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Board of Education WorkshopMarch 25, 2010
GREEN
Eco-Friendly Solar Energy
PV
Carbon Neutral
High Efficiency
“Green” Buildings
SustainabilityCommissioning
Cool Roofs
Sustainable Buildings
Sustainable Design
GRID NEUTRAL
High Performance Schools
CHPSWater
Sustainable Development
Environmentally-Friendly
ENERGYGREEN SCHOOLS
Carbon Footprint
CEQA
LEED
Clean EnergyConservation
Daylighting
Renewable Energy
Green Technology
Presentation Summary
Sustainability Guidelines
I. IntroductionII. Guidance DocumentsIII. Current Projects and District EffortsIV. PV Solar EnergyV. Looking Into the Future
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I. Introduction
Terms
Sustainable Buildings or “Green” Buildings:
• Practice of creating structures and using processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and deconstruction
• Expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort
(Source: Wikipedia)
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I. Introduction
TermsGrid Neutral:
• Electricity consumed is equal to electricity generated on an annualized basis
Carbon Neutral:• Achieving net zero carbon emissions by balancing
measured amount of carbon released with equivalent amount sequestered or offset, or buying enough carbon credits to make up the difference
Carbon Footprint:• Total set of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
caused by an organization, event or product
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I. Introduction
Terms
Clean Energy or Renewable Energy:• Energy that is generated from natural resources
such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished) and do not generate pollution
Green Schools:• “Green” school is primarily focused on sustainable attributes• May be used interchangeability with High Performance
School• School facility that is “green” can also be high performance
and vice versa
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I. Introduction
Terms
CHPS:(Collaborative for High Performance Schools)
• United States' first green building rating program especially designed for K-12 schools
• Provides information and resources to schools to facilitate construction and operation of high performance institutions
• High performance schools are energy and resource efficient as well as healthy, comfortable, well lit, and contain amenities for a quality education
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I. Introduction
Terms
High Performance Schools:
“Good teachers and motivated students can overcome inadequate facilities and perform at a high level almost anywhere, but a well-designed facility can truly enhance performance and make education a more enjoyable and rewarding experience.”
(Source: CHPS)
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I. Introduction
TermsHigh Performance Schools are:
• Healthy • Comfortable • Energy Efficient • Material Efficient • Easy to Maintain and Operate • Commissioned • Environmentally Responsive Site • A Building That Teaches • Safe and Secure • Community Resource• Stimulating Architecture • Adaptable to Changing Needs
(Source: CHPS)8
II. Guidance Documents
Board PoliciesResolution 010703-C
Energy Conservation Guidelines
• Resolution adopted by Board in January 2003• Guidelines revised in January 2009• Conserve energy and natural resources while
exercising sound fiscal management• Maintain records of energy consumption and cost• Energy management and audit requirements
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II. Guidance Documents
Board PoliciesResolution 012208-A
Design Standards Guidance Document
• Board adopted January 2008• Guiding Principles:
• Support student’s personal and intellectualsuccess
• High performance learning environments• Exhibit responsibility toward environment• Establish equity across District• Balance safety and security with open, inviting designs
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II. Guidance Documents
Board PoliciesResolution 012208-A (cont.)
Design Standards Guidance DocumentPart 1 – “Sustainability Guidelines”
District policy objectives specific to sustainability:Commitment to efficient use of energy, environmental responsibility, efficient long term operations, and reduced life cycle costs through adoption of CHPS
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II. Guidance Documents
Board PoliciesResolution 012208-A (cont.)
District Current Sustainability Policy Objectives:
• Create better learning environments:• Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)• Acoustics• Thermal comfort• Daylighting
• Energy conservation• Reduced maintenance• Water efficient plumbing, landscaping and irrigation• Educate students in construction technology, citizenship and
responsibility toward the environment
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II. Guidance Documents
Board PoliciesResolution 012208-B
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CHPS Certification
“Therefore be it resolved, that the Long Beach Unified School District Board of Education encourages staff to continue to expand this effort to ensure that every new school, new building, modernization project, and relocatable classroom, from the beginning of the design process, meet or exceed minimum eligibility under the CHPS Criteria and incorporate to the extent feasible CHPS best practices including sustainable design practices as recommended by the Facility Master Plan committee…”
II. Guidance Documents
Board PoliciesResolution 012208-B (cont.)
CHPS Certification
• Long Beach Unified School District is 1 of 37 California school districts that has passed CHPS Board Resolutions
• Over 50 school district’s nationwide have joined CHPS representing over 1 million students and over 1,500 schools nationwide
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II. Guidance Documents
Executive Order S-20-04
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Green Building Initiative
• State of California’s “Green Action Plan” • Reduce energy for state-owned buildings by 20% by 2015• All state-owned facilities to be "LEED Silver" or higher • Energy Star equipment• Division of the State Architect (DSA) adopt guidelines by
December 31, 2005 to enable and encourage schools builtwith state funds to be resource and energy efficient
II. Guidance Documents
Assembly Bill (AB) 32
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California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006
• Law requires by 2020 the state's greenhouse gas emissions be reduced to 1990 levels
• Roughly 25-30% reduction under business as usual estimates
• The California Air Resources Board (ARB) prepared plansto achieve the objectives as stated in the Act
• ARB issued “AB 32 Scoping Plan” on how goals will beachieved in December of 2008
II. Guidance Documents
Other Recent Documents
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• DSA Grid Neutral Guidebook (2009)Four steps to achieve electrical neutrality1. Set performance goals2. Implement energy efficiency and conservation
measures to lower electricity use3. Install solar or wind systems to create electricity to
meet remaining needs4. Maintain energy systems and monitor energy
production and consumption
• California Solar Initiative• CHPS 2009 Standards• International Green 2010 Construction Code
II. Guidance Documents
Upcoming Code Changes
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Building Code Change – CalGreenThe purpose of this code is to improve public health, safety and general welfare by enhancing the design and construction of buildings through the use of building concepts having a positive environmental impact and encouraging sustainable construction practices in the following categories:
1) Planning and design2) Energy efficiency3) Water efficiency and conservation4) Material conservation and resource efficiency5) Environmental air quality
II. Guidance Documents
Upcoming Code Changes
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Building Code Change – CalGreen• January 1, 2011 the nation’s first mandatory green
building code goes into effect in response to governor’smandate raising the floor on sustainable building requirements
• Closely modeled after CHPS and LEED requirements affecting the following areas:
• Site development• Energy efficiency• Water conservation• Solid waste reduction• Building maintenance and operation – Commissioning• Indoor and outdoor air quality• Acoustics
III. Current Projects and District Efforts
New 6-8 Middle School #1 (former GTE Site)
Eco-Friendly Features:
• Re-Use and clean-up an existing site• Storm water run-off improvements• Increased water-permeable and green spaces• Use of recycled construction materials• Energy saving HVAC systems• High efficiency lighting systems• Water conservation fixtures• Indoor air quality management and activity pollution
prevention plan during construction
(Source: Project Fact Sheet)www.lbschools.net
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III. Current Projects and District Efforts
New High School #1 - ECATS
Eco-Friendly Features:• Reclaimed water for campus irrigation• High efficiency plumbing fixtures to conserve water• Operable windows to conserve energy• High efficiency light fixtures equipped with sensors• Recycled content, low VOC (Volatile Organic Compound)
materials specified• Recycling 70% Construction debris• Design to be Photovoltaic (PV) ready (solar power capable)• Increased water-permeable and green spaces• High efficiency HVAC systems• High efficiency building insulation
(Source: Project Fact Sheet)www.lbschools.net
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III. Current Projects and District Efforts
New High School #1 – ECATS (cont.)
• CHPS Score – approximately 40 points
• May be eligible and may receive High Performance Incentive Grant following DSA review and determination
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III. Current Projects and District Efforts
Energy Conservation
District staff conservation activities:
• Energy audits• Equipment, controls and systems adjustments and
calibrations• Energy bill monitoring• Use of energy saving technology
Total cost avoidance from EnergyCap Program from 2003-2010 = $21,900,000
23
III. Current Projects and District Efforts
EnergyCap Program Savings
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III. Current Projects and District Efforts
Additional Efforts
• Reducing District Carbon Footprint:• February 2003 – March 2010 all District sites:
• 1,709,871 MMBTU or 154,852 equivalent metric tons of CO2 usage
• Energy reduction impact avoidance of 499,972 MMBTU or equivalent of 8,527 cars removed
(Source: Dept. of Energy)
• Pilot Projects
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IV. PV Solar Energy
Photovoltaic (PV) Overview
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• Solid State technology converting solar radiation into electricity
• No moving parts• No fuel required• No pollutants over life cycle• Reliable source of power when sun is shining• Low maintenance• Proven technology from 1960‘s space program• New and constantly changing technology
IV. PV Solar Energy
Types of PV SystemsCrystalline Cells (most common)
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Monocrystalline silicon cell modules• 14% efficient• 12-14 W / square foot• More difficult to manufacture than poly, but uses
less silicon
Poloycrystalline silicon cell modules• 12% efficient• 10 W / square foot• Easier to manufacture than mono, but requires
more silicon
IV. PV Solar Energy
Types of PV SystemsThin-film Cells
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• Various types currently available:• Amorphous silicon• Copper indium diselenide (CIS)• Cadmium telluride (CdTe)• Gallium arsenide (GaAs)
• Advantage is lower cost per watt than crystalline
• Disadvantage is much more square footagerequired due to inefficiencies
• 4-8% efficient• 3-6 W / square foot
IV. PV Solar Energy
Types of SystemsThin-film Cells (cont.)
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New emerging technology• Copper indium galloum selenide (CIGS)
• 19% efficient claimed• 10-12 W / square foot claimed
IV. PV Solar Energy
Types of SystemsBuilding Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV)
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• Integration of PV cells into building components
• Available with crystalline or thin film technology• Roofing (all types)• Equipment screens• Shade structures• Windows• Curtain walls• Skylights• Building facades
IV. PV Solar Energy
Types of PV SystemsConcentrating Collectors
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• Use of mirrors and/or lens to concentrate sun’s energy
• Typically used in conjunction with tracking devicesto optimize sun angle
• Very efficient, but higher cost• Emerging and very promising new technologies:
• Micro plastic reflectors produce similar efficiencies atmuch lower cost
• Higher efficiency triple-junction cells• Heliotube panels use half-cylinder reflector panels
IV. PV Solar Energy
Systems Components
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• Inverters: PV panels generate direct current (DC) and require conversion into 120/208 volt three phase alternating current (AC) power (weak link)
• Batteries: Typically not used where self generatedpower can be sold back to utility provider
• Tracking devices: Single and dual tracking devicesrotate PV arrays to maximize efficiencies –typically only used when other PV applications arenot feasible
IV. PV Solar Energy
Economic Analysis
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• Becoming more economically feasible:• Continuing advances in cell manufacturing and new
technologies• Government and utility incentives• Rising electrical costs
• Several factors contribute to the cost and paybackanalysis:
• Type of PV cells and application of system• Size of system (economy of scale)• Rebates and incentives (constantly changing)• Electricity rates• Local market conditions (material and labor costs)
IV. PV Solar Energy
Economic AnalysisNew versus Existing
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• Integration of PV on new construction projects is much moreviable than retrofitting
• Retrofitting panels on existing school roofs can be cost prohibitive due to DSA structural requirements
• Warranty and replacement issues on existing roofing
• Most urban school sites cannot afford to lose significant space necessary for ground-mounted PV - vandalism and theft concerns on school campuses
• Most appropriate retrofit application for impacted urban sitesis installation of new shade structure over paved areas – thisadds significant costs to the installation
IV. PV Solar Energy
Economic AnalysisExample
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• 200-kW Polycrystalline Array - 20,000 square feet• Installed cost: $1,680,000 ($8.40/watt)• Potential utility rebates: $662,000• Net installation cost: $1,018,000• Average output: 262,850 (0.9 degradation factor)• Average utility rate of $0.14 /kWh
(6.7% escalation)• Simple payback: 27.7 years
(20-year life expected)
(Source: LACCD Greenpaper by Glumac)
IV. PV Solar Energy
Economic AnalysisSummary
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• The cost to integrate PV into buildingcomponents for new construction can reducepayback period to 16-20 years
• PV systems do not make economic sense on their own
• Even with significant utility incentives, simple payback period exceeds expected life of the system
• Tax exempt entities cannot directly take advantage of the government incentives
IV. PV Solar Energy
Financing Options
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District Procures System Directly
• Advantages• All power generated is realized as direct savings• Reduction in General Fund expeditures• No future buy-out required• No long term agreements
• Disadvantages• Requires significant capital outlay• Does not take advantage of current tax credits• Requires maintenance
IV. PV Solar Energy
Third Party Financing Option
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• Advantages:• No upfront cost• Fixed energy cost for portion generated from PV
installation• Guaranteed energy savings can be negotiated
• Disadvantages:• Cost difference between market rate and negotiated
fixed rates is not significant savings• Long term agreement (10-20 years)• Cost to buy out system at end of PPA• Estimated useful life of 20 years (6-7 years inverters)• Requires minimum of 25,000 square feet non-shaded
area• Location can be problematic• Damage, theft, and vandalism
IV. PV Solar Energy
Summary
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• Solar energy is only one solution to achieve grid neutrality –other alternatives also explored and considered
• Solar combined with other solutions and systems may producemore benefits
• Challenges and distinctions between new and existing schools – some sites and projects more suited to solar
• Opportunities on new schools better than existing sites and buildings (ie New High School #1 – ECATS)
• Evaluating and reviewing standards and design guidelines –may develop performance standards for projects/sites
IV. Looking Into the Future
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• Emerging technology on all fronts of sustainability very exciting and promising:
• Power conservation - fully integrated building automation systems, nanotechnology, higher efficiency HVAC and lighting systems, high performance building insulation, high performance glazing, power conditioning
• Power generation - fuel cell technology, more efficient and less costly PV, micro-wind turbines
• Technologies changing quickly• Uncertainties of incentives, policy changes, and
deregulation impacts
For More Information
This Presentation(along with Board Workbook Materials)
is available at:
www.lbschools.net
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