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Daily Warm up• Review: • What is the function of stratified columnar? • What is one function of adipose? • Which muscle tissue has many nuclei? • What does the term anatomical position
mean? • There are a lot of components to the human
body: Give an example of how the body is divided?
Daily Warm up
1. What is the dorsal cavity and ventral cavity?
2. The thoracic cavity is broken down into three cavities; what are they? And what is in them?
Daily Warm up
1. What is the general function of the integumentary system?
2. Name the organs of the urinary system.
Organization of Organization of the Human Bodythe Human Body
Body cavities, membranes, organ systems, Body cavities, membranes, organ systems, anatomical terminology, body regionsanatomical terminology, body regions
Chapter 1Chapter 1
EQ: Where are the organs of the body located?
Human body is a complex structure composed of many parts
These parts are divided into Cavities
Membranes within cavities
Variety of organ systems
Divisions Axial Portions
Head
Neck
Trunk
Appendicular Portions Upper limbs
Lower limbs
How is the How is the human body human body
divided?divided?
Into axial and appendicular portionsAxial – head neck trunk
Appendicular – upper and lower extremities
Answer on your white boards…
Axial Portions Cranial Cavity
Vertebral canal
Thoracic Cavity Organs are called viscera
Abdominopelvic Cavity Organs are called viscera
Body Cavities The Axial portion of the body is then
further divided into two major cavities – the dorsal cavity and the ventral cavity
Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions: Cranial cavity & Vertebral cavity
Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions: - Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities
Body Cavities
Figure 1.9a
Into what two Into what two major cavities is major cavities is the human body the human body
divided?divided?
Dorsal and Ventral cavitiesDorsal – cranial and vertebral cavitiesVentral – Thoracic and Abdomniopelvic
Answer on your white boards…
Dorsal Body Cavities Dorsal cavity
Cranial cavity is within the skull and encases the brain
Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord
Body Cavities
Figure 1.9a
Ventral Body Cavities
Thoracic cavityThoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity Pleural cavities – each houses a lung Mediastinum – contains the pericardial
cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs
Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart
Body CavitiesFigure 1.9b
Tho
raci
c ca
vity
What does the What does the thoracic cavity thoracic cavity
contain?contain?
Pleural cavities, mediastinum, & pericardial cavities
Plerual cavities – contains the lungsMediastinum – pericardial cavity, esophagus, trachea, & thymus
Pericardial cavity – contains the heart
Answer on your white boards…
Ventral Body Cavities
The abdominopelvic cavity is The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragmcavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm
It is composed of two subdivisions
Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, kidneys, gallbladder and other organs
Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis enclosed by hip bones and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
Body CavitiesFigure 1.9b
Tho
raci
c ca
vity
What does the What does the abdominopelvic abdominopelvic cavity contain?cavity contain?
Abdominal & Pelvic cavitiesAbdominal cavity– contains stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, small & large
intestinesPelvic cavity – contains the terminal portion
of the large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs
Answer on your white boards…
Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
Parietal pleuraParietal pleura lines internal body walls
Visceral pleuraVisceral pleura covers the internal organs
Serous fluid separates the parietal and visceral pleura
Potential space between the membranes is called the pleural cavity
Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
Figure 1.10a
Pericardial Membranes
Visceral pericardium – covers the heart
Parietal pericardium – lines the mediastinum
Paricardial cavity – potential space between the membranes
Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
Figure 1.10b
Peritoneal membranes
Lines the abdominopelvic cavity
Parietal peritonium lines the wall of the abdominal cavity
Visceral peritonium covers the organs of the abdominal cavity
Pertioneal cavity is the potential space between the membranes
What is the difference between parietal membranes
and visceral membranes?
Parietal membrane – lines the walls of the cavities
Visceral membrane – covers the organs
Answer on your white boards…
Cavities within the Head
Oral and digestiveOral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs
NasalNasal –located within and posterior to the nose
OrbitalOrbital – house the eyes
Middle earMiddle ear – contain bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations
SynovialSynovial – joint cavities
Organ Systems of the Body
Organ Systems
• The human body consists of several organ systems
• Each system has a set of interrelated organs that work together
• They work together to maintain homeostasis
Organ Systems: Body Coverings
Integumentary System
Includes the skin and accessory organs (hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands)
Protect underlying tissue, helps regulate temperature, and synthesize certain products
Skeletal SystemIncludes bones, ligaments,
cartilageProvides frameworks and
protective shields for soft tissue, attachment for muscles, acts with muscles for parts to move, and contains tissues that produce blood cells and store inorganic salts.
Organ Systems: Support and Movement
Muscular System
Includes muscles
Provides forces that move body parts by contracting and pulling their ends
Help to maintain posture and are the main source of body heat
Organ Systems: Support and Movement
Nervous System
Includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory organs
Provides communication between each other and muscles and glands using neurotransmitters
Detects changes inside and outside the body, interprets these changes and responds to information.
Organ Systems: Integration and Coordination
Endocrine SystemIncludes the glands – hypothalamus,
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes pineal and thymus - that secrete chemical messengers called hormones.
Move through body fluids – blood or tissue fluid – to the a certain type of cell, where it changes the metabolism of the cell. Effects are for longer periods of time, as compared to the nervous system.
Organ Systems: Integration and Coordination
Cardiovascular System
Includes heart, arteries, capillaries, and blood
Heart pumps blood through the body
Blood transports gases, nutrients, hormones and wastes
Organ Systems: Transport
Lymphatic SystemIncludes lymphatic vessels, lymph
nodes, thymus, spleen and lymph (fluid)
Closely related to the cardiovascular system
Transports tissue fluid & certain fatty substances to bloodstream
Defends against infections and disease-causing microorganisms and viruses (lymphocytes)
Organ Systems: Transport
Digestive SystemIncludes mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary
glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small & larger intestine
Receives food and breaks it down into simple forms to be passed and absorbed
Materials not absorbed are eliminatedCan also produce hormones (An
accessory organ to the endocrine system)
Organ Systems: Absorption and Excretion
Respiratory System
Includes nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Move air into and out of the body
Exchanges gases between blood and air
Organ Systems: Absorption and Excretion
Urinary System
Includes kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Removes wastes from blood, helps maintain body’s water and salt concentrations
Produces urine
Organ Systems: Absorption and Excretion
Figure 1.7a
Answer on your white boards…
Answer on your white boards…
Answer on your white boards…
Answer on your white boards…
Answer on your white boards…
Answer on your white boards…
Table 1.1
Table 1.1
BODY PLANESObserving the relative locations and organization of the internal body parts requires cutting or
sectioning the body along various planes.
Body PlanesSagittalSagittal – divides the body into right and left
parts
Midsagittal or medialMidsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies on the midline
Frontal or coronalFrontal or coronal – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse or horizontalTransverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Oblique sectionOblique section – cuts made diagonally
Body Planes Figure 1.8
Activity….
Number of terms designate body regions.
Regional Terms of the Body
Regional Terms: Anterior View
Figure 1.7a
Regional Terms: Posterior View
Figure 1.7b
Abdominopelvic Regions
UmbilicalEpigastricHypogastricRight and left iliac or
inguinalRight and left lumbarRight and left
hypochondriac
Figure 1.11a
Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.11b
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Right upper (RUQ)Left upper (LUQ)Right lower (RLQ)Left lower (LLQ)
Figure 1.12
Body Cavities
Body Cavities
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
• AnatomyAnatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
• PhysiologyPhysiology – the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery
• Don’t forget they go together- form effects function and function would influence form.
Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules
1
2
3
4
Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules
Tissue levelTissues consist of similar types of cells
5 Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of different organs that work together closely
Organ levelOrgans are made up of different types of tissues
6 Organismal levelThe human organism is made up of many organ systems
Atoms
Molecules
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Heart
Blood vessels
Cardiovascular system
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1
Homeostasis
• HomeostasisHomeostasis is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world
• The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibriuma dynamic state of equilibrium
• Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis