DADSS Transportation Research Board 90th Annual Meeting 01-25-11

WWW.DADSS.ORG

Transportation Research Board

90th Annual Meeting

January 25, 2011

Washington, DC

Bud Zaouk, D.Sc.

QinetiQ North America

Driver Alcohol Detection System for Safety

DADSS

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2


WHY DO WE NEED DADSS AND HOW WE GOT HERE

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Why do we need DADSS

.00-.049 BAC �� 77%

1.5 Million DWI Arrests Annually

1 Million DWI Convictions Annually

150,000+ Ignition Interlocks Installed

.05-.079��12% .08+��11%

906 Million driving trips within two hours of consuming alcohol

94 Million

233 Billion Trips Annually by Car and Light TruckFHWA/NHTS

2009

NHTSA - 2001

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Why do we need DADSS

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BAC

Nu

mb

er

of

Dri

vers

Distribution of BAC Levels for Drivers involved in Fatal Crashes With a BAC of .01 or Higher, 2007

NHTSA, 2008

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5


COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT

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♦ The Automotive Coalition for Traffic Safety and NHTSA entered into a cooperative agreement in February 2008 to “explore the feasibility, the potential benefits of, and the public policy challenges associated with a more widespread use of unobtrusive technology to prevent drunk driving”

♦ Goal is to develop non-invasive, seamless technologies to measure driver BAC and reduce the incidence of drunk driving

♦ Systems need to measure alcohol accurately, precisely, reliably, and in a very short time so the sober driver is not inconvenienced

♦ Five-year program to develop and test prototypes that may be considered for vehicle integration thereafter

♦ Devices intended to prevent alcohol impaired drivers (BAC ≥ 0.08) from driving their vehicles

6

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Participating Manufacturers

7

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DADSS Blue Ribbon Panel

♦ BRP appointed by ACTS and works in an advisory capacity

♦ Comprised of experts from various disciplines, including

� Auto manufacturers

� Suppliers

� Alcohol toxicology

� Impairment

� Ignition interlocks

� Human factors

♦ BRP assigned working groups to assist in effort

� Technical Working Group

� Public Acceptance and Public Policy Working Group

� Research scientists

� MADD

� IIHS

� NHTSA

� Foreign governments

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9

2008 2009 2010 2013

Phase I Funding

Phase II Funding

Perform Interior Mockup Testing

Develop DADSS Research Vehicle

Implement DADSS Subsystem(s) in Vehicle

Interior Mockup

Perform DADSS Research Vehicle

Testing

Phase II Subsystem Development

Human Subjects Tests


Interior Mockup Tests

Vehicle Tests

Perform Technology Verification

Perform Prototype(s) Lab Testing

Develop DADSS

Subsystem Prototype(s)

BenchTests

Phase I Prototype

Development


DADSS Program Process

Q3Q2

Patents and Literature Review

Performance Specifications

Request for Proposals

Assess Current State of Technology

Request for Information

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10


PROGRAM TIMELINE

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Program Timeline

2008 – H1 2008 – H2

CRA

Signed

RFI

ReleasedPMP

Approved

PS Draft7

Released

RFP

Released

RFI

Responses

Task 3

Report

RFI Evaluation

and on-site

visits

2009 – H1 2009 – H2

Offerors

Presentations

RFP Responses

RFP Evaluation

Task 4

Report

Phase I

Awards

SCD Development

PS Draft8 Released

11

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Program Timeline

12

2010– H1 2010 – H2

Phase I

Breath SCD

Phase I

Touch SCD

Research

Vehicle

Integration

Requirements

Phase II

RFP

Prototypes Evaluation

Human

Subjects

Test Protocol

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13


UNDERSTANDING ALCOHOL ABSORPTION AND ELIMINATION

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14

Stomach

Intestines

Liver Heart

Lungs

Capillary Bed

Tissue and OrgansSweat/Vapor

Waste

Arterial BAC

Inferior Vena Cava

Hepatic Artery

Venous

BAC

Art

eri

al

Blo

od

Ven

ou

s

Blo

od

Breath Alcohol Concentration

Transdermal Alcohol Concentration

Tissue Alcohol Concentration

Urine

Alcohol Conc.

AbsorptionAlcohol and Elimination

Portal Vein

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15


OVERVIEW OF PHASE I TECHNOLOGIES BEING FUNDED FOR DEVELOPMENT

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% T

ran

smit

tan

ce

3 3.5 4 5 6 7 8 1510 209.4

% T

ran

smit

tan

ce

3 3.5 4 5 6 7 8 1510 209.4

DADSS Technologies

Distant Spectrometry

♦ Breath-based system

♦ Close correlation between BrAC and arterial BAC

♦ Extensive real world experience

Tissue Spectrometry

♦ Touch-based system

♦ Extensive human subjects testing done

♦ BAC measurements closer to capillary (arterial) blood than to breath

Visible Near Infrared

TruTouch

AFRICAN AMERICAN

CAUCASIAN

Visible Near Infrared

TruTouch

AFRICAN AMERICAN

CAUCASIAN

16

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Autoliv Phase I Prototype

Breathing Cup

Pump Filter

L=6.25 in.W=3.25 in.H=3.75 in.

Emitter

SensorsSample

InletOptical Module

Reflecting Mirrors

♦ Autoliv prototype uses� Alcohol (ethanol) and carbon dioxide

measured by Infrared spectroscopy sensor• Carbon dioxide allows measurement of

breath dilution

• Unobtrusive “sniffer” to detect alcohol in the vehicle

� Multiple sensors in-vehicle (steering wheel, A-Pillar, etc..)

♦ To obtain necessary accuracy and resolution � Driver may have to deliver a forced

expiration towards the sensor� Would be needed in less than 1

percent of cases to ascertain whether above or below legal limit

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Autoliv In-Vehicle Sensing

♦ In-vehicle expired breath aerodynamics � Estimate carbon dioxide levels at various

positions � Ventilation on and off� Windows opened or closed

Door closing

<5 sec after door closure for sensors on

steering wheel

In-Vehicle Signal Pattern

Door closing

<5 sec after door closure for sensors on

steering wheel

In-Vehicle Signal Pattern

Door1

closing

Door1

opening

Vehicle

unlocking

OFF STDBY ZERO ACTIVE

VEHICLE DISABLED

VEHICLE DISABLED

VEHICLE ENABLED

STDBY

CO2

EtOH

5 sec

”YELLOW ZONE”

TIME

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Alcohol Countermeasure Systems

♦ ACS prototype uses mid infrared detection methodology � Broadly tunable Daylight Solution’s

External Cavity Quantum Cascade Laser (ECqcL™)

♦ ECqcL™� Ability to capture entire ethanol

spectrum� Allows detection of interferents

♦ Carbon dioxide allows measurement of breath dilution

Measurement Conditions

100 sweeps10 sec. acquisition time

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TruTouch Technologies

♦ TruTouch uses near infrared to measure tissue alcohol concentration (TAC) in the Dermis

♦ Outside of index finger used� Palmar side of fingers will be

used in Phase II

20

stratum corneumstratum corneum

epidermisepidermis

dermisdermis

subcutaneoussubcutaneous

Light Source

Optical Touchpad

Interferometer Engine

Processing Electronics

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21


PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS AND

STANDARD CALIBRATION DEVICES

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DADSS Phase I Requirements

♦ Phase I POP Prototypes evaluated against the following performance specifications:� Measure from 0.01% to 0.12% BAC

� Measurement time = 325 milliseconds

� Accuracy and Precision• 0.07%-0.09% BAC � ±0.0003% BAC

• Requires Standard Calibration Devices (SCD)– Breath-based systems

– Tissue-based systems

DADSS Performance Specifications DRAFT08

available at http://www.dadss.org

High accuracy but low precision

High precision but

low accuracy

% BACDADSS

AccuracyEvidentialAccuracy

DADSS Precision

EvidentialPrecision

0.010 - 0.050 0.0010 0.0050 0.0010 0.0042

0.050 - 0.070 0.0007 0.0050 0.0007 0.0042

0.070 - 0.090 0.0003 0.0050 0.0003 0.0042

Greater than 0.090 0.0010 0.0050 0.0010 0.0042

More accurate calibration source required for DADSS program

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Standard Calibration Devices (SCD)

Objective

♦ Assess and document the accuracy and precision of the Phase I Proof-of-Principal (PoP) prototypes

Approach

♦ Provide sample sources of “breath”or “tissue” (SCD) to PoP sensor

� Known and consistent alcohol content

Challenge

♦ Develop process to assure the SCD performance

� Delivers targeted samples to PoPsensor

� Has to exceed accuracy and precision requirements

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Wet Gas Breath Alcohol

Simulator Dry Gas ±0.5 ppm(±0.0002 %BAC)

Tissue SCD Delivery System

Tissue SCD

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Wet Gas Breath Simulator

24

3000 p

pm

EtO

H

An

d N

2 M

ix

Humidifier100% RH

Pressure Vessel

Hygrometer to measure

humidity

Vacuum Pump

34°°°°

C

Environmental Chamber Temp.

controlled at 45°°°°C

MFC 1MFC 2

6%

CO

2/ 16%

O2

/

78%

N2

Gas Blender

♦ Models human breath volume

and pressure profile

♦ Uses pressurized vessel with

humidified gases

♦ Adjustable level of humidity

(80-100% RH)

♦ Adjustable alcohol

concentration (gas blender)

♦ Process heated to prevent

condensation

♦ Ethanol introduced post

humidification

♦ Ability to meet DADSS

Specification

5L

1.5 sec

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SCD – Tissue-Based Systems

♦ Electromechanical fluidic system to introduce samples to sensor

♦ Mimic average optical scattering properties of human skin� Incorporates NIR “reflective”

polymer beads (microspheres) � Simulates collagen in tissue (in-

vitro scattering samples)

♦ Varied over range of concentrations

♦ Potential to meet DADSS Specs

25

Compound Name

Base Reagent Reagent Function

AlbuminBovine Serum

AlbuminSimulator of blood density

Creatinine Creatinine Component within blood

Ethanol200 proof HPLC

Grade-

SalinePhosphate Buffered

SalineAdds salt and adjusts pH

Triton Triton X-100Prevent microspheres

from clumping

Urea Urea Components within blood

Water ACS Reagent Water Mixing agent

MicrospheresSimulate collagen NIR

reflectance and scattering

4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500

-8

-7.5

-7

-6.5

-6

-5.5

-5

Wavenumber (cm-1)

2% Bead Solution

Human Finger

(μm) 2.22 2.00 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.4 1.33 1.258000

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Bead Solution Compared to Finger Spectra

Pse

ud

o-A

bso

rba

nce

(cm-1)

4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500

-8

-7.5

-7

-6.5

-6

-5.5

-5

Wavenumber (cm-1)

2% Bead Solution

Human Finger

(μm) 2.22 2.00 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.4 1.33 1.258000

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Bead Solution Compared to Finger Spectra

Pse

ud

o-A

bso

rba

nce

(cm-1)

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26

DADSS Program Review

POP PROTOTYPES BENCH TESTS EVALUATION

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Bench Test Evaluations

♦ Bench Test Objectives

� Independent evaluations of delivered PoP Prototypes

� Measurement of system performance based upon

• Time to present alcohol reading

• Accuracy of reading

• Precision of reading

� Bench Test Protocols developed for

• Breath based

• Tissue based

27

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Touch-Based Bench Test Results

♦ At 0.08 %BAC prototype exceeded DADSS accuracy at the longer measurement times

♦ At shorter measurement times estimated accuracy somewhat higher than specifications

♦ Precision estimates fell short of the DADSS specifications at all sampling periods

♦ Represents significant progress compared with specifications for existing evidential breath-test devices

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TruTouch Bench Test Results at 0.080 % BAC

29

0.0001

0.0011

0.0001

0.0016

0.0005

0.0021

0.0013

0.0043

0.0000

0.0010

0.0020

0.0030

0.0040

0.0050

0.0060

Eth

an

ol co

ncen

trati

on

(%

BA

C)

60 sec. 30 sec. 15 sec. 5 sec.

SD


SE

DADSS SE & SD =

0.0003 % BAC

0.0001

0.0011

0.0001

0.0016

0.0005

0.0021

0.0013

0.0043

0.0000

0.0010

0.0020

0.0030

0.0040

0.0050

0.0060

Eth

an

ol co

ncen

trati

on

(%

BA

C)


SD


SE

DADSS SE & SD =

0.0003 % BAC

Evidential SE =

0.0050 % BAC

Evidential SD =

0.0042 % BAC

Accuracy Precision

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Autoliv Bench Test Results

♦ Measurement time of 5 seconds used in all tests

� Dry gas released for 10 Seconds

� Data collected for 5 Seconds

♦ Source directly connected to sensor with ¼”length tube

♦ Accuracy estimates were close to or below the DADSS specifications

♦ Precision estimates exceeded the specifications, but were still lower (better) than evidential standards

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0.00020.0004

0.0000

0.0017

0.0022

0.0027

0.0000

0.0010

0.0020

0.0030

0.0040

0.0050

0.0060

0.020 % BrAC 0.080 % BrAC 0.120 % BrAC

Eth

an

ol

Co

nce

ntr

ati

on

(%

BrA

C)

Accuracy

Precision

DADSS SE & SD =

0.0003 % BAC

0.00020.0004

0.0000

0.0017

0.0022

0.0027

0.0000

0.0010

0.0020

0.0030

0.0040

0.0050

0.0060

0.020 % BrAC 0.080 % BrAC 0.120 % BrAC

Eth

an

ol

Co

nce

ntr

ati

on

(%

BrA

C)

Accuracy

Precision

DADSS SE & SD =

0.0003 % BAC

Autoliv Direct Dry Gas Bench Test Results

31

Evidential SE =

0.0050 % BAC

Evidential SD =

0.0042 % BAC

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ACS Bench Test Results

♦ Results of ACS prototype yielded ambiguous results

� Prototype sensor, hardware, and software extremely

cumbersome to work with

� More difficult and time consuming to operate so very few

tests completed with high variability

♦ Prototype failed to meet the DADSS specifications for

accuracy and precision at all BrAC concentrations

� Was not able to meet the current evidential standards

32

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0.0045

0.07190.0676

0.0085

0.0193

0.0573

0.000

0.010

0.020

0.030

0.040

0.050

0.060

0.070

0.080

0.090

0.100

0.020 % BrAC 0.080 % BrAC 0.12 % BrAC

Eth

an

ol

con

cen

tra

tio

n (

% B

rAC

)

Accuracy

Precision

0.0045

0.07190.0676

0.0085

0.0193

0.0573

0.000

0.010

0.020

0.030

0.040

0.050

0.060

0.070

0.080

0.090

0.100

0.020 % BrAC 0.080 % BrAC 0.12 % BrAC

Eth

an

ol

con

cen

tra

tio

n (

% B

rAC

)

Accuracy

Precision

ACS Bench Test Results

33

Evidential SE =

0.0050 % BAC

Evidential SD =

0.0042 % BAC

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34

DADSS Program Review

HUMAN SUBJECT TESTS

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Human Subject Testing

♦ Subjects dosed to reach a BAC of 0.12 g/dL ♦ Test procedures

� Blood is drawn at a rate of 1 ml/min� Samples taken every 2.5 minutes

♦ Every 5 minutes subjects provide� Evidential breath sample� Short puff of breath into Autoliv Prototype� Presses finger on touch pad of TruTouch prototype

35

0.000

0.020

0.040

0.060

0.080

0.100

0.120

0.140

0.160

0.180

0.200

0:00 0:30 1:00 1:30 2:00 2:30 3:00 3:30 4:00 4:30 5:00 5:30 6:00 6:30 7:00

Alc

oh

ol co

ncen

tra

tion

(g

m%

)

Elapsed time (h:mm)

DADSS Phase I Human Subject Test 5 (ASQ009) August 26, 2010

TruTouch (BAC)

Evidenzer (BrAC)

Autoliv R2 (BrAC)

Whole Blood (BAC)

Dosing

Blood Clot

0.000

0.020

0.040

0.060

0.080

0.100

0.120

0.140

0.160

0.180

0.200

0:00 0:30 1:00 1:30 2:00 2:30 3:00 3:30 4:00 4:30 5:00 5:30 6:00 6:30 7:00

Alc

oh

ol co

ncen

tra

tion

(g

m%

)

Elapsed time (h:mm)

DADSS Phase I Human Subject Test 5 (ASQ009) August 26, 2010

TruTouch (BAC)

Evidenzer (BrAC)

Autoliv R2 (BrAC)

Whole Blood (BAC)

Dosing

Blood Clot

0.000

0.020

0.040

0.060

0.080

0.100

0.120

0.140

0.160

0.180

0.200

0:00 0:30 1:00 1:30 2:00 2:30 3:00 3:30 4:00 4:30 5:00 5:30 6:00 6:30 7:00

Alc

oh

ol co

ncen

tra

tion

(g

m%

)

Elapsed time (h:mm)

DADSS Phase I Human Subject Test 11 (ASQ-016) November 04, 2010

TruTouch (BAC)

Evidenzer (BrAC)

Autoliv R2 (BrAC)

Whole Blood (BAC)

Dosing

0.000

0.020

0.040

0.060

0.080

0.100

0.120

0.140

0.160

0.180

0.200

0:00 0:30 1:00 1:30 2:00 2:30 3:00 3:30 4:00 4:30 5:00 5:30 6:00 6:30 7:00

Alc

oh

ol co

ncen

tra

tion

(g

m%

)

Elapsed time (h:mm)

DADSS Phase I Human Subject Test 11 (ASQ-016) November 04, 2010

TruTouch (BAC)

Evidenzer (BrAC)

Autoliv R2 (BrAC)

Whole Blood (BAC)

Dosing

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36


PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE AND POLICY ISSUES

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Acceptance among the public and key leaders is critical

♦ Technology will be effective only if the driving public welcomes and accepts it:

� 58 percent of the U.S. public say they support smart technology to prevent driver impairment including alcohol-impaired driving (MADD U.S survey, 2006)

� 64 percent of the U.S. public say they support advanced technology in all vehicles, if it is reliable, to prevent anyone with an illegal BAC from driving their car (IIHS, 2009)

37

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Public Acceptance Research Needs

♦ Assess what technology solutions might prove the most

acceptable and how they might best be implemented

♦ Assess current levels of consumer understanding of

DADSS, and levels of acceptance

♦ Monitor public acceptance levels over time and

willingness to adopt the technology on their vehicles

♦ Educate the public about potential technological

solutions as it relates to the alcohol-impaired driving

problem

♦ Have discussions about policy issues with relevant

stakeholder groups

38

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Planned Public Acceptance Research

♦ Focus Groups – To be conducted February-April 2011

� Gauge public perception of advanced in-vehicle alcohol

detection technologies, and identify potential barriers to their introduction

� Provide input to technology design of the two approaches

currently being taken

� Seek guidance on technology introduction strategy into the

passenger vehicle fleet

� 4 locations within the U.S.

• Boston, MA - Portland, OR - Albuquerque, NM - Milwaukee, WI

� 3 focus groups at each location

• Non-drinkers, social drinkers, and heavy drinkers

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Planned Public Acceptance Research

♦ Periodic national surveys � Gauge public understanding and attitudes towards DADSS systems

in all vehicles,

� Assess the public’s reactions to potential technology features to aid the technology development process, and

� Assess their state of knowledge regarding drinking and the relationship to impairment, drinking and driving and legal thresholds, etc

♦ Stakeholder group discussions

� Increase stakeholder understanding of and potential support for the integration of DADSS devices into the vehicle fleet

� Seek input among groups not currently included in BRP that could be used to inform the development of technology

♦ Review and revise DADSS Performance Specifications, as may be indicated by the findings of the public acceptance research

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Communicating with the Public

♦ A website has been launched to provide public information:

Content

� A “go to” site to provide project details,

� Answer key questions about technology development and drinking and driving

www.dadss.org

41

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Summary

♦ DADSS technologies have been identified, contracts awarded, and prototypes have completed bench and human subjects testing

♦ Preliminary phase I results indicate there are technologies showing sufficient promise to meet DADSS Performance Specifications withrespect to measurement time, accuracy, and precision

♦ Technology developers have identified the work needed to meet the DADSS requirements (gap analysis)

♦ A public acceptance research plan has been developed and is underway – the public must be knowledgeable about the system and see its benefit in their vehicles

♦ Dialogue continues with policy makers and other key stakeholdersto ensure their support

42

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Next Steps

43

2011– H1 2011 – H2

Awardees

Selection

RFP

Evaluation

Phase II Kick-

Off-Meetings

Begin Research

Vehicle

Development

Phase II

RFP

On-Site Progress

Report

On-Site Progress

Report

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44


QUESTIONS?

http://www.dadss.org

Contact Information

Bud Zaouk

[email protected]

Documents

DADSS Transportation Research Board 90th Annual Meeting 01-25-11