Danh Gia Hien Trang Cong Nghe Xu Ly Chat Thai Nguy Hai Viet Nam

8/7/2019 Danh Gia Hien Trang Cong Nghe Xu Ly Chat Thai Nguy Hai Viet Nam

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nh gi hin trng cng nghx l cht thi nguy hi ti Vit Nam

Nguyn Thnh Yn, Nguyn Thng Hin,

Tin on, Phan Thanh Giang, L Ngc Lm

Cc Qun l cht thi v Ci thin Mi trng, Tng cc Mi trng

Tm tt:Qun l cht thi nguy hi (CTNH) l mt vn mi m, tuy c quan tm ch

trng nhiu nhng vn cn rt nhiu cc vn cn ang bc xc, trong c kha cnh cng

ngh x l. Nghin cu ny a ra nh gi tng quan v hin trng cng ngh x l CTNH

Vit Nam, tp trung vo cc cng ngh c Tng cc Mi trng cp php cng nh gii

thiu xu hng p dng cng ngh x l CTNH trong thi gian ti.

T kho: c quy ch thi, bng n thi, cht thi in t, cht thi nguy hi, chn lp, cng

ngh x l, CTNH, du thi, ng x l, l t, l xi mng, ti ch, x l cht thi nguy hi.

ASSESSING CURRENT SITUATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE TREATMENT

TECHNOLOGIES IN VIETNAM

Nguyen Thanh Yen, Nguyen Thuong Hien,

Do Tien Doan, Phan Thanh Giang, Le Ngoc Lam

Waste Management and Environment Promotion Agency, Vietnam Environment Administration

Summary: Hazardous waste (HW) management is a very urgent issue with the non-stop

increasing generation, including the aspect of treatment technology. This research is to give the

overall assessment on current situation of HW treatment technologies in Vietnam, focusing on

which have been permitted by Vietnam Environment Administration, as well as the introduction of

the trend for technology application in the coming time.

Keywords: cement kiln, co-processing, e-waste, hazardous waste, hazardous waste treatment,

HW, incinerator, landfill, recycling, treatment technology, waste oil, waste lamp, waste lead

battery.

1. t vn

Qun l cht thi nguy hi (CTNH) l mt vn tng i mi m v ang kh bc xc trong

cng tc bo v mi trng ti Vit Nam hin nay. Cng vi qu trnh cng nghip ho, hin i

ho mnh m ca nc ta, lng cht thi cng lin tc gia tng, to sc p rt ln i vi cng


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tc bo v mi trng. Theo kt qu nghin cu nm 2004 [1], tng lng CTNH pht thi ca

Vit Nam trong nm 2003 vo khong 160 ngn tn v d bo tng ln khong 500 ngn tn vo

nm 2010. Tuy nhin, theo bo co ca 35/63 tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng nm 2009,

s lng CTNH pht sinh t cc a phng ny vo khong gn 700 ngn tn [2]. Ring s

lng CTNH c thu gom, vn chuyn, x l bi cc n v hnh ngh qun l CTNH lin tnh

do Tng cc Mi trng cp php trong nm 2009 l hn 100 tn, ch p ng c mt phn

nh tng lng pht sinh [3]. Lng pht thi CTNH ln nh vy, nu khng c qun l cht

ch v x l an ton nh nhng nm trc y, l nguy c gy nhim mi trng nghim

trng. Hn na, s pht sinh CTNH Vit Nam rt a dng v ngun cng nh chng loi trong

khi cng tc phn loi ti ngun cn km cng dn n kh khn cho cng tc qun l v x l

[3, 7].

Trc s gia tng nhanh chng ca CTNH, cng tc qun l, x l hin nay cha p ng c

yu cu v bo v mi trng. Thc t cho thy, vic qun l v x l cht thi khng an ton,c bit l cc loi CTNH, li nhng hu qu nng n v mi trng, gy nh hng tiu

cc n sc khe cng ng nh cc im tn lu ha cht, thuc bo v thc vt, cc bi rc

khng hp v sinh, cc bi cht thi ca cc nh my sn xut...V vy, qun l v x l an

ton cht thi, c bit l CTNH nhm gim thiu nguy c nhim mi trng v hn ch cc

tc ng xu ti sc khe con ngi l mt trong nhng vn cp bch trong cng tc bo v

mi trng nc ta trong giai on hin nay.

Bn cnh , sau mt giai on pht trin kinh t nhanh v tiu th rt nhiu ti nguyn, ti ch

cht thi v thu hi ti nguyn t cht thi tr thnh mt xu th tt yu. thc hin ti chCTNH, cn phi c cc cng ngh hp l.

gp phn vo cng tc qun l, x l CTNH, cn c ci nhn tng qut v hin trng cng

ngh x l CTNH (k c ti ch) ang c s dng Vit Nam, tp trung vo cc c s x l

CTNH lin tnh do Tng cc Mi trng cp php v xu hng pht trin cng ngh trong thi

gian ti.

2. Phng php nghin cu

2.1. Phng php kho st hin trng: kho st thc t ti cc c s x l cht thi nguy hi do

Tng cc Mi trng cp php ti giai on xem xt cp php hnh ngh qun l CTNH hoc

thanh tra, kim tra nh k hng nm.

2.2. Phng php nghin cu ti liu: nghin cu cc h s ng k hnh ngh ca cc c s

x l CTNH do Tng cc Mi trng cp php v cc ti liu c lin quan.


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2.3. Phng php chuyn gia: trao i, tham kho kin ca cc chuyn gia trong qu trnh xem

xt cp php hnh ngh qun l CTNH v trong cc vn c th.

2.4. Phng php thng k: p dng trong vic thng k cc s liu kho st v thu thp c.

2.5. Phng php phn tch: phn tch v nh gi cng ngh da trn cc s liu kho st thct.

3. Kt qu v tho lun

3.1. Hin trng mt s cng ngh x l CTNH in hnh Vit Nam [3, 4]

Tnh ti thng 10/2010, Tng cc Mi trng cp php hnh ngh x l, tiu hu CTNH lin

tnh cho 36 c s. Cha k, cn c cc c s do cc S Ti nguyn v Mi trng cc tnh,

thnh ph cp php. Tuy nhin trong phm vi nghin cu ny khng cp n cc c s do

a phng cp php ny do tnh khng ph bin v i din. Cc cng ngh in hnh v ph

bin hin nay c tm tt trong bng 1 di y.

Bng 1. Mt s cng ngh x l CTNH ph bin Vit Nam

TT Tn cng nghS c sp dng

S mun hthng

Cng sut phbin

1 L t tnh hai cp 21 24 50 - 1000 kg/h

2 ng x l trong l nung ximng

2 230 tn /h

3 Chn lp 2 3 15.000 m3

4 Ha rn (b tng ha) 17 17 1 5 m3/h

5 X l, ti ch du thi 13 14 3-20 tn/ngy

6 X l bng n thi 8 8 0,2 tn/ngy

7 X l cht thi in t 4 4 0,3 5 tn/ngy

8 Ph d, ti ch c quy chthi

6 6 0,5 200tn/ngy

3.1.1. L t tnh hai cp

y l loi cng ngh ph bin c s dng nhiu Vit Nam vi tng s 24 l t, chim

21/36 s c s x l CTNH do Tng cc Mi trng cp php. Cng sut ca cc l t dao

ng t 50-1000 kg/h, gi thnh t vi trm triu n khong chc t ng tu theo cng sut v

cu trc cng ngh.

Cc l t ny u s dng quy trnh cng ngh dng bung t tnh theo m v thiu t hai

cp. L thng cu to 2 bung t gm: bung t s cp t chy cc cht thi cn tiu


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hy hoc ha hi cht c nhit 400-800 oC; bung t th cp tip tc t chy hi kh

c pht sinh t bung t s cp nhit trn 1100oC. Mt s l c b sung thm bung t

b sung sau bung t th cp tng cng hiu qu t cc kh c. a s cc l khng c

bin php ly tro trong qu trnh t. Cc l t u trang b h thng x l kh thi bao gm trao

i nhit (h nhit bng khng kh hoc nc); hp th (phun sng hoc sc dung dch kim)

v c th c hp ph (than hot tnh).

u im ca cng ngh l t tnh hai cp l cng ngh n gin, sn c (nhp khu hoc ch

to trong nc), chi ph u t hp l, d vn hnh ph hp iu kin Vit Nam. L t cng l

cng ngh ch lc trong cc c s x l CTNH do c di CTNH x l rng (bao gm c cht thi

y t). K c cc l t nhp t nc ngoi v cng phi ci tin p ng vic t a dng

CTNH do cc l nc ngoi thng c thit k chuyn t mt s loi CTNH nht nh.

Tuy nhin, vict theo m dn n cng sut khng cao do mt thi gian khi khi ng v

dng l, hoc khi tro y phi ly ra i vi cc l khng ly tro gia qu trnh t. Quy trnh

kim sot, vn hnh cn th cng hoc cha t ng ho cao nn kh c th t cc CTNH c

bit c hi nh cc cht c cha halogen (v d PCB, thuc bo v thc vt c clo). Bn cnh

, l t tnh thng khng t c hoc t khng hiu qu i vi cc loi cht thi kh

chy v c kt dnh cao nh bn thi. Nhiu l t, c bit cc l gi r thng hay b trc

trc h thng bc t hoc h thng x l kh thi (nh b thng ng khi do hi axit).

khc phc, cc l t cn c nghin cu nng cp mt s c im nh b sung bin

php ly tro trong qu trnh t ko di thi gian vn hnh, lp h thng quan trc t ng lin

tc, tng cng t ng ho h thng np CTNH v iu khin.


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Hnh 1. H thng x l kh thi l t CTNH

3.1.2. ng x l trong l nung xi mng

Cng ngh ny mi c s dng bi hai c s sn xut xi mng ti Kin Giang v Hi Dng.

Do c th ca cng ngh sn xut xi mng l quay, c th s dng CTNH lm nguyn liu,

nhin liu b sung cho qu trnh sn xut xi mng, cht thi c tiu hu ng thi trong lnung xi mng nhit cao (trn 1300oC). L nung clinke c hnh tr quay quanh trc o

trn cc vt liu khi nung. Do qu trnh nung xi mng thng pht sinh nhiu kh c v bi nn

cc nh my sn xut xi mng thng u t h thng x l kh thi hin i. H thng x l kh

thi nh my xi mng bao gm cc cng on nh: lc bi th bng xyclon, sau lc bi tinh

bng tnh in hoc ti vi, sau s dng phng php hp th cc kh c bng dung dch

kim di dng phun sng.

ng x l CTNH trong l nung xi mng c nhiu u im ln nh mi trng hot ng nhit

cao nn hiu sut tiu hu cao, x l c nhiu loi CTNH vi khi lng ln, k c cc

cht thi c cha halogen. c bit l hiu qu kinh t rt ln do tit kim nguyn, nhin liu v

cc loi CTNH d chy gp phn cung cp nhit lng v mt s loi CTNH c thnh phn ph

hp vi nguyn liu sn xut xi mng. Bn cnh , ng x l tn dng h thng sn xut xi

mng sn c nn tit kim c chi ph u t v c s h tng.


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Tuy nhin, ng x l CTNH trong l nung xi mng i hi cng ngh sn xut xi mng hin i

l l quay kh, c tin nung, cn nghin cu k qu trnh np cht thi vo l khng nh

hng n qu trnh sn xut xi mng cng nh m bo hiu qu x l CTNH. Ngoi ra, mt l

do m cc nh my xi mng Vit Nam cha mn m vi vic ng x l l v ni lo nh hng

n vn th trng nh nh kin ca khch hng v cht lng sn phm xi mng hoc vic

nghin cu trin khai ng x l gy xao lng trong cuc ua ginh th phn xi mng. Bn cnh

, vic ng x l cn vng th tc php l do vic trin khai ng x l cha r c phi lm

bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng cho d n x l CTNH hay khng.

Hnh 2. H thng l nung xi mng v b phn np CTNH dng lng

3.1.3. Chn lp CTNH

Cng ngh ny hin nay mi p dng H Ni v Bnh Dng vi dung tch ca mi hm chn

lp t 10.000 15.000 m3.

Bi chn lp CTNH, hay thc cht l cc hm chn lp, c thit k theo quy nh ti Tiu

chun xy dng TCXDVN 320:2004 v Bi chn lp cht thi nguy hi Tiu chun thit k.

Vic vn hnh bi chn lp CTNH thc hin trn c s Hng dn k thut chn lp cht thi

nguy hi ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 60/2002/Q-BKHCNMT ngy 07 thng 8 nm 2002

ca B trng B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng.

u im ca cc hm chn lp CTNH c kh nng c lp cc CTNH cha c kh nng x l

bng cng ngh khc, cng sut ln v gi thnh x l kh r so vi nhiu phng php tiu

hu khc nh t. Hn na, CTNH tng lai c th o ln x l nu c cng ngh ph hp.

Cc hm chn lp u c mi che kn trong qu trnh vn hnh nn bin php ny c tnh cht l

ng kn hn l chn lp, khng c kh nng pht sinh nc r r nhng vn c h thng thu

gom nc r r.

Tuy nhin phng php ny kh tn din tch. CTNH khng c x l trit , mi nguy c r r

vn cn nn cn gim st lu di sau khi ng hm. Mt l do chn lp CTNH cha c trin


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khai rng do phi m bo cc iu kin ngt ngho, hay c th ni l bt kh thi v khong

cch vi cc khu dn c theo TCXDVN 320:2004. Mt iu cn quan tm l theo TCXDVN

320:2004 th yu cu CTNH phi c ho rn, n nh ho (c th hiu nm na l cn chuyn

thnh dng rn v n nh) th hin nay b hiu thnh phi c b tng ho trc khi cho vo

chn lp. Nu b tng ho nh trnh by mc 3.1.4 t quy chun k thut quc gia v

ngng CTNH th khng cn thit phi a vo hm chn lp CTNH.

Do vy, cn tin hnh r sot v chnh sa cc tiu chun k thut nu trn ph hp vi iu

kin thc t hn, c bit l vn khong cch ly.

Hnh 3. Hm chn lp CTNH

3.1.4. Ha rn (b tng ha)

Cng ngh ny c s dng rt ph bin, c mt ti 17/36 c s hnh ngh x l CTNH do

Tng cc Mi trng cp php vi cng sut trung bnh t 1 5 m3/h.


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c im ca cng ngh l s dng CTNH kt hp vi xi mng, ct, si, nc ng rn cc

CTNH tr, v c nh tro x, trnh pht tn cc thnh phn nguy hi ra mi trng. Hin nay ang

ph bin hai cng ngh l ho rn c nn p cng bc (s dng my p thu lc p cht

ct liu b tng nh sn xut gch block) v ho rn thng thng ( b tng t nhin). Cu

to ca h thng ho rn thng rt n gin, gm c my trn b tng v my p khun hoc

cc khun c.

Cng ngh ha rn c u im l thit b, cng ngh n gin, sn c (c th t lp t, ch

to), d vn hnh, c hiu qu kinh t v c th tn dng sn xut vt liu xy dng (gch block,

tm an). Tuy nhin cng ngh ha rnch x l an ton i vi CTNH tr, c thnh phn v

c. Kh nng n nh CTNH trong khi rn thay i theo tng loi CTNH nn cn phi nghin

cu k cp phi b tng. Cn gim st sn phm u ra m bo khng vt ngng CTNH

theo quy nh ti QCVN 07: 2009/BTNMT.

Hnh 4. My trn b tng v my p gch block ho rn CTNH

3.1.5. Ti ch du thi

Hin ti, c 13/36 cc c s hnh ngh x l do Tng cc mi trng cp php u t cng

ngh ti ch du v mt s c s ang lm th tc cp php, ch yu ri vo cc loi nh sau:

chng ct cracking du (chng phn on hay cn gi chng nhiu bc v chng n gin hay

chng mt bc); phn ly du nc bng phng php c hc (ly tm) v bng nhit.

Trong thc t, phn ln cc c s s dng cng ngh chng n gin thu hi cc cu t du

(nguyn l l s dng nhit lm bay hi v ct mch, sau ngng t thu hi cc cu tdu, cn rn c tch ra v ly ra y ni chng). Hin nay c mt s c s ang u t

cng ngh chng phn on (chng nhiu bc) ti ch du, y l cng ngh hin i s

dng sn xut cc sn phm xng du t du thi. V c bn chng nhiu bc ging vi

chng n gin, khc ch da vo nhit si khc nhau ca cc hydro cacbon c trong du

thi, kt hp tun hon (hi lu) dng sn phm lng khi s tch trit cc cu t hydro


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cacbon c nhit si khc nhau v thu c cc phn on sn phm du c cht lng cao

nh: xng, du diezen...

V cu to ca cng ngh chng n gin gm c l gia nhit (t cp nhit trc tip cho ni

chng), ni chng (ni cha du thi), h thng ngng t hi du v h thng x l kh thi. Cn

cu to ca cng ngh chng nhiu bc gm h thng cp nhit (l hi, s dng hi nc qu

nhit cp nhit cho thp chng ct), thp chng ct dng a l c ng chy truyn hoc thp

a chp, h thng hi lu dng sn phm lng v h thng x l kh thi l hi.

Nhn chung, i vi cng ngh chng n gin c u im trang thit b n gin (c th t ch

to, lp t), d vn hnh, u t thp, nhng vic vn hnh v kim sot kh th cng, i hi

kinh nghim v k nng ca ngi vn hnh. Cng ngh chng n gin ph hp vi cc c s

nh c lng du thi u vo thp, bin ng.

Cng ngh chng phn on c h thng kim sot hin i, cht lng sn phm u ra nnh nhng chi ph u t ln, vn hnh phc tp, i hi nguyn liu u vo ln v n nh

trong khi ngun du thi Vit Nam thng nh l, bin ng. Do vy, cn cn nhc khi u t

cng ngh ny.

Hnh 5. H thng chng du thi phn on (tri) v chng n gin (phi)

3.1.6. X l bng n thi

Hin nay c 8/36 c s hnh ngh x l CTNH do Tng cc Mi trng cp php c h thng

x l bng n thi.

Trong bng n c cha nhiu loi cht thi khc nhau nh bt hunh quang, hi thy ngn,thy tinh, kim loi. Cu to ca h thng x l bng n thi gm c b phn nghin bng n

trong mi trng kn, km theo thit b hp th hi thu ngn (bng than hot tnh hoc lu

hunh), c th km theo bin php tch thu hi thu tinh v bt hunh quang.

Cng ngh ny c u im l chi ph u t trang thit b hp l, d vn hnh, sau khi phn tch

ring bt hunh quang, thy tinh c th dng lm nguyn liu trong sn xut xi mng hoc ti s


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dng thy tinh sch. Tuy nhin, sau khi x l bng n thi, qu trnh hp th hi thu ngn c

trong bng n thi s to ra cht thi mi cn x l l mui thu ngn.

Cc thit b ny c u t ch yu p ng yu cu c kh nng x l nhiu loi m

CTNH ca cc ch ngun thi ch cha c hiu qu kinh t do thc t loi CTNH ny c s

lng khng nhiu. Do vy, gii php ho rn ton b sn phm ca qu trnh nghin l mt gii

php hiu qu.

Hnh 6. Thit b x l bng n thi

3.1.7. X l cht thi in t

Hin nay ch c 4/36 c s hnh ngh x l CTNH do Tng cc Mi trng cp php u t

cng ngh chuyn x l cht thi in t ny, cng sut trung bnh t 0,5 5 tn/ngy.

Cc h thng ny ch yu l thc hin bin php ph d, th cng (nh bn ph d n gin)

hoc c gii (my nghin), phn tch tng thnh phn cho cc cng on x l tip theo nh

thu hi ph liu (kim loi, nha), t, ho rn.

i vi cc c s c u vo nh, th vic ph d th cng l ph hp, ch yu p ng

m CTNH trong dch v. Tuy nhin, cng on ph d th cng c th nh hng sc khe ca

cng nhn do phi tip xc trc tip vi cht thi.

Cng ngh c gii ha ph hp vi u vo ln, c bit l trong tng lai khi lng cht thi

in t pht sinh tng t bin. Hn na, cng ngh hin i c th tn thu c nhiu sn

phm, c bit l cc kim loi qu.


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Hnh 7. Dy chuyn nghin bn mch in t (tri) v bn ph d n gin (phi)

3.1.8. Ph d, ti ch c quy ch thi

Hin nay, c 6/36 c s hnh ngh x l CTNH do Tng cc Mi trng cp php u t cng

ngh x l ny, cng sut trung bnh 0,5 200 tn/ngy.

Ti ch c quy ch thi l mt trong nhng bin php tit kim ti nguyn v bo v mi trng,

cng vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t lng c quy ch thi ngy mt tng v vic x l khng

an ton i vi cht thi ny v ang gy ra nhiu hu qu nghim trng cho con ngi v

mi trng. Chnh v vy, hin nay trn thc t ang s dng cc cng ngh ti ch t n gin

(th s) n hin i.

Nguyn l ca cng ngh ti ch c quy ch thi l u tin trung ha dung dch cht in phn

(dung dch axit), sau ph d phn loi ring bn cc ch v v (nha PP). Vic ph d c th

l th cng hoc c gii ho. Ch v nha c nu ti ch ti ch hoc chuyn cho cc n vti ch.

Hin nay c mt s n v u t v a vo s dng cng ngh hin i ti ch c quy,

ton b quy trnh x l c c gii, t ng ha vi nguyn l hot ng nh sau: bnh c quy

(c c dung dch axit) c a vo my nghin ng thi c b sung dung dch kim (s a)

trung ha, sau hn hp sau nghin c a ti h thng phn tch bng nc, nha c t

trng b ni ln trn, cn ch c t trng ln chm xung di v c vt ra bi gu chuyn

dng. H thng c gii ho c cng sut rt ln do vy nu khng c nguyn liu u vo th

s khng c hiu qu kinh t v u t rt tn km.

Nhiu c s p dng h thng th cng hoc bn th cng da trn bn ph d bng sc lao

ng, cng sut tuy thp nhng gim chi ph u t v p ng c lng u vo thp. Tuy

nhin phi lu vn bo h lao ng trnh ri ro phi nhim axit v cc hi c.


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Hnh 8. Dy chuyn ph d c quy ch thi c gii ho

3.2. Cc cng ngh khc

Ngoi cc cng ngh trn, hin nay cc c s x l CTNH ti Vit Nam cn s dng cc loi

cng ngh khc i vi tng loi CTNH c th khc nh cng ngh sc ra v ti ch thng

phuy, cng ngh ti ch dung mi thi, cng ngh ra sch ph liu dnh du, cng ngh kt ta

thu hi kim loi...

3.3. Hiu qu x l v mi trng ca cc cng ngh c cp php

Theo bo co qun l CTNH nh k, bo co gim st mi trng ca cc c s x l CTNH doTng cc Mi trng cp php cng nh kt qu thanh tra, kim tra nhng nm va qua, hu

ht cc cng ngh x l CTNH c cp php u m bo tun th cc quy nh hin hnh,

m bo hiu qu x l cam kt khi ng k hnh ngh, pht thi t cc quy chun k thut

quc gia v mi trng [2, 3].

Tuy nhin y l kt qu do cc c s t gim st hoc kt qu gim st khi c cc on thanh

tra kim tra nn cng cha phn nh y c mc tun th. iu ny ph thuc vo

thc t gic chp hnh ca cc c s. Nhng t nht, iu ny cng khng nh l cc cng

ngh c cp php hin ti l m bo c hiu qu x l cng nh mi trng nu cvn hnh ng theo thit k v c s gim st cht ch.

3.4. Xu th p dng mt s cng ngh mi

3.4.1. L t quay: cng ngh ny tng t nh l t tnh, ch khc l bung t s cp c

dng tr quay (nh l xi mng). Cng ngh ny c u im c th t cc loi cht thi kh chy

nh bn thi do cht thi c khuy trn tt trong l quay. Nhng nhc im ca cng ngh


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ny l chi ph u t ln, i hi tiu chun c kh cao. Ngoi ra, l quay pht sinh nhiu bi nn

cn phi u t thm h thng lc bi ti vi hoc lc bi tnh in. Hin nay Vit Nam ang c

mt s c s nghin cu lp t l t quay nhng u cha n giai on c cp php.

3.4.2. L plasma: Cng ngh l t plasma l cng ngh rt hin i, s dng nhit rt cao

ph hu hon ton cc cht hu c, chuyn ho thnh cc kh tng hp v to ra x l thu tinh

vi khi lng x to ra l t nht so vi cc cng ngh t khc [5]. Hin nay, ti Vit Nam c

mt s c s ang tin hnh lp d n lp t l t plasma. Tuy nhin, cn nghin cu k v

hiu qu kinh t v u t rt ln.

3.4.3. L t tng si: y l cng ngh t c hiu sut tit kim nng lng cao hoc ti s

dng nng lng do cht thi to thnh. Tuy nhin, l t tng si c tc mi mn b mt t

v truyn nhit rt cao, do tnh kinh t ca n km hn so vi l t thng thng.

3.4.4. B ng knB c thit k vch v y bng b tng chng thm, kt cu ct thp bn vng t trn nn

t c gia c m bo trnh st ln gy nt gy, r r, thm thu theo ng quy chun k

thut, tiu chun v xy dng. S dng b ng kn c th x l c nhiu loi cht thi khc

nhau, d s dng, chi ph u t thp v khc phc c yu cu v khong cch ly nh i vi

bi chn lp.

4. Kt lun

Nn cng ngh x l CTNH ca Vit Nam trong nhng nm va qua, c bit sau khi c s ra

i ca Lut Bo v mi trng 2005 v cc vn bn di Lut nh Thng t s 12/2006/TT-

BTNMT ngy 26 thng 12 nm 2006 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v hng dn iu kin

hnh ngh v th tc lp h s, ng k, cp php hnh ngh, m s qun l cht thi nguy hi

v Quyt nh s 23/2006/Q-BTNMTngy 26 thng 12 nm 2006 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi

trng v vic ban hnh Danh mc cht thi nguy hi c nhng bc pht trin ng k.

Cc cng ngh hin c ca Vit Nam cn cha thc s hin i, s dng cc cng ngh a

dng cho nhiu loi CTNH v thng quy m nh, nhng p ng c phn no nhu cu

x l CTNH ca Vit Nam. Tuy nhin thc s m bo cng tc qun l CTNH t yu cu,

cn pht trin cng ngh x l CTNH ti Vit Nam c v cht lng v s lng. Ngoi ra, cnnghin cu chuyn bit ho cc cng ngh x l cc loi CTNH c th. Bn cnh cn

phi tng cng cng tc gim st, thanh tra, kim tra m bo cc cng ngh c cp

php hot ng tun th ng quy nh, t cc quy chun k thut v mi trng.

Nghin cu v pht trin cng ngh x l CTNH vn l vn au u ca cc nh qun l v

nh khoa hc v mi trng. i vi cc loi CTNH c th nn xy dng quy trnh x l chuyn


14/14

bit m bo an ton cho mi trng xung quanh. Nhng la chn cng ngh x l cht

thi ph hp iu kin ca Vit Nam khng phi d, do cn thit phi xy dng v ban hnh

cc b tiu chun, quy chun k thut, nh mc kinh t k thut... lm c s khoa hc cho cng

ngh x l cht thi.

Ngoi ra, cng tc bo v mi trng thc hin hiu qu, Nh nc khng ch quan tm n

vn qun l, thanh tra, x pht m cn thit phi ch trng n vn qun l th trng v

quy hoch cng ngh x l CTNH. C nh vy mi c th trnh cho doanh nghip nhng ri ro

khng ng c, ng thi nng cao hiu qu bo v mi trng ca cc n v sn xut.

5. Ti liu tham kho

[1] Cc Bo v mi trng, Bo co hin trng mi trng, 2004.

[2] Cc bo co v cng tc qun l cht thi sinh hot, cng nghip, y t ca S Ti nguyn v

Mi trng cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng, 2009.

[3] Cc bo co qun l cht thi nguy hi, bo co gim st mi trng nh k ca cc ch x

l, tiu hu cht thi nguy hi, 2009.

[4] Cc b h s ng k hnh ngh x l, tiu hy CTNH lu ti Tng cc Mi trng.

[5] Cng ty thng mi dch v xy dng Ngn Thnh, Bo co d n u t, 2009.

[6] B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, Danh mc cht thi nguy hi, ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s

23/2006/Q-BTNMT ca B trng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng ngy 26 thng 12 nm 2006.

[7] B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, 2009, Quy chun k thut quc gia vNgng cht thi nguy

hi, QCVN 07:2009/BTNMT.

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Danh Gia Hien Trang Cong Nghe Xu Ly Chat Thai Nguy Hai Viet Nam