dck20100907162247 NedPower Mount Storm Wind Plant Avian and Bat Mortality Monitoring, April-July 2010

8/7/2019 dck20100907162247 NedPower Mount Storm Wind Plant Avian and Bat Mortality Monitoring, April-July 2010

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Sandra Squire, Executive SecretarySeptember 7, 2010Page 2

Please fi le this letter and the enclose d report an d circulate the additional six copiesto the appropriate parties of the Comm iss ion. We also ask that you date s tamp the extracopy of the letter we have provided and return it with our messenger. As always , weappreciate your a ssistance in this matter.

Chris topher L. CallasEnclosure

{C 1869063.1}


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NedPower Mount Storm Wind Energy FacilityPost-Construction Avian and Bat Monitoring

April - July 2010

Preparedfor:NedPower Mount Storm, LLC91 0 Louisiana Street, Suite 1050Houston, Texas 77002

Prepured by:David P. Young, Jr., Kimberly Bay, Saif Nom ani, and Wen dy L. TidharWestern EcoSystems Technology, Inc.2003 Central AveCheyenne, W yoming, 82001AWEST, Inc.

August 27,2010


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TABLE OF CONTENTS1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 STUDY AREA........................................................................................................................ 11.2 PROJECTDESCRIPTION......................................................................................................... 42.0 METHODS ............................................................................................................................ 6

2.1 A V I A NA N D BATMONITORINGSTrJDY ................................................................................. 62.1.1 Search Plots and Sample Size ...................................................................................... 62.1.2 Standardized Searches ................................................................................................. 82.1.3 Searcher Efficiency Trials ............................................................................................ 92.1.4 Carcass Rem oval Trials ............................................................................................... 92.1.5 Statistical M ethods for Mortality Estimates .............................................................. 102.1.5.1 Observed Numbe r of Casualties ........................................................................... 102.1.5.2 Estimation of Observer Detection Rates .............................................................. IO2.1 S .3 Estimation of Carcass Removal ........................................................................... 11 2.1.5.5 Estimation of Facility-Related Mortality ............................................................. 11 2.1.5.4 Estimation of Casualty Distribution ..................................................................... 11

3.0 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................ 123.1 BIRDCASUALTIES.............................................................................................................. 133.2 BA TCASUALTIES............................................................................................................... 17 3.3 SEARCHEREFFICIENCYTRIALS.......................................................................................... 18 3.4 CARCASSREMOVALTRIALS.............................................................................................. 183.5 ADJUSTEDMORTALITYESTIMATES................................................................................... 19

3.5.1 Birds ........................................................................................................................... 203.5.2 Bats ............................................................................................................................ 214.0 SUMMARY/DISCUSSION ................................................................................................ 215.0 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 23APPENDIX A.ALL BIRD AND B AT CASUA LTIES FOUND DU RING THE SPRING 2010STUDY PERIOD AT THE NEDPOWER MOUNT STORM WIND ENERGYFACILITYAPPENDIX B.BIRD AND BAT CASUALTY LOCATIONS

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LIST OF TABLESTable 1. Proportion of the area searched in 10-meter distance bands from the turbines for all

search plots at the NedPower M ount Storm W ind Energy Facility .................................. 12 Table 2. Num ber o f casualties found by turbine over the study period. ....................................... 13Table 3. Species composition and number of casualties from scheduled searches and allcasualties com bined. ..............,................... .. .. ....... ............ ..... ......... ...... .. .... .. .. .................. 14Table 4. Distribution of all bird and bat casualties among directional quadrants and distancefrom turbines. .........................,........................................................................................_.15Table 5. Results of searcher efficiency trials. ............................................................................... 18Table 6. Results of carcass removal trials. .................................................................................... 18Table 7.Mortality estimates for birds and bats for the study period April 16 - July 14, 2010"for the NedPower Mount Storm Wind Energy Facility. ................................................... 20

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LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1.NedPower M ount Storm Wind Energy Facility location ................................................ 3Figure 2. NedPower M ount Storm Wind Energy Facility .............................................................. 5Figure 3. Search plots used in the avian and bat m onitoring study, NedPower Mount StormFigure 4 . Distribution of all bird and bat casua lties in relation to turbines .................................. 15Figure 5 . Plotted distribution of all bird and bat casualties around turbines ................................ 16 Figure 6 .Number of casualties found during standardized searches by study date ..................... 17Figure 7. Carcass rem oval rate by size class or taxa..................................................................... 19

. .Wind Energy Facility .......................................................................................................... 7

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1.0 INTRODUCTIONNedPower Mount Storm LLC (NedPower) is conducting a three year post-constructionmonitoring study of the NedPower Mount Storm Wind Energy Facility (the Project) to study theimpacts of the development on birds and bats. The West Virginia Public Service Commission(PSC) certificate of convenience and necessity (certificate) issued to NedPower for developmentof the Mount Storm site contains two conditions requiring monitoring of post-constructionimpacts to avian and bat resources for each phase of development. The certificate conditionsrequire that a report be filed with the Commission within 60 days of the completion of each six-months of study. Specifically, the conditions of the certificate related to post-constructionmonitoring are: (1) for a three-year period, NedPower shall conduct six-month post-constructionstudies for each phase of the project assessing the mortality of both birds and bats; and (2) for aone-year period, NedPower shall conduct six-month post-construction lighting studies at eachphase after each phase begins op eration.The overall objectives of the monitoring study are to:

estimate bird and bat mortality attributable to the project primarily during themigration seasons;provide a general understanding of the factors associated with the timing, extent,distribution, and location of bird and bat c asualties' attributable to the project;The first full year of mon itoring occurred in 2009. Two stud y reports covering both Phases 1and 2 of the Project were filed with the PSC in August 2009 and February 2010 (Young et al.2009, 2010). Based on results from those stu dy periods, an d in coordination with the U.S. Fish& Wildlife Service, the 2010 study plan was modified slightly to take advantage of study resultsand information learned during the 2009 study. For exam ple, based on the temporal distributionof casualties in 2009, and in light of significant snow fall still on the ground in late March,mon itoring in 20 10 began in m id-April and will con tinue straight through to approx imately mid-October. Part of the analysis for 2010 will cov er the entire study period and utilize informationsuch as variable searcher efficiency and carcass removal by vegetation visibility class (seebelow) over time to refine the overall estimate of bird and bat mortality for the facility. Thisreport is intended to meet reporting obligations for the 2010 spring season and cov ers the carcasssearch component and initial carcass removal and search efficiency trials. A report covering the2010 fall season, which will include m ore detailed analyses of the effects of weather, bat activity,vegetation visibility, and turbine operations on bird and bat mortality, will be filed in February201 1.1.1 Study AreaThe Project is located in Grant County, in northeast West Virginia (Figure 1). Grant County lieswithin the Allegheny Mountains physiographic region and is along the western edge of the Ridgeand Valley physiographic province (Buckelew and Hall 1994). The Allegheny Mountains arecharacterized by steep to rolling mountains, ridges, hills and high p lateaus. The Project is locatedon the primary ridgeline of the Allegheny Mountains known as the Allegheny FrontCasualty is defined here as a fatality or injured wildlife.I



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approximately one mile east of Mount Storm Lak e and approximately four miles east of the townof Mount Storm. West Virginia H ighway 42/93 between Bismarck and Scherr bisects the site atapproximately the mid-point along with several transmission line right-of-ways. Elevation of thesite ranges from approximately 2,625 to 3,800 feet (800-1150 m). T he site is private land usedfor coal mining, logging, and recreation (hunting).The historical vegetation type throughout the Allegheny Mountains was hardwood and spruceforest (Buckelew and Hall 1994). The hardwood forest type on the site consists primarily ofoaks, maples, hickory species, black cherry, black and yellow birch, and beech trees (Canterbury2002). The spruce and conifer type consists of red spruce, hemlock, and a variety of pines,including red, pitch, and Virginia, used for reclamation of abandoned surface mines (Canterbury2002). Much of the site was previously strip mined for coal and consists of reclaimed areas andthere are a few areas of active mining west of the site. The deciduous forest vegetation type onsite has been logged, both recently and historically, and has experienced ice and wind damagefrom severe winters. Several private cabins are scattered around the site, much of the area aroundMount Storm Lake and H wy 42/93 is developed with private residences and scattered businesses,and a large (1600 MW) coal fired power plant is located on the northwest shore of the lakeapproximately two miles west of the Project.The study area for the avian and bat m onitoring study was defined as the turbines for Phase 1 an d2 of the NedPower Mount Storm Wind Energy Facility and the areas immediately surroundingturbines where surveys would take place. The Project is roughly 12 miles long from north tosouth and turbines are generally positioned in rows of variable length oriented along a northeastto southwest axis (parallel to the primary ridgeline of the Allegheny Front).

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Figure 1. Ned Pow er Moun t Storm Wind Energy Facility location.

10- -0 2 5 5--MlesData Source USGSTop0 1 250 COD 0 SCwrdmae System NAD27 Zone 17 Created By J R Boehrr m e ffin412009 0 2 4August 20 10WEST, Inc. 3


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1.2 Project DescriptionThe Project is located along the Allegheny Front and east of Mount Storm Lake and the town ofMoun t Storm, Grant County, Wes t Virginia (Figure 1). For Phase 1, 82 turbines were constructed(164 MW); Phase 2 consists of an additional 50 turbines (100 MW), 12 of which are locatedintermixed within the Phase 1 development area (Figure 2). The turbines are mounted on 78 m(256 ft) tubular steel towers. The rotor diameter of the three-bladed turbines is 80 m (264 ft),resulting in a rotor swept area (RSA) of approximately 5026.5 m2. The m aximum height aboveground to the top of the RSA is approximately 118 m (387 ft). The minimum height aboveground to the bottom of the RSA is approximately 38 m (125 ft). The wind turbines operate atwind speed s from approximately 14-90 kilometers per hour (kph) (-9-56 mph ), at a variablespeed of approximately 9.1-19.0 revolutions per minute (rpm). Thirty-seven of the Phase 1 windturbines and 21 of the Phase 2 turbines are lit with FAA compliant LED (red) beacons of eitherof two types: (1) Flash Technology FTB 360i LED Integrated L864, and (2) Dialight D264Series LED with GPS Synchronization. Turbines located at the end of turbine strings androughly every third or fourth turbine within turbine strings that have more than five turbines inthe string have the FAA lights.



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Figure 2. NedPow er Mount Storm W ind Energy Facility.

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2.0 METHODSThe spring 2010 post-construction monitoring study consisted of an avian and bat monitoringstudy for assessing bird and bat mortality through standardized casualty searches, carcassremoval trials, and searcher efficiency trials.2.1 Avian and Bat Monitoring StudyThe primary objectives of the avian and bat monitoring study are to: (1) estimate bird and batmortality attributable to the project during the spring migration season; (2) provide a generalunderstanding of the factors associated with the timing, extent, distribution, and location ofcasualties within the Project; and (3) compare casualty estimates under varying weatherconditions.As directed in the PSC certificate, each phase of the development will be studied for a total of threeyears (i.e., three 6-month studies). B ecause the m igration seasons were of most concern, each six-month study is intended to cover the peak of the spring neo-tropical bird migration (April-May)and the peak of the fall bat migration (August-Septem ber). In 2009, monitoring was conductedfrom approximately mid-March to mid-June, and mid-July to mid-October. Based on resultsfrom those study periods, and in coordination with the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, the 2010study plan was modified slightly to take advantage of study results and information learnedduring the 200 9 study. For exam ple, based on the temporal distribution of casualties in 2009,and in light of sign ifkan t snow fall still on the ground in late March, monitoring in 2010 beganin mid-April and will continue straight through to approximately mid-October. The monitoringperiod for this report began on A pril 16 ,20 10 and was concluded July 14 ,20 10.The monitoring study was broken into three primary components: (1) standardized casualtysearches, (2) searcher efficiency trials, and (3) carcass removal trials. The basis for the number ofavian and bat casualties attributable to the project over the study period was the number of avianand bat casualties found in search plots around turbines. All casualties located within areassurveyed, regardless of species, were recorded and a cause of death determined, if possible,based on field inspection of the carcass. Total number of avian and bat casualties were estimatedby adjusting for removal bias (e.g., scavenging), searcher efficiency bias, and the sampled area.Casualties where the cause of death was not apparent were also included in the mortalityestimates.2.1.1 Search Plots and Sample SizeA sampling approach was used to determine the survey plots for the study. For the spring 2010study, 24 turbines were selected for daily surveys (Figure 3) . Search plots were selected in asystematic fashion to adequately sample the entire project and to survey different turbines fromthe 2009 study.



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Figure 3. Search plots used in the avian and bat monitoring study, NedPower M ount StormWind E nergy Facility.

'2 ,rn

--A..a

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Search plots were established around each sampled turbine and were delineated in the field andwith a GPS for detailed mapping. Due to the variable nature of the habitat in the Mount Stormproject, search plot size and shape varied. Areas up to approximately 20-60 meters from theturbines were generally cleared of vegetation for access and construction purposes. Given thedifficulty in finding birds and bats within thick shrub cover or forested areas, the search area waslimited to the cleared areas around the turbines. Efforts were m ade to maxim ize the search plotsbut se arches were not conducted in forested areas or areas with steep rocky slopes or waste rockpiles from construction. The boundary (limits) of the search plots for each turbine was recordedusing G PS units and aerial photos of the development as constructed. All 24 turbines selected forsearches during this study were searched on a daily basis, rather than the combination of dailyand weekly turbine searches conducted in 2009.2.1.2 Standardized SearchesThe objective of the standardized searches is to systematically search a sample of the project foravian and bat casualties that are attributable to the turbines. Personnel trained in proper searchtechniques conducted the searches. Parallel transects approximately five meters apart that wereoriented north-south were established in each search plot. Searchers walked at a rate ofapproximately 45-60 m eters a minute along each transect searching both sides out to two to threemeters for casualties. Search area and speed were occasionally adjusted during any given searchfor the searcher to investigate potential casualties.The c ondition of each casualty found was recorded using the following condition categories:

L i v e h j u r e d - a live or injured bird or bat.Intact - a carcass that was completely intact, was not badly decom posed, and showedno sign of being fed upon by a predator or scavenger.Scavenged - an entire carcass, which show ed signs of being fed upon by a predator orscavenger, a portion(s) of a carcass in one or more location(s) (e.g., wings, skeletalremains , legs, pieces of skin, etc.), or a carcass with heavy insect infestation.Feather Spot - 10 or more feathers or two or more primaries in one location indicatingthat predation or scavenging had occurred.

For all casualties found, data recorded included weather conditions during the time of search andestimated for the previous night, species, sex and age when possible, date and time collected,casualty location, condition (e.g., intact, scavenged, feather spot), and any comments regardingpotential cause of death or that were potentially relevant. All casualties located werephotographed as found and subsequently plotted on a map of the study area showing the locationof the wind turbines and project fac ilities (e.g., roads).Casualties may potentially be found by maintenance personnel and others not involved in thestudy or conducting the formal searches or could be found in areas not within a designated searchplot (e.g., a non-searched turbine). During the study, casualties found in non-search areas orduring periods outside of the standardized searches were treated as incidental finds. When non-study personnel discovered a casualty, a digital photograph was taken (when possible), it wasWEST, Inc. 8 August 2010


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marked in the field with a pin-flag, and a study participant was notified to identify and record thecasualty. Incidental discoveries found within search plots, but not during scheduled searches,were included in the mortality estimation as if they would have been found during the nextscheduled search. Other incidental discoveries (i.e., outside search areas) were recorded andlisted in the overall data set, but not included in the estimated mortality analysis (see below).2.1.3 Se arc her Efficiency TrialsThe objective of the searcher efficiency trials is to estimate the percentage of avian and batcasualties that are found by searchers. Searcher efficiency trials were conducted in the sameareas standardized searches occurred and throughout the study period. Searcher efficiency wasestimated by size of carcass (large or small) and taxa (bird or bat). Estimates of searcherefficiency we re used to adjust the num ber of casualties found, correcting for detection bias.During the study period 88 bat carcasses (non-Myotis species), 23 large bird carcasses (henmallards and rock pigeons), and 78 small bird carcasses (passerines) were placed in thestandardized search plots prior to the search effort for any given day. The searchers wereunaware of the datehim e and location of the trial carcasses.Trial carcasses were placed at random locations within areas being searched prior to thestandardized search on the same day. Carcasses were dropped from shoulder or waist height tosimulate a falling bird or bat. Each trial carcass was discreetly marked with a sm all piece of tapearound a leg so that it could be identified as a study carcass after it was found. The number andlocation of the detection carcasses found during each standardized search was recorded and thenumber of carcasses available for detection during each trial (those carcasses that were not foundby searchers) was determined immediately after the trial by the person responsible fordistributing the carcasses. Based on experience from 2009, trial carcasses were placed in the fieldbefore light to reduce the likelihood of avian scavengers (ravens and crows) taking the carcassesbefore the search was conducted.2.1.4 Carcass Removal TrialsThe objective of the carcass removal trials was to estimate the length of time that avian and batcarcasses remain in the search area to potentially be found. Carcass removal trials wereconducted throughout the study period. Carcass removal includes removal by predation orscavenging, or removal by other means such as mowing. E stimates of carcass removal were usedto adjust (correct) carcass counts for removal bias.Removal trial carcasses were placed within 60m of turbines that were not included in the set ofsearched turbines. During the study 22 large bird carcasses (hen m allards and rock pigeons), 77small bird carcasses (passerines), and 78 bats (non-Myotis species) were randomly placed in thetrial areas. An emphasis was placed on using intact bat carcasses found during the study inremoval trials because of the lack of information regarding removal or scavenging rates for batsand to determine variable removal rates for birds and bats.



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Typically a given trial consisted of a small number of carcasses randomly placed throughout thestudy area and m onitored for a seven-day period. Trials were run throughout the study period toincorporate the effects of varying weather conditions and scavenger abundance. Typically,carcasses were checked once a day for the seven-day period. This schedule varied slightlydepending on weather and coordination with other surveys, but all carcasses were monitoreduntil they were removed or until the end of the seven-day period at which time all evidence ofthe carcass that remained was removed by the observer. Experimental carcasses were markeddiscreetly with a piece of tape on a leg for labeling and recognition by searchers and otherpersonnel as a trial carcass.2.1.5 Statistical Methodsfor Mortality EstimatesThe estimate of the total number of wind turbine-related casualties is based on four components:(1) the observed number of casualties, (2) searcher efficiency expressed as the proportion ofplanted carcasses found by searchers, (3 ) removal rates expressed as the length of time a plantedcarcass is expected to remain in the study area and, therefore, be available for detection by thesearchers, and (4) the estimated percent of casualties that likely fell in non-searched areas basedon the distribution of observed casua lties and percent of area searched a round turbines.2.1.5.1 O bserved Number of CasualtiesThe estimated average number of casualties ( q ) observed per turbine per search period fromdaily (i=1) is:

where n is the number of turbines searched, and Ci j is the number of casualties found during dailysearches (i=1) at the jth turbine.2.1.5.2 E stimation of Observer Detection RatesSearcher efficiency is expressed as p, the average probability a carcass is detected by searchers.Searcher efficiency rates were calculated by dividing the number of trial carcasses observersfound by the total number that remained available until the end of the trial. Carcass detectionrates were estimated by carcass size and taxa (bird or bat) for the study period (spring season).



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2.1.5.3 Estimation of Carcass R emovalEstimates of carcass removal are used to adjust observed casualty counts for removal bias. M eancarcass removal time ( f ) is the average length of time a planted carcass remains at the sitebefore it is removed:

s -s,

where s is the number of carcasses placed in the scavenging trials and sc is the number ofcarcasses censored. This estimator is the maximum likelihood estimator assuming the removaltimes follow an exponential distribution and there is right-censoring of data. In our application,any trial carcasses still remaining at seven days are collected, yielding censored observations atseven days. If all trial carcasses are removed before the end of the trial, then sc is 0, and t i s jus tthe arithmetic average of the removal times.2.1.5.4 Estimation of Casualty D istributionDue to the irregular shaped and unequal sized plots, adjustments to the mortality estimates weremade to account for un-sampled areas, A , or area within the plot that was not searched and wheresome casualties may have fallen. A represents an adjustment for the area within the plot that wasnot searched. The value for A was approximated using the following formula:

where ck' is the observed number of casualties found in the kth 10-m distance band from theturbine, P k ' is the estimated observer detection probability in the kth10-m distance band from theturbine, and s r is the proportion of the k th 10-m distance bands that wa s sam pled across allturbines.2.1S . 5 Estimation of F acility-Related M ortalityMortality estimates were calculated using a m odified form of the estimator proposed by Ericksonet al. (2003a). Estimates were calculated for daily searches for large birds, small birds, and batsseparately.



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60 to 70 91.08 2.96 0.0370 to 80 1 18.99 1.73 0.01

Note: The total possible acres for > l o0 is calculated as the area from lOOm to 150m beyond the turbine.Bird and/or bat carcasses were found at 21 of the 24 search turbines (Table 2). None of the birdsor bats found were listed as Federal endangered, threatened, proposed or candidate species.

Table 2. Number of casualties found by turbine over the study period.

Daily Search TurbinesTurbine Bat Bird51721253037404754576473778183869020 320 921522 0

22524 125 9

205113264111558250601043

101103000120100100010000

Non-search Turbines(incidentals)-Turbine Bat Bird -232829315859616369848595969720520 821 121 221 422424 2

001101011011121100001

120010100100000011110

Subtotals 66 12 13 10Onc bat carcass was found at a scarch turbinc outsidc of standardizcdsearches and is thcrcforc includcd as an incidcntal in Table 3.

3.1 Bird CasualtiesEleven casualties (all fatalities) representing five species and three unidentified bird types(corvid, empidonx, and passerine) w ere located during standardized searches, with an additionalWEST, Inc. 13 August 201 0


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twelve casualties representing seven species and one unidentified bird type (corvid) foundincidentally outside of designated searches (Table 3). Bird casualties were found near 18different turbines - nine turbines included in the standardized searches and nine incidental finds(Table 2). The maxim um num ber of bird casualties found at any one turbine was three, found atTurbine 37 (Table 2).

Table 3. Species composition and number of casualties from scheduled searches and allcasualties combined.- - - - - - -Casua lties found during All Casua ltiesstandardized searchesSpec ies Total % Composition Total O h Composition Ired-eyed vireo 2 18.2 5 21.7unidentified corvid 2 18.2 3 13.0Am erican redstart 1 9.1 1 4.3chestnut-sided warbler 1 9.1 1 4.3Kentucky warbler 1 9.1 1 4.3red-tailed hawk 1 9.1 1 4.3unidentified em pidonax 1 9.1 1 4.3unidentified passerine 1 9.1 1 4.3wild turkey 1 9.1 2 8.7broad-winged hawk 0 0.0 1 4.3cape may warbler 0 0.0 1 4.3magnolia warbler 0 0.0 1 4.3ovenbird 0 0.0 1 4.3turkey vulture 0 0.0 3 13.0Bird Subtotal 11 100 23 10 0hoary bateastern red batsilver-haired battricolored batlittle brown batbig brown bat

24 36.9 30 38.016 24.6 20 25.39 13.8 9 11.47 10.8 7 8.96 9.2 8 10.13 4.6 4 5.1unidentified bat 0 0.0 1 1.3Bat Subtotal 65 100 79 100

The majority (78.2%) of all bird casualties (including incidentals) were found within 40m ofsearch turbines (Table 4 and Figure 4). A similar proportion of the bird casualties were found inthe northwest, northeast, and southeast quadrants of the search plots (30.4 to 34.8%), with amuch lower percent of casualties being found in the southwest quadrant (4.3%; Table 4 andFigure 5 ) .



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Figure 4. Distribution of all bird and bat casualties in relation to turbines.

U-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50Distance from Tu rbine (m)

51-60 >60

Table 4. Distribution of all bird and bat casualties amo ng directional quadr ants anddistance from turbines.- - - -Percent of Percent ofBird Casualties Bat CasualtiesQuadrantNE 30.4 26.9SE 30.4 38.5SW 4.3 17.9NW 34.8 16.7Distance to Turbine (m)0 -10 21.7 15.2

11 - 2 0 17.4 27.821 - 30 13.0 35.431 -4 0 26.1 13.941 -5 0 8.7 5.151 -6 0 8.7 2.5- >60 4.3 0 -

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Figure 5. Plotted distribution of all bird an d bat casualties around turbines.

I

The most co mm on bird species found was red-eyed vireo, which accounted for 21.7% of all birdcasualties found (two during scheduled searches and three incidental finds; Table 3). In addition,three unidentified corvids, three turkey vultures, and two wild turkeys were also found; all othercasualties consisted of individual bird species (Table 3).Three quarters of bird casualties found during standardized searches (nine individuals) werefound between M ay 3 and May 26 (Figure 6) . These casualties were not localized at one specificsearch turbine, and were spread throughout the study area. A complete account of all birdcasualty data is presented in Appendix A, with locations of bird casualties plotted in AppendixB.



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Figure 6. Num ber of casualties found during standardized searche s by study date.

3.2 Bat CasualtiesSixty-five bat casualties, representing six species, were found during the standardized searches,with an additional fourteen bat casualties found incidentally outside of designated searches(Table 3). Bat casualties were found near 32 different turbines - 20 turbines included in thestandardized searches and twelve as incidental finds (Table 2). One eastern red bat was found ata search turbine outside of standardized searches. This individual was included in the mortalityestimate analysis, but is included as an incidental find in Table 3.The majority (92.3%) of all batcasualties, including incidental finds, were found within 40m of turbines (Table 4 and Figure 4).The m ajority of bat casualties were found in the southeast and northeast quadrants of the searchplots (38.5% and 26.9%, respectively), with a lower percent of casualties being found in thesouthwest and northwest quadrants (17.9 % and 16.7 %, respectively; Table 4 and Figure 5). Themaximum number of bat casualties found at any one turbine was eight, at Turbine 83 (Table 2).Six bat casualties were found at Turbines 47 and 209, and five bat casualties were found atTurbines 2 1, 77 , 8 1, and 90.Six species of bats were found within the study area (Table 3) . Hoary bat was the mostcommonly found bat species (38.0% of all bat casualties, 30 individuals), followed by easternred bat (25.3%, 20 individuals). Silver-haired bat (9), little brown bat (8), tri-colored bat (7), andbig brown bat (4) were also found during scheduled searches or incidentally. One bat has notbeen identified to species.Bat casualties were found over the duration of the study period, with num bers of casualties foundduring standardized searches increasing as the stud y period progressed (Figure 6) . The m ajorityof casualties found during standardized searches occurred in the first two weeks of July (25individuals) and in June (25). Fewer bats were found in M ay (l o) , and April (5). Geographically,casualties were spread throughout the study area. A complete account of all bat casualty data ispresented in Appendix A, with locations of bat casualties plotted in Appendix B.WEST, Inc. 17 August 2010


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3.3 Searcher Efficiency TrialsSearcher efficiency trials were cond ucted throughout the study period from April 28 through July13, 2010. A total of 23 large bird trial carcasses, 78 small bird trial carcasses, and 88 batcarcasses were used in the searcher efficiency trials (Tab le 5). The trial carcasses were placed on24 different dates spread throughout the study period. Detection varied by carcass group withlarge birds having the highest detection rate (91.3%), followed by bats (44.3%), and small birds(34.3%). Detection rates were not calculated by visibility class for the spring report.

Table 5. Results of searcher efficiency trials.- -Number Number Number PercentSize Placed Available Found Found

Large Bird 23 23 21 91.3Small Bird 78 70 24 34.3Bat 88 79 35 44.3

3.4 Carcass Removal TrialsThe carcass removal trials were conducted between May 10 and July 14, 2010. A total of 22large bird carcasses, 77 small bird carcasses, and 78 bat carcasses were placed in the field andmonitored over a seven-day period. For large birds the mean length of stay was estima ted at 5.77days, for small birds it was 3.52 days, and for bats it was 4.16 days (Table 6). For large birds,just under 40% of carcasses remained after seven days, while just under 20% of small bird andjust over 20% of bat carcasses remained after seven days (Figure 7).

Table 6. Results of carcass removal trials.Mean Length 90% Confidence RangeCarcass Numb er of Stay (days) Interval (day s)-

Large bird 22 5.77 1.90 - 3.10 0.5 - 4.5Sm all bird 77 3.52 1.80 - 2.54 0.5 - 6.5Bat 78 4.16 1.70 - 2.42 0.5 - 6.5



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s8

0

Figure 7. Carcass removal rate by size class or taxa.--.C Small Birds4- LargeBirdsl4

I I 1 I 1 I I I0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Days Since Placement

3.5 Adjusted Mortality EstimatesEstimates of mortality, standard errors, and confidence intervals were calculated for: (1) all birds,(2) small birds, (3) large birds, and (4) bats (Table 7). All casualties found during standardizedsearches and any incidentals found within a search plot were used to calculate the mortalityestimate. The estimates are adjusted based on the corrections for carcass removal and observerdetection biases. The estimated average probability a small bird casualty would remain until ascheduled search and would be found was 0.58. The estimated average probability a large birdcasualty would remain until a scheduled search and would be found was 0.90. The estimatedaverage probability a bat casualty would remain until a scheduled search and would be foundwas 0.69 (Table 7).



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Table 7. Mortality estimates for birds and b ats for the study period April 16 - July 14,2010* for the NedPower M ount Storm W ind Energy Facility.Daily Search Interval

Estimate SE 90% CISearch Area Adjustment (A )Small Birds 4.06Bats 2.52Observer D etection (Searcher E fficiency Rates)Large Birds 0.91 0.05Sm all Birds 0.34 0.05Bats 0.44 0.05Average P robability of Carcass Availability and DetectedLarge Birds 0.90 0.03Sm all Birds 0.58 0.05Bats 0.69 0.05Observed Mortality Rates (number / turbine / study period)Large Birds 0.13 0.06Sm all Birds 0.38 0.15All Birds 0.50 0.2 1Bats 2.75 0.44Estimated Mortality Rates (number / turbine / study period)Large Birds 1.36 0.59Sm all Birds 2.6 1 1.02All Birds 3.97 1.72

Large Birds 9.79

0.80 - 0.960.26 - 0.420.35 - 0.52

0.85 - 0.930.49 - 0.660.61 - 0.760.04 - 0.170.08 - 0.620.21 - 0.672.30 - 3.770.41 - 1.880.52 - 3.941.83 - 5.56-Bats 9.98 1.78 8.20 - 14.06* Due to the limited study period, results of the studies are relevant only to the 13 week study period and shouldnot be considered annual estimates of impacts or representative of other seasons.

3.5 .1 Birds.The estimated number of all bird casualties per turbine for the study period and associated 90%confidence limits was 3.97 (1.83 - 5.56; Table 7). The estimate for all birds was the combinedestimates for small and large birds. Mortality estimates were determ ined for large birds and sm allbirds separately because of variable detection probability and remo val rates.Large BirdsThe estimated number of large bird casualties per turbine for the study period and associated90% confidence limits was 1.36 (0.41 - 1.88; Table 7 ).Small BirdsThe estimated number of small bird casualties per turbine for the study period and associated90% c onfidence limits was 2.61 (0.52 - 3.94; Table 7).



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3.5.2BatsThe estimated number of bat casualties per turbine for the study period and associated 90%confidence limits was 9.98 (8.20 - 14.06; Table 7).

4.0 SUMMARY/DISCUSSIONWhile a primary objective of the study is to help meet conditions of the WVPSC certificate forthe facility, it is also the intent of this study to con duct mo nitoring surveys that will provide basicinformation about the impacts of the facility on birds and bats, and test the field methods andsample design for adequacy in estimating overall impacts and investigating conditions underwhich bird and bat casualties occur. The overall study plan is similar to other studies of windprojects in the region and the eastern U.S. This is the initial report for the 2010 stud y coveringboth Phases 1 and 2 of the project and is intended to fulfill reporting requirements for the PSCcertificate. A report covering the fall 2010 study period (July - October) will be filed in February2011 and will include more detailed analyses investigating the effects of weather and turbineoperations on bird and bat m ortality.Estimates of searcher efficiency and carcass removal were generally similar to the results of the2008 and 2009 surveys (see Youn g et al. 2009a, 2009b, 2010). The estimator used in theanalysis for this study is based on the assumption that searcher efficiency is constant as afunction of time since death, and that bats or birds missed on a search can be detected onsubsequen t searches if they are available (not removed ). This effectively takes into considerationthat a carcass not found on the first day after death may still be available for detection onsubsequent search days. The estimator also takes into consideration the variable size and shapeof the search plots by accounting for the decreasing percent of area searched with distance fromthe turbine. In the present study, searcher efficiency and carcass removal values specific to batswere used to estimate bat mortality. Other studies have used bias correction factors for smallbirds as a surrogate for bats because of limited availability of fresh bat carcasses. In this study,recovered bat carcasses were used to measure searcher efficiency and carcass removal for bats.These factors included in the calculation provide greater confidence in the estimated mortalityrate; however, the estimator does not take into consideration background mortality and so mayprovide an overestimate of actual mortality d ue to the turbines. For ex ample, if a carcass is foundon the road during scheduled carcass searches the true cause of death is unknown (e.g. road killor turbine collision), therefore it is included in the data set as observed casualties. Backgroundmortality, however, is mo re of an issue w ith birds, and is likely to be low for bats.Important observations from the study include:

None of the birds or bats found were listed as Federal threatened, endangered, proposed,or candidate species.No w aterfowl, waterbird, shorebird, or owl casualties were found du ring the study period.



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0 Overall data and observations from this study period confirm the adequacy of the studydesign and sampling effort to estimate impacts from the NedPower Mount Storm WindEnergy Facility on birds and bats.



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5.0 REFERENCESArnett, E.B., K. Brown, W.P. Erickson, J. Fiedler, B.L. Hamilton, T.H. Henry, A. Jain, G.D.Johnson, J. Kerns, R.R. Kolford, C.P. Nicholson, T. OConnell, M. Piorkowski, and R.Tankersley, Jr. 2008. Patterns of Fatality of Bats at Wind Energy Facilities in NorthAmerica. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 61-78.Arnett, E.B., W.P. Erickson, J. Kerns, and J. Horn. 2005. Relationships between Bats and WindTurbines in Pennsylvania and West Virginia: An Assessment of Fatality SearchProtocols, Patterns of Fatality, and Behavioral Interactions with Wind Turbines. FinalReport. Prepared for Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative, Bat Conservation International,Austin, Texas. June 2005. http://www.batcon.org/wind/BWEC2004finalreport.pdfBuckelew, A. R., Jr. and G.A. Hall. 1994. West Virginia Breeding Bird Atlas. University ofPittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, Penn sylvania. 2 15 pp.Burnham, K.P. and D.R. Anderson. 2002. Model Selection and Multimode1 Inference: APractical Information-Theoretic Approach. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York.Canterbury, R.A. 2002. Phase I Avian Risk Assessment for a Proposed Wind Farm in GrantCounty, West Virginia. Technical report prepared for Potesta & Associates, Inc.,Charleston, West Virginia. 33 pp.Erickson, W.P., B. Gritski, and K. Kronner. 2003a. Nine Canyon Wind Power P roject Avian andBat Monitoring Report, August 2003. Technical report submitted to Energy Northwestand the Nine Canyon Technical Advisory C ommittee.Erickson, W.P., J. Jeffrey, K. Kronner, and K. Bay. 2003b. Stateline Wind Project WildlifeMonitoring Annual Report, Results for the Period July 2001 - December 2002. T echnicalreport submitted to FPL Energy, the Oregon Office of Energy, and the StatelineTechnical Advisory Committee. Western Ecosystems Technology, Inc., Cheyenne,Wyoming. May 2003.Erickson, W.P., G.D. Johnson, M.D. Strickland, and K. Kronner. 2000. Avian and Bat MortalityAssociated w ith the Vansycle W ind Project, Umatilla County, Oregon: 1999 Study Year.Technical report prepared by WEST, Inc. for Umatilla County Department of ResourceServices and Development, Pendleton, Oregon. 2 lpp . http://www.west-inc. com jreports/vaiisyclereportnet.pdfFPL Energy Inc., W.P. Erickson, and K. Kronner. 2001. Avian and Bat M onitoring Plan for theWashington Portion of the Stateline Wind Project. Technical report prepared for WallaWalla Regional Planning Department. M ay 200 1.Gannon, W.L., R.E. Sherwin, and S. Haymond. 2003. On the Importance of ArticulatingAssumptions When Conducting Acoustic Studies of Habitat Use by Bats. WildlifeSociety Bulletin 31: 45-61.

http://www.batcon.org/wind/BWEC2004finalreport.pdfhttp://www.west/http://www.west/http://www.batcon.org/wind/BWEC2004finalreport.pdf


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Hayes, J.P. 1997. Temporal Variation in Activity of Bats and the Design of Echolocation-Monitoring Studies. Journal of Mamm alogy 78: 5 14-524.Jain, A., P. Kerlinger, R. Curry, and L. Slobodnik. 2007. Annual Report for the Maple Ridge

Wind P ower Project: Post-Construction Bird and Bat Fatality Study - 2006. Final Report.Prepared for PPM Energy and Horizon Energy and Technical Advisory Committee(TAC) for the Maple Ridge P roject Study.Johnson, G.D. 2005. A Review of Bat Mortality at Wind-Energy Developments in the UnitedStates. Bat R esearch New s 46(2): 45-49.Johnson, G.D., W.P. Erickson, M.D. Strickland, M.F. Shepherd, and D.A. Shepherd. 2000.Avian Monitoring Studies at the Buffalo Ridge Wind Resource Area, Minnesota: R esultsof a 4-Year Study. Final report prepared for Northern States Power Company,Minneapolis, Minnesota, by Western Ecosystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Cheyenne,

Wyom ing. Septem ber 22, 2000. 2 12 pp. http://www.west-inc.comKerns, J. and P. Kerlinger. 2004. A Study of Bird and Bat Collision Fatalities at the M ountaineerWind E nergy Center, Tuck er County, West Virginia: Annual Report for 2003. Technicalreport prepared by Curry and Kerlinger, LLC., for FPL Energy and Mountaineer WindEnergy Center Technical Review Committee. Curry and Kerlinger, LLC. 39 pp.

http://www.responsiblewind.or~docs/MountaineerFina~vi~Rpt3-15-04PKJK.pdfKunz, T.H., E.B. Arnett, B.M. Cooper, W.P. Erickson, R.P. Larkin, T. Mabee, M.L. Morrison,M.D. Strickland, and J.M. Szewczak. 2007. Assessing Impacts of Wind-EnergyDevelopment on Nocturnally Active Birds and Bats: A Guidance Document. Journal of

Wildlife Managem ent 7 l(8) : 2449-2486.Manly, B.F.J. 1997. Randomization, Bootstrap, and Monte Carlo Methods in Biology. Secondedition. Chapm an and Hall, New York. 399 pp.Neter, J., M.H. K utner, C.J. Nachtsheim, and W . Wasserman. 1996. Applied Linear RegressionModels. Third Edition. Irwin Book Team, Chicago, Illinois.SAS Institute. 2000. S A SS TA T Users Guide, Version 8. SAS Institute. Cary, North Carolina.US Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP). 2007.

NAIP Imagery and Status Maps.http://www.fsa.usda.gov/FSA/apfoapp?area=home&subiect=Drog&topic=naiWhite, E.P. and S.D. Gehrt. 2001. Effects of Recording Media on Echolocation Data fromBroadband B at Detectors. W ildlife Society Bulletin 29: 974-978.

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Young, D.P. Jr., W.P. Erickson, J. Jeffi-ey, and V.K. Poulton. 2007. Puget Sound Energy,Hopkins R idge W ind Project Phase 1, Post-Construction Avian and B at Monitoring, FirstAnnual Report, January - December 2006. Technical report prepared by WesternEco system s Technology, Inc. (WE ST), Cheyenne, Wyom ing, for Puget Sound Energy.Young, D.P. Jr., G.D. Johnson, W.P. Erickson, M.D. Strickland, R.E. Good, and P. Becker.

2003. Avian and Bat M ortality Associated with the Initial Phase of the Foote Creek RimWind Power Project, Carbon County, Wyoming: November 1998 - June 2002. Technicalreport prepared by Western Ecosystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Cheyenne,W yoming , for Pacific Corp, Inc., SeaW est Wind power Inc., and B ureau of LandManagem ent. January 10,2003. 35 pp . http://www.west-inc.com

http://www.west-inc.com/http://www.west-inc.com/


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Appendix A -All Bird and Bat C asualties Found During the Spring 2010 Study Period at the NedPower M ountStorm W ind Energy Facility.Samp le ID Date Species Turbine Scheduled Search? ConditionBats0422 10-TRBA-54- 10423 10-SHBA-30-1042410-SHBA-83-10428 10-LBBA-5- 10429 10-TRBA-259-1050110-TRBA-83-1050110-TRBA-90-10502 10-HOBA-37-10517 10-ERBA-209-10517 10-LBBA-40-10519 10-HOBA-29-10523 10-ERBA-57-10526 10-BBBA-21-1052610-SHBA-209-1052910-SHBA-83-1053010-TRBA-83-10601 10-SHBA-37-106 0 1 10-UNBA-97-1060 2 10-EIU3A-77- 10602 10-HOBA-259-I0602 10-SHBA-77-10604 10-BBBA-86-1060610-HOBA-86-1060710-SHBA-83-10607 10-LBBA-209-10609 10-HOBA-81-106 1110-ERBA-209- 1061210-LBBA-31- 1

4/22/20 104/23/20 104/24/20 104/28/20 104/29/20 IO5/1/20 105/1/20105/2/20105/17/20105117/20 105/19/20 105/23 /20 IO5/26/20 105/26/20 105/29/20105/30/20 10

611 12010611120 106/2/20106/2/20106/2/20106/4/20106/6/20106/7/20 106/7/20106/9/20 10611 1/20106112/20 10

tricolored batsilver-haired batsilver-haired batlittle brown battricolored battricolored battricolored bathoary bateastern red batlittle brown bathoary bateastern red batbig brown batsilver-haired batsilver-haired battricolored batsilver-haired batunidentified bateastern red bathoary batsilver-haired batbig brown bathoary batsilver-haired batlittle brown b athoary bateastern red batlittle brown b at

543083525 983903720 94029572120 9838337977725 97786868320 98120 931

YYYYYYYYYYNYYYYYYNYYYYYYYYNN

completecompletecompletecompletecompletecompletecompletecompletescavengedcompletecompletecompletecompletecompletecompletecompletecompletepartialcompletecompletecompletecompletecompletecompletecompletecompletecompletecomplete

WEST, Inc. August 20 10


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Appendix A -All Bird and Bat Casualties Found During the Spring 2010 Study Period at the NedPow er Mount

Sample ID Date Species Turbine Scheduled Search? Condition06 1510-HOBA-259-1 6 /15/20 10 hoary bat 25906 1610-ERBA-90-106 16 10-HOBA-47-106 1810-ERBA-73-106 18 10-HOBA-69-1061810-SHBA-47-106 1910-LBBA-5-10620 IO-SHBA-8 1- 1062 110-HOBA-64-1062 110-TRBA-241- 1062210-HOBA-77-10622 10-HOBA-81-1062210-HOBA-85-10622 10-HOBA-90-10622 10-TRBA-81-10622 10-LBBA-96-10623 10-ERBA-54- 10626 10-HOBA-37-1063010-LBBA-83-10701 10-HOBA-47-1070 110-LBBA-40-10702 10-HOBA-81-10703 10-ERBA-47-10703 10-HOBA-209-1070510-HOBA-241-10706 10-BBBA-90-1070610-HOBA-220-10707 10-ERBA-209-10707 10-ERBA-59-1

6 /16/20106 /16/20106 /18/20106 /18/20106 /18/20106 /19/20106 /20/20 106 /21/20106 /21/20106 /22/20 106 /22/20 IO6 /22/20 106 /22/20 106 /22/20106 /22/20 106 /23/20106 /26/20106 /30/20107 /1/20107 /1 /20107 /2 /20107 /3 /20107 /3 /20107 /5 /20107 /6 /20107 /6 /20107 /7 /2010

eastern red bathoary bateastern red bathoary batsilver-haired batlittle brown batsilver-haired bathoary battricolored bathoary bathoary bathoary bathoary battricolored batlittle brown bateastern red bathoary batlittle brown bathoary batlittle brown bathoary bateastern red bathoary bathoary batbig brown bathoary bateastern red bat

90477369475816424 17781859081965437834740814720 924 19022 020 9

YYYYNYYYYYYYNYYNYYYYYYYYYYYY

completescavengedcompleteintactintactintactintactscavengedintactintactintactscavengedintactintactintactintactintactintactintactintactintactintactintactintactscavengedintactintactintact

~ 7 /7 12010 eastern red bat 59 N intactWEST, Inc. August 20 10


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Appendix A -AU Bird and Bat Casua lties Found During the Spring 2010 Study Period at the NedPower Mount

Sample ID Date Species Turbine Scheduled Search? Condition7 /7 /20 10 eastern red bat 630707 IO-ERBA-63-10707 10-HOBA-241-10707 10-HOBA-242-1

0708 10-ERBA-21- 10708 10-ERBA-21- 20708 10-ERBA-83-10708 10-HOBA-21-10708 10-HOBA-54-1070910-BBBA-95-10709 10-ERBA-77-107 1010-ERBA-205-1071010-ERBA-241-107 1010-HOBA-77-1071 110-ERBA-21-107 1110-HOBA-47-107 1110-HOBA-54-1071210-ERBA-25-1071210-ERBA-83-107 12 10-HOBA-47-1071210-HOBA-90-107 12 10-HOBA-97-107 1310-HOBA-208-1Birds0416 10-UNCO-37-1041710-WITU-28-1041810-TUW-23-10503 10-AMRE-64-10507 10-CSWA-37-10507 10-UNCO-37-2

7 /7 /20107 /7 /20 107 /8 /20 107 /8 /20107 /8 /20 107 /8 /20 107 /8 /20107 /9 /20 107 /9 /20107 /10/20107 /10/20107 /10/20107 /11/20107 /11/20107 /11/20107 /12/2010

7 /12/20107 /12/20107 /12/20107 /12/20107 /13/2010

hoary bathoary bateastern red bateastern red bateastern red b athoary bathoary batbig brown bateastern red bateastern red b ateastern red bathoary bateastern red bathoary bathoary bateastern red bateastern red b athoary bathoary bathoary bathoary bat

4/16/20 10 unidentified corvid4/17/2010 wild turkey4/18/20 10 turkey vulture5/3/2010 American redstart5/7/20 10 chestnut-sided warbler5/7/20 10 unidentified corvid

24 124 22121832154957720 524 177214754258347909720 8372823643737

NYNYYYYYNYNYYYYYYYYYNN

YNNYYY

intactintactintactintactintactintactintactintactintactintactintactintactintactintactintactintactintactintactintactintactintactintactfeather spotcompletecompletescavengedcompletefeather spot

WEST, Inc. August 20 10


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Appendix A -All Bird and Bat Casualties Found During the Spring 2010 Study Period at the NedP ower Mount

Turbine Scheduled Search? Condition05 10 10-REVI-57-1 5/ 10/2010 red-eyed vireo 57 Y complete05 13 10-KEW A-77-1 5/13/20 10 Kentucky warbler 77 Y complete051410-MAWA-211-1 5/14/2010 magnolia warbler 21 105 1410-OVEN-28-1 5/14/20 10 ovenbird 28 N complete051410-REVI-214- 1 5/14/2010 red-eyed vireo 21 4 N complete05 1410-REVI-64-1 5/14/20 10 red-eyed vireo 64 Y complete05 1410-TUVU-84-1 5/14/2010 turkey vulture 84 N scavenged051510-CMWA-212-1 5/15/2015 cape may warbler 212 N complete05 1810-WITU-25-1 5/18/2010 wild turkey 25 Y scavenged05 1910-REVI-218- 1 5/19/20 10 red-eyed vireo 218 N complete05 1910-UNPA-215-1 5/19/20 10 unidentified passerine 215 Y feather spot052410-UNEM-5-1 5/24/20 10 unidentified empidonax 5 Y complete052610-REVJ-58-1 5/26/2010 red-eyed vireo 58 N complete06 1110-UNCO-61-1 6/11/2010 unidentified corvid 61 N complete0623 10-BWHA-224-1 6 /23/2010 broad-winged haw k 224 N scavenged0705 10-TUVU-21-1 7 /5 /20 10 turkey vulture 21 N intact071110-RTHA-86-1 7 /11/2010 red-tailed hawk 86 Y intact

N partial

WEST, Inc. August 2010


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Appendix B -Bird and Bat Casualty Locations

Figure B1: Bird and Bat Casualties in Northern Portion of th- - roject.

August 2010WEST, Inc.


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II

Figure B3: Bird and Bat Casualties in Southern Portion of the Project.

Documents

dck20100907162247 NedPower Mount Storm Wind Plant Avian and Bat Mortality Monitoring, April-July 2010