate ageda

with a higher priority tha they haveow, as they accout or up to 40%o all eergy cosumptio. The pathVELUX proposes is Sustaiable Liv-

ig our ability to cotiue improv-ig the quality o our homes ad

maitaiig high livig stadards

while reducig eergy cosumptioad CO

2emissios. The three key

parameters to achieve this goal areeergy eciecy, healthy idoor cli-mate ad reewable eergy.

DDISCOURSEBY TORnRRETRAnDERS

Ayoe who wats sustaiability

must reorgaise the fows o our

lives rom a oe-way to a cradle-to-

cradle system. Tor nrretraders de-

scribes a way o thikig that has the

su as its startig poit. It suppliesmay times the eergy that humabeigs curretly cosume (ad will

ever cosume), ad it aloe is ec-

essary to keep all the earths lie cy-cles goig.

AUTUMN 2009SSUE 12

CONTENTS

SHORT STORIES

People, iormatio ad moey,

trasportatio, water ad the cli-

mate are ot issues that occupy

scietists aloe they are also im-

portat topics i literature. Eleve o

the most importat up-ad-comigDaish authors have writte short

stories o the fows o our every-

day lives exclusively or Daylight &

Architecture. Their views are otesurprisig ad sometimes provoca-

tive, but they all erich the discussio

o sustaiability, climate protectioad the good lie. They ca be oud

o the Iteret at da. velux.com

COP15 LIVE EVENT

A concrete example o anactive house is takin shape:

For the Copehage Climate SummitCOP 15, VELUX developed a house

that is carbo eutral ad will pro-

vide its ihabitats with the higheststadard o idoor comort. Erectedi rot o Bella Ceter, the veue othe Climate Coerece, it will pro-

vide the visitors o COP 15 a impres-sio o how architecture ca play a

role i the worldwide eorts to over-

come climate chage. Fid out moreabout the house at da.velux.com

ACTIVE HOUSE

Active House is a visioary resposeto the challeges described i this

magazie buildigs that produce

their ow eergy, use resources i

a sustaiable maer, ad improve

peoples health ad comort. They

bridge the gap betwee makid

ad its eviromet, betwee uturetechologies ad commo sese.Buildigs cosume 40 percet o

all eergy i Europe. We sped 90

percet o our time idoors but oly30 percet o all buildigs have a

healthy iterior climate. The cocept

o Active House uses takes acts as

its startig poit. A Active House is

desiged ad costructed to achievea balace betwee three parame-

ters: eergy, idoor climate ad theeviromet. It uses the su as a

eergy source to achieve a eutral

CO2

balace or the buildig, ad asa light source to icrease the well-be-

ig o its occupats. A well-isulated,

air-tight buildig evelope orms the

basis or its eergy eciecy butthe cocept goes ar beyod this.

Active Houses are adaptive houses;they adapt to the local climate co-

ditios i terms o the use o daylight

ad shade, vetilatio, ad heatig

or coolig. By esurig a view to theoutside world, ad by their iterplaywith their surroudigs, they also

merge with the local cotext..More iormatio o the cocept

o Active House, o the rst exam-

ples ad ews o evets i the eld

o active architecture are availableat www.activehousig.et. Set up

by VELUX, it sees itsel as a ope-source platorm to which ayoe ca

cotribute.

INTERNETVELUX.COMACTIVEHOUSINg.NET

Daylight & Architecture presets

eleve stories, posted o the Iter-

et, about the fows o our everydaylives ad a buildig cocept that could

set a precedet because it bridges

the gap betwee resource eciecy,quality o lie ad the use o reew-

able eergy sources. Fid out more

at da.velux.com ad at www.active-housig.et.

PAgES 19

Correction or Daliht & Architecture 11:

I the article etitled This buildig makes me a optimist i Daylight & Ar-chitecture 11, we reported that Wessel de Joge Architects were plaigthe reovatio o the Va nelle Otwerpabriek i Rotterdam, together withHubert-Ja Heket. This was icorrect - cooperatio betwee the two archi-

tects oces reerred to reovatio o the Zoestraal saatorium i Hilver-sum. Additioally, the Va nelle actory is ot o UnESCOs World HeritageList, though applicatio or the same is uder preparatio.


4/63

5D&A AUTUMn 2009 ISSUE 12

CITIES ANDCLIMATE CHANgETHE BATTLE AGAInSTCLIMATE CHAnGEWILL BE WOn OR LOSTIn OUR CITIES

Uied or a major goal. Sice 2005,the worlds most importat major

cities have take part i the iitia-

tive C40 to combat climate chage.What strategies are they pursuig

here, how do they motivate their cit-izes ad how importat is the mu-tual exchage o experiece to them?

Mayors ad climate experts give

their views i six iterviews.

THE COP 15CLIMATE CHANgECONfERENCECOP 15 MUST REACHAn AMBITIOUSCLIMATE AGREEMEnT

What ca ad must politicias doat the COP 15 Summit i Copeha-

ge? Ad what ca ad must the

busiess world do to combat climate

chage ad limit global warmig? Iher article or Daylight & Architec-

ture, Daish Miister o the Eviro-met Coie Hedegaard aswers

both questios. She argues that

reachig a ambitious global agree-

met o climate protectio is a mat-ter o great urgecy. The busiess

commuity, she writes, has a ce-

tral role to play i dig cocrete

solutios. Moreover, whoever watsto stay competitive i the uture willsimply have to develop ew gree

products ad productio orms.

THE VELUXCLIMATE STRATEgyBUILDInG MUST BEGIVEn TOP PRIORITYIn THE CLIMATEDEBATE

I a Iterview with Daylight & Ar-

chitecture, VELUX CEO Jrge Tag-Jese provides a isight ito the

evirometal cocept o the com-

pay ad ito the steps VELUX

is takig to overcome the climate

problem. I Jauary 2009, VELUX

lauched a climate strategy, commit-tig itsel to reduce the Groups glo-bal CO

2impact by 50% by the year

2020. Measures iclude eergy e-ciecy measures i the VELUX ac-

tories, but also products that help

cliets to save eergy.VELUX is also actig to put sus-

taiable buildigs o the ageda.

Uder the cocept o Sustaiable

Livig, the compay liks eergy e-ciecy, a healthy idoor climate ad

the use o reewable eergies. Ex-

amples o this approach ca be seei the Model Home 2020 iitiative.

VELUX is collaboratig with archi-

tects, cliets, egieers ad other

buildig compoets mauactur-

ers o this project to costruct six

CO2-eutral houses. These real-lie

experimets, which will put possible

techological solutios to the test,

will be erected i ve dieret Eu-

ropea coutries over the ext twoyears.

fACTS & LINKS

More kowledge o the worlds

fows: remarks ad urther sugges-

tios or readig o the articles o

pages 1299 are provided by eleveiteratioal experts.

TIME OUTPAgES 98120

THE fLOWSPAgES 1097

2050 over 9,000 millio people will

ve o the earth over two-thirds o

hem i cities. How ca the fows oergy, materials ad people be last-gly structured i them? Experts

rovide iormatio o the idivid-

al topics begiig with makid

ad ragig rom the resources it re-

quires to the chages i thikig that

are ecessary or adaptig to climate

chage.

I December 2009, the COP15 Un

summit i Copehage will hope-

ully poit the way to uture climateprotectio. More tha 10,000 poli-

ticias ad represetatives o soci-

ety, the busiess world ad the mediawill meet i the Daish capital to dis-cuss measures agaist urther glo-

bal warmig. The expectatios or

the summit are eormous. But it is

ot just a issue or iteratioal pol-itics the climate problem cocers

all o us ad it is a challege or bothcompaies ad idividual citizes.

Daylight & Architecture asked whatthe worlds metropolises are doig

to combat climate chage ad what

strategies the VELUX Group is pursu-ig regardig this problem.

10MICROCLIMATESCAn ARCHITECTSCHAnGE THEWEATHER?

The larger ad more desely a city isbuilt, the less its iteral climate is

liked to local weather. The urther

climate chage advaces, the harder

the urba heat islad eect hits city

ihabitats. Peter Adreas Sattrupexplais how architects ad urba

plaers ca have a positive eect

o the urba microclimate.

11ADAPTATIONADAPTInG TO ACHAnGED WORLD

A lot has already bee said o the

topic o sustaiability but how ca

idividual strategies be combied toorm a big, all-ecompassig strat-

egy? A selectio o quotes rom great

thikers o the past ad preset - opossible cocepts ad ecessary

chages i thikig that ca pave

the way to a better uture.

02NfORMATION

THE URBAnIZATIOnAnD VIRTUALIZATIOn

OF THE PLAnEToria Rtzer examies how people

ommuicate with each other ad

ow they will use iormatio i u-ure. Much is possible here rom the

otalitaria Big Brother state to a

lighteed society i which ior-

matio is primarily used to improvehe quality o huma lie.

03MONEySTROnG ECOnOMIESFOR SUSTAInABLECOMMUnITIES

Thik global, act local this prici-

ple applies primarily where moey

ad markets are cocered. For lo-

cally orgaised ecoomic orms i

particular ca oer cities ad com-muities major advatages - both

ecoomically ad ecologically. MarkRoselad explais how they ca be

set up ad promoted.

01PEOPLETHE CITY OFTHE FUTURE

o Hirichse describes how the

ties i a icreasigly urbaisig

world ca be made more suitable

or huma beigs. Dieret strat-

gies must be developed or rich

d poor cities, though they must

ll be the same i oe respect: theymust brig the demads o makidto lie with the ecosystem o the

arth.

04MATERIALSBEYOnD WASTE

A circular-fow ecoomy istead o aoe-way system; avoidace istead

o thoughtless disposal. The way wedeal with resources ad raw materi-als will have to chage cosiderablyby 2050. Rachel Crackell describeshow our ecoomies ca be restruc-

tured accordig to the cradle-to-

cradle priciple.

05TRAffICBACK TO THEFUTURE?

The car moulded our lives i the 20thcetury. Do we wat to cotiue to

be depedet o it i the 21st ce-

tury? Jerey Keworthy aswers

this questio with o ad describes

possible ways to achieve a almost

car-ree uture.

06LANDLAnD ASA RESOURCE

Most o the worlds cities are still

expadig rampatly ito the sur-

roudig area; cotrolled growth is a

major exceptio here. How the tredcould be reversed ad deser, morecompact yet greeer cities could re-sult by 2050 is described by Aa

Milkowski ad Kare Seto.

07WATERA WORLDRUnnInG DRY

More people require more water, yet

i may places water has already be-come a scarcity, sigallig a pote-

tial ew cofict or the uture. FredPearce describes two scearios or

uture water use oe predicts a-archy ad evirometal destruc-

tio, the other hopes or icreased

eciecy ad itelliget water ma-agemet.

08RENEWAbLEENERgIESOUR SOLAR FUTURE

Makid could meet all its eergy

eeds with the power o the su, but it

is curretly ar rom doig so. Richard

Perez examies which techologies,supply etworks ad market codi-

tios, as well as what kid o build-

igs, would be required to tur a solaruture ito a reality by 2050.

09DAyLIgHTWHICH DAYLIGHTInGIn 2050

Daylight is ree, available i abu-

dace ad eve promotes good

health. nevertheless, it ote ails toplay the role it should i the lightigo buildigs. I his article, Marc Fo-toyot paits scearios o how theuse o daylight i architecture will de-

velop up to 2050.


5/63

7

DThe flow o the future

Flow will be the core concept o the uture. The

preset versio o civilisatio is based o the use

o depots o eergy, materials ad kowledge. I

the civilisation to come, the essential character-

istic will be fows.The climate crisis tells us why.

We are moving ahead rom a world depend-

et o oil, coal, gas ad uraium ite depots o

eergy that we dig up rom the surace layers o

our plaet ad the bur. We use up the limited

depots ad covert them ito depots o waste ad

pollutio a solutio limited i time. The result is a

crisis o climate ad evirometal degradatio.

Thereore, we are ow movig ito a world relyig

o reewable eergy sources - wid, solar power,

wave eergy, biomass. They all stem rom the co-

stat fow o eergy that hits the surace o the

plaet rom the star we are orbitig, the Su. The

costat fow o sulight is so rich i eergy that

there is more tha 5,000 times more eergy avail-

able tha the total preset eergy cosumptio o

all makid.

We live i a eviromet with a icredibly

rich fow o energy that industrialised societies

have ot bee able to grasp. We have lacked the

techology to reach out ad pick the light passig

by. But ow, we are quickly tryig to develop tech-

ology to catch the solar fow. We eed to come

o-lie with the sushie agai.But this is ot oly about power. Movig ahead

rom depot-depedece to the reedom o beig

part o a fow is ot oly about reewable eergy.

Flow is also the cetral cocept whe it comes to

matter that we wat to recycle, ad ideas ad liks

that we wat to share.

For most o the industrial epoch we have

used metals, carbohydrates and minerals o lim-

ited availability. Depots have been emptied and

ew, ever icreasig waste deposits have bee the

result. This way o hadlig material stu i ot

easible i the log ru. Istead, we have to be part

o the fow o the livig system o Ear th.

All livig creatures take i matter as ood ad

give out matter as waste. But the very simple law

o lie is that the waste o oe species has to bethe ood o aother. Plats produce oxyge as a

by-product, waste. Aimals caot survive with-

out ihalig this waste product, oxyge. Aimals,

o the other side, produce carbo dioxide as waste

thus providig ood or plats. What is waste to

oe is ood to aother. We must all share our shit

to keep the rest alive.

This matter fow covertig ood ito waste

ito ood ito waste goes o ad o. It results i

o waste build-up at all ad o resource shortage

either. That is the ature o fows everythig is

i costat motio. Chage is the elusive yet co-

stat eature o that reality.

All we eed is the light rom the Su. The mat-

ter fow o Earth ca ru ad ru, o ad o orever,

as log as it gets the eergy rom daylight.

The fow o daylight is a ubiquitous and sot

git, all that we o this plaet eed rom the cos-

mos outside to stay active ad happily alive.

The task ahead is to build a civilisatio based

o that simple act. Forget depots o oil, gas, coal

and uranium. Forget depots o metals, carbohy-

drates ad mierals. Reuse. Recycle. Go with the

fow. Be sot ad getle. Just add daylight.

Tor Nrretranders is a idepedet author, thiker ad

commetator based i Copehage, Demark. Origially

graduatig as a M.Sc. i evirometal plaig ad the

sociology o sciece, Tor nrretraders is ow adjuct pro-

essor in the philosophy o science at Copenhagen Busi-

ess School. He received the o-ctio prize o the Daish

Writers Uio i 1985 ad the publicist p rize o the Da-

ish Publicist Club i 1988.

DISCOURSEBYTOr NrrETraNDErS

D&A AUTUMn 2009 ISSUE 12


6/63

9


7/63

11

06

11

01

01 people

Why?By th idd th ctry thr

wi b vr i bii iv-

ig th arth r tha tw

thirds th wi b i citis. Th

citis Arica ad Asia a wi

hav ast r bii ihabit-

ats by 2050. Haity dads

that thy ar ab t srviv i dig-

ity, with adqat ivig sac

ad basic dica ad scia

car. Ad r w wi t srviv

dads that ati grwth

shd b hadd as city as

ssib i trs rsrcs.

What?Th rscts r th wrds a-

t ad r citis dir da-

tay. Hr w hav th visi

th c-city, aagig its

tray i trs rsrcs by

2050, with a its ihabitats hav-

ig gh ivig sac, hathy

ivig cditis ad cic s-

cicy. Ad th w hav S-

dg City, a sthr gais,

with 15 ii ivig i

ss i that city a. Thy hav

adqat ic ad ca

drikig watr r basic hath car

ithr.

hoW?Tw scaris tw stratgis

r brigig abt th rst ad

rvtig th scd. I a-

t cits, ivig ad wrkig i th

sa qartr hac th qaity

i ad rdc rgy rqir-

ts. I th rr citis, basic

rvisi is ctra: drikig watr

ad ctricity r a, a vstd

right r ad s, ca gar-

ds r d sis.

Hath is arat t qaity

ivig i a citis bth wathy

ad r. I bth stratgis, thr-

r, hathir bidigs that ak

s dayight ad rsh air wi b

a abst cssity.

peoplethe City ofthe future:tWo Visions

i 2050, m bll ppl wll b e, wc m w d wll lv b . W wll m g,

cl c, dc d clgclp c? t w q wll lgl dpd dc bk mmd .

By D Hirichs


8/63

2 1301 people

2010

90%

89%

84%

67%

62%

D&A AuTumn 2009 ISSu e 12

slts by 2050 ar sbrig: Bijig

ad Tiaji ar w cti-s rba z ad s t is th gi-

gatic rba ara Ri d Jair

ad S pa, Brazi. I th uitd

Stats, th east Cast urba Cr-

ridr w xtds r Bst t

nw Yrk ad philadlhia, with

bit- aras rig sth t Ba-

timr ad Washigt D.C, ctai-

ig ard 70 ii .

What will th wrlds rba aras

k ik i 2050? Tw scaris ar

rstd hr: a tr rct,

with citis, at ast i th dvd

wrd, ad r . Ths cit-

is th tr will csrv rgy

ad s rwab srcs t gr-

at hat ad lctricity. Thy will ti-lis rsrcs citly ad rvid

sac r rba gardig ad largr

cctd arks ad gr aras.

Thy wi iiis ach rss c-

lgical ad carb trits ad

r ardabl hsig ad ix-siv bic trasrtati.

Th thr scari is bsissas sa. Hr w k at th tr

rba aras r th dvig

wrld rsctiv, with srawlig

sls crisd illis dis-

ssssd ad dismwrd rba

dwllrs livig th dg srvival,

ad city gvrts virtay a-

bl t c with th irastrctr

ad rsrc ds raway -

latis. It is a acalytic visi a wrd g hrriby wrg, whr

i is a, brtish ad shrt.

ecocity 2050:people centredUrban living

This scari cjrs s-

sibl rba tr rdicatd

gvrts akig irtat,stratgic dcisis btw w ad

2020. This is r widw rt-

ity t sct a rba dvt

ath basd th wig trds:

_

rba latis will cti txad i th dvld wrld, bt

wi stabiiz ad v dr (i s

ctris) by id-ctry

_

th ds rba latis will

cssitat th d r icial

gvrts t dvl a l-

ctrd arach t rba dvl-

t, ivlvig lad grwth

that icrrats th s rw-

abl rgy srcs, -lltig

vhicls, gr sac ad cc-

trs, lw-cst city ctr hsig,

bttr bic trasrt systs ad

thr sstial srvics that hac

th qality li whil dcrasigha trits th ats -

it rsrc bas

_

scitis i er will b lti-

thic ad lti-cltral, as ii-

grats r Asia, middl east adth rmr Svit ui rvid c-

ssary skills, sttig t s x-

tt dcliig lati bass ist er

_

citis wi b yctric, t -

ctric, as a rslt th rvival

ir citis as vibrat citisad acs t wrk.

Th yar is 2050. Th lac: s-

whr i Wstr er. ecCity

2050 cld, i act, tr t t b

ay br rba aras ma,

Swd; Chag, Dark;

Astrda, th nthrads; Bri,Gray; Barcla, Sai; r Ath-s, Grc, t a a w. A ths

citis hav alrady ivstd i rc-

dt-sttig altrativs: r -

cit blic trasrt (icldig

hydrg r lctric-wrd bss),

astr drgrd rail systs, a-

rdab bic hsig, r gr

aras ad rba gards, rt

slar watr hatrs ad a hst thr -ctrd ivatis.

Cliat chag has ad e-

rs wathr warr i th s-

r, bt sttd. Svr wathr

vts ar r c ad ris-

ig sa lvls hav rtd s

castal citis t rct barrirs thd back str ad tida srgs.

ecCity 2050 has stabilisd its

lati at btw 4 ad 5 il-li. ovr th ast 40 yars, rba

aras i er hav stabilisd r

v lst lati, as rtility

lvls drd t blw rlac-t v (ss tha 2.1 chidr r

wa avrag).

Faily laig ad rrdc-tiv hath srvics, w ivrsay

availabl i er, hav ctribtd

t this trd. Fwr itdd rg-acis, scially ag yg

, hav had a bcia kck-

ct rdcig icia bdg-

ts r dcati, halth ad thrsstia srvics.

A shrikig ati bas has

rvd t b bth a rbl ad

a rtity: a rbl i that

th br sirs has w

rachd wards 20 r ct

th lati; a rtity b-cas icial gvrts hav

b giv brathig sac, ti t

Th tr siz th ha -

lati this bsigd lat, ad

hc th stat ad qality its

brgig rba aras, will b d-trid argy by dcisis ad

r std, rtitis sizd r

sqadrd, vr th crs th

cmig tw dcads. W ar alrady

crtd with rcdtdrba grwth as l xds rral

aras i icrasig brs ad as

immigrats ad rgs fck t cit-

is ad tws i sarch rti-tis ad bttr ivihds.

By Jly 2009, th glbal -

ati rachd 6.8 bii, with s

78 ii addd vry yar. I 2008,

r th rst ti i ha histry,hal th wrlds lati rsidd i

rba aras a rctag that wi

accrat t th idd this c-

try. W ar, ad will b i th tr,

a rdiaty rba scis.

By th idd this tts

ctry, th glbal lati willlvl t jst vr 9.1 billi (as-

sig th uns di-tr r-jctis ar br t). By th, th

wrlds rba lati will rach6.4 bii, qivat t th wrds

tir lati i 2005! o this vast

br, th vrwhig ajrity

s 5.33 billi will b scratch-ig t a ivig i th srawig citis

th dvig wrd. oy a itt

vr billi l will rsid i

dvd ctry citis.

Withi r dcads, Aricas

rba ati wi b vr 1.2 bi-

i, whi Asias tig citis wi

hd cs t 3.5 bii. By ctrast,

ers citis wi hav 557 ii

rsidts ad nrth Aricas jstvr 400 ii.

Th rrti l rsidig

i rba aras i 2050 wi b stag-

grig: 62 r ct Aricas -

ati wi b rba, 67 r ct

Asias, 84 r ct ers, 89r ct lati Aricas ad 90

r ct nrth Aricas.

Th br ga-citis with

vr 10 ii ihabitats wi grw

r 19 i 2007 t 30 by 2030 ad

vr 50 by 2050. Hal ths cit-is wi b catd i Asia, ad A sia

citis ar rjctd t ctai r

tha 50 r ct th wrlds -tir ati by 2050. By th id-

dl this ctry, Tky raisth wrds argst rba aggr-

ati with cs t 40 ii

(th Tky-Ykhaa rgi is c-

ty rbaisd).

As rba latis sar, largr

citis srawl acrss th ri-rbaadsca, dvrig ark ad agri-

cltral lad i th rcss. Th r-

U u 2050

noRTH AmeRICA

lATIn AmeRICA

euRope

ASIA

AFRICA

urba ati

Rra ati

W u 2010 2050:

2050 h u

w f ju 9.1

. b h, h w

u w h

.4 , qu h

w u

005!

2050

urba ati

Rra ati


9/63

4 1501 people

ru xu u u x-

u. e u-

,

h u h u

h u j

. o h h h,

u u h

wh u u h

u h u-

. a

h ,

hw

.

rsidts t travrs th city w-

ig gr crridrs that cct

ighbrhd t athr (a cct

brrwd r Sigar).

Th advt ric stabilisd, a-

rdabl blic hsig, has at

that st l ca liv clsr t

whr thy wrk. Fllwig th wrld-

wid cic criss 20082011,

gvrt-backd lw itrstlas ad it ssibl r ay idi-

vidas ad aiis t by thir aart-

ts r cds at rasab rics.

nw high sd Itrt cctis

with Sky allw mr l t wrk

r h r r days a wk,

rdcig ctr cgsti.

ecCitys w high ris aart-

t blcks, with rt gards,

dttd with slar als, ctai

ctral atris srtig lats

ad sall trs. Thy ar bth c-

ridly ad l-ctrd livig

cmmitis. Ths cmlxs hav

rlacd dilaidatd, sb-stadardhsig bcks, rvivig rba c-

itis ad akig it ssibl r

l t liv i vibrat, activ igh-brhds. Th city has bcm ly-

ctric rathr tha -ctric.

nighbrhd cmmitts hav

b st , awig citizs t c-

mt ad dbat w zig mas-

rs ad rba dvlt las.This has awd tr dvt

t b l-ridly, lad rth btt- t th t-dw.

HoW to maketHis Happen:

I th city th tr i er is t

b -ctrd ad c-ridy

with lad, sstaiabl grwth,bth satia ad cic, th th

dcisis t brig abt this visihav t b ad btw w ad

2020. Th cig dcad is th Dc-

ad Dcisis.

Citis lik Sigar, Kb,

Jaa, Chag, Dark ad

thrs alrady hav a advacdaig rcss i ac that ds

th wig:

_

crbs rba srawl by cctratig

akig city ctrs r c-tia ad -ridy

_

aks it ssibl r l t liv

clsr t whr thy wrk, cttig

dw ctig cgsti

_

bilds cit blic trasrta-

ti twrks, cmbiig cmmtrtrais, bss ad drgrd

aws r r gr sac, icd-

ig arks, gr cctrs jiig

tgthr dirt ighbrhds,ad rba gards

_

itrdcs ictivs r rsidts

t w ad rat vhicls w-

rd by lctric mtrs r altrativ

s sch as bigas ad hydrg

_

rs tax ictivs r trightsbsidis r w c ad hsig

dvlmts that icrrat ri-cis w rgy s, gr aras

ad is brs, ad cbi -

cs ad rsidcs i th sa

cx, ag thr ivatis

_

stabishs ways ad as r rsi-

dts t ract t ad ct -

tr dvt as ad rjcts

W hav th xrtis ad ts t

mak this tr a rality, bt it taks

wiwr, citt ad th rc-giti that laig mst g had-i-had with s ds.

slUmdog city 2050:apocalypsetomorroW

This scari is rdicatd ambr crrt trds that, lss

rvrsd r st, will brig abtthis ightar visi a rba -

tr. Th trds ctaid i this sc-

ari ca b sarisd as ws:

_

st tr lati grwth willtak ac i dvig wrd citis

_

th grwth rats ar t ast, i

ay cass, r vrwhld -

icial gvrts t c with

th acclratig ds fds

w rsidts

_

lack ratial laig cha-

iss rslts i bridld dvl-

t, rba srawl, risig lvls

llti (bth air ad watr), th

rlirati sls ad sqattrsttlts, ad th rsi s-cia srvics

_

vrcrwdig ad ack jb r-

titis crats a larg drclass

dcatd, r l with w

skills ad wr rtitis tar a ivig; this givs ris t sar-

ig cri rats, rigis xtris

ad ds gba trrris

_

saddld with r l ad a

shrikig tax bas, th ir citis

ivst i cit bic trasrta-

ti, rvivd city ctrs with r

gr sac, ad rwab rgy

srcs, ag thr thigs.

Faig atis i st e-

r hav b st by icrasd

iigrati r -eu ctris

i th rr Svit ui, th mid-

dl east ad Asia. A it syst,smwhat lik Caadas, has allwd

th eu t tak i th bst ad thbrightst iigrats with kw-

dg, skills ad, i sm ca ss, ivst-

t caita. Th argr citis ar a

ti-thic ad ti-ctra.

may ths iigrats stt

i scdary citis, as w as i th

argr citis (as kw as riat

citis). mst era ctris

lgr hav ral lati dis-

tribti licis i lac, as wr

births hav rlivd rssr

rba aras. By 2007 th trd was

car: y 39 r ct dvd

ctris had licis t ifclati distribti, cmard t

75 r ct dvig ctris.

mst th l wh liv i

ecCity 2050 liv i fats, rathr

tha idividal hss. Bt vryaartt bidig ad hs is c-

ctd t a cit c-gra-

ti at that rvids bth district

hatig ad ctricity. Ths ats

sig advacd fidisd bd tch-

gy, br a varity s, icdig

dmstic wasts, bi-ls, ad cla

cal. Additial ak lctricity is r-

vidd by slar clls ad wid ars,sitatd i ri-rba aras.

All rba vhicls ar ithr

lctric r hydrg wrd. Hy-brids hav b dvd that r

bth. Air llti r vhicl

xhasts ad actris hav b

brght dw t gligibl lvls,

whil r gr sac ad arks

hav richd air qality ad r-

vidd th city with atra air cdi-

tiig drig th httr srs.

Bicycl aths ar clac

all strts, whil walkig aths allw

bcm virtally maagabl, with

grwig scia ad cic divids

_

scia iqaitis ad ack r-

titis r w rslt i r

arly arriags vry yg girls

agd 1015 arrid t ldr

, ctribtig t highr grwth

rats, as w as sx trackig ad

brid aig.

Slmdg City 2050 is i Asia, th c-

tit hdig th dbis rcrd r

th largst latis, th largst

cctrati rba dwrs ad

th largst br ga-citis

(with vr 10 ii ihabitats).

Sldg City is a castal ga-city, with cls t 30 milli l. It

has b grwig by arly 3 r ct

r yar sic 2010, gh t dbl

its ati rghy vry gra-

ti. Th idigs city lati

has b vrwhlmd with migrats

rm th ctrysid, skig a bttrli, as rral, agricltral cis

hav cllasd; th rslt glbalisa-

ti ad lack rral ivstmt.

This rcdtd grwth has

aralysd th micial gvrmt.

Srvics cat k with th s-

cia, hath ad irastrctr ds

gratd by th arrival 1,000wcrs vry day.

o hal t tw thirds Sl-dg citys rsidt iv i ss ad

sqattr sttlts, atigt wards 1520 ii .

Th ss csist sty w-ris,

dilaidatd aartt dwlligs

cvrd with gri ad idw, with

cal tas ad tilts. o -tir aiy six ivs i ach r;

cy fats ar shard by thr

aiis. each watr ta srvs 200

l ad th tilts ar thigr tha atris ccrt sabs

with hls i th middl. Th watr is

r tratd srac watrs ad

ds t b bid r 30 its b-

r it ca b sd r ckig; ta-

bl drikig watr is rchasd rm

vdrs wh charg -rth

th avrag sl dwllrs wkly

ic r it. Th tilts ar s -saitary that ay rr t

dcat i arks ad ag th rivr,

ctribtig t llti lvls addisas brds.

Th sqattr sttlts arv wrs. prchd rciitsly

cis, stab ad, i swas r

fd ais, ths s-ashid

hs ad r wast wd, ca-

vas ad ti hs aiy ach i

a rm with a dirt fr ad accss

t tabl watr r saitati acil-

itis. Ckig is d tsid sig


10/63

6 1701 people

2050

2010

D&A AuTumn 2009 ISSu e 12

HoW to avoid tHis:

This acalytic tr ca b

avidd, i atial, stat ad city

gvrts d th llwig thad it :

_

itrdc licis that crag

r v lati distribtiamg scdary citis; takig rs-

sr arg riat citis

_

t i ac icis ad ractics t

allw sqattr sttlmts t w r

at ast ctr th ad thy sqat

; wrig lcal citist irv thir ts, gtiat r

id watr ad bild bttr, sai-

tary latris, attract ivstts

ad rvid r dd scial srv-ics

_

irv s cditis by w-

rig ighbrhds t dvl

bttr ardabl hsig, attractivstts, ad acat ds r

bttr srvics icdig hath car

ad dcati

_

itrdc atia hath israc

schs r th r

_

a r ad acat ad r rba

gardig, which ca rvid th

r with a src triti adic

_

irv bic trasrt, sciay

by switchig t lctric bss ad

trais

_

xtd th lctricity grid t -srvicd sctis th city

_

iiat th d t br biass,

wasts, wd ad thr atrialsr ckig by rvidig r igh-

brhds with ra brrs,

ad slar r lctric ckrs, r thr

ss tig atrativs

_

crag aiis t dcat thir

daghtrs, as w as thir bys

_

allw nGos, whr ssibl, t ab-srb s th ctis ray

rvidd by icia gvrts

_

lcal, ighbrhd halth car,sciay atra ad chid hath,

virta aagt, wast

cllcti, ad rvisi thrsrvics (.g. scia ad ga)

_

st Gra Bak ty acia

istittis with th xrss r-s akig icr-as t r

aiis, sciay w.

whatvr cbstibl atrial is

vailabl. pllti r ckigrs, arby idstris ad vhics

ass sris air llti, with high

vls havy tals, articlats,

d shr ad itrg dixids.

D t air ad watr llti,

siratry ictis ar c,

lg with gastr-itstial dis-

ass ad arasits. pllti-i-

cd illsss rdc th tim slm

d sqattr rsidts ca dvt

rdctiv wrk. mst th

ar y i th brw r black

cy, sig whatvr thy ca

rcr r ira twrks: a-

thig r vgtabls ad rits, cis, ckig i, d arts,

d bicyc chais.

uabl t ard t ay schls, mst r amilis dcat ly

r at st tw thir chidr,

sally th bys. Th girls ar sld

as ary as ssib t ch dr

r addd ic, as virtalshld slavs, whil thrs d

i th sx idstry. This ctrib-

ts t r births as dcatdirs, arrid at th tdr ags

1015, td t giv birth ary.

With dical car t rach

r st rsidts ad dcati -

rdab r st thir chidr,

rstiv, mlyabl drclass is

ig br. Fd a cstat dit

stic ad strt vic, ths

hildr th drclass bcckss, vit adts. Cri rats

r high ad vilt crim is cmm.

idaig th childr th rich

d r iddl classs ad hld-g thm r rasm is w a grwth

dstry.

Th vic th ir city has

riv may th wll it distat

brbs gatd, s-ctaid c-

itis atrlld by ard rivat

crity gards. This has at

r agrictra ad. With bit-

ras xtdig rthr tsid th

ty ctr, th srawl has ctrib-

td t gratr hat islad cts

th ht, dry sas, with tr-

trs t 10 dgrs httr tha

h ctrysid, which ctis tcd as th city gbbls r

d r th srrdig ad.

Assaltd by cliat chag,with chkig air ti ad a sr-

ac watrs t v r idstria

s, Slmdg City bcms a rma-t virmtal ad halth disas-

r r mst rsidts. It has bcm

brdig grd r cri ad ri-

is xtris, a hav r trrr-

sts ad basically a livig hll r vr

al th citys rsidts. Yt stillhy c!

cities over 10 million

inHabitants

tHe ten most

popUlated

cities ordered

by density

Delhi

mu

bai

Seoul

mosco

w

Beijin

g

Sop

aulo

Shan

ghai

Istanbu

l

mexico

City

Karachi

don Hinrichsen is a award wiig writr ad un csltat, ad has wrkd

i vr 100 ctris, icldig 60 i th dvlig wrld. H has writt

v bks, mstly virmt ad dvlmt isss. H is crrtly thSir Dvt maagr r th Istitt r War ad pac Rrtig,

basd i ld, uK.

Asia

Rst th wrd


11/63

02 INFORMATION 19

02

Why?Even in 2050, people will still com-

mnicate with each other ace to

ace. Nevertheless we are expe-

riencing an nprecedented pen-

etration o all spheres o lie by

intelligent data processing sys-

tems. At the same time, the poorer

cities in particlar are growing

ever more rapidly. Social pressre

and ths the need or data secrity

as well are increasing. Bt sec-

rity always has another aspect: it

means srveillance and control

to the point o incapacitation.

What?Reasonably priced chips and new

radio networks, and the increas-

ing miniatrisation o electronic

components in the orm o Smart

Dst, mean that data is being col-

lected, everywhere and all the time.

It is increasingly sed as a basis

or social action whether in the

liberal knowledge society or in

a totalitarian srveillance state.

It is possible to imagine a tre

in which each individal can be

located constantly and everything

he or she does can be revealed at

any time. Only the very poor will be

able to avoid this scenario they

live in the Black Holes o the dig-

ital world and the very rich.

hoW?One basic reqirement or pre-

venting a world like Orwells 1984

is social balance. This alone can

redce social tensions and ths the

need or secrity and control. Added

to this shold be improved edca-

tion or all strata o the poplation.

Only responsible adlt citizens can

deend themselves against control,

censorship and being patronised.

On the other hand, i sed in the right

way inormation can help to make

peoples living environment more

pleasant, healthy and environment-

riendly. In active hoses, daylighting,

ventilation, energy spply and other

actors o the interior environment

are co-ordinated by intelligent con-

trol systems to improve comort and

lower energy se.

inormationthe urbanizationand virtualizationo the planet

r sc cs s w g m w.i , sms ccs w

csg w s sg. is mkcmg g wk s-gsmfg w-mcg kwg g w sc mcsms?

By Florian Rtzer


12/63

0 2102 INFORMATIOND&A AuTuMN 2009 ISSu E 12

gardless o whether they are in one

place or moving arond in the con-

try or in town, in a public space, in

vehicles, bildings or private spaces.

The virtal metropolis is growing at

an alarming rate. In 2002, one billion

people had mobile phones by 2009

it was already 2.6 billion, ar exceed-

ing the nmber o internet sers. In

the year 2000, there were 300 mil-

lion internet sers; the billion thresh-

old was reached in 2005, and now

over 1.5 billion people spend larger

or smaller amounts o time in the

virtual world, proessionally and

privately, at home or while moving

around. All users o mobile phoneswith internet access and other port-

able devices are citizens o the vir-

tual metropolis as well, and at thesame time they can be ollowed step

by step, while at the same time geo-

location means that they are not

just guided through space on the

rn, bt can receive and distribteall kinds o inormation rom theirsrrondings, on a large nmber o

channels. This means that they ac-tally occpy two worlds that have

to be coordinated in many ways,

and by no means not just techni-

cally. These worlds oten conict

with each other and inuence andchange each other.

Over hal the worlds poplation

already lives in cities. This means

that cities have become our domi-

nant environment or ate , with all

their extensions into the transport,

inormation and communication

links that extend the rban network

all over the globe. The planet and h-

manity are being urbanised, whichmeans that the utopia that has per-

sisted since cities were invented

10,000 years ago has passed its

peak. Certainly the structure o

the city has changed considerably

since the start o industrialisation,which acted as a space-condensing

machine. Today the strctres that

are perceived as cities in the tradi-tional sense are nothing more than

larger or smaller cores in an urban

landscape that can sometimes ex-tend or hundreds o kilometres.

These oten contain several tightly

linked, spatially condensed zones o

development, inrastructure such

as roads, motorways, stations, air-ports, harbors, power stations and

indstrial estates with parks and lei-

sre areas, smaller hosing estates,

neglected zones and areas sed or

agricltre and in the megacities

o the Third World extensive slms

that will grow more in the next ew

decades.

rbanisation has already come to an

nd in most indstrialised contries.

A saturation point was reached be-

ause 7080 per cent o people al-eady live in cities. Cities are scarcely

rowing any more, and some have al-

eady started to shrink becase the

oplation is decreasing as a reslt

limited immigration, the increase

n single hoseholds and lower ertil-

ty rates; and people are no longer mi-

rating rom the contry to the city,

ut rom declining cities to those

hat are thrusting orwards eco-

omically. This is quite dierent in

he Third World. Here cities and meg-

cities will continue to grow at im-mense speed in the next ew dec ades,

nd will reach vast dimensions. The

xplosive rbanisation o the global

oplation has long been ot o con-

rol, regardless o political will and

ack o opportnities.

Bt this cold change very soon,

s space, objects and people are rap-dly being networked at every turn,

nd this process will be boostedgain by the large-scale introdction

RFID and GPS chips, wide-rang-ng radio networks and the version

internet protocol (IPv6), because

hen absoltely everything can be in-

erlinked as 340 sextillion possiblenternet addresses will be available.

At the same time, items rom sen-ors and actators right down to ro-

ots will have shrnk to nano-sizes;

hey will orm mobile Smart Dust

etworks and also move into peo-

les bodies and brains. Digital net-

working will enold urban space inarticlar, bt the planet as a whole

with signifcant and highly ambiv-lent conseqences orming a data

pace that interacts with the planet

ut at a planetary level) making it

nto a kind o super-organism. It is

ossible to call this extended reality,

r conversely a virtality released to

ow into reality. We have still to ace

he real inormation revoltion.

Virtual space isgrowing out ourban space andenVeloping it

ne aspect is increasing interlinking,

which is creating a virtal space, or

more accurately: the new virtual

world metropolis, which is urban-

sing the entire planet and makingvery ser o the internet and mobile

hone networks (which are starting

o merge) one o their citizens, re-

gigantic dataVolumes as a basisor social action

I the urban population continues

to increase at the present annual

rate o 1.8 per cent, it will have do-

bled within 35 years. And here the

ocus o urban concentration willshit to the Third World, which has

hitherto had a predominantly rural

population. In the year 2000, justnder two billion people lived in cit-

ies there, bt by 2030 the gre is

predicted to have reached our bil-

lion. 5 million people migrate intocities in the developing world every

month. And it is crrently estimated

that a third o the rban poplation

o the Third World lives in slms. It

is qite possible that hal the global

rban poplation will soon be living

either in gigantic slms or in irreg-

lar urban residential zones locatedin richer urban areas or city cen-

tres like satellites or plug-ins, even

though they represent Black Holespolitically, economically and in terms

o secrity strategy. Even in 15 years,

the poplation o Kinshasa, say, will

have risen rom its crrent 8 million

to 17 million, or that o Lagos rom

its present 10 to 16 million.

Migrations o this kind, which are

happening mch more qickly than

they did in Erope and North Amer-

ica during the ultra-rapid urbanisa-

tion broght abot by the indstrial

revoltion, are perhaps most clearly

observed in China. By 2025 alone, it

is assmed that 350 to 400 million

additional people more than thecrrent poplation o the uSA will

be living in cities, which means the

rban poplation cold have dobled

to a billion by 2030 in 22 years. Eve-

rything abot this trend is gigantic

the migrations rom the country-

side to the towns, the resultant re-strctring o town and contry, the

bilding measres, the sbrbanisa-

tion and sealing o land that cold be

used or agricultural purposes, en-

ergy and water spply problems, pol-ltion, the increased risk cased by

natural disasters, the development

o transport inrastructure with

roads, dozens o new airports or alarge nmber o new means o mass

transport. Despite the current eco-nomic crisis, China is likely to remain

the worlds largest building site

most recently the urban regions

were growing by two billion sqare

metres annally.

Scarcely controllable growth

is urther exacerbated by security

t v

,

k

v f v

vyy v.

s q

k -

y

y .


13/63


problems. Conict has increasingly

been thrst into cities or a long time

now, where asymmetrical wars are

waged. The ailed states that are

sinking into chaos are being joined

by more and more weak or wild

states, which are alling completely

or, at best, partly out o state con-

trol. This turns cities into primarilymilitary operating spaces devoted to

secrity strategy that have to be sb-

jected to srveillance and cleansing,

where law and order have to be re-

stored through conict and stabili-

sation measres, as has clearly been

happening recently in Iraq and A-

ghanistan.

But under the heading o cy-ber-terrorism, cyber-criminality and

protection o the networked inra-structure virtual space that is an-

chored in rban reality, orming the

global or planetary metropolis, has

increasingly to be protected. Here

cyberspace has an important part toplay. Not only does it enable compre-

hensive control o rban space in real

time, italso has a bridging nction,

as the trend towards gated com-

munities is becoming stronger in

the developing contries and the in-

dstrialised world, as a reslt o the

poor and (sper-)rich driting apart

and the middle class crmbling. The

secre national rban islands, linked

world-wide and separated by walls,

ences, electronic surveillance de-vices and biometric recognition tech-

nologies, secrity sta and soon by

robots are also interlinked by inor-

mation and communications tech-nology, as well as by connections to

motorways, stations and harbours.These, in turn, should repel attacks

and intruders with frewalls andother secrity devices, and ths also

represent gated commnities.

Greater Shenzhen has over 12

million inhabitants. Here a kind o

urban panopticon is to be set up,

oering a wide variety o surveil-

lance technologies. At the heart othe system are tens o thosands o

srveillance cameras, some already

capable o ace and behaviour rec-ognition and the possibility o oper-

ating over 360 degrees. In addition,

there is a broadband network pow-

erul enough to carry the massive

quantities o data generated. It ishoped that this will not only make it

possible to recognise people in pblic

places bt also to identiy sspicios

behaviour, or example, or preven-

tive purposes. This will make Shen-zhen the best monitored city in the

world by 2010, with 2 million cam-

eras. But the aim o the national

sae cities programme is to bild p

a national database, making it pos-sible to coordinate and compare im-

ages rom the srveillance cameras

and data rom other sorces sch as

the monitored internet and mobile

phone system, and also rom the se

o credit and other chip cards.

collecting,coordinating,eValuating andcontrolling

Similar projects or collecting datarom the largest possible nmber o

sorces and accessing them by data

mining are being prsed all over the

world, and o course also provide a

basis or military strategy (C4ISR

Command, Control, Communica-

tions, Computers, Intelligence, Sur-veillance and Reconnaissance). IBM

has jst developed sotware or its

A Smart Planet project, intended to

collect these enormous masses o

data and analyse them in real time.

This is all about surveillance and

recognition in the broader sense, in

other words about streams o tra-c and people who can be ollowed

by means o GPS and mobile phone

localisation systems, abot weather

data, nancial transactions, energy

loads, images rom all kinds o sen-

sors, technology installed to make it

possible to see throgh internal and

external walls, or abot medical and

physiological data rom a wide vari-

ety o sorces, distribted regionally

and globally. But this also makes itpossible to monitor swarms o crea-

tres, particles, micro-organisms or

indications o biological, chemical or

nclear weapons in air and water.

New data will be generated allthe time in every case, collected, co-

ordinated and evalated on the basis

o certain criteria in order to recog-

nise trends and risks or to optimise

processes on local, regional, national

or global levels, acilitating an imme-

diate response. The dimensions o a

data-space that is created, explored

and analysed so dynamically will be

gigantic. Even now, American scien-

tists are collecting and evaluating

mobile phone location data and socollecting and evalating the move-

ments o over 100,000 people over

six months, prodcing a mobile n-

gerprint or each individal in a way

that is not entirely acceptable in legal

terms. The world is becoming trans-

parent, a panopticon. In principle,


14/63


this would make it possible to con-

trol the development o cities, min-

imise energy consumption, quickly

track down possible environmen-tal polltion or identiy risky places,

buildings and people, or explore in-

teresting global marketing opport-

nities. Individals cold also optimise

their activities by interacting with

the data streams, which could in-clde their physiological data, sch

as blood pressre, plse, EEG, rine

analysis and body temperature. At

the same time, techniques are al-

ready being developed or atomat-

ically recognising peoples behavior

and intentions rom their gait, ges-tres or acial expressions, bt also

rom physiological data that can be

read remotely, which cold serve to

prevent crime and also help neuro-marketing.

Bt even i state or private opti-

misations or monitoring and control-

ling in real time cold be coordinatedwith the behaviour o people, such

optimisation and regulation wouldndermine the tightly welded bases

o reedom, anonymity and privacy.

Geoscientists Jerome E. Dobson and

Peter Fisher talk o the beginning o

a orm o geo-slavery, simply on

the basis o location technology orHman Tracking.

the digital diVide

But the global super-organism so

ervently longed or by many peo-ple will not jst have a large nmber

o black holes, particlarly in places

dominated by poverty. Rich inor-mation societies will increasingly be

concerned to seal o data-spaces

(that overlap with real geographi-

cal and architectural spaces) rom

political or commercial competi-

tors and to clariy who has access

to what which data and who is to

be spared the digital panopticon,nder what conditions and how this

will be realised technically. This will

have become reality when all vehi-cles, equipment, goods and individ-

als can be tracked and located on a

permanent basis via GPS transmit-ters, RFID chips, IP nmbers etc, bt

also via intelligent streets, bildings

and inrastrctres.

In the year 2050, the digital aris-

tocracy will be distingished by their

ability to determine or themselves

when, where and nder what circm-

stances they are on- or o-line in the

middle o the archipelago o rich, pro-

tected islands o afence. Bt they

will also have to reckon with digital

criminals and rebels or state and pri-

vate secrity orces, who will want

to penetrate the gated spaces and

maniplate them with as ew obsta-

cles as possible in the way.

The trends described here orig-

inate mainly in the slmming down

o Third World cities, increasing pov-

erty and the act that rich and poor

are driting apart, even in rich con-

tries. Presumably such trends will

be urther reinorced by the fnan-

cial crisis and the debt mountains

that are piling p to cope with it. Glo-

bal warming will also contribte to

sealing rich contries and rich elites

o even more i it results in waveso migration or natral disasters, n-

less something is done in advance to

prevent this. The only eective de-

ence strategy would be state and

economic reorms, above all redis-

tribting edcation and knowledge

in order to bridge the gl betweenrich and poor. Rather than seekingto tame the democratising power o

the internet with srveillance, inter-

net bans and undue regulation, so-cieties cold invest in removing the

digital gl that still exists between

dierent population groups. This

wold be a way o creating the trans-

parency and pblic qality that are

so sorely needed in terms o (global)

politics, as well as providing open ac-

cess to knowledge.

floian rtze, born in 1953, stud-

ied philosophy then worked as a

ree-lance author and journalistspecialising in media theory and

media aesthetics. In 1996 he was

a co-ounder o the online maga-

zine Telepolis (www.telepolis.de)and has been its editor-in-chie ever

since. He has published books in-

cluding Digitale Weltentwrfe (Mu-

nich 1998); Megamaschine Wissen

(Frankrt am Main/New York 1999),

Renaissance der Utopie (Ed, with R.

Maresch; Frankrt am Main 2004)

and Vom Wildwerden der Stdte(Basel 2006).

b b y

g o v

1984

y

y. t

v

y b: t

4 v

v

y. t v

l y

300 y.1


15/63

6 D&A Autumn 2009 Issue 12

03

2703 money

Te eet ss st pts te wd s e sw te sts te sed e sste. T ke tes

e e eset d t t pvete efetve, e w ve t esed st tes te t te teest pts. Te estwd e ew, se d, st pepe,ette wd.

B mark Rlad

MONEYSTrong EconomiESor SuSTainablEcommuniTiES

Why?th crr cic crii ha

hw h liiai h gl-

balid wrld c. A c-

ic ha ccra

, pwr ad kwldg i

h had h w d cra

prpri, d cba pv-r ad rric cii rd

acivi. Ad cii i pariclar ar

acd wih gra challg i h

r; adapig clia chag,

rrcrig rapr ad rg

ad achivig cial bal-

ac ar h ipra.

WhaT?Wak lcal ci c ppl

a gra dal aciall, clgicall

ad ciall. B a rg rgial

c hlp cii ri h

prr glbaliai. I i h

baic prrqii r ciig

cial , halh car prvi-i, ardabl livig pac ad

a fci rba irarcr.

Ad lcal prar ra h avail-

abl clgical rrc ch

r rpibl ha glbal pr-

ar; ppl ar r ail ad

accabl r xravaga ad

pllig bhavir i h ar b

d h p.

hoW?saiabl dvlp ca c-

cd l i cial dpdc

cic grwh i rdcd. Dvl-

p hld b h c,

grwh: grwh a gig big-

gr dvlp a gig

br. th h apc valvr c hld b rgardd

r a prpciv aia-

bili. I i Co2 ii

radig, rg will b d lik a

crrc. Hwvr i will b -

ci rl av hi crrc;

w will al hav chag r p-

pli r il l rwa-

bl rc.


16/63

8 D&A Autumn 2009 Issue 12 2903 money

p id h lcal c. Fr

xapl, ach i rid hp i

a dir w r largr cr, h

a p rpr dllar ad

ic l h h ci.

thr ar w baic r lakag:

idia ad cdar. Idi-

a lakag ccr wh br a ci ravl ahr c-

r ad hir lcall grad i-c ak -lcal prcha.

scdar lakag ccr wh a

rid ak a prcha i h

ci b h prdc wa pr-

chad r aacrd id h

ci. m p id hci rpr a l h

lcal c. 8

scd, lcall wd bi-

ar r likl b a abl

grar walh r a ar,

r grai, ad h ar

r likl adap rahr ha

f r h irdci ra-

abl labr ad viraladard. Drig bi dw-

r, h ar l likl rlcaprdci lwr-c rgi,

ad i b i h ar l likl

v r a ligh icra i h

ra rr iv. 9

third, whil big-bx r cha Walmar xpad crcial

chic ad r gd cr

val, di hav d hah r d lil crib

lcal ci. Cpard wih

lcall wd r, liaial

chai r iph rv

cii hrgh cic lak-

ag. B diplacig lcal bi,

h al crib icraig -

pl ad dcraig vrall

ic. 10

Fiall, i nrh Arica a pr-

vailig h i ha i rdr rcic dvlp a c-

i accp grwh. th rhi ha grwh b diigihd

r dvlp: grwh a

g biggr, dvlp a

g br a icra i qal-

i ad divri. Lcal gvr

will bidi prr dvl-

p hrgh irarcr x-

pai i h a cic

dvlp, l acilia rprawl ad icipal db. tw al-

raiv r dvlp wih

grwh ar pprig xiig bi-

ad icraig h br

i a dllar i p i h c-

i. Lcal prchaig i h priar

a bh pprig xiig

bi ad icraig h c-

ic liplir, rlig i a rci, l-rlia, cicall

rili ci. 11

rdc pvr, rc vidc

hw ha h walh h gr-

a d aaicall lad

pvr rdci. o h crar,

iqalii wihi cii ar h

ri, pariclarl i Arica ad Lai

Arica. Pvr i a vr, prva-iv, ad largl ackwldgd

ar rba li.ev ccl aial c-

i ca b xpiv i r

lcal ha, cial, halh, ad c-

lgical c. Chia rc gai i

cic grwh ad prdcivi

prvid a vivid illrai, a Chia

i w h 16 h 20 pl-

ld cii h pla. ecicgai hr hav i a ca x-

acrbad viral prbl

i h cii. 3Cii ard h wrld ca

b hgh a lig a ci-

cic dvlp

r walh cii ch a nw

yrk, L Agl, Vacvr, L-d, ad sckhl prr cii

ch a Lia, Caraca, ad mbai.y wihi ach walh ci hr

i al a pr ci (a vidcd, rxapl, b h 2005 ri i h

kir Pari), whil ad

ravllr ca a ha i

pr cii hr ar al walh

clav. saiabl dvlp

lk vr dir i ach h

cx. I a h dirc b-w cic dvlp ha,

h had, cpa l-

ipl b-li bjciv -

abl cid prpri wih

cpriig h pla aral

ppr ad, h hr

had, allvia pvr ad craaiabl livlihd ha p-

pl ca liv cr, halh, ad dig-

id liv.

FrOM GlObal tOlOcal EcONOMiEs

urba cic challg ar

igrd i par bca r fawd

dradig h cic - il. m cvial c-

ic dvlp r ar rd

i h bli ha cic brickl dwr h rich h

pr, r h a h ci, rh ark h cr. B ch

rickl-dw ragi a acall

xacrba h vr prbl h

ar digd alira. Rahr

ha l ricklig r v prig

cic dvlp dw, wak- i h rickl-dw c il-

lra ha hr i a rg ca

r cic dvlp al b

r h b p.y h pa vral dcad hav

wid prcdd cic

xpai ad h rgc h

glbal c. Iraial dvl-

p r h la 20 ar

hav cd aciliaig h i-

grai dvlpig cri ihi glbal c hrgh ch-

ai ch a h rcral ad-

j prgra ad plici

h Iraial mar Fd

ad h Wrld Bak, which wr d-

igd, ag hr bjciv,

allvia pvr hrgh acr-

cic rrcrig.Rcgiig h ailr ad

hrcig pa apprach

cic dvlp, h

uid nai milli Dcla-

rai adpd i spbr 2000,

cid ai a w glbal

parrhip rdc pvr. eigh

milli Dvlp Gal wr r 2015, wih h ai laddrig i xr hgr

ad pvr b al prig g-

dr qi ad h baic ha righ

halh, dcai, hlr, ad -

cri.4

thr i a c ha hr

hav b r ailr ha c-

c. I ligh hi, i 2005 h

un milli Prjc prd

i al rcdai, Iv-

ig i Dvlp: A Pracical Pla

Achiv h milli Dvlp-

Gal, callig r bh a i-

cra i aid r wr criad a rallcai dig priri-

i i dvlpig cri. mr i-rig, hwvr, i ha h rpr

al calld r r aid b giv

a h lcal lvl. Wih a phai

lcal aiac, h earh Ii-

a Clbia uivri i nw

yrk ha al ard h milliVillag Prjc, a b-p ap-

prach ablig villag i dvl-pig cri li hlv

h pvr rap. th 12 drl-

ig pricipl hi prjc icld

ci pwr hrgh

paricipai ad ladrhip, lcal-

lvl capaci bildig, ad rgh-

ig lcal iii. 5ma iraial dvlp-

r k l i-

gra dvlpig cri i h

glbal c b al glbali

h c il. Capial bili,icraig rad, ad h dcli

aial a rglai hav

ad idividal ad h ci-

i h liv i r vlrabl ha

br. Cvial apprach

cic dvlp a b l

addr h cdii dr whichlcal ci cc r r l

avrabl xral cic cir-ci. Fr xapl, clr ra-

gi ha phai h cpiiv

advaag a lcal cdi ar

ccrd wih hw plg lcal

ci i h high val-addd

par glbal cdi chai.

Whil h ragi ar ipr-

a, h d gara ai-

abl, qiabl, lcal c.I nrh Arica ad erp, h

glbal cic xpai rc

dcad ha b l i lcal c-

ii i a vari wa. Prhap

h icabl ad crrl d-

bad rl ha b h crcial

rail big bx b ha i, h pr-

lirai ad icraig diac

liaial prr.A a xapl, cidr Wal-

mar, h wrld larg railr. I

Walmar wr a cr, i wld b

h wih larg i h wrld; ii wr a ci, i wld b h h

larg ci i h uid sa. Wal-

mar criic hav lg cplaidha Walmar i a bad plr,

ighbr ad crpra ciiz.

B h cpa igh b chagig.

I 2004, Walmar lachd a lg-

r aiabili iiiaiv c-

ig ara ch a packagig, rala, rg, raw arial, ad

lcric wa . th cpa par-rd wih viral cl-

a, -pr rgaiai, ad

hr grp i rdr xai bi-

pracic hrgh h l r-

rai ad aiabili. 6I ocbr 2005, Walmar Ceo

acd hr w gal r h

cpa: rl 100 prc r-wabl rg, cra zr wa,

ad ll prdc ha ai r-

rc ad h vir. I

April 2006, Walmar wa a

hadl ajr railr ad rg

cpai rgig h u.s. Cgr ip adar carb cap

hir bi. I ha al b-

c h wrld larg pplir rgaic d, l rdcig i

clgical pri b akig r-gaic r accibl r vr.

I glbal rc ch a Walmar ar

igig av h pla b p-

plig rgaic prdc ad lbbig

r carb cap, wh bhr rig

rgh lcal ci? 7

thr ar vral criical ra

pr ch a rag. Fir, c-

ic dvlp rd i lcal

wrhip ad ipr bii

ha clar b i r ppig

cic lakag. ecic lakagrr ci ic ha i

h r 2008 draaicall

lrad a chic cic -

r. I r 2008, il wa rg-

g ward $150 a barrl ad us ga

d: prl] pric wr hiig $4 aall. Wh h pric il w

p, rci llwd. th rc-

brgh h pric crahig

w, ad da i a lik

igh il pric ar h w c-

ic prbl ha w d hav wrr ab. Hwvr, ripl-digi

il pric will rr ad a high

ca dad will cil

rip ppl, which argabl ha

akd awa, i h cig ar.1

w d wa ci dw

h pah glbaliai, hw ca

w bgi hik ab a alra-

v cic r?srg lcal ci ar h

dai rg cii

ha ca grw ad wihad h

rr crad b a icra-

gl rbaid wrld. Ad rgii rqir a hliic ap-

rach ha l prvid h

radiial dlivrabl cic

vlp jb, ic, walh,

cri b al prc h -

ir, iprv ci i-

rarcr, icra ad dvlp

cal kill ad capaci, rgh

h cial abric, ad rpc hri-

g ad clral idi. I hi wa,

rg lcal ci al prviddai r rg aial

ci. Cii ad w pr-

id r appd ppri-

rgh lcal ci b

irig w apprach -

aiabl dvlp ad c-

i aag. 2Whhr ha l ar

illag, w, brb, r gaci-

, lcal cic dvlp ha

criical ipac h aiabil-

rba ara. Whvr agri-

lral r r lad i clard r

hr prp, whvr rad ar

il r xpadd, whvr a whppig cr r bdivii i

rad, whvr a rba ara idvlpd i hr, whvr

h aral r bil vir ihagd hrgh ha aci

h halh cii ad h

la i acd.

th cic dvlp ha

ra h chag i h a-ral ad bil vir hld

rba rid b iprv-

g hir cic liv. Wak lcal

ci ar xpiv r ri-

wh r r pvr ad aciad cqc, ch

alrii ad dia. y d-pi h r pial cii

te pu nne eo

domne e e eonomy.

in 2007, od GDP (.e. e

um o good nd eve

podued) 44.5 on Us$

nd e um o money n

uon, nudng ok,

ond nd oe ogon,

3.3 me moun.22


17/63

0 D&A Autumn 2009 Issue 12 03 money 31

e goed eonomy (ove)

g ox oppng

ene ke e oun o

e need o o egmen o

e popuon. i pon o

e nome nd oue o

-y nk nd nveo

(p. 35). sm, oy ogned

money fo n evey Euo

pen mupe me e

epeve oon e moe

une (eo).


18/63

2 D&A Autumn 2009 Issue 12 3303 money

J a aiabili ha prpd

a hi i raprai ad rg

plaig awa r radiial c-cr wih ppl a w c

aagig dad, h c c-ic dvlp d hi

r radiial ccr wih i-

craig grwh rdcig -

cial dpdc cic grwh

r wha cld b calld eDm, ec-

ic Dad maag. thi ha

diic iplicai r aiablci dvlp, pariclarl

rgardig pl ad c-

i cic dvlp. 14

exapl aiabl CeD iiia-

iv icld:

_

car cpraiv rdc h c

ad ci car wrhip (Va-

cvr)

_aiabl pl pla

cra jb, pr priva pdig,

ad rdc plli hrgh pbliciv i rg crvai

ad adi (sa J, Caliria)

_w prdc dvlp -

crag aacrr dvlp

virall ridl prdc

hrgh icipal rarch ad d-vlp aiac (Ghbrg,

swd)

_

icra i ardabl hig p-pl hrgh zig cd ha pr-

a vari hig p,

icldig allr ad liail

h (Prlad, org);

_

xpri wih lcal l-rliachrgh ablih cld-

lp, l-aiig cic -

wrk (s. Pal, mia)

_

ci-pprd agriclr

prjc prrv arlad ad

hlp arr whil akig rhri ad vgabl availabl i

ci ighbrhd (Vacvr;

Ld, oari; nw yrk Ci)

_

crai lcal crrci ch a

Lets, Lcal epl ad trad-

ig s, which k rcirc-

la lcal rrc ad rghcial i (tr; Ihaca, nw

yrk; uid Kigd)

_a lcal wrhip dvlp

prjc wih a rvlvig la d

crag pl-wd bi-

, which ar cidrd r

abl vr h lg r ad rlikl hir, rai, ad pr lcal

rid (Brlig, Vr)

_a ci bvrag cair

rcclig dp ha pl rppldpr divrad pr-

vid h wih kill, raiig, ad

l- ( Vacvr). 15

Cll rlad CeD i h -

aiabl livlihd apprach

pvr allviai, which ai

addr h idia a wll a

h lg-r d idividalad hhld ad which ak

i cidrai h cial ad -

viral a wll a h cic

aiabili livlihd acivii

ad ragi. th ida aia-bl livlihd prvid a rawrk

drad h pracical ralii

ad pririi h rgglig i

pvr ha i, wha h acall

d ak a livig, h a ha

h ar abl draw , ad h v-

rda prbl h ac. 16

Bd ic grai, c-

cl ragi dr a aia-

bl livlihd apprach hld rv

iprv acc ad crl vrlcal a ad hlp ak idi-

vidal l vlrabl hck ad

r (ch a ill, aral di-

ar, r jb l) ha cld hr-wi xacrba iai db

ad pvr. 17

Hiricall, h aiabl liv-lihd rawrk ha b d

priaril i h cx rral

pvr allviai. B h a

rawrk ca ail b applid

iai rba pvr ad liv-lihd grai. I ac, a aia-

bl livlihd apprach i car

i rdr ackl i rba

pvr vr h lg r. Accrd-

ig h ILo, 184 illi ppl ih wrld d hav jb, alhgh

hi gr rach a la 1 billi i

drpl i al ak i

acc. 18

th ccp ci c-

ic dvlp ad aiabllivlihd ghr prvid a -

l rawrk r a alraiv ap-prach cic dvlp

ha phai h dvlp

rg lcal ci.

a NEw MiNDsEtFOr thE FUtUrE

Hw will h vrall apprach c-

ic dvlp d chagi rdr acilia h dvlp-

rg lcal ci?Cii, cii, ad lcal

ci ar lidiial,

wih a cplx iraci -

cial, cic, clgical, ad cl-

ral acr. s aal hik

lcal ci i r a r

capial. th r ci capi-al, cviall d rr j

cic r acial capial, ha

r rcl b d icld

aral, phical, cic, ha,cial, ad clral r capi-

al. srghig lcal ci

a cig ai h

ix r capial:

_miiiig h cpi -

ial aral capial a livig

wihi clgical lii, crvigad hacig aral rrc,

ig rrc aiabl (il,

air, war, rg ad ), ig

clar prdci hd, ad

iiizig wa (lid, liqid, air

plli ad )

_

Iprvig phical capial icld

cig ci a cha pblic acilii (ch a hpi-

al ad chl), war ad ai-

ai prvii, fci rapr,a ad high-qali hig, ad-

qa irarcr, ad lc-

icai

_srghig cic capial

a cig axiiig h xiig rrc (ig

wa a a rrc, r xapl),

circlaig dllar wihi a c-

i, akig hig lcall rplacipr, craig a w prdc,

radig airl wih hr, ad d-

vlpig ci acial ii-

i

_

Icraig ha capial rqir ac ara ch a halh, d-

cai, rii, lirac, ad a-

il ad ci chi, a

wll a icrad raiig ad

iprvd wrkplac daic

gra r prdciv ad i-vaiv wrkr; baic dria halh ch a pac ad a,

d, hlr, dcai, ic, ad

pl ar car prrq-

ii

_

mliplig cial capial rqir

ai civ ad rpr-

aiv lcal gvrac, rg

rgaiai, capaci-bildig,

paricipar plaig, ad acc

irai a wll a cllabra-

i ad parrhip

_

ehacig clral capial ipli

ai radii ad val,

hriag ad plac, h ar, divr-

i, ad cial hir. 19

thi apprach i icraigl r-

rrd a aiabl ci

dvlp ad icld bh c-

i cic dvlp ad

aiabl livlihd ragi.

Whil idividal aci ad lil

chic, ch a big rgaic pr-dc, ar ipra pral c-

ribi, rghig lcal

ci rqir a cllciv

hi i idividal aci ad plii-cal chic. Ci biliai

ha b civ i cxad rgi. th cpra-

iv c eilia Raga i

rhr Ial, h Gra Bak iBagladh, Vaci Crdi ui

i Vacvr, h W Ira-

ial swig Cpraiv nva

Vida, ad h capaig r lcal

rad acr nrh Arica ar all

xapl h pial c-

i biliai hlp rgh

lcal ci.

tOwarDs a NEw,

bEttEr, sMallErwOrlD

srg lcal ci ar a da-al par aiabl c-

ii. th giv cii h

capaci ad rrc addr

pcic ad idia prbl

ch a h prvii halh car,adqa hig, cla war ad

aiai, ad diar prvi

ad rp. Ha l

larg ad all, rich ad pr drg lcal ci wihad

h prr crad b a icra-

igl rbaid wrld.

Glbaliai wa h rl

wi cic hri brillial

applid, b rahr chap il. s-aiabl cii wih rg

lcal ci will c ail h rqir igica chag i

r rcr, aid, ad val.

saiabl dvlp ipli a

hi i h capaci idividal,

cpai, ad ai r-

rc ha h hav h righ

ad ar cragd

dr pr lgal ad cic ar-

rag. Alhgh v h

cvial aal rcgi hd r chagig h arrag-

, w pl ackwldg ha

vig ward a aiabl ci-

rqir r ha ir adj- xiig pracic. th

wh b r crr arrag-

will ri r dcral-

i h c ad rgh lcal

cii. micipalii ard

h wrld hav wrkd ghr c-cll ifc glbal chag

viral ar; h

w icrpra a rg lcal c-

c i hir aiabili

agda.20

Whil dvlpd ci havbcd back r pa il hck,

ad w chlgi hld h

pibili rdcig dpdc

il, high il pric ar a viral cr-

ai b a crai which w

ca adap. Wih chap il, dvl-

pd cri ar likl ipr

l r lw-wag cri lik

Chia ad ak r hig a h,

r l rir d.21 I

a rpc, h w allr

wrld awaiig will b a br

ad r aiabl wrld ha h

crahig ard w.

thi aricl i bad p m. R-

lad wih L. s, srghig

Lcal eci, i Wrldwach I-i, sa h Wrld 2007: or

urba Fr (nw yrk: WW. nr-

& C., 2007).

Mak roseland i Dircr hCr r saiabl Ci

Dvlp ad Prr i h

Dpar Ggraph a Ca-

ada si Frar uivri. H

lcr iraiall ad advicii ad gvr

aiabl dvlp plic adplaig. Dr. Rlad al rv

h Bard h si Frar ui-

vri Ci tr, which i

rpibl r h uivrCi -

aiabl ci dvlp

prjc (www.uivrCi.ca ).

cOMMUNitY

caPital: UsiNG allOUr rEsOUrcEs

Alraiv cic hri ad

da ar w: e. F. schachr

rpd h ida w c-

c i hi ifial bk sall i

Bail: ecic A I Ppl

mard, prig all-cal

vlp bad ig

pl lcal d. sic h, al-

raiv lcal cic apprach

av b p rward i bh i-

rial ad dvlpig cri

apprach ha ar rd i c-

i ad digd lcal

d ad bjciv. Ci

cic Dvlp (CeD) ad

aiabl livlihd ar w x-

pl h alraiv ra-

i. 12Ci ecic Dvlp-

prvid a ccpal a

addrig aiabl cicvlp a h ci

vl. I cr pricipl icld a

i-bad apprach d-

lp; dirc ad aigl

i paricipai; igra-

g cic, clgical, ad cial

pc lcal dvlp; a--bad dvlp dd

i rgh ad rrcahr ha dcici; ad bild-

g ci l-rliac. I di-

gihig ar ar caprd i

hi dii: CeD i a prc b

which cii ca iiia ad

ra hir w li hir

cic prbl ad

hrb bild lg-r ci

apaci ad r h igrai

cic, cial, ad vir-

al bjciv. 13


19/63

04

3504 materials

F a t t c tat ab v- at pt. Ma mata ab xtact m t t bp

at a -taab at. A taabttat 2050 w t av t at pbm wat a mata fw. T w tat t a m cmc,ptca, ca a tcca ccpt avaabaa tat w p acv t a.

By rch Cckn

materialsBeyond WAsTe:MAnAging MATeriAl FloWsin The 21sT CenTury

Why?th hgh h ndd o v-

ng, h o ouc nd -

ud. th pp o

nywh n h wod: xp

hv ccud h h ndu

non woud hv o duc h

oupu by 90 p cn n od o

op ov-xpoon o h nv-

onn. Bu h no gn o

ny dn hnkng; h wod

ubd w

pc, nd hu h xpoon o

ouc, o h un o bon

Us do p y. a h

, ou y poo con-

upon nd h gowh o ub-

bh ounn; w pnd ony

h w do no hv o buy hng

h w do no nd.

WhAT?mo cn nd o po-

b u o ouc cn nn

h vng ndd o h un

h nbng co-

noc gowh o poo pop.

th u coud b n co-

noc ppoch wokng on h

cd o cd pncp cyc-

c y n whch u ood

nd no ouc o. Bu c

pnc hv o b bhd

h o b chvd. thu

vodnc co bo -u,

nd cycng b hn ncn-

ng ubbh o dpong o

nd .

hoW?sg o ducng h u o

ouc dy bng d

ou n p o h wod ody.

Ngoon ndd n ou

d: poc, conoc, oc

d nd nw chnoog. sub-

d, x nd chgng o ub-

bh coud pon hng n h gh

dcon. achc, ngn

nd dgn hv pcc ob-

gon; hy hv g nfunc

whn poduc h o -

cn n h u o o

b nucud.


20/63


21/63

8 3904 materialsD&a aUtUmN 2009 issU e 12

social measures

infuenn onuon: h go-b conu c ky py

n hpng pn o ouc

conupon, py bcu

conu h buk o h wod

ouc. Howv, nfuncng

conu jo chng. a

dy nod, w-dgnd co-

x cn py uu ro, bu h cp- y v dcon-kng

n poduc puch o ny

up o h conur. mor conro on

purchng woud b undrb, bu

o pc o ndvdu houhodconupon cn b nfuncd. Fo

xp, cun conupon p-

n d o h poducon nd pu-

ch o ny good h ud

nquny by h conu. i -

d h h vg DiY oo

ud o ju 10 nu, h o

ghng du13. th d

o g conupon

hn cuy ncy.

Govnn nd coun

cn k con o hp d h

bnc bwn pv nd pubc

or o conupon. Cr hrng

rpdy bcong popur n ny eu-

opn c, nd govnn cn

c uch nv hrough xncnv nd gn ch. s-

y, oc coun cn up

oo nd ppnc hng ng-

n o h no vyon h o

own p .

th wok-pnd y no

whch o ny ockd dv

gowh n dpob nco, whch

nury rn no grr con-

ur purch. a h yng go,w pnd ony w don hv, o

buy hng w don nd, o prpop w don k. i c h

conupon go wy byond -

yng n ndvdu phyoogc

nd phyc nd. m con-upon ud by ny pop o

c nd nn n o dn-

y nd o how gnc wh c-

n oc goup. Councon

nd ducon w ho hv

o py jo o n chvng u-

nb conupon. Pop w

chng h bhvou hy und-

nd h on o dong o nd

d y o h. thy nd

o b nod o h nvonn

nd ouc-d conqunc

o h puchng nd y d-

con. educon o ndd o

ncourg h u o produc d

ro rcycd or rcovrd r

w o nor ndvdu bou

h pornc o ourc prono h houhod w.

develon eln ulue:

o coun chvng hgh v

o cycng po-conu w

hv don o by cng cuu

o dong o. in Gny, chooch-

dn ugh bou h po-

nc o popy png h

w, nd p bn po-

vdd nd wghd. th xd

w you hv, h you py. inVnn po, pubc bn hv

ou dn-zd copn:

ppr, g, nd ohr. in hown o Kku, Jpn, go o

zo w o nd o ncnon

by 2020 h bn dopd, du o

h cong o boh oc ncno.

ahough hr w n rnco h oc couny, h own

now chv cycng o 80%

or houhod w n h b nc oh gv u o nn-

c nrun. loc rdn k

nb v w rqur h corrc

bnc o conoc, oc, poc,

nd chnoogc u. th o-owng by no n xhuv,bu ou o o h wy o

unb ouc ngn

pcc cn b chvd.

economicmeasures

s -x: a ky

n o chvng o un-

b ouc nd w ng-

n pcc o nd cv

pcng gn h ncoug o

unb pcc. Nuou

ubd cuny k poduc

uch u, b, nd n

chp hn hy woud oh-

w b, ncourgng hr ncrd

conupon. ahough dcu

o dv n xc vu, -

d h gob ubd oun

o ov UsD 1,000 bon p y,

wh OeCD b ccounng o

hr-qurr o h o7. Phng

ou ducv ubd nd h-

ng popoon o h und o -

ouc cncy nv woud

hp ddr ununb rourcconupon pcc.

ecoogc x o h

poc whby k pc

djud o fc h u nvon-

n co o conoc cv.

exp ncud v on h u

o vgn , nd , nd

oh w nd pouon chg

h ncnv nucurr o r-duc h gnon o w nd

on. in Con, cycng

rg o 50% dvron ro ndby 2000 w n 1990. a unc-

o cocon o w bd on h

oun hy produc, provdng d-

rc conoc ncnv o gnr w nd ncr copongnd cycng. such ch hv

dond hug ucc n d-

cng cocon co, ducng

w vou, nd ncng -

cycng.

geen oueen: though h

poduc nd vc hy buy, gov-

nn nuon hv g

nfunc. Pubc puchng n n-

dud coun ccoun o

up o 25% o GDP. in h eU, govn-

n pocun od o

hn UsD1 on n 2001, wh n

Noh ac chd UsD2 -

on3. inuon cn hror hv powu nfunc on h upp-

. though h pcn o n-

vonn dnd, nuon

cn h k nd nfunc d-

gn, cncy, nd duby. th

gn pocun.

in 1998, h Us govnn

ndd dndng h cycd

conn o d pp o b

30%. th gnd h n cy-

cd conn o pp o 10% n

1994 o 30% n 2000 nd o n-

crd dr conupon o rcy-cd pp o 12% o 90%3. th

ncd govnn dnd o

bood h ovr rk ndrdo cycd conn n h couny.

Buyng cycd poduc h -

pon n g n h poc

cvy co h oop. mny

coun kng h on bod:

Dnk wod d n gn

pocun wh w n pc

nc 1994 qung non nd

oc uho o u cycd o

cycb poduc.

hr w o h oc w cnrnd p no 34 cgo.

p : who

nw wy o hnkng bou poduc,

h wy n conoy uncon, nd

wh uppod o ccoph hrcny rgd. ind o ju -

ng good, nucurr r ovng

owrd provon o rvc n-y noon o conu

hb whby hy do no pc-

cy dnd poduc bu h

k h uy h h poduc

nd vc povd. By ung v-

c h h nd h hn

phyc objc, o nd cn b

wh ow nd ngy

qun.

sv copn hv dy

bgun o xpnd on h concp.

Xox dy ov 75% o

qupn, nd Dow Chc nd

sy-Kn hv bgun o o-

gnc ovn o hr ndur ndcoc cuo. thy dv

on h pop u o h chc,

whch hy cov hv n-

d o kng h cuo -

ponb o dpo.

cooe ol eonbl

(csr): ny copn b-gnnng o dd nvonn

u du o h pov oc-

on uch ov w hv wh h

bnd. W-m h bn pon-

ng n pproch o ddrng u-

nby hrough vr nv,

ncudng on h concn pckg-

ng. in 2006, W-m g

o duc uppy chn pckgng

by 5% by 2013. addony, h

g o npo pck-

gng o b ud nd o cycd

by 2011 hough povd p

k bou ouc ngn

h hn w ngn

bcong ncngy coon,ogh wh zo w ph-

oophy.

th o zo w o op

hnkng o w w nd

nd o vub -

ouc o ocy. in h n

w w c o x. Pu -

y, zo w xnd cun

oncp o cycng no ccu-

y whby uch -

pob ud6. in h

pc nu coy h

v vovd ov nn o h

h w poduc o on ogn-

nuy bco h ouc

dock o noh, nd h

jo nun o cbon, nogn,

ydrogn, nd oxygn r cycd ndcycd bwn n nd pn

h pn ovr. thu h vovd

nd fouhd on eh o o o

hoy.

to ov owd uch y

w nvov bkng wy o h

un n conoy whby

ouc xcd, convd

no poduc, conud nd d-

dd, nd nd bc

cu conoy h n-

u hghy cn cd-o-c- y h ow nohng o

wd.

hoW can Weachieve this?

h ncougng uh h h

no pob whou ouon. to

ov owd ouc-cn

d-o-cd y whby

h pn nhbn v u-

p w hnd wh UsD

10,000 n p dy o non-cop-

nc. ahough ook ong hnncpd o ch h go, by

2005 Con chd cycng

r o 52% wh o coun

dvng ov 60% o h w 8.

con exe

Documents

DA12_Complete