DCHA ENVIRONMENTAL THRESHOLD DECISION FOR …Link groups to labor-saving technologies for food processing & preparation Train on fruit, vegetables, & animal-source food production

USAID DCHA ENVIRONMENTAL THRESHOLD DECISION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS REPORT (ESR)

Awardee: World Vision, Inc. DCHA Office: Food for Peace Program Title: ENSURE – Enhancing Nutrition Stepping Up Resilience and Enterprise Award Number: AID-FFP-A-13-00003 Country/Region: Zimbabwe Life of Grant: FY 2013 - FY 2018 LOP Funding: $87,429,853 ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION RECOMMENDED: Categorical Exclusion: X Negative Determination w/ Conditions: X Positive Determination: Deferral: Bureau Environmental Threshold Decision (ETD): Approval w/ Conditions USAID Bureau Environmental Officer Approval: This Environmental Threshold Decision (ETD) is to inform World Vision that the Zimbabwe FY18 PREP ESR has been approved with Conditions by the DCHA Bureau Environmental Officer (BEO), on August 22, 2017. World Vision has undergone all necessary Mission and Washington clearances and meets the minimum 22 CFR 216 requirements, with the following 3 conditions. BEO Comment on Supplemental CRM Analysis: The ENSURE project was anticipating a two-year extension and submitted additional climate risk management (CRM) analysis to comply with USAID ADS 201mal requirements. This analysis is attached with this ESR approval. The project is no longer receiving an extension and will be finalizing its implementation in 2018. Therefore, the DCHA BEO reminds World Vision that if any future awards are given, the completed CRM analysis should be reviewed for decision-making.

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As an aside, the DCHA BEO would also like to remind WV it has used an outdated ESR format for the past two years. For reference, please see the latest version here: http://www.usaidgems.org/Assistant/EDTEnvironmentalStatusReport.htm SUMMARY OF BEO CONDITIONS (3): Condition 1: The DCHA BEO requires additional information from WV about the scale/size of irrigation/dam activities already completed and planned for FY18, as well as an overall summary of how the project is addressing potential cumulative effects. Condition 2: WV is recommended to ensure testing for arsenic for all relevant water points that ENSURE has constructed/rehabilitated. Condition 3: WV must submit a copy of an FMP completed during the most recent fumigation event for the DCHA BEO to verify the requirements of the USAID Fumigation PEA are being followed. _____________________________________________________________________________ Issue 1: Lack of information on FY18 weir dam and irrigation scheme construction plans. Discussion: The ESR submitted by World Vision references that 11 irrigation schemes and weir dams were constructed during FY16. The DCHA BEO assumes irrigation schemes and weir dams were also constructed during FY17. The scale / size of this infrastructure was not provided by World Vision. It appears from this article (which includes a picture of an ENSURE weir dam) that the infrastructure is actually quite extensive: https://news.mongabay.com/2017/07/trump-budget-threatens-zimbabwe-climate-change-resilience-programs/. The DCHA BEO is particularly concerned about potential cumulative effects. For this reason, the DCHA BEO requires an additional write-up by WV explaining how the project is addressing potential unintended negative consequences across its entire implementation area, as well as more information about the completed and planned scale of irrigation/dam activities. Condition 1: The DCHA BEO requires additional information from WV about the scale/size of irrigation/dam activities already completed and planned for FY18, as well as an overall summary of how the project is addressing potential cumulative effects.

2

_____________________________________________________________________________ Issue 2: Unclear if required arsenic testing is happening. Discussion: Although the EMMP for the ENSURE project references arsenic testing, the ESR narrative provided by World Vision only reference water testing for bacterial contaminants. Arsenic is a semi-metallic chemical that is found all over the world in groundwater. Arsenic can cause major health problems. For this reason, it is USAID’s policy that all water points (constructed or rehabilitated by USAID funds), which source groundwater for drinking must be tested. More information on arsenic testing and testing for other water contaminants can be found in the USAID Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Environmental Guidelines: http://www.usaidgems.org/Sectors/watsan.htm. WV should also be testing for any other contaminants that may be applicable in the zones of intervention or as required by the Government of Zimbabwe. If any water points are found to be contaminated, they must be decommissioned and an alternative source of drinking water identified/implemented for the affected communities in collaboration with the local government and its policies. Condition 2: WV is recommended to ensure testing for arsenic for all relevant water points that ENSURE has constructed/rehabilitated. _____________________________________________________________________________ Issue 3: Reference in the ESR to using a “handbook” and not to the appropriate USAID compliance documentation. Discussion: The ESR is referencing a “handbook” for fumigation procedures. The DCHA BEO assumes this is the USDA Handbook. This is not what World Vision should be using for guidance. In September 2014, WV received approval for a Fumigation Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer use Action Plan (PERSUAP)* meeting USAID’s Fumigation Programmatic Environmental Assessment (PEA) requirements.** *ENSURE’s Fumigation PERSUAP: http://gemini.info.usaid.gov/document.php?doc_id=41946 **USAID Fumigation PEA: http://www.usaidgems.org/fumigationpea.htm

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As part of implementation of the Fumigation PERSUAP, all USAID implementing partners must complete Fumigation Management Plans (FMPs) with each fumigation event. USAID has provided the template here.

Condition 3: WV must submit a copy of an FMP completed during the most recent fumigation event for the DCHA BEO to verify the requirements of the USAID Fumigation PEA are being followed.

_____________________________________________________________________________

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FY 2016 PREP / World Vision, Zimbabwe REP- FFP-A-13-00003-00 / Date of Submission

Title II Environmental Status Report Factsheet

Title of DFAP: ENSURE – Enhancing Nutrition Stepping Up Resilience and Enterprise

Awardee: World Vision, Inc.

Host Country or Region: Zimbabwe

Award Number: FFP-A-13-00003-00

Life of Activity: FY2013 – FY2020

Fiscal Year of Submission: FY 2018

Note: the following information is for the fiscal year of submission.

Funding Begin: 10/01/2017 (MM/DD/YY) LOA Amount: $87,429,853

Funding End: 09/30/2018 (MM/DD/YY) Sub-Activity Amount:

Resource Levels: 202(e): $ 6,728,467 ITSH:

$2,586,846 Food Aid Commodity:

Direct Distribution: 1,700 MT

Monetization: 0 MT ($0)

ESR Prepared by: David Evans, Chief of Party ENSURE Date: 03/17/2017 (MM/DD/YY)

Date of Previous ESR: 06/03/2016 Date of Most Recent IEE: 05/13/2013 (MM/DD/YY) ________________________________________________ (MM/DD/Yuuuuuuu

Contact*: David Evans - +263-4-369027 - [email protected]

Precious Mubanga - (202) 572-6395 - [email protected]

* Awardees should include contact information (name, phone numbers and email addresses) for staf responsible for

the record keeping of the food aid program. Responsible awardee staf should have the ability to access all of the food

aid program ’s files in the field, at headquarters, in storage or elsewhere, as required.

8/22/17 Erika J. Clesceri

FY2016 PREP / World Vision, Zimbabwe REP- FFP-A-13-00003-00 / Date of Submission: June 1, 2015

Environmental Status Report Instructions and Format

A. Status of the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

Use the answers to the following questions to determine if the status of the IEE has changed. Use

the same instructions for a categorical exclusion submission in the event all awardee activities

were categorical exclusions. The questions below need to be interpreted in the context of the

specific activity, sector or area, if any activities are covered under an environmental assessment

(typically activity or site-specific or a broader sectoral, thematic or geographic programmatic

environmental assessment).

i. Modified or New Activities

Have new activities been added or substantially modified?

No, activities have not been added or substantially modified.

Has substantial new funding or time been added to the program?

Yes, the current program has been proposed to be extended for two years with new funding

being added.

Note the nature of these new activities or extension and reference an updated IEE. A modified

DAP or MYAP requires an updated IEE. Keep in mind that activities can be changed or added that

do not require a DAP or MYAP modification, but which do alter Regulation 216 threshold

decisions and would thus require an updated IEE.

The original World Vision ENSURE FY 13 to FY 18 IEE was approved by USAID on 12 June

2013 with a set of conditions that were adequately and successfully responded to by World

Vision in subsequent ESRs. In that regard, World Vision is not proposing to engage in any

activities during the FY 18 to 20 extension period which are different from the activities that

were approved by USAID in the original 2013 IEE and subsequent approved ESRs. We are

simply proposing and requesting an extension in time and resources with no new or different

activities than those already approved in the original IEE.

ii. Resolution of Deferrals

Did the previous IEE have deferrals? List these and state if they are being resolved through an

updated IEE to be submitted with the upcoming fiscal year's PREP. If not, indicate when an updated

IEE will be submitted in order to be able to proceed with the activities.

The original IEE had no deferrals.

If the deferred activities have been removed from the awardee’s food aid program, submit an

updated IEE, explain the removal and present the recommendation that the deferral is no longer

applicable.

iii. Updates to the Initial Environmental Examination

FY2016 PREP / World Vision, Zimbabwe REP- FFP-A-13-00003-00 / Date of Submission: June 1, 2015

Based on the above, is an updated IEE needed? Yes (If yes, attach here.) Yes

If the previous documentation was a

categorical exclusion submission, is an updated categorical exclusion needed to deal with new

categorical exclusions for new activities?

Yes (If yes, attach here.) No Not Applicable


B. Status of Fulfilling Initial Environmental Examination Conditions

The IEE was done within the context of the overall situation in Zimbabwe but specifically applied

to the geographical zones covered by ENSURE which included a total of 66 wards in six districts,

clustered in two semi-arid provinces (region 4 and 5). They are Bikita, Chivi, and Zaka (Masvingo),

Buhera, Chipinge, and Chimanimani (Manicaland).

This examination led to the classification of all activities per Regulation 216 requirements.

Several activities were determined to qualify for categorical exclusions and the rest with a

negative determination with conditions as per the lists below.

1. Activities determined to qualify for Categorical Exclusions:

The following education, technical assistance, or training activities were determined to qualify for

categorical exclusions. Regulatory justification for this determination is presented in the IEE.

Train Village Health Workers & Care Groups in c-IYCF

Message on nutrition-related practices

Message on support to mothers

The following support for intermediate credit institutions and related activities were determined to

qualify for categorical exclusions. Regulatory justification for this determination is presented in the

IEE.

2.2.2 Train VSLs through a graduated model

2.2.3 Link VSL members to financial services

4.2.1 Create time sharing funds within VSL groups

2. Activities with a negative determination with conditions:

The following activities were determined to have “a Negative Determination [will be given to an

activity] if the proposed action will not have a significant effect on the environment” provided that

certain conditions, otherwise known as mitigation measures, are implemented to mitigate potential

impacts. Regulatory justification for this determination is presented in the IEE.

Distribute 1000 days ration

Strengthen links between facility & community level health workers

Facilitate water committees & private sector in management of water points

Implement community water safety strategy

Upgrade public sanitation facilities (FFA)

Upgrade small-scale irrigation schemes (FFA)

Coordinate on-farm trials of improved agricultural practices

Train on post-harvest handling & storage

Link groups to labor-saving technologies for food processing & preparation

Train on fruit, vegetables, & animal-source food production & processing

Train producer groups in Farming as a Business (FaaB)

Train agro-dealers & producer groups in input & output marketing

Link agro-dealers and producer groups to financial services

1.1.1

1.1.3

1.2.1

1.2.2

1.2.3

2.1.1

2.1.2

2.1.3

2.1.4

2.1.5

2.2.1

2.3.1

2.3.2


Disseminate local market information

Facilitate market agreements for chickens, goats, groundnuts & sorghum

Facilitate community plans for disaster preparedness & other risk mitigation

Re/establish Environmental Sub-committees & train on management& gender

equity

Facilitate NRM, watershed management & conservation plans enabling equitable

access

Facilitate MUS plans enabling equitable access

Rehabilitate assets related to disaster plans, risk mitigation, NRM, & water (FFA)

2.1. Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan:

An EMMP for FY 18 has been submitted as an annex to this ESR with mitigation measures and

monitoring plans for each activity as per the conditions required, otherwise known as mitigation

measures, in order to have “a negative determination of not having a significant effect on the

environment”.

2.2 Status of Mitigation Measures:

A brief summary of the current environmental mitigation measures being executed during the start-

up and initial implementation phases of the project, as per the mitigation and monitoring plan in

the annex below, is as follows for each activity:

1.1.1 Distribute 1000 days ration

Food distributions began at the end of April 2014 up to present. All FFP Commodity Storage

Guidelines have been and are being followed and storage facilities for commodities have been

secured, fumigated as per handbook and properly prepared for commodities. Commodity verification

has taken place by World Vision and Government of Zimbabwe as per regulations and any spoiled

foods have been disposed of as appropriate. Trainings for field food monitors have taken place and

sensitization for beneficiaries are done prior to distributions using pre-distribution address

mechanisms that involve community leadership. Good food safety and handling standards have been

upheld at all food distribution points (FDPs) by communities through selected FDP committees that

include a help desk for complaints and feedback.

1.1.3 Strengthen links between facility & community level health workers

As part of training of local village heath workers and nurses, assessments of local health facilities

capacities have been undertaken including their ability to dispose of medical waste. Aligned with

the preparations for training of village health workers, primary care nurses and care group leaders,

program development and communications materials were produced, including a manual for village

health workers related to SO1. The care group modules have been finalized and translated into

vernacular. WASH behavior change messages are also being incorporated into the sessions to

promote best practices on health and hygiene. The program has also embraced electronic ways of

sending messages on behavior change (Esoko mobile platform to disseminate bulk messages).

1.2.1 Facilitate water committees & private sector in management of water points

District level Nutrition and WASH trainings of trainers was conducted to enhance the knowledge

and skills of district level ENSURE and MoHCC staff in all components related to these areas of the

project. Over 1000 WASH committees were established in FY16 and are active in ENSURE

2.3.3

2.3.4

3.1.1

3.2.1

3.2.2

3.2.3

3.2.4

program areas. Additional WASH committees are under establishment and training is taking place

during the FY 17 period. A ground water capacity study was carried out and the recommendations

were shared with stakeholders to help communities to manage their water resources properly and

prioritize uses. The report was submitted to USAID and approved. The recommendations are now

informing the program’s approaches as it helps the communities to cope with the changing climate.

1.2.2 Implement community water safety strategy

As part of the formation and training of water safety committees and management of water points,

training materials and plans are used to ensure water safety strategies are in place and adhered to.

ENSURE facilitates the collection of water samples by MoHCC for water quality testing. The

project supplies testing consumables and testing kits to the districts. Water is tested for bacteria

and the overall test results are used to determine whether people should drink the water.. If the

water test reveals that the bacterial levels are unsafe, treatment options will be made available or

the water point will be decommissioned. In Manicaland and Masvingo, the project carried out

sanitary surveys for all the water points in collaboration with MoHCC and DDF. Chipinge had the

highest number of dysfunctional boreholes at 35%, Chimanimani had the least at 5% and Chivi

had the highest number of dried up waterpoints. However, in 2016/2017, a huge amount of rainfall

was received resulting in a significant postive change in underground water recharge.

1.2.3 Upgrade public sanitation facilities (FFA)

Initial community analysis and assessments have taken place around water resource availability,

needs and capacities in the targeted communities. Public sanitation systems have been constructed

at numerous FFA sites as well as in beneficiaries’ compounds. All construction and siting of latrines

followed approved WASH sector and cluster pit latrine designs and community members were

trained on maintenance and management. All the monitoring is done by the GOZ Emergency

Health Technicians to ensure compliance to GoZ standards.

2.1.1 Upgrade small-scale irrigation (FFA)

Initial community analysis and assessments have also taken place around water resource

availability, needs and capacities in the targeted communities. A manual for the implementation of

food for assets (FFA) works was produced and used to train the field staff in preparation for

project implementation. A total of 11 Weir dams and 11 irrigation schemes were initiated in FY16

this year and are currently under construction. To date ENSURE has established 39 water harvesting

structures and as a response to climate change and 7 drip irrigated schemes have been established to

improve water use efficiency. Training has been conducted for irrigation management committee

members and irrigation plot holders and the program will continue to support and mentor these

groups for sustainability.

2.1.2 Coordinate on-farm trials of improved agricultural practices

Training of farmers has occurred on water and soil conservation and environmental management.

Siting of the demo sites was also done in collaboration with GOZ Agritex.

2.1.3 Train on post-harvest handling & storage

Training of farmers has occurred in safe post-harvest storage and handling procedures. This was

according to the PERSUAP guidelines.

2.1.4 Link groups to labor-saving technologies for food processing & preparation


2.1.5 Training of farmers has occurred in safe technologies for food processing and

preparation. The program has introduced the solar drier for vegetable processing as a safe way

of processing food.

2.1.5 Train on fruit, vegetables, & animal-source food production & processing

Care groups and producer groups have been trained on food storage and processing.

Additionally, the demo sites have been equipped with solar driers to demonstrate

drying of vegetables.

2.2.1 Train producer groups in Farming as a Business (FaaB)

Training of farmers in FaaB has occurred which included water and soil conservation and

environmental management.

2.3.1 Train agro-dealers & producer groups in input & output marketing

Training of agro dealers and producer groups has occurred which included water and soil

conservation and environmental management. Agro dealers were trained to promote only

those pesticides and inputs that have been approved in existing USAID/Zimbabwe and/or

regional PERSUAPs.

2.3.2 Link agro-dealers and producer groups to financial services

Over 38 of the 66 agro-dealers were linked to financial services while 166 producer groups have

also benefited from various schemes such as out grower schemes and MFIs and commercial banks

and the program is still assessing the viability of these engagements.

2.3.3 Disseminate local market information

Local market information is being disseminated via cell phone (ESOKO) and is therefore

environmentally friendly.

2.3.4 Facilitate market agreements for chickens, goats, & groundnuts

The project has facilitated the following maket agreements; CAIRNS Foods for michigan and

sugar beans, Shamhu Hatcheries for the boschveld and white sussex improved indigenous breeds,

Sidella and Bountiful Foods for the production of sesame, Tabika Tagocha for chickens and goats,

Runyararo superarket for indigenous chickens,Vantos for indigenous chickens and goats and

Peelchart for the purchase of groundnuts for peanut butter making.

3.1.1 Facilitate community plans for disaster preparedness & other risk mitigation

DRR assessments have been conducted in all the 66 wards, and communities have developed

plans to prepare for and to manage disasters that affect their lives. In addition to the completion of

ward plans, sensitization meetings were held with communities to review the current DRR

structures at district and ward levels. In the recently experienced La Nina, communities have

implemented their risk communication strategies and early warning systems. Most communities

used a cocktail of communication channels ranging from mobile messaging, social media

platforms like WhatsApp, notice boards, schools and community gatherings.

3.2.1 Re/establish Environmental Sub-committees & train on management& gender equity

Stakeholder analysis and sensitization meetings have been conducted on ENSURE gender

strategy, which is guided by national policies on gender and the USAID Gender Equality and

Female Empowerment Policy. The strategy highlights the key approaches used to integrate gender

in the project and provides programmatic gender interventions for ENSURE, specifically for field

staff so they can incorporate effective gender sensitive and inclusive approaches in the

implementation of activities such as the re and/or establishment of ESCs. ESCs have been

established in each ward and were trained to enforce local by-laws on management of local

natural resources.

3.2.2 Facilitate NRM watershed management & conservation plans enabling equitable

access

Formulation of NRM plans has been done in all the wards and by-law endorsement is ongoing at

district level. As above, the processes have incorporated gender sensitive approaches as per the

ENSURE gender strategy. Participatory natural resources assessments have been undertaken

together with the community and local stakeholders. Farmer managed natural regeneration has

been introduced as the main approach to regenerate catchment areas and grazing lands. 12 sites

have been established (2 in each district) for FMNR approach and farmers have been trained,

which led to the regeneration of catchments and watersheds.

3.2.3 Facilitate MUS plans enabling equitable access

MUS plans are under development and to date 33 have been completed. ENSURE gender strategy

is incorporated in those plans.

3.2.4 Rehabilitate assets related to disaster plans, risk mitigation, NRM, & water (FFA)

A total of 11 Weir dams and 11 irrigation schemes were initiated in FY16 and all will be

completed by the end of FY 17. To date ENSURE has established 39 water harvesting structures

and as a response to climate change and 7 drip irrigated schemes have been established to

improve water use efficiency. Training has been conducted for irrigation management

committee members and irrigation plot holders but however the program will continue to

support and mentor these structures for sustainability.The program has helped the communities

to develop and customise their EMMPs for the sound management of environmental issues

around their assets.

2.3 Mitigation Monitoring:

The program is in the fourth year of the implementation, field staff and beneficiaries have been

trained so as to curtail negative environmental impacts through program activities. During the food

distributions, environmental awareness is provided to support proper knowledge and to mitigate

potential negative environmental impact due to food distribution activities. The program not only

emphasizes mitigation measures for activities with potential environmental negative impacts but

also the monitoring of these activities to achieve environmentally-sound project implementation and

program sustainability as per monitoring guidelines outlined in Annex below. All mitigation

measures described above are in place and regularly monitored by WV’s M&E unit throughout

the life of the program to ensure that proper environmental measures are being maintained by the

communities. Community members have also developed their EMMPs to manage any possible

negative impact any development activities may cause.

C. World Vision Recommendations for Beyond Compliance and Institutionalization of

Environmentally Sound Practices


The awardee may share any past examples or future plans (in one page or less) to institutionalize

environmental sustainability and environmentally sound design and management either internally

to the awardee’s organization (e.g., environmental management systems) or for the awardee’s FFP

programs. Similarly, success stories and/or lessons learned related to environmental mitigation

efforts and accompanying photos may also be submitted. While success stories of individuals are

welcome, stories involving the achievements of a community or the food aid program as a whole are

more useful for FFP reporting.

Aspects to consider in institutionalizing environmental sustainability:

A strategy for environmental sustainability - Contextualize this strategy based on national

policies for environment.

Set guidelines for environmentally sound design and management practices for activities

with potential impacts to environment.

Environmentally sound design of future activities should contemplate:

o

o

o

o

o

Conservation of the biodiversity and maintenance of the eco-system balance

Water conservation and protection of bodily fluids against contaminants

Protection or regeneration of the forest cover

Long-term goals and commitment to restore and protect the environment.

Community awareness of the importance of protecting the natural environment and

his participation on environmental protection and management (design, management

practices, environmental education etc.)

o Community involvement in decision making

o Community empowerment to ensure compliance with regulations and protection

policies

Annex 1 –Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (EMMP)

Activities Potential Negative

Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring

Frequency

Monitoring

Indicator

1.1 Distribute

1000 days

ration1

1. Spoiling, pests,

and/or theft due to inadequate

storage

a. Follow all Food for Peace Part I Commodity

Storage Guidelines, Section II to IV

Quarterly

1) Y/N: Storage

loses are reported

due to disease, pest

or theft

b. Hire guard, use locks, fencing or community security measures

to prevent theft

2. Food safety hazards due to

food spoilage a. Ensure storage facilities are properly ventilated, cleaned daily,

and that food rations are stacked on raised wooden pallets by

shipping number (ensuring a 'first in, first out' distribution order)

b. Verify food is not spoiled and receives a certificate from the

appropriate government public health authority, that declares

food commodities fit for human consumption, prior to

distribution

Annually

2) Y/N food

commodities are

certified as safe for

human

consumption prior

to distribution

3) Y/N spoiled

commodities are

disposed of

correctly

c. Adequately dispose of spoiled goods: determine the level of

spoilage and where possible use as organic fertilizer through

composting or use for animal feed.

3. Human and environmental

health hazards due to poor

management of

spoiled/bad/infested food

a. In the case of oil spoilage, pour the oil out, mix with

biodegradable detergent and soil (with a ratio of 60% soil - 40-%

oil) and burry the mixture in a 2m deep pit at a distance of 50m

from any water source.

Annually

Items b. Dispose of containers separately (see impact 6)

Annually 4) Y/N:

Fumigations

1Although this activity is a CE, these are accepted best practice mitigations for Title II programs FY2016 PREP / World Vision, Zimbabwe REP- FFP-A-13-00003-00 / Date of Submission: June 1, 2015


4. Lack of appropriate

messaging regarding disposal

of spoiled commodities could

result in conflicts with

community

a. Clearly mark all containers containing spoiled commodities

and conduct messaging to community to clearly explain the

situation

performed by

certified technician

5. Health risk to fumigation

a. Follow guidelines from the DCHA and USDA Fumigation

Handbook and work with certified fumigation service providers

in compliance with prevailing regional and national policies on

pesticide use

Annually

and warehouse personnel,

nearby residents, and clients of

food aid

b. Conduct a PERSUAP assessment to address the need for

fumigation service providers to have access to and use Once prior to 5) Y/N: A

fumigation monitoring equipment and personal protective

equipment (PPE), to ensure safe and effective handling and use

of pesticides, and identify appropriate products.

activity

implementation

PERSUAP has

been developed

6. Poor waste management of

food distribution containers can a. Sensitize beneficiaries on the potential re-use and recycling

6) Y/N: Containers

contribute to aesthetic plastic Opportunities for distributed food containers. Quarterly

Quarter

are being recycled

waste issues (e.g. oil bottles)

7. Unclear criteria for client a. Ensure participation of non-recipients, especially men in At distribution

7) Y/N: domestic,

community or

selection could lead to social sensitization about this activity's rationale and that there is broad and annually gender related

Tension support from within target communities thereafter social conflicts reported

8. Food distribution will a. As part of distribution, encourage energy-saving cooking 8) # of participants

potentially lead to practices (pre soaking, adding soda ash, drying wood, cutting adopting one or charcoal/firewood use and wood into smaller pieces, use of lids on pots) through Annually more energy-saving

hence, deforestation educational materials/posters. cooking practices


1.1.3

Strengthen

links between

facility &

community

level health

workers

a. Assess the capacities of local health centers/ health workers to

dispose of medical waste appropriately, and sensitize health

workers on best practice disposal methods according to USAID2

and WHO3 guidance.

9)% of participants

aware of medical

waste disposal best

practices

IR 1.2 Water safety & sanitation improved

10. Overestimation of water

supplies in design of well

system may lead to the

reduction of water

table/depletion of water

resources

a. Carry out a ground water capacity study 10) Y/N ground

water capacity

study has been

conducted

a. Train community members in monitoring of water table levels

to detect overdrawing of water supply in dry seasons Prior to start of

activity

b. Use available GoZ, UN or other donor hydrological information to determine correct siting of water points

a. Ensure adequate drainage structures are incorporated into the

design of each water system to prevent the collection of standing

water and/or local erosion

At least once a year

11) Y/N drainage

structures

incorporated in

water system

design as

appropriate ____

12) Y/N water

systems in use

present USAID

acceptable quality

standards

13) Y/N water

points are properly

sited

11. Increased risk of water

pollution, transmission of

water-borne diseases or

parasites, change groundwater

flow, depletion available

resources, create saltwater

intrusions, etc.

b. Water test conducted against USAID acceptable levels of

arsenic and coliform. ENSURE will use the “Guidelines for

determining the arsenic content of ground water in USAID-

sponsored well programs in Sub-Saharan Africa” to determine

appropriate levels. If the water test reveals that levels are

unsafe, treatment options will be made available or the water

system will be decommissioned as necessary _____________

c. Train participants in water point siting best practice

(following program guidelines which should include not siting

water-supply points within 30m of a latrine, and other sanitation

facility or source of contamination)

Once at start of

activity and

quarterly

thereafter

Bi- annually

9. Increase in hazardous

medical waste generated due to

promotion of health visits Quarterly

1.2.1 Facilitate

water

committees

and private

sector in

management of

water points

1.2.2

Implement

community

water safety

strategy


2 http://www.encapafrica.org/EGSSAA/medwaste.pdf

3 “http://www.who.int/topics/medical_waste/en/


12. Inadequate maintenance of

wells and pumps (e.g. leaking, 14) Y/N water

non-use of lubricating oils) a. Train community members on well and water pump presents high

may result in water being maintenance. Training should be carried out by technical B i-annually toxicity/ bacterial

contaminated, and access to specialists, and inspection and maintenance plans should be contamination

clean water is impaired developed as a training outcome.

levels

13. Increased risk of severe

environmental and human

health impacts due to disease,

parasite and vector breeding

a. Use government, WASH sector and WASH Cluster approved

ventilated pit latrine design. Ensure proper structural

engineering of both pit and latrine cabin designs to prevent pit

and, or latrine collapse.

14. Seepage from latrines may

cause contamination of

drinking, ground and surface

b. Train community members on adding dirt and organic

material such as leaves or ash periodically to minimize odor

and insects. Provide training on disposal of fecal matter or

15) Y/N

water, and/or aquatic decommissioning of latrines following the program defined Communities report

ecosystems and increased risk Guidelines Bi-annually increases in latrine

for water/waste-related related health infectious disease issues

15. Improper latrine design

and/or construction may lead to

physical harm to humans if

latrines were to collapse or

prove inadequate.

d. Train participants in proper siting of latrines (following

program guidelines which should include, do not site latrine in

wetlands or next to a stream, river, lake or up-gradient, or

within 30m of a potable water source)

a. Use available local materials first, but only if they provide

durable materials.

16. Improper construction

b. Train/monitor community members on environmentally

sound practices for extraction of material. Minimize/prohibit Once during 16) Y/N Evidence

material extraction can cause extraction of clay from the banks of natural ponds, water construction/ of erosion and/or

soil and riverbank deposits and other unstable soil areas, and the extraction of rock rehabilitation, and sedimentation at

destabilization, erosion and/or from river beds and slopes once upon material extraction

Sedimentation completion sites

c. Ensure adequate distance (30m) is kept between cement

mixing sites, arable lands and surface water deposits. Ensure

excess cement is not dumped over top soil, but disposed of

properly or used for another project.

1.2.3

Upgrade public

sanitation

facilities (FFA)


d. Ensure all borrow pits created for construction materials

sourcing are backfilled.

Ensure that replacement parts are locally or regionally available

and link users to suppliers of such parts

a. Conduct tests to determine feasibility of improving irrigation

water availability to ensure the quality and availability of water

resources will support this activity. Consideration of waters'

chemical loading (i.e. salt content, heavy metal, and nutrient

loading) and climate impacts on water availability should be

considered to determine whether this water source can be used

sustainably.

b. Sensitize the community on sustainable management of

water resources to avoid depleting groundwater and to monitor

water levels in open wells. Where falling water levels are noted,

management committees established under activity 3.2.1 should

be alerted and follow-on action plans established.

Ensure women's participation.

c. Establish overdraw prevention and response plans to

maximize availability and replenishment of ground and surface

waters

a. Develop MOUs and by-laws with the water group

committees and irrigation committees ensuring gender equality,

to reduce conflicts resulting from unfair water usage.

b. Ensure establishment of watering schedules and fee system

through MOUs with committees

a. Ensure community members are adequately trained on pump

maintenance to avoid leakages

17. Without availability of

replacement parts leads to lack

of long-term sustainability for

users

18. Quality and quantity of

water resources available can

compromise the long-term

sustainability of irrigation

system development

2.1.1 Upgrade

small-scale

irrigation

(FFA)

19. Disputes related to water

use and availability

20. Improper siting, design and

maintenance of boreholes and

wells may create physical

hazards and/or increased

disease due to vector breeding

17) Y/N:

replacement parts

are locally or

regionally available

18) Y/N water

source feasibility

test indicates Kick

start irrigation will

be viable

19) Y/N: Users

report water

shortages

inconsistent with

typical seasonal

availability

(disaggregated by

sex)

Prior to start of

activities

Bi-annually

B i-annually (once

during dry and

wet/rainy season)

20) Y/N irrigation

users report water

use conflicts

2 1) Y/N

community

members trained in

pup maintenance

Once at project

completion


b. Ensure fencing or other type of boundary is constructed

around boreholes and wells to prevent accidental injury to

children or livestock from falling into the well.

Once at project

completion

22) Y/N barrier

constructed around

borehole well

c. Refer to mitigation measure regarding siting of water-supply

points/borehole s, see Impact #11, mitigation measure C.

21. Poorly managed irrigation

activities and selection of

irrigable area may lead to soil

degradation

a. Through Activity 1.2.1 and 1.2.2 employ proper water

management practices (apply irrigation water at correct time

and at correct rate, ensure good drainage) and proper crop

rotation in irrigated fields.

Quarterly

23) % of farmers

employing 2 or

more irrigation

best practice

technique taught

a. Train participants in water and soil conservation

Quarterly for one

year after

beginning of

activity

24) Y/N: Farmers

report water

shortages

inconsistent with

seasonal

availability

22. Human health impacts and

environmental contamination

from increased use of

agricultural inputs

a. Promote only those pesticide inputs that have been

approved in existing USAID/Zimbabwe and/or

regional PERSUAPs. Complete a PERSUAP

amendment before use of any new products and will

consider local management capacities, particular pest

problems, available alternatives, and ability to dispose

of properly. Bi-annually

25) Y/N: Farmers

report use of non-

chemical controls

26) # of farmers

trained in

integrated pest

management

b. Train target farmers and extension agents in integrated pest

management / safer pesticide use.

c. Promote an integrated pest management regime in farms and

tree nurseries that will promote use of non-chemical inputs and

diversification to sustainable sources of nutrients and pest

control methods

2.1.2

Coordinate on-

farm trials of

improved

agricultural

practices


a. Ensure demonstration plots are: not sited in lands prone to

23. Poor trial or demo plot

selection can result in erosion,

crop failure and reduce desired

behavior changes

27) # of trial and Once prior to start demo plots that

of activity and meet

desired

then quarterly

criteri

a


water logging or on hillsides greater than 12% slope, without

implementation of soil stabilization structures; are in central

areas equidistant from most client farmers; consider relevant land

tenure and rental agreements; and are on similar lands as majority

of plots owned by target clients

a. Refer to USAID approved PERSUAPs for Zimbabwe for

permitted veterinary products and their handling

recommendations and training requirements. Complete a

PERSUAP amendment before use of any new products.

b. Create and promote safer use action plans and integrated pest

management plans for farmers covering use of personal

protective equipment, acquisition and application of products,

storage and disposal of livestock veterinary drugs and pesticides

used by project participants.

c. Create and sensitize participants on action plans to address

accidents and identify procedures or local health centers that

may be used in cases of pesticide use emergencies.

2.1.3 Train

HHs on post-

harvest

handling &

storage

25. Increased organic waste

can lead to increased odor and

vector breeding

Train participants in sound waste management (i.e. composting,

use of residues as animal fodder, sorting, proper disposal, and

other good practices.)

Quarterly for one

year after

beginning of

activity

30) Y/N: post-

harvest trainees

report compo sting

or re-use of waste

residues

28) # of farmers

trained in

integrated livestock

pest control

practices 24. Veterinary products if used

incorrectly can lead to acute or

chronic health impacts for

livestock raisers, chemical dip

mixers, handlers, loaders and

animals

Bi-annually

29) Y/N emergency

action plans created Bi-annually


26.Increased water use Train participants in water conservation

Quarterly for one

year after

beginning of

activity

31) Y/N: collection

points report water

shortages

inconsistent with

seasonal

availability

27. Increased organic waste can

lead to increased odor and vector

breeding




Quarterly for one

year after

beginning of

activity

32) Y/N post-

harvest trainees

report compo sting

or re-use of waste

residues

2.1.4 Link

groups to

labor-saving

technologies

for food

processing &

preparation

28. Increased production may lead to increased water use

Train participants in water conservation

Quarterly for one

year after

beginning of

activity

30) Y/N collection

points report water

shortages

inconsistent with

seasonal

availability

29. Even fuel efficient stoves can

release noxious fumes (including

carbon monoxide) and present

risks if exhausts leak and setting

not well ventilated

Train stove users on proper use, maintenance and placement of

stoves Quarterly

31) Y/N project

monitors report cases

of improperly

installed or used

stoves


30. Inadequate maintenance of

equipment can reduce

productivity of machinery and

reduce fuel efficiency, causing

higher and more hazardous

emissions

Train machine operators on proper equipment maintenance and

establish an inspection and maintenance schedule

Y/N machine

operators

surveyed aware of

maintenance

schedule

33) Once before

activity start and bi-

annually thereafter

31. Increased organic waste can

lead to increased odor and

vector breeding




Quarterly for one

year after

beginning of

activity

34) Y/N: post-

harvest trainees

report compo sting

or re-use of waste

residues

a. Train community members to avoid overgrazing, especially

in sensitive areas or those target for rehabilitation, through the use

of enclosures, tenders and promote seasonal cut and carry

feeding

b. Work with community to develop grazing management

plans, identifying community areas prohibited for grazing with

enforcement/incentives to ensure compliance

a. Use fencing or tenders, especially at night, time of greatest

waste production, to prevent animal waste contamination of

potable water sources or rivers

b. Promote use of manure as organic fertilizer

2.1.5 Train on

fruit,

vegetables &

animal-source

food

production and

processing

32. Increase in ruminant

livestock herd size can lead to

soil erosion and compaction

due to overgrazing and

elimination of vegetation

33. Increase in number of

livestock can lead to

surface/groundwater source

contamination and exposure to

health risks from animal waste

Bi-annually

35) Y/N:

Community

grazing

management plans

are being

used/enforced by

communities

34. Increased production can Quarterly for one

year after

36) Y/N: Farmers

report water

shortages lead to increased water use and Train participants in water and soil conservation beginning of inconsistent with

soil erosion activity seasonal

availability

2.2.1 Train producer

groups in

Farming as a Business


a. Promote only those pesticide inputs that have been

approved in existing USAID/Zimbabwe and/or regional

PERSUAPs. Complete a PERSUAP amendment before

use of any new products and consider local management

37) Y/N: Farmers

capacities, particular pest problems, available report use of non- 35. Human health impacts and alternatives, and ability to dispose of properly. chemical controls environmental contamination from increased use of Bi-annually

agricultural inputs (such as b. Train target farmers and extension agents in integrated pest

management/safer pesticide use. 38) # of farmers

pesticides) trained in

c. Promote an integrated pest management regime in farms and integrated pest

management

tree nurseries that will promote use of non-chemical inputs and

diversification to sustainable sources of nutrients and pest control

methods

36. Over-reliance on synthetic a. Promote an integrated nutrient management plan for cropping 39) Y/N farmers

nutrient sources can degrade systems that fully considers appropriate nutrient need and supply report use of non- soils, groundwater and nearby through the incorporation of plant residues, organic content, cover Bi-annually chemical fertilizers

surface waters over time cropping, association or rotation with nitrogen-fixing crops, liquid (incorporation of

organic fertilizers and other locally viable alternatives. organic materials or

b. When using chemical fertilizers promote run-off diverting and

absorbing stands of vegetation, soil bunds and diversion ditches.

mulching)

40) Y/N: Area in

37. Increased agriculture km2 under

improved natural production could lead to lands

being used for cropland rather a. Implement environmental sub-committee and NRM watershed

resource

management

than a more natural management and conservation plans under activities 3.2.1 and practices as a result

ecosystems, resulting in 3.2.2. Annually of USG assistance environmental degradation

(FaaB)

2.3.1 Train

agro-dealers

and producer

groups in input

& output

marketing

2.3.2 Link

agro-dealers

and producer

groups to

financial

services

2.3.3.

Disseminate

local market

information

2.3.4 Facilitate

market

agreements for

chicken, goats

& groundnuts


3.1.1

Facilitate

community

plans for

disaster

preparedness &

other risk

mitigation

3.2.1

Re/establish

Environmental

Sub-

committees &

train on

management&

gender equity

3.2.2 Facilitate

NRM

watershed

management &

conservation

plans enabling

equitable

access

38. Inadequate management of

natural resources may lead to

unexpected detrimental

environmental consequences

a. Participatory natural resource assessments will be initiated to

identify and map resource availability and recommend

sustainable levels of extraction and use under local conditions.

These assessments will provide baseline information for

ecological monitoring and adaptive management.

b. WV will conduct conservation planning activities including:

reviewing and developing training materials; conducting

trainings on the implementation of site specific and locally

appropriate NRM strategies

c. All NRM activities will follow mitigations recommended for

Activity 3.2.4, below.

Annually

41) Y/N: Area in

km2 under

improved natural

resource

management

practices as a

result of USG

assistance

39. Lack of representation of

women and marginalized groups

may lead to inequitable access

and/or social conflicts

40. Lack of participant

involvement may lead to

reduced effectiveness of plans

implemented

a. Ensure the selection of participants for committees and the

decisions taken, involve the local community including women

and other marginalized groups

Prior to each

working session

with a

committee

42) Y/N:

Committees

include members

of marginalized

groups.

3.2.3 Facilitate

MUS plans

enabling

equitable

access

See potential impacts and mitigation measures associated with Activities 1.2.2, 3.1.1, 3.2.1 and 3.2.2

41. Crop damage due to

increased breeding of rodents in

rehabilitated terraces, bunds, etc.

a. Consult the local knowledge about need to manage rodents in

soil stabilization structures. And promote IPM control

strategies. Seasonally

43) Y/N: rodent

problems

reported


42. Engineering

of land terraces

and bunds may

increase rainfall

runoff, landslide

and massive

erosion impacts

a. Ensure that parameters like land´s site, slope, soil depth and

soil type are taken into account, and encourage re-vegetation of

degraded and marginal areas to reduce runoff.

Weekly during

construction and

annually after

44) Area in km2

under improved

natural resource

management

practices as a

result of USG

assistance

b. Create side hill ditches or similar diversion structures, in

order to divert runoff.

c. Re-vegetate terraces with appropriate species of soil-holding

vegetative cover (fruit-bearing trees, native bush species or

vetiver, elephant grass) to stabilize soil after terrace

construction is complete

d. Hire a full time or contract a qualified engineer to establish

technically appropriate designs for physical treatments of hillsides

and other run-off or anti-erosion infrastructures.

43. Poor growth of planted

vegetation in soil conservation

area

a. Train appropriate program appointed committees in tree care

And protection.

44. Degradation and physical

erosion of water and soil

conservation structures

a. Establish responsible parties within community to maintain

soil conservation structures and

b. Increase likelihood of maintenance being performed by

promoting community buy in or investment into construction of

soil holding structures (initial in-kind labor investment, or

maintenance fee system)

At time of FFA 45) Y/N:

domestic,

45. Unclear criteria for FFA Ensure participation of non-recipient community members in worker selection community or client selection could lead to sensitization about this activity's rationale and that there is and annually gender related

social tension broad support from within target communities thereafter social conflicts

reported

3.2.4

Rehabilitate

assets related to

disaster plans,

risk mitigation,

NRM & water

(FFA)

3.2.4

See BEO Decision Memo

8/22/2017

Changes in climate pose challenges to Zimbabwe’s ongoing efforts to combat poverty, reduce food

insecurity and sustainably manage the natural resources. The ENSURE program is being

implemented in marginal regions of the 6 districts of Manicaland and Masvingo in Zimbabwe

where droughts, high temperatures and rain fed crop failure are a common phenomenon. The

program design and implementation of the ENSURE program has integrated a robust climate risk

management plan to mitigate the negative effects of climate variability and climate change.

In Zimbabwe, the main climate variables projected to have significant impact are changes in

temperature and precipitation volumes and patterns. Climate change is projected to have impacts

on a wide variety of sectors including health, nutrition, energy, agriculture, forestry, transport,

water and sanitation. The Climate Risk Matrix for ENSURE focuses mainly on the effects of

climate change on the water, agriculture, health, nutrition, water and sanitation sectors to

strengthen resilience of the program elements in the face of a changing climate. These sectors have

been prioritized because of their link with development objectives and the project goal. In addition,

climate change impacts are also manifesting in Zimbabwe without sparing these sectors

particularly in the geographical areas where the ENSURE program is being implemented. The

local USAID Mission also works extensively in health, agriculture and resilience under the

Humanitarian Assistance and Resilience including the Economic Growth office. The ENSURE

climate risk management plan is in line with the USAID Zimbabwe Country Development

Cooperation (CDC) strategy of 2017 as it addresses most of its objectives. It also contributes

towards the implementation of the National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) of 2015

where the above mentioned sectors are outlined amongst the priority areas for intervention.

With support from the local Mission, ENSURE has used the already existing literature on climate

change in Zimbabwe, to compile this Climate Risk Matrix document and also to develop a robust

comprehensive climate risk management plan.

Main climate variables:

Temperature:

Current: Mean annual temperature has slightly increased by approximately 0.6 °C since the

beginning of the 20th century. There has also been an increase in the extreme warm ETCCDI

indices (hot days, hot nights, and hottest days) and a decrease in the extreme cold indices in recent

decades. Over the last 2 decades there was an increased probability of austral summer heat waves.

Future: Assuming an A2 greenhouse gas emissions pathway, studies and models predict that

Zimbabwe's climate will be warmer than the 1961–1990 baseline with warming rates of 0.5–2⁰C

by 2030,1–3.5⁰C by 2070, and 3–4⁰C by 2100 (all over the baseline) These scenarios suggest a

warming rate of just below 0.2⁰C per decade to over 0.5⁰C per decade.

Precipitation and drought:

Current: Some evidence of slight decreases in total rainfall amounts coupled with increasing

unpredictability in the timing and intensity of rainfall (e.g., delayed onset, frequent dry spells

within the season, increased intensity of individual rain events).Heat waves have been associated

with decreased rainfall during El Nino events. Significant droughts have been observed over the

last 15 years (e.g. in 2001, 2007, 2008, 2010); including the 2014/2015 and 2015/16 rainy season.

Future: It has been projected that during the 21st century, Southwestern portions of Africa will be

at high risk from severe droughts. Precipitation projections are less certain than those for

temperature. Rainfall decreases are projected through austral spring months, suggesting a delay

in the onset of seasonal rains.

KEY CLIMATE IMPACTS:

Sector Impacts

Agriculture Waterlogging

Increased crop losses/failure

More pests, weeds, pathogens

Water Resources Reduced water quality

Reduced water availability during dry season

Health and

Nutrition

Increased food insecurity

Increased transmission of climate-sensitive diseases such as malaria

Natural

Resources and

Ecosystems

Loss of habitat and species

Reduced ecosystem services

Climate Risk Management approach:

The ENSURE team conducted a Climate Risk Analysis at the activity level during the development

of the FY18 PREP/Cost Modification. The team utilized USAID’s Climate Risk Screening and

Management Tools and other documents such as the Regional Development Cooperation Strategy

(R/DCS), the USAID Zimbabwe Country Development Coordinating Strategy (CDCS) Climate

Change Matrix 2017 to review program interventions. This has led to the development of an

Activity-Level Climate Risk Management Summary Table detailing the program’s climate risks,

how risks are addressed, and assigns a risk rating to each technical intervention. The table also

presents opportunities to strengthen climate resilience.

ENSURE Climate Risk Management Plan: IEE supplement

Goal: Food security of targeted communities and households in Manicaland and Masvingo Provinces improved by 2018

Planned activities Climate Risks Risk

Rating

How Risks are Addressed Opportunities to Strengthen Climate

Resilience

SO1. Strategic Objective 1: Nutrition among women of reproductive age and children under 5 years improved

SIR 1.1.1 Availability of nutritious food to households improved

Distribute supplementary feeding

rations to pregnant and lactating

women and children under 2

years1

Food Spoilage

Beneficiaries may fail to

come for distributions due

to unfavourable weather

conditions.

Delays in the delivery of

food due to flooding or road

damages

Moderate Use of tarpaulins to cover the food

Conduct distributions under

sheds/shelter

Use of smaller trucks for food

distributions

Use of weather forecast in

planning food distributions

Use of existing community

amenities-(schools, community

halls, churches buildings

Consistent liaison with

meteorological services department.

SIR 1.1.2 Household maternal, infant and young child feeding practices improved

Conduct barrier analysis on

selected maternal and infant and

young child feeding practices

No predictable risk Low

Design appropriate maternal,

infant and young child feeding

practices messages


Train village health workers and

primary care nurses in c-IYCF


Promote links between VHWs &

PCNs to support maternal and

infant and young child feeding

practices


Establish and train care groups to

provide messages on appropriate

maternal and IYCF practices


SIR 1.1.3 Equitable participation and decision making by women and men in household consumption of nutritious foods improved

Conduct social analysis on

gender perspectives affecting


household consumption of

nutritious foods.

Develop context specific

community Social Action Plans


Implement community Social

Action Plans for improving time

sharing, decision making and

participation in household

consumption of nutritious foods

Extreme weather

conditions-Drought and

flooding may result in food

shortages and poor nutrition

among households affecting

women’s time sharing

efforts with men

High Establishment and rehabilitation

of water sources and irrigation

schemes.

Grow drought tolerant and

nutritious crops

Facilitate food processing

trainings to increase shelf life and

nutrient retention in nutritious

foods.

Water bodies -rivers for establishment

of weirs

Use of underground water sources

Use of available fertile land (soils)

Capacity building initiatives

Establish and train men’s fora on

household consumption of

nutritious foods


SIR 1.2.1 Water, sanitation and hygiene practices improved

Conduct water quality testing at

community water points


Establish community water

management committees


Develop and implement water

safety and multi-purpose water

use plans

Collapse of

structures/system failure.

Flooding of structures

Contamination of ground

water sources

Development of conflicts

within the community

High Use of GOZ guidelines for siting

and structural strength

improvement

Facilitate Multiple user water

systems (MUS) planning and

design for appropriate

technologies.

The use of available appropriate

materials

Community capacity building on

infrastructure development, usage

and management

Promote WASH practices (safe

water storage, household hand

washing and installation of hand

washing facilities by the latrines)


Upgrade or develop public

sanitation facilities

Collapse of

structures/system failure.

Flooding of structures

High Use of GOZ guidelines for siting

and structural strength

improvement

Community capacity building on

resilient infrastructure

development

The use of available appropriate

materials- (sand bags and light roofing

materials, plastic vent pipes)

Utilization of available expertise and

transfer of skills and knowledge to

women

Adhere to GOZ health and

environmental standards on

creation of public sanitation

assets


SIR 1.2.2 Equitable participation and leadership of men and women in implementation of WASH strategies

Conduct gender sensitisation for

men and women on equitable

participation and leadership in

community water management

committees


Conduct gender sensitisation for

equitable participation of men

and women in the development

of water safety strategies


Implement time sharing

strategies for improved access to

safe water


Strategic Objective 2: Household income increased

SIR 2.1.1 Agricultural practices of farmers improved

Promote production of high

nutrient locally available

foods

Extreme weather conditions-

Drought and flooding may

result in food shortages and

poor nutrition among

households

High Establishment and rehabilitation of water

sources and irrigation schemes.

Grow drought tolerant and nutritious

crops

Facilitate food processing trainings to

increase shelf life and nutrient retention in

nutritious foods.

Capacity building initiatives

Adoption of drought tolerant

crops as nutritious and locally

adapted varieties.

Train lead farmers to provide

extension training and advice

to support the use of modern

and improved technologies to

farmers.

Demo sites fail to

successfully showcase

resilient farming practices

Low Support lead farmers to ensure demo sites

are convincing and lead to behavior

change

Apply the recommendations of

the TOPS study on improving

management of demo sites

Train producer groups on

fruit, vegetable, & animal-

source food production &

processing.

No observable risks.

Farmers can expand area

under cultivation to include

environmentally sensitive

areas such as river banks

and protected forests

Moderate Incorporate training on NRM in

curriculum for farmer groups

Work with NRM committees to promote

sustainable farming practices

Closer integration of SO3 and

SO2 activities


post-harvest handling &

storage

. Climate change could

result in increased incidence

of pests and diseases in the

field and post harvest. It

could also lead to

deterioration of storage

conditions.

Moderate Assist communities to implement early

warning systems e.g. for the Fall army

worm.

Provide taining on link between climate

change variable and common post-harvest

pests and diseases.

Link farmers to climate resilience post

harvest storage technologies

Link producer groups to

labor-saving technologies for

food processing & storage

Increase in average

temperature, unreliable

rainfall, and recurrent

droughts negatively affect

crop productivity

High Establish demonstration plots with

farmers as learning centres for good

agriculture practices.

Promoting indigenous livestock breeds:

Goats and Poultry which are hardy.

High chances for stakeholders

and communities to adopt

drought mitigation approaches

Promotion of environmentally

sustainable agricultural

practices

Conduct on-farm trials of

improved agricultural

practices and expose farmers

to new technologies

High temperatures, high/low

rainfall can affect the

effectiveness of these

practices

Moderate Integration of multiple water harvesting

and drainage techniques.

Facilitate training on appropriate farming

practices, planting, and application of

fertilizer or manure, mulching, plant

spacing, composting, and weeding.

Promote locally adapted crop varieties

Use demos as basis for

tracking climate change impact

and adaptive capacity

Communities can be able to

compare different scenarios

where these practices have

worked. Documentation,

sharing and replication of best

practices

Promote environmentally

sustainable agricultural

practices

High rainfall may lead to

water logging and extreme

dry spells may lead to

unavailability of mulch and

crop failure

Moderate Integration of multiple water harvesting

and drainage techniques (resilience

designs).

Promoting live mulching

Opportunities to draw case

studies and lessons learned.

Planting of trees which

enhance soil nutrition (N-

fixation) and promoting FMNR

Promote conservation

agriculture

Increased unreliability of

rainfall, temperature and

recurrent droughts may

affect water availability for

crop production

Pests outbreak

High Promoting pest, and drought tolerant crop

varieties.

Establishment of small scale irrigation.

Promote IPM and water harvesting

strategies.

Promote use of weather information in

planning and decision making processes.

Establish linkages with

organizations focused on

resilient farming practices such

as Muonde Trust and the

Permaculture Network

High chance of adopting

drought tolerant species.

High chances of scaling up

climate smart techniques.

Train agro-dealers and

producer groups on safe use

of agro-chemicals and

fertilizers

Plans developed using

current climate trends may

cease to be relevant due to

climate variability.

Low These plans may need to be

reviewed regularly to align the

changing trends.

SIR 2.1.2 Access to and management of agricultural assets improved

Develop environmental plans

for irrigation development

projects at initiation.

Increased temperatures may

increase water loss and

evaporation.

Droughts will result in

dwindling water tables

hence reducing water

availability. High rainfall

may cause damage to

irrigation infrastructure and

other created assets.

High Integration of climate and environmental

consideration in irrigation projects design.

Promoting water conservation techniques

Promotion of Solar powered and drip

irrigation systems in line with the

recommendations of the Ground Water

Study Report.

Construction of drainage systems to

safeguard the infrastructure and capacity

building of asset management committees

High chances of increased

adoption of water conservation

techniques. Improved

management of irrigation

infrastructure by communities.

Harnessing solar energy to

power irrigation systems

Rehabilitate existing/create

new irrigation schemes.

Droughts and low rainfall

may reduce production

capacity.

Floods may also damage

crops and/or increase pests

and diseases.

Livestock mortality due to

droughts/floods and extreme

weather

Moderate Promoting water saving technologies

within irrigation schemes.

Development of MUS Plans for the

irrigation water sources.

Promoting crops that use less water.

Opportunities for communities

to collectively work together in

the management of irrigation

and water infrastructure.

Create environmental

management strategy for

irrigation projects.

management strategy don’t

adequately address climate

change risk

Moderate Train asset management committees to

evaluate risks and put in place mitigation

and adaptation strategies for climate

change

Improved coordination

between DRR and NRM

partners and community

groups

Promote community control

of the irrigation and market

infrastructure



capacity.



and diseases.

Livestock mortality due to

droughts/floods and extreme

weather

Moderate Establishment of early warning systems.

Intensifying crop production in irrigation

schemes

Promoting drought tolerant crop varieties,

small livestock and indigenous poultry.

Promote Conservation farming and

resilience design principles and practices.

High chances of adoption of

climate smart techniques

through resilient designs

SIR 2.1.3 Farmers’ access to and utilization of credit increased

Establish links between

Small-holder farmers and

agribusiness

Climate change may reduce

the production capacity of

borrowers hence affecting

loan repayment

Supply of produce may be

erratic.

Moderate Use of climate smart agricultural

techniques including soil and water

conservation measures and effective use

of climate information through risk

communication systems.

Increased demand for climate

information to enhance

production and inform decision

making.

Identify viable borrowers and

link them to lenders

Climate change may reduce

the production capacity of

borrowers hence affecting

loan repayment

Supply of produce may be

erratic.

High Use of climate smart agricultural

techniques including soil and water

conservation measures and effective use

of climate information through risk

communication systems.

Encourage farmers to use credit for

drought tolerant seed technologies

Increased demand for climate

information to enhance

production and inform decision

making.

Opportunity to evaluate

weather indexed micro-

insurance

Monitor performance of

borrowers

Water unavailability due to

drought might hinder

effective operation of

agricultural based income

generating activities.

Moderate Establishment of small scale irrigation

schemes.

Promotion of climate smart techniques.

Organizing VSL members into producer

and marketing groups increases their

bargaining power.

Diversification into on farm and off farm

enterprises

Opportunity to mainstream

climate change adaptation

using the VSL platform .

Link VSLs to lending

institutions

No observable risks Low

Train and establish VSL

groups in graduated model.

No observable risk Low

SIR 2.1.4 Equity in men’s and women’s access to and control over productive agricultural resources improved

Train men and women on

equitable participation and

leadership in producer and

farmer groups


Promote equitable access of

men and women to markets


Monitor extension training for

women producer groups


may reduce production and

ultimately reduction in

adoption of gender sensitive

strategies

Moderate Promote climate smart agriculture

production techniques that reduce time

poverty and are gender sensitive

Employ behavior change analysis to

understand how social norms, traditional

beliefs and attitudes affect adoption of

climate smart agriculture technologies

Increased demand for time

saving and gender sensitive

technologies which creates an

incentive for private sector

companies to invest in research

for such technologies

Implement gender sensitive

time sharing strategies for

optimal agricultural

production.


SIR 2.2.1 Market linkages and information improved

Establish multi-stakeholder

platforms for value chain

coordination and

development.



hence failure to supply.



and diseases.

Livestock mortality rates



schemes

Promoting small livestock i.e. goats and

indigenous poultry.

Conservation farming

Effective early warning system

created as a result of climate

change may increase

community adaptive capacity.

Facilitate market agreements

between producer groups and

buyers

Low production leads to low

demand for inputs leading to

low demand for external

loans.

Inconsistent supply due

climate variability by

producers may jeopardise

these agreements.

Moderate Promotion of climate smart agriculture

Establishment of producer and marketing

groups in irrigation schemes

Use of VSL money to finance agricultural

production

Adoption of sustainable and

diversified livelihood options

ensure community resilience to

climate change.

Link producer groups to

financial services and input

suppliers.

Inconsistent supply due

climate variability by

producers and micro

economic factor may

jeopardise these agreements.




Promotion of less risky off-farm income


Bankable projects attract

funding from banks.

Establish a market

intelligence system for the

dissemination of market

information and market

opportunities




Floods may damage crops

and/or increase pests and

diseases.




schemes

Promoting small livestock i.e. goats and

indigenous poultry.

Conservation farming

Effective early warning system

created as a result of climate

change may increase

community adaptive capacity.

Create partnerships between

producer groups and buyers




Floods may damage crops

and/or increase pests and

diseases.





Promotion of less risky off-farm income


Communities will be able to

document cases and share

strategies to cope against

climate induced droughts.

SIR 2.2.2 Marketing and Management Capacity of Value Chain Actors Improved

Train producer groups and

other value chain actors on

documenting best practices

and information sharing



business support services

Pests, droughts and high

temperatures may affect

production hence reducing

demand for inputs and

reduce marketing options.




Use of VSL money to finance agricultural

production

Train producer groups in

FaaB

Pests, droughts and high

temperatures may affect

production hence reducing

demand for inputs and low

out marketing.




Use of VSL to finance agricultural

production

Train agro-dealers & producer

groups in input & output

marketing


Facilitate and fund leadership

strengthening and member

mobilisation for producer

groups

No observable risk Low Opportunity to mainstream


using the cosmopolitan nature

of the group formation.

SIR 2.2.3 Equity in men’s and women’s access to and control over financial resources improved

Promote equitable access of

men and women to financial

services



using the VSL platform.

Establish Village Savings and

Lending groups for Pregnant

and Lactating Women



using the VSL platform

Incorporate gender in Village

Savings and Lending training



using the VSL platform

Conduct gender training for

men and women on equitable

decision making over income


Strategic Objective 3: Resilience to food insecurity of communities improved

Planned activities Climate Risks Risk Rating How Risks are Addressed Opportunities to Strengthen

Climate Resilience

SIR 3.1.1. Community disaster preparedness plans improved

Train community DRR Focal Point

Persons (TOTs) in the

implementation of community

disaster preparedness and response

strategies

Extreme weather events

(droughts, floods, heat

stress, winds) may affect the

implementation of response

strategies and DRR plans

Moderate Development and implementation

DRR plans incorporating climate

change.

DRR plans informed by

vulnerability assessments on

climate and non-climatic hazards

Work with government to

expand adoption of DRR

strategies and plans.

Community and stakeholder

participation in review and

implementation of DRR plans.

Facilitate the development of

community early warning systems

Increase in occurrence of

infrequent risk patterns

(flooding in drought prone

areas, heat stress, and frost).

High Incorporate Participatory scenario

planning in the review of disaster

management plans and early

warning systems. Integration of

Indigenous knowledge systems

(IKS) into early warning systems.

Improved relationship and trust

between the CPU structures

and communities.

Streamline integration of

indigenous knowledge systems

and modern climate data at

community level

Conduct joint monitoring of

community practice in response to

shocks (drought, flooding, etc.)

Flooding may damage

access routes and transport

networks to project sites.

Moderate Establish risk communication

platforms through use of mobile

phones (technology) and social

media

Sharing of advisories and

precautionary measures

through the CPU to the

communities.

Coach communities in the

development of their disaster

preparedness plans and other risk

mitigation strategies

No observable risk Low Communities will have a

chance to review and update

their plans.

SIR 3.1.2 - Equity in participation, leadership and decision-making related to risk management practices for men and women improved

Conduct gender sensitization on


leadership of men and women in

DRR committees


Promote equitable participation of

both men and women in the

development and implementation of

disaster preparedness plans


SIR 3.2.1 Community disaster mitigation and risk reduction assets increased2

Upgrade/Develop assets related to

disaster plans, risk management,

NRM and water conservation, within

GOZ & USAID environmental

safety and sustainability standards

Damage to assets due to

extreme weather events

(droughts, floods, winds).

Environmental degradation

(soil erosion, deforestation)

.

High Proper design of assets.

Implementation of resilience design

practices (water harvesting, soil

conservation measures)

Participation of government

stakeholders

Use of Irrigation assessment

reports to site and implement

irrigation assets.

Economic viability of assets

may also be affected by

continued droughts, which

may hinder the use of assets

in promoting resilience

Participatory planning and

implementation of catchment

protection works

SIR 3.2.2 Community management of public assets improved

Assist in the development and

implementation of Multi User

Scheme (MUS) plans.

Erratic rainfall patterns

Drying up of water sources

and depletion of water table

Contamination of water

points

High Use of water efficient irrigation

systems.

Regular water quality testing and

treatment

Water budgeting

Adoption and implementation

of multiple use water system

(MUS) plans

Use of the results from the

Ground water Capacity study

as the basis for water

budgeting.

Assist in the development and

implementation of NRM, watershed

management and conservation plans

Erratic rainfall patterns

High rates of deforestation

and soil erosion

High Participatory planning and

implementation of watershed and

Natural Resources Management

planning.

Expanding carbon sinks

through mitigation strategies

like Farmer managed natural

regeneration (FMNR), and

Tree planting.

SIR 3.2.3 - Equity in participation, leadership and decision-making related to disaster mitigation assets for men and women improved

Conduct gender sensitization on


leadership of men and women in

asset management and

Environmental Sub Committees

Worker migration for

employment opportunities

elsewhere, predominantly

by male members of the

community disrupts the

functionality of the

committees

Moderate Strengthening and diversification of

livelihoods strategies within

communities.

Gender dialogues to encourage

participation of both men and

women in decision making.

Adoption and implementation

of diversified livelihood

options

Facilitate the implementation of

gender sensitive time sharing

strategies in asset rehabilitation


SIR 3.2.4 - Environmentally-sensitive community natural resource management and climate change response

Re/establish ESCs with gender

equity & train on environmental

management


Monitor the inclusion of good

environmental practices in the NRM

activities

Community ability to

manage their environment

will determine their

adaptive capacity.

Low As a CRM measure you can

just ensure that the training

includes components on

climate change or its effect on

natural resources

Documents

DCHA ENVIRONMENTAL THRESHOLD DECISION FOR …Link groups to labor-saving technologies for food processing & preparation Train on fruit, vegetables, & animal-source food production