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Danube University Krems.
The University for Continuing Education.
Decentralized Energy
Supply for Informal
Settlements in African
Cities: The Case of
EthiopiaHoeltl Andrea, Berger Tania,
Bates Romana
8 May 2017
STS Conference Graz 2018
www.donau-uni.ac.at
Danube University Krems. The University for Continuing Education.8 May| 2018 | Page 2
Global Framework
Paris Climate Agreement
http://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/convention/application/pdf/english_paris_
agreement.pdf
Sustainable Development Goals
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300
Agenda 2063
“…energy to all African households, businesses, industries and institutions…”
http://archive.au.int/assets/images/agenda2063.pdf
…
• Strengthen the relations between HEIs in Ethiopia and
Europe
• Innovative university courses
• Students – urban planning, architecture, energy
management
• Personnel of local authorities
• Informal settlements – social and environmental
aspects
• Inter- and transdisciplinary
• Social inclusion, sustainable housing, participatory
mapping, environmental risk assessment, decentralized
energy solutions …
• Case studies, city profiles, university courses, external
trainings, dissemination workshops, national
conferences.
www.donau-uni.ac.at
Danube University Krems. The University for Continuing Education.8 May| 2018 | Page 3
Ethiopia
Geographical position of Addis Ababa, Gonder and Mekele in
Ethiopia, Africa (My Adventure in Ethiopia)
• 100 millions (2050 190 mil)/ never colonized / Amharic /
Christianity / rich cultural heritage
• LDC – low-income, structural impedimants, highly vulnerable
• Challenges: poverty, education, gender, maternal mortality,
consequences of climate change etc.
• 2015: 40% poverty, 54.4% graduates primary school, clean water
57.3%, sanitory facilities 28%
• 2015/16 agriculture 37.2%, industrial sector 20.6%, annual
economic growth 8%
• Export goods: coffee, tee, cacao, gold, 6 times more imports
• Urbanisation rate 20% - 2050 37%
www.donau-uni.ac.at
Danube University Krems. The University for Continuing Education.8 May| 2018 | Page 4
Informal SettlementsPoor quality of services, housing and
infrastructure (Addis Ababa 80%)
UN Habitat:
1) “inhabitants have no security of tenure vis-à-vis
the land or dwellings they inhabit, with modalities
ranging from squatting to informal rental housing
2) the neighbourhoods usually lack, or are cut off
from, basic services and city infrastructure and
3) the housing may not comply with current planning
and building regulations, and is often situated in
geographically and environmentally hazardous
areas.”
UN Habitat (2015): Informal Settlements. Habitat III Issue Papers 22, 31 May,
New York. Informal settlements in Gonder and Addis Ababa
www.donau-uni.ac.at
Danube University Krems. The University for Continuing Education.8 May| 2018 | Page 5
Energy and CO2 Emissions in Ethiopia
• Energy access – basic need – individuals + national economic
development
• Africa considered as the most vulnerable continent to climate
change – temperatur, rainfall levels
• Ethiopia Climate Resilient and Green Economy Strategy – carbon
neutral and climate change resilient green economy
• Sustainable Developments Goals SDGs
• Paris Climate Agreement – National Determined Contribution
NDC – reduction of the vulnerability, force modern and energy
efficient technologies
www.donau-uni.ac.at
Danube University Krems. The University for Continuing Education.8 May| 2018 | Page 6
Nationally Determined Contribution
Intended greenhouse gas emissions reduction of Ethiopia until 2030 (Federal Democratic Republic ofEthiopia (2017): Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa)
www.donau-uni.ac.at
Danube University Krems. The University for Continuing Education.8 May| 2018 | Page 7
Electricity Consumption
Electricity consumption per capita in MWh of Ethiopia, Spain and Austria in 2015 (International Energy Agency (2018): Statistics. Ethiopia. https://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country=ETHIOPIA&product=oil&year=2015)
www.donau-uni.ac.at
Danube University Krems. The University for Continuing Education.8 May| 2018 | Page 8
CO2 Emissions
CO2 emissions in Mt of Ethiopia, Spain and Austria in 2015(International Energy Agency (2018): Statistics. Ethiopia. https://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country=ETHIOPIA&product=oil&year=2015)
CO2 emissions in tons/capita in Ethiopia, the US, Austria, China, the EU(28), India, and worldwide in 2016
www.donau-uni.ac.at
Danube University Krems. The University for Continuing Education.8 May| 2018 | Page 9
Energy Situation
www.donau-uni.ac.at
Danube University Krems. The University for Continuing Education.8 May| 2018 | Page 10
Energy Situation
• Extrapolation of the growth rates of electricity consumption until
2030 - around 5.7 times higher consumption than 2015
• Very low level of Ethiopian’s industrialisation
• Currently mainly renewable resources / 2014 rural areas 12.2%
access to electricity / urban areas 91%
• Development of the country and the quality of life of the
inhabitants - energy demand will increase tremendously
• Discrepance and contradiction with the above mentioned aims of
Ethiopia – reduction of CO2 emissions by 64% until 2030
www.donau-uni.ac.at
Danube University Krems. The University for Continuing Education.8 May| 2018 | Page 11
Decentralized Solutions
Batch-type homemade solar water heater
https://www.pinterest.at/pin/147492956519426045/
Different decentralized solar
solutionshttps://www.devex.com/news/power-africa-goes-off-grid-in-
addis-ababa-83621
Biogas Backpack (Salome Zeresulos,
Addis Abeba)
Biogas from organic wastehttp://www.be-nrg.com/b-home/
www.donau-uni.ac.at
Danube University Krems. The University for Continuing Education.8 May| 2018 | Page 12