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Daylight Sunlight Report
Crodaun Development
Project No. B949
25th March 2020
O’Connor Sutton Cronin & Associates Daylight & Sunlight Report Multidisciplinary Consulting Engineers Crodaun Development
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Daylight Sunlight Report
O’Connor Sutton Cronin & Associates Daylight & Sunlight Report Multidisciplinary Consulting Engineers Crodaun Development
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NOTICE
DOCUMENT CONTROL & HISTORY
OCSC
Job No.:
B949
Pro
ject
Co
de
Ori
gin
ato
r
Co
de
Zo
ne
Co
de
Le
vel
Co
de
Fil
e T
yp
e
Ro
le T
yp
e
Nu
mb
er
Seri
es
Sta
tus/
Su
itab
ilit
y
Co
de
Revis
ion
B949 OCSC XX XX RP YS 0002 S4 P03
Rev. Status Authors Checked Authorised Issue Date
3 For Planning CA PF PF 25/03/2020
2 For Comment CA PF PF 11/03/2020
1 For Comment CA PF PF 30/01/2020
This document has been produced by O’Connor Sutton Cronin & Associates for its
client Crodaun Development Company Ltd. It may not be used for any purpose other
than that specified by any other person without the written permission of the authors.
O’Connor Sutton Cronin & Associates Daylight & Sunlight Report Multidisciplinary Consulting Engineers Crodaun Development
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DAYLIGHT SUNLIGHT REPORT
INDEX PAGE NO.
1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 4
2. SITE DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................... 5
3. PROPOSED BUILDING DESIGN.................................................................................... 7
4. BRE GUIDELINES FOR DAYLIGHT AND SUNLIGHT ........................................................ 8
5. DAYLIGHT LEVELS WITHIN THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT ........................................ 9
6. SUNLIGHT ASSESSMENT TO AMENITY SPACES WITHIN THE DEVELOPMENT ............. 18
7. ASSESSING THE IMPACT ON SURROUNDING PROPERTIES ........................................ 20
8. SHADOW ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 27
9. CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................... 31
O’Connor Sutton Cronin & Associates Daylight & Sunlight Report Multidisciplinary Consulting Engineers Crodaun Development
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1. INTRODUCTION
OCSC have been appointed to carry out a Daylight / Sunlight study for the proposed Crodaun
development located in Co. Kildare.
The aim of the study is to record and analyse the results for the following:
The expected daylight levels within the living and bedroom areas of each house type and
selected apartments, to give an indication of the expected daylight levels throughout the
proposed development.
The quality of amenity space, being provided as part of the development, in relation to
sunlight.
Any potential overshadowing impact the proposed development may have on properties
adjacent to the site.
The calculation methodology for daylight and sunlight is based on the British Research
Establishments “Site Layout Planning for Daylight and Sunlight: A Good Practice Guide” by PJ
Littlefair, 2011 Second Edition.
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2. SITE DESCRIPTION
Crodaun Development Company Ltd intend to apply to An Bord Pleanála for permission for a
strategic housing development on lands west of the Maynooth Rd (R405) and north of the Kilwoghan
Stream running to the north side of Kilwogan Lane, Celbridge, Co. Kildare (c.12.93Ha).
The development will consist of a residential development consisting of 467 no. dwelling units (216
apartments, 199 houses and 52 duplexes) along with ancillary childcare facility (776sq.m), gym
(320sq.m), café (123sq.m) and retail unit (119sq.m).
The residential units consist of the following:
216 no. apartments (184 no. 2 beds, 32 no. 3 beds) contained in 4 no. blocks to the east side
of the site, (Blocks A, B, C & D), ranging from 5 to 6 storeys high. Blocks A, B & C have
basement car parking. 251 no. houses and duplexes as follows:
20 no. 5 Bed semi-detached 3 storey houses
69 no. 4 Bed semi-detached 2.5 storey houses
23 no. 4 Bed terraced 3 storey houses
38 no. 3 Bed semi-detached 2 storey houses
49 no. 3 Bed terraced 2-storey houses
18 no. 1 Bed apartment units within 2.5 storey duplex blocks
26 no. 2 Bed apartment units within 2.5 storey duplex blocks
8 no. 3 Bed apartment units within 2.5 storey duplex block
The proposed ancillary childcare facility, gym, café and retail unit will all be located on the ground
floor of apartment block D.
The proposed development includes the provision of a landscaped 2.068 ha. public park to the
north.
All associated site and infrastructural works, including open space, landscaping, boundary treatment,
roads, paths, cycle paths, car and cycle parking (including basement parking under the apartment
blocks), foul and surface water drainage, 2 no. substations, 2 no. sub units, and 2 no. vehicular
entrance/egress points off the Maynooth Road.
O’Connor Sutton Cronin & Associates Daylight & Sunlight Report Multidisciplinary Consulting Engineers Crodaun Development
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Figure 1 – Proposed Site
O’Connor Sutton Cronin & Associates Daylight & Sunlight Report Multidisciplinary Consulting Engineers Crodaun Development
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3. PROPOSED BUILDING DESIGN
In order to ensure that daylight levels are maximised for Crodaun residential development, a
number of key design issues were analysed during concept design stages.
3.1. BUILDING MATERIAL SELECTION
The selection of materials play an important role in ambient daylight levels. The façade of the
proposed buildings have been carefully selected to promote a sense of brightness and light. The
Crodaun façades are composed of light brick, stone and powder coated aluminum. This will ensure
light is reflected throughout the development. The inclusion of greenery to the amenity spaces will
help to improve the sense of light and brightness within the development.
3.2. GLAZING TO WALL RATIO
The primary function of the glazing to wall ratio is to maximise daylight within the space while
reducing solar gains within the proposed development. The other advantage in conjunction with
appropriate materials is that the more light surfaced, reflective materials used externally, the more
ambient daylight will be reflected to the surrounding areas. Extensive analysis was completed on
Crodaun development to ensure glazed openings were maximised to promote access to daylight
levels. In addition, floor to ceiling heights for apartments of 2.7m and 2.8m further enhance the
opportunity for improved daylight levels. The image below highlights the floor to ceiling height
glazing.
Figure 2 – Apartments Elevation
2.7 m
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4. BRE GUIDELINES FOR DAYLIGHT AND SUNLIGHT
In considering the development potential and the quality of amenity for the new development as
well as for the surrounding properties once the scheme has been implemented, the analysis has
been based on the Building Research Establishment (BRE) guidelines on “Site Layout Planning for
Daylight and Sunlight. A Guide to Good Practice (Building Research Establishment Report, 2011).”
These guidelines provide the criteria and methodology for calculations pertaining to daylight and
sunlight, and is the primary reference for this matter. The guide gives simple rules for analysing sites
where the geometry of the surroundings is straightforward, supplementing them with graphical
methods for complex sites.
However, it is important to note that the performance targets which are included should be used
with a degree of flexibility as per the extract below from the BRE Guide:
“The advice given here is not mandatory and this document should not be seen as an instrument of
planning policy. Its aim is to help rather than constrain the designer. Although it gives numeral
guidelines these should be interpreted flexibly because natural lighting is only one of the many
factors in site layout design.”
O’Connor Sutton Cronin & Associates Daylight & Sunlight Report Multidisciplinary Consulting Engineers Crodaun Development
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5. DAYLIGHT LEVELS WITHIN THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT
5.1. ASSESSMENT CRITERIA – INTERNAL DAYLIGHT
The method of calculation selected for the internal daylight analysis for this development is the
Average Daylight Factor (ADF). This is the most detailed and thus most accurate method which
considers not only the amount of sky visible from the vertical face of the window, but also the
window size, room size and room use.
Architectural plans and elevations provided by Scott Tallon Walker Architects formed the basis for
internal daylight assessment.
In order to quantify the quality of daylight within a space as per BRE Guidelines, the British standards
BS8206 sets out minimum daylight factors to be achieved in new build residential units.
Figure 3 – BS 8206 – Table 2
In order to analyse the ADF within the proposed residential development, simulations have been
completed within the IES VE Software package. A detailed model of the development has been
constructed within the software. The model includes the proposed development as well as the
surrounding buildings adjacent to the site, heights of surrounding buildings have been taken from
survey data.
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5.2. DAYLIGHT RESULTS – INTERNAL DAYLIGHT APARTMENTS
The following section illustrates the apartment units assessed for internal daylight levels for the
proposed Crodaun development. Their subsequent results are shown in the accompanying tables.
In line with standard industry practice, units on ground floor have been selected as ‘worst case’ for
analysis. The theory being that as floor level height increases so too does access to daylight. Block A
has been selected for analysis and is considered to be representative of the units across the site and
therefore results are indicative of daylight levels to be expected across the entire development.
In summary all apartment units not only meet but in the majority of cases exceed the Average
Daylight Factor as outlined within the BRE Guidelines. In all cases generous floor to ceiling heights
have been designed into the project with glazing areas being maximised to amplify the quality of
daylight received. In addition, careful consideration has been given to room layout design
attributing store rooms and circulation areas to the back of rooms and living spaces to the front
where the highest level of daylight is experienced.
Figure 4 – Ground Floor Block A Assessed Units
Unit ADF required (%) ADF results (%) Meets minimum ADF required
A Living 1.5 1.6 Y
B Bedroom 1.0 3.2 Y
C Living 1.5 1.6 Y
D Bedroom 1.0 3.2 Y
E Living 1.5 1.7 Y
F Bedroom 1.0 4.5 Y
G Living 1.5 1.6 Y
H Bedroom 1.0 3.2 Y
I Bedroom 1.0 3.3 Y
J Bedroom 1.0 3.2 Y
K Living 1.5 1.6 Y
Table 1 – Average Daylight Factor Results - Block A Ground Floor
A
B
C
D
E F
I H G K
J
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5.3. DAYLIGHT RESULTS – INTERNAL DAYLIGHT HOUSES
The following section outlines the expected internal daylight levels for the houses within the
proposed Crodaun development. A selection of typical house types considered to be representative
of the development have been selected for analysis. The results presented are considered to be
indicative of the daylight levels to be expected across the site. All of the houses meet the minimum
daylight levels in accordance with BRE Guidelines.
Figure 5 – Site Layout Highlighting in Red Assessed Houses
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Figure 6 – Houses Type
O’Connor Sutton Cronin & Associates Daylight & Sunlight Report Multidisciplinary Consulting Engineers Crodaun Development
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Figure 7 – Type A House Layout
Unit ADF required (%) ADF results (%) Meets minimum ADF required
Ground Floor Din/ Kit 2.0 4.5 Y
Sitting Area 1.5 3.3 Y
1st Floor Bedroom 1 1.0 2.8 Y
Bedroom 2 1.0 3.5 Y
Bedroom 3 1.0 3.5 Y
2nd Floor Bedroom 4 1.0 3.7 Y
Bedroom 5 1.0 4.0 Y
Table 2 – Average Daylight Factor Results – Type A House
Ground Floor First Floor Second Floor
Second Floor
First Floor
Kit/Din
Sitting Room Bed 1
Bed 4
Bed 2
Bed 3
Bed 5
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Figure 8 – Type B House Layout
Unit ADF required (%) ADF results (%) Meets minimum ADF required
Ground Floor Din/ Kit 2.0 4.0 Y
Sitting Area 1.5 3.4 Y
1st Floor Bedroom 1 1.0 2.7 Y
Bedroom 2 1.0 3.2 Y
Bedroom 3 1.0 3.5 Y
2nd Floor Bedroom 4 1.0 6.0 Y
Table 3 – Average Daylight Factor Results – Type B House
Ground Floor First Floor Second Floor
Second Floor
First Floor
Sitting Room
Kit/Din
Bed 3
Bed 1
Bed 2
Bed 4
Bed 3
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Figure 9 – Type C House Layout
Unit ADF required (%) ADF results (%) Meets minimum ADF required
Ground Floor Din/ Kit 2.0 4.4 Y
Sitting Area 1.5 3.4 Y
1st Floor Bedroom 1 1.0 3.5 Y
Bedroom 2 1.0 3.5 Y
Bedroom 3 1.0 2.8 Y
Table 4 – Average Daylight Factor Results – Type C House
Ground Floor First Floor
Kit/Din
Sitting Area
Bed 1
Bed 2
Bed 3
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Figure 10 – Type F House Layout
Unit ADF required (%) ADF results (%) Meets minimum ADF required
Ground Floor Kit/Din/ Liv 2.0 4.5 Y
Bedroom 1.0 3.3 Y
1st Floor Kit/Din/ Liv 2.0 4.1 Y
Bedroom 1 1.0 3.2 Y
2nd Floor Bedroom 2 1.0 2.8 Y
Table 5 – Average Daylight Factor Results – Type F House
Ground Floor First Floor Second Floor
Kit/Din/Liv Kit/Din/Liv
Bed
Bed 1
Bed 2
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Figure 11 – Type H House Layout
Unit ADF required (%) ADF results (%) Meets minimum ADF required
Ground Floor Kit/Din/ Liv 2.0 3.4 Y
1st Floor Lounge 1.5 5.0 Y
Bedroom 1 1.0 3.2 Y
Bedroom 2 1.0 3.5 Y
2nd Floor Bedroom 3 1.0 4.0 Y
Bedroom 4 1.0 4.1 Y
Table 6 – Average Daylight Factor Results – Type H House
Ground Floor First Floor Second Floor
Lounge
Bed 1
Bed 2 Bed 3
Bed 4
Kit/Din/Liv
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6. SUNLIGHT ASSESSMENT TO AMENITY SPACES WITHIN THE
DEVELOPMENT
BRE Guidelines recommend that for external amenity spaces to appear adequately sunlit throughout
the year, at least half of the garden or amenity space should receive at least two hours of sunlight on
March 21st.
The image below outlines the communal amenity spaces provided within the development, which
have been analysed.
Figure 12 – Communal Amenity Spaces
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The red squares in the image below mark the areas that are receiving a minimum of 2 hours of
sunlight on the 21st of March. It can be seen that almost all the open spaces easily achieve 2 hours of
direct sunlight, and therefore the amenity spaces within the development are in line with the BRE
recommendations for sunlight to amenity space.
Figure 13 – Communal Amenity Space - Hours of Sunlight on March 21st
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7. ASSESSING THE IMPACT ON SURROUNDING PROPERTIES
7.1. DAYLIGHT & SUNLIGHT IMPACT METHODOLOGY
As per the BRE Guidelines it is important to safeguard the daylight to nearby buildings, from a
proposed development, where a reasonable expectation of daylight is required. The flow matrix
below outlines the criteria to be assessed, as per the BRE Guidelines, in order to ascertain any
potential impact to adjacent buildings from the proposed development.
Figure 14 – Steps on the criteria of compliance
STEP 1
STEP 2
STEP 3
STEP 4
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As per the flow matrix, the BRE and BS8206 guidelines provide four main methods for assessing
daylight availability.
7.1.1 25O LINE CRITERIA
In the first instance, if a proposed development falls beneath a 25⁰ angle taken from a point 1.6
metres above ground level from any adjacent properties, then the BRE say that no further analysis is
required in relation to impact on surrounding properties as adequate skylight will still be available. In
the case of the Crodaun development, this method was used to analyse the daylight impact on the
surrounding properties once the development is in place. The analysis has shown all adjacent
properties, with the exception of some of the South and Southeast houses fall below the 25⁰ line.
Therefore it can be stated that no impact is perceived to any other surrounding properties and only
the properties mentioned above must be selected for further analysis to determine any potential
impact.
7.1.2 VISIBLE SKY COMPONENT
The second method is known as the Vertical Sky Component (VSC). The VSC calculation is the ratio of
the direct sky illuminance falling on the outside of a window, to the simultaneous horizontal
illuminance under an unobstructed sky. The BRE Guide sets out two guidelines for the VSC:
If the VSC at the centre of the existing window exceeds 27% with the new development in
place, then enough sky light should still be reaching the existing window.
If the VSC with the new development in place is both less than 27% and less than 80% its
former value, then the reduction in light to the window is likely to be noticeable.
This means that even if the VSC is less than 27%, as long as the VSC value is still greater than
80% of its former value, this would be acceptable and thus the impact would be considered
negligible.
It is important to note that the VSC is a simple geometrical calculation which provides an early
indication of the potential for daylight entering the space. However, it does not assess or quantify
the actual daylight levels inside the rooms. If the VSC standard is not met on any window, a more
detailed assessment based on the Average Daylight Factor should be undertaken.
A number of properties located at No. 70, 75, 76, 81 & 82 Crodaun Forest Park Properties, No. 9
Castle Village Ave and No. 36 Kilwogan Ln to the South and Southeast of the proposed development
fall within the 25⁰ line (Step 1) and they have been selected for VSC analysis.
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7.1.3 NO SKY LINE
The third method is the No Sky Line or Daylight Distribution Method. This method assesses the
change in position of the No Sky Line between the existing and proposed situations. It does take into
account the number and size of windows to a room, but still does not give any qualitative or
quantitative assessment of the light in the room, only where sky can or cannot be seen. Thus, as this
method is limited, it was not used as part of the analysis.
7.1.4 AVERAGE DAYLIGHT FACTOR
The final method of calculation is the Average Daylight Factor (ADF). This is a more detailed and thus
more accurate method which considers not only the amount of sky visible from the vertical face of
the window, but also the window size, room size and room use. Where dimensions for the room to
be assessed are available, this is the best method of assessment, but even where they are not, it
provides a very informative result. It gives guidance as to the qualitative and quantitative change in
daylight and is related to the British Standard BS 8206 Part II.
This step is only utilised for assessing the impact to adjacent properties where compliance is not
achieved using the VSC analysis. The properties selected for VSC have shown compliance under the
VSC method and therefore this step was not required.
Sections 7.2 and 7.3 on the following pages outline the details of the analysis undertaken.
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7.2. IDENTIFYING SENSITIVE RECEPTORS
In order to undertake the assessment, prior to following the flow matrix, first the key sensitive
receptors around the site need to be identified. According to the BRE Guide sensitive receptors are
described as:
Habitable rooms in residential buildings, where the occupants have a reasonable
expectation of daylight.
Other sensitive receptors are gardens and open spaces on adjacent properties to the new
scheme, excluding public footpaths, front gardens and car parks. In accordance with the BRE
Guide, windows are selected as sensitive receptors on the basis of being a habitable room
facing the proposed development.
Similarly, amenities and open spaces are selected on the basis of being in the immediate vicinity of
the proposed development. A primary purpose of a daylight, sunlight and overshadowing
assessment is to determine the likely loss of light to adjacent buildings resulting from the
construction of the proposed development.
Therefore, in this case, the proposed development is identified as the potential source of impact.
The sensitive receptors identified for this study are windows of habitable rooms facing the site
where the occupants have a reasonable expectation of daylight. Table 7 below identifies all sensitive
receptors analysed, whilst Figure 15 identifies their location.
Development name Primary activity
70, 75, 76, 81 & 82 Crodaun Forest Park Properties Residential
9 Castle Village Ave Residential
36 Kilwogan Ln Residential
Table 7 – Sensitive Receptors surrounding Crodaun Development
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Figure 15 - Location of Sensitive Receptors (Image from Google Maps)
Proposed development
25o line perimeter
Identified buildings (VSC Applied)
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7.3. DAYLIGHT IMPACT ON SURROUNDING PROPERTIES ANALYSIS
Step 1 → 25⁰ line criteria
As outlined previously, if a proposed development falls beneath a 25⁰ angle taken from a point 1.6
metres above ground level from any adjacent properties, then the BRE states that no further analysis
is required in relation to impact on surrounding properties as adequate skylight will still be available.
In order to analyse any potential impact on the properties adjacent to the proposed Crodaun
development, a perimeter line has been created around the development which is reflective of a 25⁰
taken from a horizontal level to the highest point on the proposed structures. Figures 16 below
depicts the 25⁰ perimeter line.
From Figures 16 below it can be clearly seen that all surrounding properties fall outside of the 25⁰
angle except for properties located at No. 70, 75, 76, 81 & 82 Crodaun Forest Park Properties, No. 9
Castle Village Ave and No. 36 Kilwogan Ln to the South and Southeast of the proposed development.
Therefore, they have been selected for VSC analysis, while it can be stated that for the remaining
adjacent properties no impact is perceived in relation to daylight from the proposed development.
Figure 16 – Proposed Site Plan identifying 25⁰ line criteria
Properties selected for VSC
Perimeter to identify skylight obstructed
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Step 2 → VSC criteria
In order to analyse the daylight impact to the properties falling inside the25⁰ perimeter line, a
window at lower level of No. 70, 75, 76, 81 & 82 Crodaun Forest Park Properties, No. 9 Castle Village
Ave and No. 36 Kilwogan Ln has been modelled.
The VSC levels received by these properties once the proposed development is constructed will
exceed 27%, therefore in compliance with BRE Guidelines. It can be stated that excellent levels of
daylight will still be received and negligible impact will be perceived to any of the adjacent
properties.
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8. SHADOW ANALYSIS
The overshadowing impact on the surrounding buildings has been analysed for the proposed
development. The overshadowing images illustrate the overshadowing impact on March 21st at 10
a.m., 12 p.m., 2 p.m. and 4 p.m. The analysis confirms that overshadowing to the east properties
would start being perceivable after 4 p.m., therefore it can be outline that negligible overshadowing
impact will be perceived to any of the surrounding properties.
Figure 17 – Overshadowing 21st March 10:00
N
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Figure 18 – Overshadowing 21st March 12:00
N
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Figure 19 – Overshadowing 21st March 14:00
N
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Figure 20 – Overshadowing 21st March 16:00
N
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9. CONCLUSION
The proposed Crodaun development has been evaluated and analysed in order to determine the
following:
The expected daylight levels within the living and bedroom areas of selected house type and
apartments, to give an indication of the expected daylight levels throughout the proposed
development.
The quality of amenity space, being provided as part of the development, in relation to
sunlight.
Any potential overshadowing impact the proposed development may have on properties
adjacent to the site.
Calculations and methodology used are in accordance with BRE Guidelines for daylight and sunlight
and based on the British Research Establishments “Site Layout Planning for Daylight and Sunlight: A
Good Practice Guide” by PJ Littlefair, 2011 Second Edition, however, the following should be
reiterated as previously outlines;
“The advice given here is not mandatory and this document should not be seen as an instrument of
planning policy. Its aim is to help rather that constrain the designer. Although it gives numeral
guidelines these should be interpreted flexibly because natural lighting is only one of the many
factors in site layout design”
Internal Daylight
The analysis confirms that excellent levels of internal daylight will be received across the
development. All analysed rooms meet and greatly exceed the recommendations outlined within
the BRE guidelines in relation to internal daylight levels.
In all cases generous floor to ceiling heights have been designed into the project with glazing areas
being maximised to amplify the quality of daylight received. In addition, careful consideration has
been given to room layout design attributing store rooms and circulation areas to the back of rooms
and living spaces to the front where the highest level of daylight is experienced.
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Sunlight Analysis
The analysis undertaken has shown that the majority of the amenity spaces receive at least two
hours of sunlight on March 21st, exceeding the minimum requirement of two hours of sunlight on
more than the 50% of the amenity space on March 21st and showing compliance with the BRE
Guidance.
Impact to Surrounding Properties
Analysis has confirmed that the proposed development is in compliance with the BRE Guidelines in
relation to daylight impact to surrounding properties. The analysis has also confirmed that the only
perceivable overshadowing would be to the east properties after 4 p.m., therefore it can be outline
that negligible overshadowing impact will be perceived and excellent levels of sunlight will still being
achieved by all surrounding properties once the proposed development is constructed.
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