DAFTAR PUSTAKAetd.repository.ugm.ac.id/downloadfile/131566/potongan/S2-2017-387995... · Molecular pathways involved in colorectal cancer : implications for disease behavior and prevention

63

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

American Cancer Society, 2013. Colorectal cancer facts & figures 2011-2013,

American Cancer Society. Atlanta.

American Cancer Society, 2017. Colorectal cancer facts & figures 2017-2019.

Atlanta.

Amira, A.T., Mouna, T., Ahlem, B., Raoudha, A., Majid, B.H., Amel, H., 2014.

Immunohistochemical expression pattern of MMR protein can specifically

identify patients with colorectal cancer microsatellite instability. Tumor Biol.

35, 6283–6291.

Baba, Y., Nosho, K., Shima, K., Goessling, W., Chan, A., Ng, K., Chan, J.,

Giovannucci, E., Fuchs, C., Ogino, S., 2010. PTGER2 overexpression in

colorectal cancer is associated with microsatellite instability, independent of

CpG island methylator phenotype. Cancer Epidem Biomar. 19, 822–831.

Balta, A.Z., Özdemir, Y., Sücüllü, İ., Derici, S.T., Bağcı, M., Demirel, D., Akın,

M.L., 2014. Can horizontal diameter of colorectal tumor help predict

prognosis?. Ulus Cerrahi Derg. 30, 115–119.

Bartlett, J.M.S., Shaaban, A., Schmitt, F., 2015. Molecular Pathology : A practical

guide for the surgical pathologist and cytopathologist. Cambride University

Press, United Kingdom.

Benson, A.B., Bekaii-saab, T., Chan, E., Chen, Y., Michael, A., Cooper, H.S.,

Engstrom, P.F., Enzinger, P.C., Fakih, M.G., Fenton, M.J., Fuchs, C.S.,

Grem, J.L., Hunt, S., Kamel, A., Leong, L.A., Lin, E., May, K.S., Mulcahy,

M.F., Rohren, E., Ryan, D.P., Saltz, L., Sharma, S., Skibber, J.M., Small, W.,

Sofocleous, C.T., Venook, P., Willett, C.G., Gregory, K.M., Deborah, A.,

2013. Localized colon cancer , Version 3 . 2013 Featured Updates to the

NCCN Guidelines. J Natl Compr Canc Ne. 11, 519–528.

Boland, C.R., Goel, A., 2010. Microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer.

Gastroenterology. 138, 2073–2087.

Boland, C.R., Koi, M., Chang, D.K., Carethers, J.M., 2008. The biochemical basis

of microsatellite instability and abnormal immunohistochemistry and clinical

behavior in Lynch Syndrome: from bench to bedside. Fam Cancer. 7, 41–52.

HUBUNGAN ANTARA MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY BERDASARKAN PENANDA MSH2 DAN MSH6DENGAN GAMBARAN KLINIKOPATOLOGI PADA PASIEN KANKER KOLOREKTALNENI ARSHITAUniversitas Gadjah Mada, 2017 | Diunduh dari http://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/

64

Buckowitz, A., Knaebel, H., Benner, A., Blaker, H., Gebert, J., Kienle, P.,

Doeberitz, M.V.K., Kloor, M., 2005. Microsatellite instability in colorectal

cancer is associated with local lymphocyte infiltration and low frequency of

distant metastases. Brit J Cancer. 92, 1746–1753.

Buecher, B., Cacheux, W., Rouleau, E., Dieumegard, B., Mitry, E., Lièvre, A.,

2013. Role of microsatellite instability in the management of colorectal

cancers. Digest Liver Dis. 45, 441–449.

Calin, G., Gafà, R., Tibiletti, M., Herlea, V., Becheanu, G., Cavazzini, L.,

Barbanti-Brodano, G., Nenci, I., Negrini, M., Lanza, G., 2000. Genetic

progression in Microsatellite Instability High (MSI-H) colon cancers

correlates with clinicopathological parameters: A study of the TGRβRII,

BAX, hMSH3, hMSH6, IGFIIR and BLM genes. Int J Cancer. 89, 230–235.

Cao, L., Zhu, L., Yang, J., Su, J., Ni, J., Du, Y., Liu, D., Wang, Y., Wang, F., Jin,

J., Cai, Y., 2014. Correlation of low expression of hMOF with

clinicopathological features of colorectal carcinoma, gastric cancer and renal

cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol. 44, 1207–1214.

Cappell, M.S., 2005. The pathophysiology, clinical presentation and diagnosis of

colon cancer and adenomatous polyps. Med Clin N Am. 89, 1–42.

Charara, M., Edmonston, T.B., Burkholder, S., Walters, R., Anne, P., Mitchell, E.,

Fry, R., Boman, B., Rose, D., Fishel, R., Curran, W., Palazzo, J., 2004.

Microsatellite status and cell cycle associated markers in rectal cancer

patients undergoing a combined regimen of 5-FU and CPT-11 chemotherapy

and radiotherapy. Anticancer Res. 24, 3161–3168.

Chen, W., Swanson, B.J., Frankel, W.L., 2017. Molecular genetics of

microsatellite unstable colorectal cancer for pathologists. Diagn Pathol. 12,

1–12.

Colussi, D., Brandi, G., Bazzoli, F., Ricciardiello, L., 2013. Molecular pathways

involved in colorectal cancer : implications for disease behavior and

prevention. Int J Mol Sci. 14, 16365–16385.

Copija, A., Waniczek, D., Witko, A., 2017. Clinical significance and prognostic

relevance of microsatellite instability in sporadic colorectal cancer patients.

Int J Mol Sci. 18, 1–12.

Corso, G., Pascale, V., Flauti1, G., Ferrara, F., Roviello, F., Marrelli, D., 2013.

Oncogenic mutations and microsatellite instability phenotype predict specific

anatomical subsite in colorectal cancer patients. Eur J Hum Genet. 21, 1383–

1388.

62


65

Dahlan, M.S., 2013. Besar sampel dan cara pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian

kedokteran dan kesehatan. Salemba Medika, Jakarta.

Danese, S., Fiocchi, C., 2011. Ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med. 365, 1713–1725.

de la Chapelle, A., Hampel, H., 2010. Clinical relevance of microsatellite

instability in colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 28, 3380–3387.

Desen, W., Zhizhong, 2008. Kanker usus besar. In: Desen, W. (Ed.), Buku Ajar

Onkologis Klinis. Balai Penerbit Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia,

Jakarta.

Effendi-ys, R., Zain, L.H., Siregar, G.A., Lubis, H.R., Damanik, H.A., Laksmi,

L.I., Chrestella, J., 2013. Adenomatous Polyposis Coli , Mismatch Repair ,

and Microsatellite Instability in colorectal cancer based on different

locations. Acta Med Indones. 45, 275–283.

Erdamar, S., Ucaryilmaz, E., Demir, G., Karahasanoglu, T., Dogusoy, G., Dirican,

A., 2007. Importance of MutL homologue MLH1 and MutS homologue

MSH2 expression in Turkish patients with sporadic colorectal cancer. World

J Gastroentero. 13, 4437–4444.

Ferlay, J., Soerjomataram, I., Dikshit, R., Eser, S., Mathers, C., Rebelo, M.,

Parkin, D.M., Forman, D., Bray, F., 2015. Cancer incidence and mortality

worldwide : Sources , methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int

J Cancer 136, 359–386.

Fleming, M., Ravula, S., Tatishchev, S.F., Wang, H.L., 2012. Colorectal

carcinoma : Pathologic aspects. J Gastrointest Oncol. 3, 153–173.

Gryfe, R., Kim, H., Hsieh, E.T.K., Aronson, M.D., Holowaty, E.J., Bull, S.B.,

Redston, M., Gallinger, S., 2000. Tumor Microsatellite Instability and

Clinical Outcome in Young Patients with Colorectal Cancer. New Engl J

Med. 342, 69–77.

Gupta, S., Ashfaq, R., Kapur, P., Afonso, B.B., Nguyen, T.T., 2010.

Microsatellite Instability among individuals of hispanic origin with colorectal

cancer. Cancer. 116, 4965–4972.

Haggar, F. a, Boushey, R.P., Ph, D., 2009. Colorectal cancer epidemiology :

incidence , mortality , survival , and risk factors. Clin Colon Rec Surg. 22,

191–197.

Hamilton, S.R., Aaltonen, L.A., 2000. Tumours of the Colon and Rectum. In:

World Health Organization Classification of Tumours ; Pathology and

Genetics of Tumours of the Digestive System. IARC Press., France. 103–


66

119.

Hansen, I.O., Jess, P., 2012. Possible better long-term survival in left versus right-

sided colon cancer-a systematic review. Dan Med J. 59, 1–6.

Hashmi, A.A., Ali, R., Hussain, Z.F., Faridi, N., Khan, E.Y., Muhammad, S.,

Bakar, A., Edhi, M.M., Khan, M., 2017. Mismatch repair deficiency

screening in colorectal carcinoma by a four-antibody immunohistochemical

panel in Pakistani population and its correlation with histopathological

parameters. World J Surg Oncol. 15, 4–11.

Huang, Y., Yuan, Y., Ge, W., Hu, H., Zhang, S., Zheng, S., 2010. Comparative

features of colorectal and gastric cancers with microsatellite instability in

Chinese patients. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 11, 647–653.

Hugen, N., Brown, G., Glynne-jones, R., Wilt, J.H.W. De, Nagtegaal, I.D., 2016.

Advances in the care of patients with mucinous colorectal cancer. Nat Rev

Clin Oncol. 13, 1–9.

Imai, K., Yamamoto, H., 2008. Carcinogenesis and microsatellite instability : the

interrelationship between genetics and epigenetics. Carcinogenesis. 29, 673–

680.

Ismael, N.E.H.S., Sheikh, S.A. El, Talaat, S.M., Salem, E.M., 2017. Mismatch

repair proteins and microsatellite instability in histopathological and

immunohistochemical study. Maced J Med Sci. 5, 9–13.

Jianming Ying, W.Z., 2015. DNA Mismatch repair deficiency in colorectal

adenocarcinoma and its association with clinicopathological features. J Clin

Exp Pathol. 5, 1–5.

Johns Hopkins Medicine, 2011. Sporadic (Nonhereditary ) Colorectal Cancer :

Introduction [WWW Document]. Johns hopkins Med. URL

http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/gastroenterology_hepatology/diseases_con

ditions/small_large_intestine/sporadic_colorectal_cancer.html

Jung, B., Doctolero, R.T., Tajima, A., Nguyen, A.K., Keku, T., Sandler, R.S.,

John M. Carethers, 2004. Loss of activin receptor type 2 protein expression

in microsatellite unstable colon cancers. Gastroenterology. 126, 654 – 659.

Kakar, S., Aksoy, S., Burgart, L.J., Smyrk, T.C., 2004. Mucinous carcinoma of

the colon : correlation of loss of mismatch repair enzymes with

clinicopathologic features and survival. Mod Pathol. 17, 696–700.

Karahan, B., Argon, A., Yıldırım, M., Vardar, E., 2015. MSH-6 expression and

clinicopathological features in colorectal cancer. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 8,


https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26323388

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26323388

67

4044–4053.

Kaur, G., Sains, U., 2011. Mismatch repair genes expression defects & association

with clinicopathological characteristics in colorectal carcinoma. Indian J

Med Res. 134, 186–192.

Kementerian Kesehatan RI, P. data dan I., 2015. Situasi penyakit kanker 4.

Jakarta.

Kievit, W., Bruin, J.H.F.M. de, Adang, E.M.M., Severens, L., Kleibeuker, J.H.,

Sijmons, R.H., Ruers, T.J., Nagengast, F.M., Vasen, H.F.A., Krieken,

J.H.J.M. van, Ligtenberg, M.J.L., Hoogerbrugge, N., 2005. Cost

effectiveness of a new strategy to identify HNPCC patients. BMJ. 54, 97–

102.

Kim, K.E., 2009. Early Detection and Prevention of Colorectal Caner. Slack

Incorporated, Chicago.

Kimman, M., Norman, R., Jan, S., Kingston, D., Woodward, M., 2012. The

burden of cancer in member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian

Nations (ASEAN). Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 13, 411–420.

Klarskov, L., Holck, S., Bernstein, I., Okkels, H., Rambech, E., Baldetorp, J.B.,

Nilbert, M., 2011. Challenges in the identification of MSH6-associated

colorectal cancer : rectal location, less typical histology, and a subset with

retained mismatch repair function. Am J Surg Pathol. 35, 1391–1399.

Koopman, M., Kortman, G., Mekenkamp, L., Ligtenber, M., Hoogerbrugge, N.,

Antonin, N., Punt, C., Krieken, J. van, 2009. Deficient mismatch repair

system in patients with sporadic advanced colorectal cancer. Brit J Cancer.

100, 266–273.

Kornprat, P., Pollheimer, M.J., Lindtner, R.A., Schlemmer, A., 2011. Value of

tumor size as a prognostic variable in colorectal cancer a critical reappraisal.

Am J Clin Oncol. 34, 43–49.

Kumar, V., Abbas, Abul K., Fausto, Nelson, 2010. Robbin and Cotran

pathologic basic of disease, 7ed. W.B and Saunders, Philadelphia.

Kupfer, S.S., Ellis, N.A., 2017. Hereditary Colorectal Cancer. In: Coleman, W.B.,

Tsongalis, G.J. (Eds.), The Molecular Basis of Human Cancer. Humana

Press, New York. 381–400.

Lanza, G., Gafà, R., Maestri, I., Sc, M., Santini, A., Matteuzzi, M., Sc, M.,

Cavazzini, L., 2002. Immunohistochemical Pattern of MLH1 / MSH2

Expression Is Related to Clinical and Pathological Features in Colorectal


68

Adenocarcinomas with Microsatellite Instability. Mod Pathol. 15, 741–749.

Lanza, G., Messerini, L., Gafà, R., Risio, M., 2011. Colorectal tumors: The

histology report. Digest Liver Dis. 43, 344–355.

Lee, Y., Lee, Y., Chuang, J., Lee, J., 2013. Differences in survival between colon

and rectal cancer from SEER data. PLoS One. 8, 1–11.

Lin, C.-C., Lai, Y.-L., Lin, T.-C., Chen, W.-S., Jiang, J.-K., Yang, S.-H., Wang,

H.-S., Lan, Y.-T., Liang, W.-Y., Hsu, H.-M., Lin, J.-K., Chang, S.-C., 2012.

Clinicopathologic features and prognostic analysis of MSI-high colon cancer.

Int J Color Dis. 27, 277–286.

Lindor, B.N.M., Burgart, L.J., Leontovich, O., Goldberg, R.M., Cunningham,

J.M., Sargent, D.J., Walsh-vockley, C., Petersen, G.M., Walsh, M.D.,

Leggett, B. a, Young, J.P., Barker, M. a, Jass, J.R., Hopper, J., Gallinger, S.,

Bapat, B., Redston, M., 2002. Testing in Phenotyping Colorectal Tumors. J

Clin Oncol. 20, 1043–1048.

Malesci, A., Laghi, L., Bianchi, P., Delconte, G., Randolph, A., Torri, V.,

Carnaghi, C., Doci, R., Rosati, R., Montorsi, M., Roncalli, M., Gennari, L.,

Santoro, A., 2007. Reduced likelihood of metastases in patients with

microsatellite-unstable colorectal cancer. Clin Can Res. 13, 3831–3840.

Malumbres, M., Barbacid, M., 2003. RAS oncogenes: the first 30 years. Nat Rev

Can. 3, 459–465.

Manders, P., Spruijt, L., Kets, C.M., Willems, H.W., Bodmer, D., Hebeda, K.M.,

Nagtegaal, I.D., Krieken, J.H.J.M. Van, Ligtenberg, M.J.L., Hoogerbrugge,

N., 2010. Young age and a positive family history of colorectal cancer are

complementary selection criteria for the identification of Lynch syndrome.

Eur J Can. 47, 1407–1413.

Marginean, E.C., Melosky, B., 2017. Is there a role for programmed Death

Ligand-1 testing and immunotherapy in colorectal cancer with microsatellite

instability? part I, colorectal cancer: microsatellite instability, testing, and

clinical implications. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1–9.

Merok, M.A., Ahlquist, T., Røyrvik, E.C., Tufteland, K.F., Hektoen, M., Sjo,

O.H., A., T.M., Svindland, A., Lothe, R.A., Nesbakken, A., 2012.

Microsatellite instability has a positive prognostic impact on stage II

colorectal cancer after complete resection: results from a large, consecutive

Norwegian series. Ann Oncol. 24, 1274–1282.

Missiaglia, E., Jacobs, B., D’Ario, G., Narzo, A.F. Di, Soneson, C., Budinska, E.,

Popovici, V., Vecchione, L., Gerster, S., Roth, P.Y.A.D., Klingbiel, D.,


69

Bosman, F.T., Delorenzi, M., Tejpar, S., 2014. of molecular , pathological ,

and clinical features. Ann Oncol. 25, 1995–2001.

Moghimi-dehkordi, B., Safaee, A., 2012. An overview of colorectal cancer

survival rates and prognosis in Asia. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 4, 71–75.

Mukherjee, S., Feig, M., 2009. Conformational change in MSH2-MSH6 upon

binding DNA coupled to ATPase activity. Biophys J. 96, 63–65.

Murphy, G., Devesa, S.S., Cross, A.J., Inskip, P.D., Mcglynn, K.A., Cook, M.B.,

2011. Sex disparities in colorectal cancer incidence by anatomic subsite, race

and age. Int J Cancer. 128, 1668–1675.

Phipps, A.I., Lindor, N.M., Jenkins, M.A., Baron, J.A., Win, A.K., Gallinger, S.,

Gryfe, R., Polly, A., 2013. Colon and rectal cancer survival by tumor

location and microsatellite instability: the colon cancer family registry. Dis.

Colon Rectum 56, 937–944.

Pourhoseingholi, M.A., 2012. Increased burden of colorectal cancer in Asia.

World J Gastrointest Oncol. 4, 68-70.

Purim, O., Gordon, N., Brenner, B., 2013. Cancer of the colon and rectum :

Potential effects of sex-age interactions on incidence and outcome. Med Sci

Monit. 19, 203–209.

Roper, J., Hung, K.E., 2013. Molecular Mechanisms of Colorectal

Carcinogenesis. Springer, USA.

Rosai, J., Ackerman, L.V., 2011. Rosai and Ackerman’s Surgical Pathology, 10th

ed. Mosby.

Russo, A., Migliavacca, M., Zanna, I., Valerio, M.R., Latteri, M.A., Grassi, N.,

Pantuso, G., Salerno, S., Dardanoni, G., Albanese, I., Farina, M. La,

Tomasino, R.M., Gebbia, N., Bazan, V., 2002. p53 Mutations in L3-Loop

Zinc-binding Domain, DNA ploidy and S phase fraction are independent

prognostic indicators in colorectal cancer: A prospective study with a five

year follow up 1. Can Epid Bio Prev. 11, 1322–1331.

Saha, S., S, F.A.C., Shaik, M., D, M., Johnston, G., O, D., Saha, S.K., Ph, D.,

Berbiglia, L., O, D., Hicks, M., A, B., Gernand, J., S, B., Grewal, S., D, M.,

Arora, M., D, M., Wiese, D., Ph, D., 2015. Tumor size predicts long term

survival in colon cancer: an analysis of the National Cancer Data Base. Am J

Surg. 209, 570–574.

Salman, M.I., Elhefnawy, N.G., Abou-zeid, A.A., Nada, M.A., 2012.

Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of mismatch repair


70

gene (hMLH1 and hMSH2) expression in colorectal carcinoma of young

Egyptian patients. Egypt J Pathol. 32, 52–58.

Saltz, L.B., Clarke, S., Dı, E., Scheithauer, W., Figer, A., Wong, R., Koski, S.,

2008. Bevacizumab in combination with Oxaliplatin Based chemotherapy as

first line therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: a randomized phase III

study. J Clin Oncol. 26, 2013–2019.

Sandeep, N.S., Suzanne, E.H., Kristin, A.E., 2010. Defective mismatch repair,

microsatellite mutation bias, and variability in clinical cancer phenotypes.

Cancer Res. 70, 431–435.

Sargent, D.J., Marsoni, S., Monges, G., Thibodeau, S.N., Labianca, R., Hamilton,

S.R., French, A.J., Kabat, B., Foster, N.R., Torri, V., Ribic, C., Grothey, A.,

Moore, M., Zaniboni, A., Seitz, J.-F., Sinicrope, F., Gallinger, S., 2010.

Defective mismatch repair as a predictive marker for lack of efficacy of

fluorouracil-based adjuvant therapy in colon cancer. J Clin Oncol. 28, 3219–

3226.

Schischmanoff, O., Nicolas, P., Uzzan, B., 2009. Does microsatellite instability

predict the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in colorectal cancer? A

systematic review with. Eur J Can. 45, 1890–1896.

Schmoll, H.J., Cutsem, E. Van, Stein, A., Valentini, V., Glimelius, B.,

Haustermans, K., Nordlinger, B., Velde, C.J. van de, Balmana, J., Regula, J.,

Nagtegaal, I.D., Beets-Tan, R.G., Arnold, D., Ciardiello, F., Hoff, P., Kerr,

D., Köhne, C.H., Labianca, R., Price, T., Scheithauer, W., Sobrero, A.,

Tabernero, J., Aderka, D., Barroso, S., Bodoky, G., Douillard, J.Y., Ghazaly,

H. El, Gallardo, J., Garin, A., Glynne-Jones, R., Jordan, K., Meshcheryakov,

A., Papamichail, D., Pfeiffer, P., Souglakos, I., Turhal, S., Cervantes, A.,

2012. ESMO consensus guidelines for management of patients with colon

and rectal cancer. A personalized approach to clinical decision making. Ann

Oncol. 23, 2479–2516.

Shin, H.-J., Baek, K.-H., Jeon, A.-H., Park, M.-T., Lee, S.-J., Kang, C.-M., Lee,

H.-S., Yoo, S.-H., Chung, D.-H., Sung, Y.-C., McKeon, F., Lee’, C.-W.,

2003. Dual roles of human BubR1, a mitotic checkpoint kinase, in the

monitoring of chromosomal instability. Cancer Cell. 4, 483–497.

Siegel, R., DeSantis, C., Jemal, A., 2014. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2014. CA-

Cancer J Clin. 64, 104–117.

Sinicrope, F.A., Sargent, D.J., 2009. Clinical implications of microsatellite

instability in sporadic colon cancers. Curr Opin Oncol. 21, 369–373.

Slattery, M.L., Curtin, K., Wolff, R.K., Boucher, K.M., Sweeney, C., Edwards, S.,


71

Caan, B.J., Samowitz, W., 2009. A comparison of colon and rectal somatic

DNA alterations. Dis. Colon Rectum. 52, 1304–1311.

Slattery, M.L., Potter, J.D., Curtin, K., Edwards, S., Ma, K., Anderson, K.,

Schaffer, D., Samowitz, W.S., 2001. Estrogens reduce and withdrawal of

estrogens increase risk of microsatellite. Cancer Res. 61, 126–130.

South, C.D., Yearsley, M., Martin, E., Arnold, M., Frankel, W., Hampel, H.,

2009. Immunohistochemistry staining for the mismatch repair proteins in the

clinical care of patients with colorectal cancer. Genet Med. 11, 812–817.

Sparks, A.B., Morin, P.J., Vogelstein, B., Kinzler, K.W., 1998. Mutational

analysis of the APC/β-Catenin/Tcf pathway in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res.

58, 1130–1134.

Sudoyo, A.W., Hernowo, B., Krisnuhoni, E., Reksodiputro, A.H., Hardjodisastro,

D., 2010. Colorectal cancer among young native Indonesians : A

clinicopathological and molecular assessment on microsatellite instability.

MJI. 19, 245–251.

Sugai, T., Habano, W., Jiao, Y., Tsukahara, M., Takeda, Y., Otsuka, K.,

Nakamura, S., 2006. Analysis of molecular alterations in left and right sided

colorectal carcinomas reveals distinct pathways of carcinogenesis proposal

for new molecular profile of colorectal carcinomas. J Mol Diagn. 8, 2002–

2006.

Takeuchi, K., Kuwano, H., Tsuzuki, Y., Ando, T., Sekihara, M., Hara, T., Asao,

T., 2004. Clinicopathological characteristics of poorly differentiated

adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum. Hepato-Gastroenterol. 51, 1698–

1702.

UICC, 2010. TNM classification of malignant tumours, 7th ed. Wiley Blackwell.

Vilar, E., Gruber, S.B., 2012. Microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer-the

stable evidence. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 7, 153–162.

Ward, R., Meagher, A., Tomlinson, I., Connor, T.O., Norrie, M., Wu, R.,

Hawkins, N., Hospital, V., St, V., St, V., Fields, I., 2010. Microsatellite

instability and the clinicopathological features of sporadic colorectal cancer.

BMJ 48, 821–829.

Willet, C.G., 2001. Cancer Of The Lower Gastrointestinal Tract. B.C Decker Inc.,

London.

Zhang, X., Li, J., 2013. Era of universal testing of microsatellite instability in

colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 5, 12–19.


Documents

DAFTAR PUSTAKAetd.repository.ugm.ac.id/downloadfile/131566/potongan/S2-2017-387995... · Molecular pathways involved in colorectal cancer : implications for disease behavior and prevention